raj research bound construction

8/2/2019 Raj Research Bound Construction

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Paint has been around this world for more than 20,000 years. It has

undergone many changes in the industry, from being water proof to being fire-

retardant to being lead-free and so much more.

In art, it is the most commonly used medium in painting. Painting is not

only a mean of visual entertainment of expressing ones self. It also promotes the

practitioners creativity and imagination. It has also been scientifically proven that

children who have been exposed to painting, or any artistic activities for that

matter, has promoted brain activity. However, students and children do not have

easy access to these materials due to the fact that they are either too expensive

and, or too hard to find.

Gelatin, a protein obtained from the skin, tendons and bones of animals, is

one of those materials which could be easily found. Its commercial form melts in

hot water, but when it congeals, it turns to the gel-like substance known as a

dessert. Being a dessert however, is only one of the gelatins many uses. It has

been used as the capsules of the various pharmaceutical products, in tainting

lights, in plastic making and many others.


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There were already a few researches conducted on its feasibility as paint

since it has already been used for other coloring purposes. However, the

researcher was captured on conducting a research on his own on the gelatin as

component of paint with acceptable characteristics.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study focused on the feasibility of gelatin as a component of paint.

Sub-problems

1. What are the properties of the different paint samples with gelatin in

terms of:

a) Color

b) Odor

c) Viscosity

d) Drying time?

e) Shelf-life?

2. Is there a significant difference among the properties of the different

paint samples?

3. Is the paint acceptable based on its properties?

C. Hypotheses

There is no significant difference among the properties of the different

paint samples at 0.05 level of significance.


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D. Objectives of the Study

This study aims to:

To verify if gelatin is feasible as a component in making art paint.

To manufacture an affordable art paint that is user friendly with

satisfactory characteristics of color, odor, viscosity, drying time and

shelf-life.

E. Significance of the Study

This research may provide a means of manufacturing an affordable and

easily accessible art paints. It is made from gelatin, a collagen, which will not

cause allergic reactions. Furthermore, this study may help promote the painting

industry due to its lowered costs. Students, especially toddlers and children from

nurseries to elementary, may highly benefit of this study since it stimulates their

creativity and their artistic skills.

It comes from organic compounds and is biodegradable. It is eco-friendly

and does not contain harmful toxins that may harm the user nor their

environment. The product of this study is a promising product that may help the

skill and talent development of our budding artists.

F. Scope and Limitations

This study focused on the efficiency of gelatin as a main component of art

paints. The components of the paint used were Knox gelatin and a few cups of


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all purpose flour as vehicle or binder, water as solvent and ordinary powder

coloring as pigment.

The properties of the paint studied were color, odor, viscosity, drying rates, and

shelf life. The study did not cover the different forms of paint that can be formed.

Also, it did not tackle on the effects of different environments to the paint after

application. The development of the paint was done at the chemistry laboratory,

Integrated Developmental School while the evaluation of paint was conducted at

the researchers house during the school year 2011 2012.


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G. Definition of Terms

Color It is the color of the pigment of the paint and its

appeal to its viewers.

Drying time It is the amount of time it takes for the paint to dry.

Gelatin It is a colorless or slightly yellow, transparent, brittle

protein formed by boiling the specially prepared skin,

bones, and connective tissue of animals and used in

foods, drugs, and photographic film.

Odor It is the rate of pleasantness of the paints smell. Or

the smell it emits.

Paint Paint is a solid-coloring matter, suspended in a liquid

vehicle used to impart its color to the surfaced. It is

composed of the pigment, the vehicle/binder and the

solvent.

Shelf-life It is the length of time that perishable materials before

they can be considered unsuitable for sale. But in this

case, it is the length of time before the paint changes

in composition.

Viscosity It is the thickness or the measure of internal friction of

the paint.


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Paint is a decorative and protective coating commonly applied to rigid

surfaces as a liquid consisting of a pigment suspended in a vehicle or binder. It

has been used for pictorial and decorative purposes in the caves of France and

Spain as early of 15,000 B.C. The earliest pigments were natural ores such as

iron oxide; these formulae were supplemented by China in 6,000 B.C. using

mixtures of inorganic compounds and organic pigments. In 1,500 B.C. the

Egyptians were using dyes such as indigo and madder to make blue and red

pigments. Exploitation of linseed oil (a drying oil used as a vehicle) and zinc

oxide (a white pigment) in the 18th Century brought rapid expansion of the paint

industry (Britannica Encyclopedia Volume 9, 2007).

In that matter, it has also gone through a lot of changes in usage; in

industry and in art. It has become one of the most important materials in painting.

The composition of paint is mainly composed of these three: the vehicle or

the binder, the solvent and the pigments. The binder or vehicle is one of the

most important components of paint. It is the basic solid film former that remains

after the solvent has evaporated and it is which binds the pigment particles

together into a cohesive paint film. The binder determines many of the necessary

film properties such as adhesion, gloss level, hardness, abrasion resistance,

flexibility, speed of drying and durability. The solvent is the liquid that carries the

solid components of paint. It must be present to allow the paint to be of correct


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consistency for application of brush, roller, spray or dipping. The pigment is the

component that gives paint its other most important properties of color and

opacity. The pigments used in paint are normally present as fine solid particles

that are dispersed, but not soluble, in the binder and solvent. The most common

pigment used in paint is titanium dioxide and the majority of white paints use this

pigment. Other inorganic colored pigments are used such as red and yellow iron

oxides, aluminum flakes and mica flakes. Zinc is used in many anti corrosion

primers (painterforum, 2012).

Simple paints can be formed just by combining solvents and pigments

and/or binders. For example: clay and water or gelatin and water. It could also be

enhanced by adding additional binders such as flour paste and additives such as

fillers and scents (learning disabilities, 2010).

There have been other promising subjects to be used as components of

paint, but because of its availability and affordability, the main component chosen

was one readily available in the researchers kitchen: gelatin

Gelatin is a protein obtained from the skin, tendons, and bones of animals.

It is used in many food products and pharmaceuticals, in many industrial

processes, and for cooking. Commercial gelatin, usually in the form of sheets,

granules or powder, dissolves in hot water to congeal and form a gel as the

solution cools. Its most important uses in the industry concerns photography,

lithography, photocopying, improving blending characteristics in the plastic

industry, in metallurgy to achieve greater refinement purity, as a corrosion

inhibitor, producing bright finishes in electroplating, as a component in fertilizers


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and such at the agriculture, stage lighting and other products concerning glass

and others (Grolier Inc., 1980).

Based on a research study by Carmen (2007), it was proven that paint

could be made from Styrofoam using gasoline as its solvent and ordinary

pigments. The setback was that it still issues an unpleasant odor of gasoline; it

formed bubbles when it dried on the applied surface and it has slower drying rate

than the commercial product.

It is also possible to create paint from clay; which uses the combination of

clay and starch-paste as a binder. Although, it was not water-resistant and

therefore recommended for inside use (eHow, 2011 & Natural Home and

Garden, 2011).

There were other successful innovations on making Scented Gelatin

Paint. Just like this one made by Ann Logsdon (2010).

It involved using un-sweetened colored gelatin dissolved in warm water to

be used as a multisensory teaching tool for children with learning disabilities.

Although, the paint in question was built to be disposable and thus does not last

long.

Scented Paint from Gelatin intends to manufacture a paint from gelatin

that is safe for students, appealing to our sight and smell, pleasing to the touch

and one with a longer shelf-life.

Based upon the related literature, the product shows a lot of promise and

has a high probability of succeeding. It would be an effective stimulant in


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learning, especially for children. Since all of its components are non-toxic and

basically edible, it poses no harm unto its users.

CHAPTER III


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METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The experimental research design was employed in obtaining an

acceptable product. Three set-ups for each artist paint color was prepared. Each

sample was evaluated by the researcher for its acceptability and characteristics

in terms of color and odor, using Score Card & Hedonic Scale. Its drying time,

viscosity and shelf-life were measured through improvised methods.

B. Materials and Equipment

Materials

1/2 cup Flour

2 tablespoons of vanilla

3 plastic containers with lids

50g Colorless, Unflavored Powdered Gelatin

6 cups water

Food Coloring (blue, yellow and red)

Spoon/Sticks for stirring

Equipment

Cooking apparatuses (stove)

C. Experimental Set-up


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Table 1. Components of the Different Samples of Artist PaintCOMPONENTS SET-UP A SET-UP B SET-UP C CONTROL

Pigment (g)X

RedX

BlueX

YellowNone

Gelatin (g) 50 50 50 50

Flour (cups)

Water (cups) 6 6 6 6

Scent/vanilla (tbsp.) 2 2 2 2

D. General Procedure

Preparation of Materials

The materials were prepared and cleaned while the all the tools used were

also sterilized. The quantities of the components to be used were carefully

measured and then placed in individual containers until they were used.

Preparation of Flour Paste

Half cup flour was dissolved in two cups water and placed on medium

heat. It was constantly stirred until it thickened or became pasty. If desired,

thickness could be reduced if water was added.

Preparation of Gelatin Mixture

The fifty grams of unflavored gelatin was dissolved in one cup water and

was set aside until it was used.

Formulation of Paint

Three cups of water was boiled. The gelatin mixture was added to the

boiling water. The gelatin was stirred occasionally to avoid burning. The heat was

turned off after 7 to 8 minutes or until time that the mixture became runny.


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The paste prepared earlier and the vanilla scent was blended. Once the

gelatin was done, the two mixtures were quickly combined.

The resulting mixture was poured into three separate plastic containers

where the food coloring would be added. The colors intensity naturally depend

on the amount of pigment color used so it may be adjusted.

Testing Viscosity

Three 50-ml graduated cylinders were cleaned and filled with a single

color of the product. A steel ball (ball bearing) was then dropped into the cylinder.

The time it took to reach the bottom was then measured. More steel balls were

also dropped unto the two remaining graduated cylinders with the researcher

recording each of their results. The graduated cylinders were then cleaned and

used for the next color. And so it was done until all colors were tested. The paint

is said to be viscous when the time the steel ball reaches the bottom is longer.

Testing the Paints Drying Time

A brush was dipped into one of the products colors and a line painted on

the bond paper. The time it took to dry was then measured. The procedure was

repeated two more times. The entire process was repeated for the remaining two

colors.

Testing Shelf-life

Two batches of three plastic containers of equal sizes (one for each color)

were filled and then sealed with different caps. One batch was placed in a dry

place at room temperature, while the other was refrigerated. The products were

checked daily and observations were noted. Every twenty four hours, the


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researcher checks his product placed in the two different conditions and jolts

down any changes that occurred. If none, he writes NVC which stands for no

visible change. The shelf-life of the paint was the length of time before any of it

characteristic changed.

E. Product Development

Trials were conducted to achieve a desired product. The research teacher

evaluated the product and gave suggestions for the improvement and

enhancement of the product of the research for each trial. Trials ended until an

acceptable product was achieved based on the evaluation of the research

teacher.

F. Sampling Design

No sampling design was used since it was only the researcher who

assessed the characteristics of the different paint samples in terms of its color,

odor and acceptability using the Score Card and Hedonic Scale.

G. Product Evaluation

The researcher evaluated the product using a Score Card and the

Hedonic Scale to evaluate the different samples of the said paint in terms of its

characteristics and acceptability. The researcher applied the product on bond

paper and rated the characteristics of each sample product in terms of its color

and odor, using the numerical rating from 1 5, where 5 is the highest and 1 is


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the lowest. Specific descriptions per characteristics were laid out in Table 2 for

easy evaluation and minimize biases.

The overall acceptability of the samples of paint was also rated using

Hedonic Scale. The researcher rated the samples from 1 9 were 1 corresponds

to extremely disliked which means least accepted and 9 corresponds to

extremely liked which means the most accepted product as shown in Table 3.

H. Instruments in Data Gathering

This study used a Score Card for its sensory evaluation and the Hedonic

Scale for the measuring of acceptance as shown in the Table 2 and 3.

Table 2 Score Card Scale for the Characteristics of the Artist Paint

Characteristics

Rating & Description

5(Excellent)

4(VeryGood)

3(Good)

2(Fair)

1(Poor)

Color Brilliant SlightlyBrilliant

Average Slightly notBrilliant

NotBrilliant

Odor Pleasing Distinct Average Acceptable Disgusting

Table 3 Hedonic Scale for the AcceptabilityRating General Acceptability

9 Extremely Liked

8 Very Much Liked

7 Moderately Liked

6 Slightly Liked

5 Neither Liked Nor Disliked

4 Slightly Disliked


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3 Moderately Disliked

2 Very Much Disliked

1 Extremely Disliked

I. Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

This study used the statistical tool called weighted mean to identify the

average for each criteria based on the scores given by the evaluators and

ANOVA was used to verify if there was any significant difference on the results of

each type of paint made as well as the drying rates and viscosity tests at =0.05 .

The color and odor test was assessed by the researcher using score cards and

scales and descriptively compared among samples.

Weighted Mean

where is the sum of the data in the setn is equal to the sample size.

Analysis of Variance

where:MSAThe Absorbents Mean Square

SSA The Absorbents Sum of the SquaresMSE The Mean Square ErrorSSE The Absorbents Sum of the Squares

For interpretation of results on the evaluation given by the researcher, the

following tables next page served as guides.


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Figure 1. Flowchart of Procedures Done

Gather Components

Sterelize Materials

Measure

components and

place them onseparate containers

Perform Experiment

Conduct Product

Assessment

Summarize the data

using the statistical

tools and give yourconclusion

Finalize your analysis

and re-check forerrors

Present and defend

the knowldge thusacquired


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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter shows the result and data of the researchers

experimentation shown in tables and graphs. ANOVA was used in determining

the difference between the differences of the results of each pigment used.

Color and Odor Observation

The color and odor observations assessed by the researcher are shown in

Table 4 and 5.

Table 4. Score Card Scale Results on the Color and Odor Evaluation

CHARACTERISTICSRATING

Red Yellow Blue

Color 2 4 5Odor 5 5 5

The data in Table 4 means that the rating for red paint (2) was fair, slightly

not brilliant. The yellow paint (4) means that it is very good, slightly brilliant.

While that of blue paint (5) means excellent, brilliant color. From this rating, the

most satisfactory color is the blue paint.

On the other hand, the odor of all the paint had the same rating (5) which

means excellent. All paint had pleasant odor probably due to the vanilla scent.

Table 5. Hedonic Scale Results on Color and Odor AcceptabilityCHARACTERISTICS RATING


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Red Yellow BlueColor 4 7 9Odor 9 9 9

The Hedonic Scale result in Table 10 shows that among colors, red was

slightly disliked while yellow was moderately liked and blue was extremely liked.

The colors mean likeability turned out to be moderately liked. The data gathered

for the odor showed that it was extremely liked in the three colors.

Drying Rate

The drying rates mean results were 19 seconds, 32.7 seconds and 32

seconds of the colors red, blue and yellow paint, respectively. The drying rates

comparisons are as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Title

Figure 2 shows a brief comparison the results of the three trials results

and their means. Here it is shown that of the three colors, the color red dried

fastest. Yellow and blues means showed little difference from each other.

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

Red Blue Yellow

Comparison of Groups

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Trials' Mean


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Analysis between these means were made using ANOVA to ascertain if

there is any significant difference caused by the variation of pigment. The

analysis of the results are as seen at Table 6.

Table 6. Drying Time Statistical Test Results

Mean N Std. Dev

19.0 3 6.56 Red

32.7 3 11.02 Blue

32.0 3 8.00 Yellow27.9 9 10.08 Total

ANOVA table

Source SS Df MS F p-value

Treatment 356.22 2 178.111 2.34 .1773Error 456.67 6 76.111Total 812.89 8

Table 6 shows that the p-value, 0.1773, is greater than 0.10 alpha, so the

null hypothesis is not rejected. This means that there is no difference between

the three samples of paint in terms of its drying time.

Viscosity Test

The viscosity test of the three subjects leads to the following results: a

mean of 1.96 seconds, 0.98 seconds and 1.10 seconds paints colored red, blue

and yellow, respectively. Figure 3 shows a comparison of results of the viscosity

test among the paint samples.


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Figure 3.Title

Figure 3 shows a brief comparison of the trials viscosity rates and their

means. As the figure shows, red took the longest time to reach the bottom while

the color yellow fell fastest. This means that red paint is more viscous over

yellow paint and blue paint. While yellow paint is the least viscous.

ANOVA was used to compare the viscosity among the paint samples

whether the difference is significant or not. Statistical results are shown in Table

7.

Table 7. Viscosity Statistical Test ResultsMean n Std. Dev

1.47000 3 0.45902 Red0.99667 3 0.03786 Yellow1.03333 3 0.06506 Blue

1.11333 3 0.24826 Trial 11.04000 3 0.01000 Trial 21.34667 3 0.53454 Trial 3

1.16667 9 0.32573 TotalANOVA tableSource SS df MS F p-value

Treatments 0.4161 2 0.20803 2.98 .1610Blocks 0.1539 2 0.07693 1.10 .4153Error 0.2789 4 0.06972Total 0.8488 8

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

Red Yellow Blue

Ax

isTitle

Axis Title

Comparison of Groups

Trial 1

Trial 2Trial 3

Trials' Mean


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Table 7 shows that the p-value, 0.1610, is greater than 0.10 alpha, so the

null hypothesis is not rejected. This means that there is no difference between

the three samples of paint in terms of its viscosity.

Shelf-life

The shelf-life was measured by observing if there were any changes on

the experiment daily. For the un-refrigerated paint samples, after the third day, it

smelled acid, probably it turned sour and lumps were formed. This shows

evidence of a chemical change. Hence, the shelf-life of the un-refrigerated

sample was only two (2) days. For the refrigerated paint samples, no visible

changes were observed for one week. On the eight day, however, a slight

change in texture was observed, it becomes very sticky but it disappears after

shaking. On the ninth day, souring starts and on day ten smells really bad. It

can still, however, be used for painting, only the odor changed. Hence for the

refrigerated sample, its shelf-life is one week.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Summary


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The researchers experiment produced three 250 milliliters (mL ) of artist

paint with the colors, red, blue and yellow. Upon processing, the quantity of the

solvent, resin or binder and the quantity of pigment was not altered. Only the

pigment type or color was changed. The binder or the resin used was an

unflavored and colorless gelatin and a processed mixture of flour and water, the

solvent would have been ordinary tap water but since, gelatin is primarily a gel

and the flour-water mixture is more of a paste, little or no solvent was used but

instead the liquid is used on the preparation of the materials themselves.

Pigmenting colors would be those of yellow, blue and red. A vanilla scent was

used to enhance scent.

Results showed that the mean of the colors first assessment was slightly

brilliant while the second assessment stated that it was moderately liked. The

colors performance was hindered by the absence of a good pigment of the color

red. The odors assessments were extremely liked and having an excellent

blend.

The drying rates are quite satisfactory, ranging only from a few seconds to

a full minute. The ANOVAs results state that the p-value is greater than 0.10

alpha. The difference between the three samples drying rates is highly

insignificant.

The viscosity of the product was quite mediocre, not so thick yet not too

thin. The ANOVAs results state that the p-value is greater than 0.10 alpha. The

difference between the three samples drying rates is highly insignificant.


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The shelf-life of the product, when un-refrigerated, lasted 3 days. A

second batch of the product was refrigerated and lasted 7 days without change.

The product lasts only a bit more than the previous gelatin paints made.

Generally, depending upon the pigments used and storage, the product is

quite satisfactory. But not consumer-friendly since it lasts only a few days.

B. Conclusion

Using the methods used and the data gathered, the following conclusions

are made:

Results showed that the red paint had a rating 2 which was fair, slightly

not brilliant. The yellow paint had a rating 4 means that it is very good, slightly

brilliant. While that of blue paint (5) means excellent, brilliant color. From this

rating, the most satisfactory color is the blue paint. On the other hand, the odor

of all the paint had the same rating (5) which means excellent. All paint had

pleasant odor probably due to the vanilla scent.

The drying rates are quite satisfactory, ranging only from a few seconds to

a full minute. The viscosity of the product was quite mediocre, not so thick yet not

too thin. The shelf-life of the product, when un-refrigerated, lasted 3 days. A

second batch of the product was refrigerated and lasted 7 days without change.

The results of ANOVA state that there is no significant difference among

the three samples of paint (red, blue and yellow) in terms of its drying time and

viscosity.


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Gelatin is feasible for art paint but not for commercial purposes, e.g., in its

more suitable in home use and in classroom activities where it can then be

disposed thereafter.

C. Recommendations

The researcher of this study recommends the following to improve further

studies related to this:

1. Use other organic materials that are also easy to acquire

2. Researching on preservatives that can be used to extend this

products shelf-life.

3. Perform other significant tests related to qualities of paint


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REFERENCES

Novie Dale S. Carmen. (2007). Paint from Styrofoam. Iligan City,

Integrated Developmental School.

The Miriam Webster Incorporated. (2004). The Essential English

Dictionary. Australia, Hinkler Books Pty Ltd.

Otter Rethimnon. Britannica Encyclopedia Volume 9: Paint; Definition and

History . Britannica Encyclopedia (published 2007)

Athena and Bill Steven. (2005,August). Homemade Paint: Make your own

Paint. Retrieved from:

http://www.naturalhomeandgarden.com/article.aspx?id=2776

Ann Logsdon. (2007). Homemade Scented Gelatin Paint Children- Make

You Own Scented Paint. Retrieved From:

http://learningdisabilities.about.com/od/handsonlearningmaterials/ht/scented_pai

nt.htm

What is Paint. (n.d.). In Paintforum. Retrieved April 5, 2012. From:

http://painterforum.com/paintexplained.html
http://painterforum.com/paintexplained.htmlhttp://painterforum.com/paintexplained.htmlhttp://painterforum.com/paintexplained.html


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APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION

Figure 4. The Researcher Processing the Materials

Figure 5. The Researcher Adding Pigment to the Binders


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Figure 6. The Paint Samples

Figure 7. Sample Painting By The Researcher

33


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Figure 8. Another Sample Painting By the Researcher


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Figure 9. The Paint (Ordinary Brush Strokes) during the Drying Time Test


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APPENDIX B

DATA GATHERED

Table 8. Raw Data For Viscosity Test

Viscosity Test Results

Red Yellow Blue

Trial 1 1.4 0.97 0.97

Trial 2 1.05 1.04 1.03

Trial 3 1.96 0.98 1.1

Average 1.47 0.996667 1.033333

Table 9. Raw Data For Drying Rate Test

Drying-Rate Test Results

Red Blue Yellow

Trial 1 12 38 32

Trial 2 25 20 40

Trial 3 20 40 24

Mean 19 32.66667 32

Table 10. Shelf-life Test ResultsDAY UN-REFRIGERATED SAMPLE REFRIGERATED SAMPLE

123

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9

Un- re fri dge rate d NV C NV C The concoti on sou rs an d Lumps fo rm

Legend: NVC= no visible change

Souring stNVC NVC NVC NVC Sl ight change i n texture but di sappears when shaken

Shelf-life Test Results

Refridgerated NVC NVC NVC


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