ramona harrison (cuny) early globalization and human ecodynamics in eyjafjord iceland
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord, Iceland
Ramona HarrisonCity University Of New York
![Page 2: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The research area
![Page 3: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Late medieval trading station – later13th – late 14th c. AD (C14)
Written sources indicate earlier use
Seasonal occupation
Sunken feature buildings with turfwallsfor height and roofs
Main ruin area c.180m x 70m
Church c.15m x5m
Churchyard c.25m in diameter - no burials!
As many as 120 “rooms” in 6 clusters.
Central trackways
Circa.10.000m² (1ha) of visible archaeology
Gasir site Church/ Churchyard
Trading Site
![Page 4: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Picture: Hörður Geirsson. 2006.http://www.gasir.is
![Page 5: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gasir subsistence
![Page 6: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gasir Fish
• Fish Consumption profile across site = many more post cranial elements vs. cranial. • One specialized activity area: preparation of fresh fish – on-site fish monger – there, many more cranial elements vs. post-cranial.
• Story about fisherman from Siglunes (northwestern end of fjord), bringing a boat full of fish to trade at Gasir market (Sturlunga Saga, Vigfusson 1878) .
Ratio of Cleithrum vs. Premaxilla (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Gástotal
gadid,w /o2076
Gás2076gadid
SVK 2gadid
SVK 3gadid
HST 3gadid
HST 4gadid
HRHgadid
AKV24 cod
AKV22 cod
GJOAU 2cod
GJOAU 1cod
FBScod
Cleithrum % Premaxilla %
Consumer Producer
ConsumerFish
monger
![Page 7: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nature of Exchangeand Site Activity
Falco rusticolus –Gyrfalcon
Odobenus rosmarus – Walrus tusk
Sulphur processingPhoto: Roberts et al 2004
Lap dogs...
keys.lucidcentral.org
Grain pests ...
![Page 8: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Pottery drinking vessels, metal cooking vessels (?) and stone baking plates
Siegburg Stoneware - GermanyBrorson in Roberts et al 2009Baking plate - Norway
Gisladóttir & Snæsdóttir in Roberts et al 2010
http://futuremuseum.rorywilson.net/
Bronze cooking pot ... not IcelandicMajolica - Spain
Brorson in Roberts et al 2009
![Page 9: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The textiles
Sheep ked puparia at Gasir wool or textiles rather than live animals present
Modruvellir medieval textiles re-used vaðmál/cloth money uniform assemblage
Gasir textilesVaðmál in Churchyard & Trading site
Range of qualities and threads counts
Roving in Trading siteLong twists of combed raw wool
http://coloradodisasterhelp.colostate.edu/prefair/disease/dz/Lice.html
Hayeur Smith in Vesteinsson et al 2011
Hayeur Smith in Vesteinsson et al 2011
![Page 10: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Gásir later 13th& 14th c. (AD) Trading Site, seasonal
SiglunesFishing station –supply of standardized cod fish product for commercial export?
Hörgárdalur Immediate Hinterland Supply Region – beef and mutton, wool –standardized product for export
Possible Gásir supply streams
![Page 11: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Modruvellir – Monastic Farm Estate, largest landholder in valley system. Midden dates: 13th – 20th c. AD.
Oddstadir – Medium to Larger scale farm site. Dates to late 9th – late 14th
c. AD.
Gasir later 13th
& 14th c. AD. Trading Site, seasonal
Akureyri – Capital of NE Iceland, regional trading port from 15th c. AD on.
Skuggi – Small scale tenant farm. On farmland owned by the Monastic Estate. Dates to 10th –12th c. AD.
Klausturhus –Specialized seasonal herding station, likely replaces Skuggi farm in 12th c. AD.
![Page 12: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Gasir and Hinterlands calibrated Radiocarbon dates
(SUERC)
![Page 13: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
V 871 TephraH 1104 Tephra H 1300 Tephra
Phase I Settlement & Early Viking Age (basal
Oddstaðir)
Phase IILater Viking Age;
ca. AD 1000 (Oddstaðir and
Skuggi)
Phase IIIPost-Christianization,
Commonwealth Period;ca. mid11th- mid12th c (Oddstaðir and Skuggi)
Phase IV End of Commonwealth/
Sturlunga Age; ca. 13th c (Gásir, Möðruvellir, Oddstaðir;
possibly Klausturhús)
Phase VIceland under Norwegian
(1264-1380) / Danish (1380+) control; late 13th-early 15th c (Gásir, Möðruvellir,
Oddstaðir)
AD 871
Settlementof Iceland
AD 1000 AD 1100 AD 1200 AD 1300 AD 1400
Long-term regional Chronology of the valley system:Transition from Settlement Time to Later Middle Ages
![Page 14: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Increased storminess and temperature fluctuations in the 13th and 14th c.
![Page 15: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Long-term regional and single site Chronologies through faunal collections from local farm middens
![Page 16: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
13th / 14th c. Cattle Bone Element Distributions –Gásir – Prime cuts from prime age cattle (and caprines)
![Page 17: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1500km
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg
Gasir, Iceland, North Atlantic/Norway, NW Europe – Medieval World System
= ca. 2-3 days of sailing in favorable winds
Howell M. Roberts
![Page 18: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Siglunes ...
Mound B – Section. Chess figure from Haddock bone in context (150)
![Page 19: Ramona Harrison (CUNY) Early Globalization and Human Ecodynamics in Eyjafjord Iceland](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042714/5562e707d8b42a213b8b473e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
THANKS!US National Science Foundation (Grants OPP ARC 0732327 and OPP
ARC 0809033),
• Thomas H. McGovern • Sophia Perdikaris• Howell M. Roberts• Andy Dugmore• Orri Vesteinsson
• NABO – North Atlantic Biocultural Organization• FSI – Archaeological Institute of Iceland• HERC, NORSEC (CUNY)• Fornleifasjóður, Iceland (2011, 2008 excavations)• And many others!