raj gopal a chari

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C. Rajagopalachari

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari

C. Rajagopalachari

Governor-General of India

In office

21 June 1948 26January 1950

Monarch George VI

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of

Burma

Succeeded by Position abolished

Dr. Rajendra Prasadas

thePresident of India

Chief Minister of Madras

In office

10 April 1952 13 April 1954

Governor Sri Prakasa

Preceded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja

Succeeded by K. Kamaraj

Minister of Home Affairs

In office

26 December 1950 25 October 1951

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

Preceded by Vallabhbhai Patel

Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju

Governor of West Bengal

In office

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In thisIndian name, the name Chakravartiis

apatronymic, not a family name, and the personshould

be referred to by the given name,Rajagopalachari.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari(10 December 1878 25

December 1972), informally called Rajajior C.R., was an

Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician, writer and

statesman. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General

of India. He also served as leader of the IndianNational

Congress, Premier of the Madras Presidency, Governor of

West Bengal, Ministerfor Home Affairs of the Indian Union

and Chief Minister of Madras state. Rajagopalacharifounded theSwatantra Partyand was one of the first

recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.

He vehemently opposedthe use of nuclear weapons and

was a proponent of world peace and disarmament. During

his lifetime, he also acquired the nickname 'Mango of

Salem'.

Rajagopalachari was born in the village ofThorapalliin

the Salem districtof the Madras Presidency(now the

Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu) and educated at Central

College, Bangalore, and Presidency College, Madras. In

1900 he started a legal practice that in time became

prosperous. On entering politics, he became a member and

laterPresident of the Salemmunicipality. He joined the

Indian National Congress and participated in the agitations

against the Rowlatt Act, joining the Non-Cooperation

movement, the Vaikom Satyagraha, and the Civil

Disobedience movement. In 1930, Rajagopalachari risked

imprisonment when heled the Vedaranyam Salt

Satyagrahain response to theDandi March. In 1937,

Rajagopalachari was elected Premier of the Madras

Presidency and served until 1940, when he resigned due to

Britain's declaration of war on Germany. He later advocated

co-operation over Britain's war effort and opposed theQuit

India Movement. He favoured talks with bothMuhammad Ali

Jinnahand the Muslim Leagueand proposed what latercame to be known as the C. R. Formula. In 1946,

Rajagopalachari was appointed Minister of Industry, Supply,

Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India,
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15 August 1947 21 June 1948

Premier Prafulla Chandra Ghosh

Bidhan Chandra Roy

Preceded by Frederick Burrows

Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju

Premier of Madras

In office

14 July 1937 9 October 1939

Governor The Lord Erskine

Preceded by Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu

Succeeded by Tanguturi Prakasam

Personal details

Born 10 December 1878

Thorapalli, Madras

Presidencyof British

India(now in Tamil Nadu)

Died 25 December 1972 (aged 94)

Madras, India

Political party Swatantra Party(19591972)

Other political

affiliations

Indian National

Congress(Before 1957)

Indian National Democratic

Congress(19571959)

Spouse(s) Alamelu Mangalamm a (1897

1916)

Alma mater Central College

Presidency College, Madras

Profession Lawyer

Writer

Statesman

Religion Hinduism

Signature

and then as theGovernor of West Bengalfrom 1947 to

1948,Governor-General of Indiafrom 1948 to 1950,Union

Home Ministerfrom 1951 to 1952 and asChief Minister of

Madras statefrom 1952 to 1954. In 1959, he resigned from

the Indian National Congress and founded the Swatantra

Party, which stood against the Congress in the 1962, 1967

and 1972 elections. Rajagopalachari was instrumental insetting up a united Anti-Congress front in Madras state

under C. N. Annadurai, which swept the 1967 elections.

Rajagopalachari was an accomplished writer who made

lasting contributions to Indian English literatureand is also

credited with composition of the song Kurai Onrum Illaiset

to Carnatic music. He pioneered temperanceand temple

entry movementsin India and advocated Dalitupliftment. He

has been criticised for introducing the compulsory study

ofHindiand the controversial Madras Scheme of Elementary

Educationin Madras State. Critics have often attributed his

pre-eminence in politics to his standing as a favourite of

both Mahatma Gandhiand Jawaharlal Nehru.

Rajagopalachari was described by Gandhi as the "keeper of

my conscience".

Contents [hide]

1Early life2Indian Independence Movement

3Madras Presidency 193739

4Second World War

5Governor of West Bengal 19471948

6Governor-General of India 19481950

7In Nehru's Cabinet

8Madras State 19521954

9Split from Congress parting of ways

101965 Anti-Hindi agitations in Madras

111967 elections

12Later years and death

13Contributions to literature and music

14Legacy

15Criticism

16Styles

17Notes

18See also

19References

20Further reading
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Early life [ edit ]

Rajagopalachari was born to Chakravarti Venkataryan, munsiffof ThorapalliVillage[1]and Singaramma

on 10 December 1878 into a devoutIyengar[2]family of Thorapalli in the Madras Presidency.[3]The

couple already had two sons, Narasimhachari and Srinivasa.[4]

A weak and sickly child, Rajagopalachari was a constant worry to his parents who feared that he might

not live long.[4]As a young child, he was admitted to a village school in Thorapalli [4]then at the age of

five moved with his family to Hosur where Rajagopalachari enrolled at Hosur R.V.Government Boys Hr

sec School.[4]He passed his matriculation examinations in 1891 and graduated in arts from Central

College, Bangalore in 1894.[4]Rajagopalachari also studied law at the Presidency College, Madras, from

where he graduated in 1897.[3]

Rajagopalachari married Alamelu Mangamma in 1897[3]and the couple had five children three sons

and two daughters.[3]Mangamma died in 1916 whereupon Rajagopalachari took sole responsibility for

the care of his children.[3]His son Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Narasimhanwas elected to the Lok

Sabha from Krishnagiriin the 1952 and 1957 elections and served as a member of parliament for

Krishnagiri from 1952 to 1962.[5][6]He later wrote a biography of his father. Rajagopalachari's daughter

Lakshmi married Devdas Gandhi, son of Mahatma Gandhi[3][7]while his grandsons include

biographerRajmohan Gandhi, philosopher Ramchandra Gandhiand former governor of West

BengalGopalkrishna Gandhi.[8]

Indian Independence Movement [ edit ]

Rajagopalachari's interest in public affairs and politics began when he commenced his legal practice

in Salemin 1900.[2]Inspired by Indian independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak[7]in the early 1900s,

he later became a member of the Salem municipality in 1911. [9]In 1917, Rajagopalachari was elected

Chairman of the municipality and served from 1917 to 1919 [7][10]during which time he was responsible

for the election of the first Dalitmember of the Salem municipality. Rajagopalachari joined the Indian

National Congressand participated as a delegate in the 1906 Calcuttasession and the

1907 Suratsession.[4]In 1917, he defended Indian independence activist P. Varadarajulu Naiduagainst

charges of sedition[11]and two years later participated in the agitations against the Rowlatt

Act.[10][12]Rajagopalachari was a close friend of the founder of Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company V.

O. Chidambaram Pillaias well as greatly admired by Indian independence activistsAnnie Besantand C.

Vijayaraghavachariar.

After Mahatma Gandhijoined the Indian independence movement in 1919, Rajagopalachari became one

of his followers.[2][12]He participated in the Non-Cooperation movement and gave up his law

practice.[10]In 1921, he was elected to the Congress Working Committee and served as the General

Secretary of the party[10]before making his first major breakthrough as a leader during the 1922 Indian

National Congress session at Gayawhen he strongly opposed collaboration with the colonial

administration and participation in thediarchiallegislatures established by theGovernment of India Act

1919.[13][14]While Gandhi was in prison, Rajagopalachari led the group of "No-Changers", individuals

against contesting elections for the Imperial Legislative Counciland other provincial legislative councils,

in opposition to the "Pro-changers" who advocated council entry.[15]When the motion was put to the

vote, the "No-changers" won by 1,748 to 890 votes resulting in the resignation of important Congress

leaders including Pandit Motilal Nehruand C. R. Das, the President of the Indian National
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Premier Rajagopalachari

at a rally in Ootacamund, 1939

Congress.[16][16]When the Indian National Congress split in 1923, Rajagopalachari was a member of the

Civil Disobedience Enquiry Committee.[10]He was also involved in the Vaikom Satyagrahamovement

against untouchabilityduring 192425.

In the early 1930s, Rajagopalachari emerged as one of the major leaders of the Tamil NaduCongress.

When Gandhi organised the Dandi march in 1930, Rajagopalachari broke the salt laws at Vedaranyam,

near Nagapattinam, along with Indian independence activist Sardar Vedaratnamand was afterwards

imprisoned by the British.[2][10]He was subsequently elected President of the Tamil Nadu Congress

Committee.[10]Following enactment of the Government of India Act in 1935, Rajagopalachari was

instrumental in getting the Indian National Congress to participate in the 1937 general elections.[10]

Madras Presidency 193739 [ edit ]

Main article:Chief Ministership of Rajagopalachari

The Indian National Congress first came to power in theMadras

Presidency(also called Madras Province by the British), following

the Madras elections of 1937. Except for a six-year period when Madras

was under the Governor's direct rule, the Congress administered the

Presidency until India became independent on 15 August

1947.[17]Rajagopalachari was the first Premier of the Madras Presidency

from the Congress party.

Rajagopalachari issued the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity

Act 1939, under which restrictions were removed on Dalits

and Shanarsentering Hindu temples.[3][18]In the same year,

theMeenakshi temple at Maduraiwas also opened to the Dalits and

Shanars. In March 1938 Rajagopalachari introduced the Agricultural

Debt Relief Act, to ease the burden of debt on the province's peasant

population.[3]

He also introduced prohibition,[3][19]along with a sales tax to compensate for the loss of government

revenue that resulted from the ban on alcohol.[20]As a result of the revenue decline resulting from

prohibition, the Provincial Government shut down hundreds of government-run primary schools,[21]a

decision that Rajagopalachari's political opponents alleged deprived many low-caste and Dalit students

of their education. His opponents also attributedcasteistmotives to his government's implementation of

Gandhi's Nai Talimscheme[22]into the education system.[21]

Rajagopalachari's tenure as Chief Minister of Madras is largely remembered for the compulsory

introduction of Hindi in educational institutions, which made him highly unpopular. [23]This measure

sparked off widespread anti-Hindiprotests, which led to violence in some places and the jailing of over

1,200 men, women and children who took part in the unrest.[24]Two protesters, Thalamuthu Nadar and

Natarasan, were killed during the protests.[24]In 1940, Congress ministers resigned in protest over the

declaration of war on Germany without their consent, leaving the Governor to take over the reins of the

administration. On 21 February 1940 the unpopular new law on the use of Hindi was quickly repealed bythe Governor of Madras.[24]Despite its numerous shortcomings, Madras under Rajagopalachari was still

considered by political historians as the best administered province in British India.[25]
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CR with Mahatma Gandhiduring the

Gandhi-Jinnah talks, 1944

Second World War [ edit ]

Some months after the outbreak of the Second World War,

Rajagopalachari resigned as Premier along with other

members of his cabinet in protest at the declaration of war

by the Viceroy of India. Rajagopalachari was arrested in

December 1940, in accordance with the Defence of India

rules, and sentenced to one-year in prison.[10]However,

subsequently, Rajagopalachari differed in opposition to the

British war effort.[10]He also opposed the Quit India

Movementand instead advocated dialogue with the

British.[26][27]He reasoned that passivity and neutrality

would be harmful to India's interests at a time when the

country was threatened with invasion.[26]He also advocated

dialogue with the Muslim League, which was demanding the partition of India. [26]He subsequently

resigned from the party and the assembly following differences over resolutions passed by the MadrasCongress legislative party and disagreements with the leader of the Madras provincial Congress K.

Kamaraj.[10]

Following the end of the war in 1945, elections followed in the Madras Presidency in 1946. During the

last years of the war, Kamaraj was requested by Nehru, PM; Sardar Vallabbhai Patel, Home Minister;

and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to make Rajaji the Premier of Madras Presidency. Kamaraj, President of

the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, was forced to make [Tanguturi Prakasam] as Chief Ministerial

candidate, by the elected members, to prevent Rajagopalachari from winning. However, Rajagopalachari

did not contest the elections, and Prakasam was elected.

Rajaji was instrumental in initiating negotiations between Gandhi and Jinnah.[10]In 1944, he proposed a

solution to the Indian Constitutional tangle.[10]In the same year, he proposed an "absolute majority"

threshold of 55 per cent when deciding whether a district should become part of India or

Pakistan,[28]triggering a huge controversy among nationalists.[28]

From 1946 to 1947, Rajagopalachari served as the Minister for Industry, Supply, Education and Finance

in the Interim Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru.[10]

Governor of West Bengal 19471948 [ edit ]

When India and Pakistan attained independence on 15 August 1947, the British province of Bengal was

partitioned into two, with West Bengalbecoming part of India and East Bengalpart of Pakistan.

Supported by Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajagopalachari was appointed first Governor of West Bengal.[29]

Disliked by Bengalis for his criticism of the Bengali revolutionary Subhas Chandra Boseduring the 1938

Tripuri Congress session,[30]Rajagopalachari's appointment was unsuccessfully opposed by Bose's

brother Sarat Chandra Bose.[30]During his tenure as Governor, Rajagopalachari's priorities were to deal

with refugees and to bring peace and stability in the aftermath of the Calcutta riots.[30]He declared his

commitment to neutrality and justice at a meeting of Muslim businessmen: "Whatever may be my defects

or lapses, let me assure you that I shall never disfigure my life with any deliberate acts of injustice to any

community whatsoever."[30]Rajagopalachari was also strongly opposed to proposals to include areas

from Biharand Odishaas part of the province of West Bengal.[30]One such proposal by the editor of an
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important newspaper led to the reply:

"I see that you are not able to restrain the policy of agitation over inter-provincial

boundaries. It is easy to yield to current pressure of opinion and it is difficult to impose on

enthusiastic people any policy of restraint. But I earnestly plead that we should do all we

can to prevent ill-will from hardening into a chronic disorder. We have enough ill-will and

prejudice to cope with. Must we hasten to create further fissiparous forces?"

[30]

Despite the general attitude of the Bengalis, Rajagopalachari was highly regarded and respected by

Chief Minister Prafulla Chandra Ghoshand the state cabinet.[28]

Governor-General of India 19481950 [ edit ]

From 10 until 24 November 1947, Rajagopalachari served as Acting Governor-General of Indiain the

absence of the Governor-General Lord Mountbatten, who was on leave in England to attend the

marriage of Princess Elizabethto Mountbatten's nephew Prince Philip.

[31]

Rajagopalachari led a verysimple life in the viceregal palace, washing his own clothes and polishing his own shoes. [32]Impressed

with his abilities, Mountbatten made Rajagopalachari his second choice to succeed him after Vallabhbhai

Patel, when he was to leave India in June 1948.[33]Rajagopalachari was eventually chosen as the

Governor-General when Nehru disagreed with Mountbatten's first choice, as did Patel himself. [33]He was

initially hesitant but accepted when Nehru wrote to him, "I hope you will not disappoint us. We want you

to help us in many ways. The burden on some of us is more than we can carry." [33]Rajagopalachari then

served as Governor-General of India from June 1948 until 26 January 1950, and was not only the last

Governor-General of India, but the only Indian national ever to hold the office.

By the end of 1949, an assumption was made that Rajagopalachari, already Governor-General, would

continue as President.[34]Backed by Nehru, Rajagopalachari wanted to stand for the presidential

election but later withdrew,[34][35]due to the opposition of a section of the Indian National Congress

mostly made up of North Indianswho were concerned about Rajagopalachari's non-participation during

the Quit India Movement.[34][36][37][38]

In Nehru's Cabinet [ edit ]

At Nehru's invitation, in 1950 Rajagopalachari joined the Union Cabinet as Minister withoutPortfolio[29]where he served as a buffer between Nehru and Home Minister Sardar Pateland on

occasion offered to mediate between the two.[29]Following Patel's death on 15 December 1950,

Rajagopalachari was finally made Home Affairs Ministerand went on to serve for nearly 10

months.[29]As had his predecessor, he warned Nehru about the expansionist designs of China and

expressed regret over the Tibetproblem.[citation needed]He also expressed concern over demands for

new linguistically based states, arguing that they would generate differences amongst the people.

By the end of 1951, the differences between Nehru and Rajagopalachari came to the fore.[29]While

Nehru perceived the Hindu Mahasabhato be the greatest threat to the nascent republic,

Rajagopalachari held the opinion that the Communists posed the greatest danger.[29][39]He also

adamantly opposed Nehru's decision to commute the death sentences passed on those involved in

the Telengana uprisingand his strong pro-Soviet leanings.[39][40]Tired of being persistently over-ruled
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by Nehru with regard to critical decisions,[29]Rajagopalachari submitted his resignation on the "grounds

of ill-health" and returned to Madras.[41]

Madras State 19521954 [ edit ]

In the 1952 Madras elections, the Indian National Congress was reduced to a minority in the state

assembly with a coalition led by the Communist Party of Indiawinning most of the seats.[42][43]Though he

did not participate, Madras governor Sri Prakasaappointed Rajagopalachari Chief Minister after

nominating him to the Madras Legislative Councilwithout consulting either the Indian Prime Minister

Nehru or the ministers in the Madras state cabinet. [41][43][44][45]Rajagopalachari was then able to prove

that he had a majority in the assembly by luring MLAsfrom opposition parties to join the Indian National

Congress.[43][46]Nehru was furious and wrote to Rajagopalachari saying "the one thing we must avoid

giving is the impression that we stick to office and we want to keep others out at all

costs."[47][48]Rajagopalachari, however, refused to contest a by-election and remained an as unelected

member of the legislative council.[43][48]

During Rajagopalachari's tenure as Chief Minister, a powerful movement for a separateAndhra State,

comprising the Telugu-speaking districts of the Madras State, gained a foothold.[49][50]On 19 October

1952, an Indian independence activist and social worker from Madras named Potti Sriramuluembarked

on a hunger strike reiterating the demands of the separatists and calling for the inclusion of Madras city

within the proposed state.[49][50][51]Rajagopalachari remained unmoved by Sriramulu's action and

refused to intervene.[50][52]After fasting for days, Sriramulu eventually died on 15 December 1952,

triggering riots in Madras city and the Telugu-speaking districts of the state.[49][50][51]Initially, both

Rajagopalachari and Prime Minister Nehru were against the creation of linguistically demarcated states

but as the law and order situation in the state deteriorated, both were forced to accept thedemands.[50]Andhra State was thus created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking districts of

Madras, with its capital at Kurnool.[53][54]However, the boundaries of the new state were determined by a

commission which decided against the inclusion of Madras city.[55]Though the commission's report

suggested the option of having Madras as the temporary capital of Andhra State to allow smooth

partitioning of the assets and the secretariat, Rajagopalachari refused to allow Andhra State to have

Madras even for a day.[56]

On 31 May 1952, Rajagopalachari put an end to sugar rationing[citation needed]and followed up by

abolishing control over food supplies on 5 June 1952.[citation needed]He also introduced measures to

regulate the running of universities in the state.[citation needed]In 1953, he introduced a new education

scheme known as the "Modified System of Elementary Education", which reduced schooling for

elementary school students to three hours per day[57][58]with students expected to learn the family

vocation at home during the remainder of the day.[57][58]The plan came in for sharp criticism and evoked

strong protests from the Dravidian parties.[59]The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagamdubbed the scheme Kula

Kalvi Thittamor Hereditary Education Policy[60]and attempted to organise massive demonstrations

outside Rajagopalachari's house on 13 and 14 July 1953.[59]The r ising unpopularity of his government

forced K. Kamaraj to withdraw his support for Rajagopalachari and on 26 March 1954, he resigned as

President of the Madras Legislature Congress Party thereby precipitating new

elections.[citation needed]During the subsequent poll held on 31 March 1954, Rajagopalachari fielded C.

Subramaniam against Kamaraj.[61]But Subramaniam could garner only 41 votes to Kamaraj's 93 and

lost the elections.[61]Rajagopalachari eventually resigned as Chief Minister on 13 April 1954, attributing
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the decision to poor health.[62]

Split from Congress parting of ways [ edit ]

Following his resignation as Chief Minister, Rajagopalachari took a temporary break from active politics

and instead devoted his time to literary pursuits. He wrote a Tamil re-telling of the Sanskrit

epic Ramayanawhich appeared as a serial in the Tamil magazine Kalkifrom 23 May 1954 to 6

November 1955.[63]The episodes were later collected and published as Chakravarthi Thirumagan, a

book which won Rajagopalachari the 1958 Sahitya Academy award in Tamil

language.[64][65][66]On Republic Day1955, Rajagopalachari was honoured with India's highest civilian

award, the Bharat Ratna.[67]

Rajagopalachari tendered his official resignation from the Indian National Congress and along with a

number of other dissidents organised the Congress Reform Committee(CRC) in January 1957.[68][69]K.

S. Venkatakrishna Reddiarwas elected president and the party fielded candidates in 55 constituencies

in the 1957 state assembly elections, to emerge as the second largest party in Madras state with 13

seats in the legislative assembly.[70]The Congress Reform Committee also contested 12Lok Sabhaseats

during the 1957 Indian elections.[71]The committee became a fully-fledged political party and was

renamed the Indian National Democratic Congress at a state conference held inMaduraion

September 2829, 1957.[69]

On 4 June 1959, shortly after the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress, Rajagopalachari,

along with Murari Vaidyaof the newly established Forum of Free Enterprise (FFE)[72]and Minoo Masani,

a classical liberaland critic of socialist Nehru, announced the formation of the newSwatantra Partyat a

meeting in Madras.[73]Conceived by disgruntled heads of former princely states such as the Raja of

Ramgarh, the Maharaja of Kalahandi and the Maharajadhiraja of Darbhanga, the party was conservative

in character.[74][75]Later, N. G. Ranga, K. M. Munshi,Field MarshalK. M. Cariappaand the Maharaja of

Patiala joined the effort.[75]Rajagopalachari, Masani and Ranga also tried but failed to

involveJayaprakash Narayanin the initiative.[76]

In his short essay "Our Democracy", Rajagopalachari explained the necessity for a right-wing alternative

to the Congress by saying:

since... the Congress Party has swung to the Left, what is wanted is not an ultra or outer-

Left [viz. the CPI or the Praja Socialist Party, PSP], but a strong and articulate Right[74]

Rajagopalachari also insisted that the opposition must:

operate not privately and behind the closed doors of the party meeting, but openly and

periodically through the electorate.[74]

He outlined the goals of the Swatantra Party through twenty one "fundamental principles" in the

foundation document.[77]The party stood for equality and opposed government control over the private

sector.[78][79]Rajagopalachari sharply criticised the bureaucracy and coined the term "license-permit

Raj" to describe Nehru's elaborate system of permissions and licenses required for an individual to set

up a private enterprise. Rajagopalachari's personality became a rallying point for the party.[74]
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9/13

M. G. Ramachandranspeaking at a

private function in January 1968.

Rajagopalachari's efforts to build an anti-Congress front led to a patch up with his former adversary C.

N. Annaduraiof the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[80]During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Annadurai

grew close to Rajagopalachari and sought an alliance with the Swatantra Party for the 1962 Madras

legislative assembly elections. Although there were occasional electoral pacts between the Swatantra

Party and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Rajagopalachari remained non-committal on a formal

tie-up with the DMK due to its existing alliance with Communists whom he dreaded. [81]The Swatantra

Party contested 94 seats in the Madras state assembly elections and won six

[82]

as well as won 18parliamentary seats in the 1962 Lok Sabha elections.[83]

India's use of military force against Portugalto capture the Portuguese enclave of Goa was criticised by

Rajagopalachari[84]who said of the operation and subsequent acts of international diplomacy, "India has

totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power."[84]

1965 Anti-Hindi agitations in Madras [ edit ]

Main article:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu

On 26 January 1950, the Government of India adopted Hindias the official language of the country, but

because of objections in non-Hindi-speaking areas, it introduced a provision tentatively making English

the second official language on a par with Hindi for a stipulated fifteen-year period to facilitate a switch to

Hindi in non-Hindi speaking states. From 26 January 1965 onwards, Hindi was to become the sole official

language of the Indian Union and people in non-Hindi speaking regions were compelled to learn Hindi.

This led to vehement opposition and just before Republic Day, severeanti-Hindi protestsbroke out in

Madras State. Rajagopalachari had earlier been sharply critical of the recommendations made by the

Official Languages Commission in 1957.[85]On 28 January 1956, Rajagopalachari signed a resolution

along with Annadurai and Periyar endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.[86]At anAll-India Language Conference held on 8 March 1958, he declared: "Hindi is as much foreign to non-

Hindi speaking people as English [is] to the protagonists of Hindi".[87]When the Anti-Hindi agitations

broke out in 1965, Rajagopalachari completely reversed his 1938 support for the introduction of Hindi

and took a strongly anti-Hindi stand in support of the protests,[88]On 17 January 1965, he convened the

Madras state Anti-Hindi conference in Tiruchirapalli.[89]angrily declaring that Part XVII of the Constitution

of India which declared that Hindi was the official language should "be heaved and thrown into the

Arabian Sea."[88]

1967 elections [ edit ]

Thefourth elections to the Madras Legislative

assemblywere held in February 1967.[90]At the age of 88,

Rajagopalachari worked to forge a united opposition to the

Indian National Congress through a tripartite alliance

between the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, the Swatantra

Party and the Forward Bloc.[91]The Congress party was

defeated in Madras for the first time in 30 years and the

coalition led by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam came to

power.[92]C. N. Annaduraiserved as Chief Minister from 6

March 1967 till his death on 3 February
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10/13

Rajagopalachari is seated in the first row

along with M. Karunanidhi. C. N.

Annaduraiand K. A. Mathialaganare seated

in the background

1969.[93]Rajagopalachari delivered a moving eulogy to

Annadurai at his funeral.[80]

The Swatantra party also did well in elections in other states

and to the Lok Sabha, the directly elected lower houseof

the Parliament of India. It won 45 Lok Sabha seats in the 1967 general elections and emerged as the

single largest opposition party. The principal opposition party in the states of Rajasthanand Gujarat, it

also formed a coalition governmentin Odishaand had a significant presence inAndhra Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu and Bihar.

Later years and death [ edit ]

In 1971, Annadurai's successor M. Karunanidhirelaxed prohibition laws in Tamil Nadudue to the poor

financial situation of the state.[94]Rajagopalachari pleaded with him not to repeal prohibition but to no

avail[95]and as a result, the Swatantra Party withdrew its support for the state government [96]and

instead allied with the Congress, a breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress led by Kamaraj. [97]

In January 1971, a three-party anti-Congress coalition was established by the Congress (O), Jan

Sanghand the Samyukta Socialist Party[98]then on 8 January, the national executive of the Swatantra

Party took the unanimous decision to join the coalition.[98]The dissident parties formed an alliance

called the National Democratic Front and fought against the Indian National Congress led byIndira

Gandhiin the 1971 Indian general elections.[99][100]However, the alliance fared badly.[101]The

Swatantra Party's tally was reduced to 8 seats from 23 in the 1967 elections.[102][103]The decline of the

Swatantra Party was also visible in the 1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative assembly electionsin which it won

just 19 seats down from 27 in the 1967 elections.[104]

By November 1972, Rajagopalachari's health had begun to decline[105]and on 17 December the same

year, a week after his 94th birthday, he was admitted to the Government Hospital, Madras suffering

from uraemia, dehydrationand a urinary infection.[105]In the hospital, he was visited by Chief Minister M.

Karunanidhi, V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, V. V. Giri, Periyar[80]and other state and national

leaders.[105]Rajagopalachari's condition deteriorated in the following days as he frequently lost

consciousness and he died at 5:44 pm on 25 December 1972 at the age of 94.[106]His son, C. R.

Narasimhan, was at his bedside at the time of his death reading him verses from a Hindu holy book. [106]

Contributions to literature and music [ edit ]See also: Works of Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari

An accomplished writer both in his mother tongue Tamil as well as English,[3]Rajagopalachari was the

founder of the Salem Literary Society and regularly participated in its meetings.[107]In 1922, he

published Siraiyil Tavam(Meditation in jail), a day-to-day account of his first imprisonment by the British

from 21 December 1921 to 20 March 1922.[108]

Rajagopalachari started the Tamil Scientific Terms Society in 1916,[107]a group that coined new words

in Tamil for terms connected to botany, chemistry, physics, astronomy and mathematics.[107]At about

the same time, he called for Tamil to be introduced as the medium of instruction in schools.[107]

In 1951, he wrote an abridged retelling of theMahabharatain English,[109][110]followed by one of the

Ramayana in 1957.[66][110]Earlier, in 1961, he had translated Kambar's Tamil Ramayana into
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11/13

Rajagopalachari with Defence

Minister Baldev Singhand the

chiefs of Staffs of Indian Armed

Forcesin 1948

English.[111]In 1965, he translated the Thirukkuralinto English and also wrote books on the Bhagavad

Gitaand the Upanishadsin English as well as works on Socrates, and Marcus Aureliusin

Tamil.[112]Rajagopalachari often regarded his literary works as the best service he had rendered to the

people.[80]In 1958, he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Awardfor works in the Tamillanguage for his

retelling of the Ramayana Chakravarti Thirumagan.[65]He was also one of the founders of

the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of education and Indian

culture.

[113]

In 1959 the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan published his book: "Hinduism: Doctrine and Way ofLife".

Apart from his literary works, Rajagopalachari also composed a devotional song Kurai Onrum

Illaidevoted to Lord Venkateshwara,[114]a song set to music and a regular at Carnaticconcerts.

Rajagopalachari composed a benediction hymn sung by M. S. Subbulakshmiat the United Nations

General Assembly in 1967.[115]

Legacy [ edit ]

In 1954, during US Vice-PresidentRichard Nixon's nineteen country

Asian tour, he was lectured by Rajagopalachari on the consuming

emotional quality of nuclear weapons.[116]The pair discussed

spiritual life, particularly reincarnation and predestination.[116]Nixon

wrote three pages of notes recording Rajagopalachari's words,

claiming in his memoirs thirty-six years later that the afternoon "had

such a dramatic effect on me that I used many of his thoughts in my

speeches over the next several years."[116]

While on a tour to the United States of America as a member of the

Gandhi Peace Foundation delegation, in September 1962

Rajagopalachari visited American President John F. Kennedyat

theWhite House.[3][67][117]Rajagopalachari warned Kennedy of the

dangers of embarking on an arms race, even one which the US could win. [67]At the end of the meeting

Kennedy remarked "This meeting had the most civilizing influence on me. [117]Seldom have I heard a

case presented with such precision, clarity and elegance of language".[118]On 1 May 1955,

Rajagopalachari appealed to the Government of India to cancel receipt of aid from America if the

country continued with its nuclear tests.[119]

E. M. S. Namboodiripad, a prominent Communist Partyleader, once remarked that Rajagopalachari was

the Congress leader he respected the most despite the fact he was also someone with whom he had the

most differences.[120]Of Rajagopalachari, Periyar, one of his foremost political rivals remarked "he was a

leader unique and unequalled, who lived and worked for high ideals".[80]On his death, condolences

poured in from all corners of the country. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India commented:

Mr. Rajagopalachari was one of the makers of new India, a sincere patriot, a man whose

penetrating intellect and moral sense added depth to national affairs. His analysis, his

anticipation, his administrative acumen and his courage to steer an unpopular course if he

felt the need, marked him as a statesman and made an impact on the national history at

several crucial junctures. He had held the highest positions and lent distinction to every

office.[121]
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12/13

Swarajya, 27 January 1973

Regarded as a pioneer of social reform,[122]Rajagopalachari issued temple entry proclamations in the

Madras Presidency and worked towards the upliftment of Dalits. He played a pivotal role in the

conclusion of the Poona Pactbetween B. R. Ambedkarand the Indian National Congress and

spearheaded the Mahabal Temple Entry program in 1938.[122]He was a staunch advocate of prohibition

and was elected Secretary of the Prohibition League of India in 1930.[122]On assuming the premiership

of the Madras Presidency, he introduced prohibition throughout the province.[122]where it remained in

vogue until its removal by M. Karunanidhi over thirty years later. Rajagopalachari was also an active

member of the All India Spinners Association.[122]and a strong opponent of "linguistic states", which he

felt would bring anarchy to India.[123]

He is also remembered for his literary contributions, some of which are considered modern-day classics.

He frequently wrote articles for Kalkiand his own journal Swarajya, of which Philip Sprattwas editor.

Richard Casey, Governor of Bengal from 1944 to 1946, regarded Rajagopalachari as the wisest man in

India.[80]The best possible tribute to Rajagopalachari was from Mahatma Gandhi who referred to him as

the "keeper of my conscience".[30]Today, his private papers are part of the Archives at the Nehru

Memorial Museum & Library, at Teen Murti House, Delhi.[124]

Criticism [ edit ]

Even though Rajagopalachari was considered one of the most able statesmen in the national arena, his

provincial and later his state administrations are seen as having fared badly. Critics opine that he

completely failed to gauge the thoughts and feelings of the masses his introduction of Hindi[107]and

the Madras Scheme of Elementary Education have both been extensively criticised while his pacifist

stance during the Quit India Movement and his "C. R. Formula" angered the majority of his colleagues in

the Indian National Congress.[3][12]P. C. Alexander, a former governor of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra,

once wrote:

The most conspicuous case of constitutional impropriety by the Governor in the exercise of

discretion to choose the Chief Minister, took place in 1952 when the then Governor of

Madras, Sri Prakasa, invited Rajagopalachari to form the government in the composite

State[48]

Although his popularity at the regional level fluctuated greatly, it is

believed that[who?]Rajagopalachari was able to exercise his stranglehold over

provincial politics mainly because he was favoured by national leaders such as

Gandhi, Patel and Nehru.[3]Critics feel that when the President of the Tamil

Nadu Congress Committee K. Kamaraj and a majority of the provincial leaders

turned against him in the 1940s, Rajagopalachari clung on to a position of

influence in regional politics through support from his colleagues at the

centre.[3]

Rajagopalachari was always an archetypal Tamil Brahminnemesisof the Dravidian

movement.[3][107]Deeply religious, a pious Hindu and a follower of theVedasand Upanishads, he was

accused of being pro-Sanskrit and pro-Hindi, a stigma which Rajagopalachari found difficult to erase
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-oxforddnb-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Respect_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenemyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Brahminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-oxforddnb-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-oxforddnb-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-governorsandcms_thehindu-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._C._Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-gandhiandrajaji_thehindu-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-oxforddnb-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Formulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Murti_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehru_Memorial_Museum_%26_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-guha_telegraph-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-wisestman_thehindu-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Caseyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Spratthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarajya_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-makingofindiap199-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-pillarsp89-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-pillarsp89-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-pillarsp89-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-pillarsp89-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona_Pacthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-pillarsp89-122https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Rajagopalachari&action=edit&section=15


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despite his vehement protests against the imposition of Hindi during the Madras Anti-Hindi agitations of

1965.[107]He was also accused of attempting to heavily sanskritise Tamil vocabulary through the

inclusion of a large number of Sanskrit words in his writings. [107]His vocational education policy was

seen as an attempt to reinforce the Varnashrama dharmaof the castesystem, while his Indian

nationalist and anti-secessionist leanings formed the inspiration for Periyar's coining of the term

"Brahmin-Bania combine".[clarification needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnashrama_dharmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari#cite_note-passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee-107

raj gopal a chari

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