rajanaidu, n., kushairi, a. malaysian palm oil boardisopb.mpob.gov.my/pdffile/2nd/paper 1...
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RajanaiduRajanaidu, N., Kushairi, A., N., Kushairi, A.Malaysian Palm Oil BoardMalaysian Palm Oil Board
Types of oil palm planting materials
DxP Hybrid seedsDxP Hybrid seeds
InterInter--specific hybridsspecific hybrids
Semi and biSemi and bi--clonal seedsclonal seeds
Oil palm clonesOil palm clones
Major Groups DxP Planting MaterialsGroup I:Group I:
Deli x Deli x AvrosAvros; SP540T; SP540TGroup II:Group II:
MarihatMarihat H5 and EX5 (H5 and EX5 (YangambiYangambi))YangambiYangambi 718718La Me (L2T)La Me (L2T)CalabarCalabarEKonaEKona
Group III:Group III:Deli x URTDeli x URT
Group IV:Group IV:African African duradura x African x African pisiferapisifera
New Development in the DxP Production
Golden Hope 500 seriesGolden Hope 500 series
FeldaFelda DxPDxP based on Deli x NPM x based on Deli x NPM x YangambiYangambi (GMH 43)(GMH 43)
MPOB latest MPOB latest DxPDxP
GH 500 SeriesGH 500 Series
X
Elite Deli DuraO/B > 18.0%
2nd GenerationBM119 Pisifera
Examples of Elite Deli Dura Mother Palms Examples of Elite Deli Dura Mother Palms With Very High Oil to BunchWith Very High Oil to Bunch
Elite DuraElite DuraMother PalmMother Palm
Oil to Oil to Bunch (%)Bunch (%)
Elite DuraElite DuraMother PalmMother Palm
Oil to Oil to Bunch (%)Bunch (%)
BM2744/142 27.7 BM2515/151 27.9BM2745/41 27.3 BM2519/166 27.5
BM2746/60 27.1 BM2523/11 27.2BM2746/148 27.7 BM2523/69 27.5
BM2745/112 27.7 BM2519/172 27.1
(used for production of GH500 Series (used for production of GH500 Series DxPDxP))
High Yielding Fields On Golden Hope EstatesHigh Yielding Fields On Golden Hope Estates
EstateEstate Year Year PlantedPlanted HectaresHectares FFB Yield FFB Yield
(t/ha/yr)(t/ha/yr) FYFY
CoastalBagan Datoh 1995 32.15 47.65 2001/02
Inland Mostyn 1997 200.00 38.83 2002/03Diamond Jubilee 1982 74.82 43.71 1993/94
East 1986 20.61 41.11 1998/99
2226
29 30 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
GH 100 GH 200 GH 300 GH 400 GH 500Series
O/B
%
Oil / Bunch %
Golden Hope Golden Hope DxPDxP Planting MaterialsPlanting Materials
OER in OER in MerotaiMerotai Oil MillOil Mill
23.1
723
.29
23.4
324
.524
.39
25.0
124
.02
23.5
1 23.7
522
.02 22
.52
23.1
524
.01
23.0
1 23.4 23
.623
.424
.26
23.6
23.4
923
.67
23.6
6 24.0
224
.04
23.6
23.6
223
.76 24
.14
23.8
123
.69
23.2
2 23.5
2 23.8
2
23.0
123.3
323
.05
22.8
921
.79
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26Ja
n'02
Mar'
02
May
'02
Jul'0
2
Sep'0
2
Nov'0
2
Jan'0
2
Mar'
03
May
'03
Jul'0
3
Sep'0
3
Nov'0
3
Jan'0
4
Mar'
04
May
'04
Jul'0
4
Sep'0
4
Nov'0
4
Jan'0
5
OER
(%)
Month/Year
Progress in Producing High Oil Yielding Progress in Producing High Oil Yielding DxPDxP Crosses From Progeny Trials (FELDA)Crosses From Progeny Trials (FELDA)
7070’’s s –– KulaiKulai Deli Deli DuraDura x AVROSx AVROS
8080’’s s –– Deli x Deli x YangambiYangambi, Deli x AVROS , Deli x AVROS and Deli x La Meand Deli x La Me
9090’’s s –– Deli Deli Dura Dura x x YangambiYangambi
20002000’’s s –– Deli Deli Dura Dura x x YangambiYangambi (ML161)(ML161)
Latest Latest –– Deli Deli –– NPM x GH43 (NPM x GH43 (YangambiYangambi))
Note : * Crosses planted in Third Round Evaluation of Malaysian DxP materials in Kota Gelanggi 5
Performance of FELDA Performance of FELDA DxPDxP ((YangambiYangambi) and FELDA ) and FELDA DxPDxP ((YangambiYangambi ML 161) : Jan. 1999ML 161) : Jan. 1999--Dec. 2003Dec. 2003
132
104
100
Oil Yield(tha-1yr-1 )
6.71100186.4(25.16)
Mean %over SC3No of
ProgeniesFFB(kgpalm-1yr-1 )
Source
6. 96102190.9
FELDA DxP ( Yangambi ML161)
FELDA DxP ( Yangambi) *
1
6
1(t/ha)
243.3 131
Mean %over SC3
8.89 132
SC 3(Deli xYangambi)
DELI x ML 161DELI x ML 161
Relative performance of Deli-NPM x Yangambi
FFBFFBGroupGroup
Mean + s.e.Mean + s.e. RangeRangeNo. of No. of
progeniesprogenies
Deli-NPM x AVROS 93 + 3 76 – 101 8Deli-NPM x NPM 103 + 3 96 – 111 6
Yangambi-NPM x Yangambi 97 95 – 99 2Deli x Yangambi (SC3) 100 -
Deli-NPM x Yangambi 115 + 4 56 – 173 39
NPM x AVROS 88 - 1
Deli-NPM x La Me 112 + 1 104 – 118 13NPM x Yangambi 108 + 4 71 – 130 14NPM x La Me 115 - 1
Source: Chin (2003)
Source: Chin, C.W.Deli-NPM x Yangambi (Progeny HOR)- FFB 30% > SC1
MPOB latest DxP
Deli x Deli x AvrosAvros
Deli x Nigerian population Deli x Nigerian population 12 12 pisiferapisifera
Selected Deli Dura for Seed Garden
FFB (1988FFB (1988--2003)2003) Oil YieldOil YieldPalmPalmNo.No. ProgenyProgeny
45136045
215190330382157277
DD225DD232DD239DD230DD236DD232DD240DD241DD228
kg/p/yrkg/p/yr t/ha/yrt/ha/yr kg/p/yrkg/p/yr t/ha/yrt/ha/yr231.78192.70198.04205.14202.74210.98194.66195.96211.76
34.3028.5229.3130.3630.0131.2328.8129.0031.34
60.3851.0319.3947.7846.0444.1242.8142.7841.95
8.947.557.317.076.816.536.346.336.21
26.0526.4824.9423.2922.7120.9121.9921.8319.81
O/BO/B(%)(%)
Independent Evaluation of Independent Evaluation of MPOB DxP at two sitesMPOB DxP at two sites
SiteSite FFB (t/ha)FFB (t/ha) OEROER(%)(%)
Oil YieldOil Yield(t/ha)(t/ha)
JenderataKota Gelanggi *
27.526.3
29.229.3
8.047.71
* Best cross: 9.06 t/ha oil yield
MALAYSIAN MALAYSIAN DxPDxP PERFORMANCE IN UPPERFORMANCE IN UP
AGENCYAGENCY FFBHFFBH(t/h/y)(t/h/y)
BNOBNO(no/p/y)(no/p/y)
ABWABW(kg)(kg)
O/BO/B(%)(%)
K/BK/B(%)(%)
O/H/YO/H/Y(t/h/y)(t/h/y)
123456789
28.10 b28.49 b31.06 a29.28 ab29.43 ab29.11 ab26.22 c30.19 ab28.32 b
24.10 bcd23.41 cde25.15 b24.24 bcd22.35 de21.70 e28.22 a24.90 bc22.14 de
7.70 c8.33 abc8.40 bc8.28 bc8.87 ab9.09 a6.33 d8.29 bc8.68 abc
27.41 a27.19 bcd28.34 abc28.54 ab24.73 e22.97 f25.47 de26.47 d26.69 cd
6.22 ab5.19 b6.55 a6.18 ab7.20 a7.09 a7.33 a6.31 a6.66 a
8.07 ab7.73 bc8.74 a8.44 ab7.22 c6.69 d6.69 d8.05 bc7.55 c
Mean 28.91 24.02 8.22 26.58 6.52 7.69Clone P126Clone P164
24.2331.35
31.0222.71
5.269.35
27.0926.97
3.346.67
6.68.5
Interspesific hybrid seed
Produced in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador Brazil - EmbrapaColombia – San Alberto, La CabanaEcuador – Palma de Rio, Palma de Ecuador
Materilas : Coari x La meManicore x La me
Yield : FFB – 25t/ha/yrOER – 18 %
* Tolerance to spear rot
Compact Planting Materials
Compact Palms – BC2 At UP
BC2 Hybrids At UP
The Compact Palm(ASD) Concept
The Compact Palm(ASD) The Compact Palm(ASD) ConceptConcept
Short Trunk
Short Leaves
High Density Planting(160–200 palms / ha)
Short Trunk
Short Leaves
High Density Planting(160–200 palms / ha)
Compact BC2F1Compact BCCompact BC22FF11 D x P AVROSD x P AVROSD x P AVROS
9 years after planting(ASD)
Clones
Yield projection > 30% higher than DxPAbnormality < 1% (Khaw et al. 2000)FFB yield increase 24-53%, O/B 26-30%Main constraint to scale-up without affecting qualityRecloning & liquid suspension culture provide opportunities for scaling-up
Liquid Suspension CultureCulture
Potential technique for mass propagation of oil palm clonesAmenable to produce large number of plantletsResults are promising with very low clonal abnormality
TC LabsTC Labs
There are about 7 active private labs producing OP ramets such as;
AAR at Sungai Buloh (new lab), Clonal Palm Sdn Bhd (CPSB) at Kuching, Felda at KL, IOI at Putrajaya, Golden Hope at Banting, Guthrie at Port Dickson, United Plantation Bhd at Teluk Intan
The total production is about 2 million ramets annually and mostly for their own consumption
Commercial Test Plantings Commercial Test Plantings of Oil Palms Clones (1997of Oil Palms Clones (1997--20042004))
Clone TypeClone Type Area (ha)Area (ha)ClonesReclonesLiquid clones
4603283343
TotalTotal 52235223Source : AAR
Total clonal planting in Malaysia : ± 20,000 ha.
FFB Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal TrialsFFB Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal Trials
TrialTrial DxPDxPYieldYield
ClonalClonalYieldYield
No of ClonesNo of Clones> 10 % over DxP> 10 % over DxP
1234
19.122.523.015.4
23.124.523.317.5
9/116/111/8
15/24Source : AAR
Oil Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal TrialsOil Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal Trials
TrialTrial DxPDxPYieldYield
ClonalClonalYieldYield
No of ClonesNo of Clones> 10 % over DxP> 10 % over DxP
1234
4.85.95.64.3
6.37.26.75.2
11/119/116/8
21/24Source : AAR
OER and KER of AAR Clones OER and KER of AAR Clones TotalTotal % OER% OER % KER% KER
EstateEstate HaHaFFB (mt)FFB (mt)
464423251
390343389
123
DxPDxP ClonesClones DxPDxP ClonesClones
22.421.922.1
24.326.725.6
4.75.83.3
3.43.32.6
Source : AAR
Abnormality Levels of AAR Clones Abnormality Levels of AAR Clones
Clone TypeClone Type %%NonNon--abortiveabortive
%%AbortiveAbortive TotalTotal
1.20.6NANA
ClonesReclonesLiquid ClonesLiquid Reclones
1.41.4NANA
2.62.11.9
Source : AAR NA : Not available
TrialTrial Hybrid/CloneHybrid/Clone FFBFFB O/BO/B I.V.I.V.
23.91 Hybrid (128) 167 14.7 70.2
23.94 Hybrid (128) 128 13.7 70.723.94 Clone (A – 44) 203 14.6 67.0
23.97 Clone (B22) 258 26.7 65.0
23.97 128 Ortet (307) 225 24.5 76.723.97 128 Ortet (123) 254 25.8 72.8
Performance of Interspecific Hybrids (based on 0.151/128) and clones
Performance of Interspecific Hybrids (based on 0.151/128) and clones
UPRD
Semi and BiSemi and Bi--clonalclonalSeed ProductionSeed ProductionCurrent DxP – Mixture of crosses– Variable performance– Best cross about 10-20%
higher than trial mean
Dura clones
Normalpisifera
X
Dura clones
X
Bi-clonalDxP
PisiferaclonesX Normal
pisiferaNormal
dura
NormalDxP
Semi-clonalDxP
Cross-section of bi-clonal DxP fruits
Tons Oil/HectareTons Oil/Hectare TEP (kg/palm)TEP (kg/palm)
B) Bioclonal DxP- B24 x B27- B26 x B27
11
8.868.21
7.937.10
70.365.7
62.956.8
Weight MeanBiclonal 2# 8.54 7.52 68.0 59.9
Types of Types of CrossesCrosses
No. ofNo. ofprogeniesprogenies 20042004 4 Year4 Year
MeanMean 20042004 4 Year 4 Year MeanMean
A) Bioclonal DxP- B24 x B27- B26 x B27- B29 x B27
3162
9.699.159.39
8.127.948.28
78.073.574.9
65.463.866.1
Weight MeanBiclonal 21# 9.25 8.00 74.3 64.2
5.20 57.5C) High I.V DP
- DD128 x TT113 1 7.20 41.6
Performance of Semi and Biclonal Seeds Performance of Semi and Biclonal Seeds at UPRD (1998 Planting)at UPRD (1998 Planting)
Advantages of Clonal Seeds
Cost per seed is lower than clonal plantletsNeed limited tissue culture facilitiesExpect 10-20% higher yield than normal DxPExploit specific combining ability
• However, yield increase may not be • as much as the tissue culture clones
Planting Materials for BiofuelPlanting Materials for Biofuel
Skyrocketing oil prices
Impact of CO2 on climate
Future supply of fossil fuel
Skyrocketing oil prices
Impact of CO2 on climate
Future supply of fossil fuel
Planting Materials for BiofuelPlanting Materials for Biofuel
High oil yield
Thick mesocarp, extremely small kernel
Simplification of oil palm bunch processing (mill)
No kernel extraction plant
High oil yield
Thick mesocarp, extremely small kernel
Simplification of oil palm bunch processing (mill)
No kernel extraction plant
Yield of Different Oil CropsYield of Different Oil CropsCrops
Crops Oil(kg/ha/yr)
Oil palm 2500 - 7000Coconut 600 - 2500Rapeseed 600 - 1000Olive 500 - 1000Sunflower 280 - 700Ground nut 340 - 440Soyabean 300 - 450
CropsCrops Oil(kg/ha/yr)Oil(kg/ha/yr)
Oil palm 2500 - 7000Coconut 600 - 2500Rapeseed 600 - 1000Olive 500 - 1000Sunflower 280 - 700Ground nut 340 - 440Soyabean 300 - 450
Est. Global Production of Hybrid DxPSeeds = 277 Mn
105 101
20 20 17 14
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Countries
Seed
s (M
n)
IndonesiaMalaysiaPNGCosta RicaAfricaS. America
• Seed supply adequate to plant 1.4 Mn hectares
• Availability of clonal planting material = 2.7 Mn
Source: Private Communication – Dr. Soh Aik Chin, Dr. N. Rajanaidu, Dr. Simon Lord
ConclusionConclusion
ThreeThree--way crosses like Deliway crosses like Deli--NPM x Yangambi NPM x Yangambi likely make an impact on yield, extraction rate likely make an impact on yield, extraction rate and tolerance to and tolerance to GanodermaGanodermaClones and clonal seeds performance is Clones and clonal seeds performance is promising > 3 million plantlets production. promising > 3 million plantlets production. Abnormality < 3%Abnormality < 3%E. oleifera E. oleifera and their backcrosses will be playing and their backcrosses will be playing a greater role in oil palm breedinga greater role in oil palm breedingCurrent planting material can be modified for Current planting material can be modified for biofuelbiofuel