Random Chapter review

38-40, 43-45, 48-49, 5152-56 is ecology (not going to review)

II. Sexual reproduction of Angiosperms: Alternation of Generations

Plant Hormones

• Auxin• Cytokinins• Giberrellins• Abscisic Acid• Ethylene• Brassinosteroids

Plant responses• Phototropism• Photoperiodism• Defense

Give an example of negative feedback in detail

Urine Formation• Filtration – blood pressure drives

filtration at the glomerulus– The filtrate (stuff that came out of the blood)

continues flowing through the renal tubule. – 180 liters of fluid every 24 hours.

• Reabsorption– Selectively reclaims just eh right amounts of

substances, such as water, electrolytes, and glucose that the body requires.

• Secretion• Hydrogen ions and certain toxins are removed

from the blood

• Urinary excretion

Glomerular filtration + tubular secretion – tubular reabsorption = Urine

Countercurrent Mechanism

Urine Formation: Collecting Duct• Reabsorption of water• Antidiuretic Hormone

controls the concentration of your urine. – Hypothalamus monitors– Posterior pituatary

gland secretes it– It changes the water

permeability of the collecting duct (see next slide)

Effect of ADH on urine formation

Immune System• 1st line of defense

– Barrier– skin

– Traps– mucous membranes, cilia,

hair, earwax– Elimination

– coughing, sneezing, urination, diarrhea

– Unfavorable pH– stomach acid, sweat, saliva,

urine– Lysozyme enzyme

– digests bacterial cell walls– tears, sweat

• 2nd line of defense– attack pathogens, but don’t

“remember” for next time• leukocytes

– phagocytic white blood cells

– macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells

• complement system– proteins that destroy cells

• inflammatory response– increase in body temp.– increase capillary

permeability– attract macrophages

Immune System• 3rd line of defense

– Specific defense with memory • lymphocytes

– B cells– T cells

• antibodies – immunoglobulins

– Responds to…• antigens

– cellular name tags» specific pathogens » specific toxins» abnormal body cells

(cancer

• Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins – proteins which

constantly carry bits of cellular material from the cytosol to the cell surface

– “snapshot” of what is going on inside cell

– give the surface of cells a unique label or “fingerprint”

Endocrine System

In addition, it increases heart rate, stroke volume (amount of blood pumped from ventricles) and dilates the bronchioles in the lungs

Simple Hormone Pathway Negative Feedback

• The response leads to the reduction in the stimulus and the pathway shuts off.

• Here, release of bicarbonate raises the pH in the duodenum

• Negative feedback is when the response REDUCES the stimulus

Simple Hormone Pathway Positive Feedback

• Oxytocin in mammals regulates milk release during nursing.

• Oxytocin also induces target cells in the uterine muscles

• Positive feedback is when the response REINFORCES the stimulus

Antagonistic Hormones

• Two hormones that operate in a simple endocrine pathway regulated by negative feedback.

• Diabetes Type I• Diabetes Type II

• Insulin and Glucagon controlling blood glucose levels

• Blood Glucose– Insulin released which

triggers the uptake of glucose from the blood

• Blood Glucose– Glucagon promotes the

release of glucose into the blood

Post-synaptic membranes or Motor Endplates Neurotransmitter binds to Neurotransmitter receptor Neurotransmitter receptor changes shape Sodium Channel opens Sodium flows in Other Sodium Channels open = “Threshold” Potassium Channels open slowly Sodium Channels close Potassium Channels close.Resting Na+ channel open Na+ closed, K+ open Resting “polarized” “depolarized” “repolarization” “polarized”

G. How this communication takes place: 1. Action potential moves down the neuron through the axon,

then through the axon terminals (“telodendria”), and finally through the synaptic end bulbs. a. Synaptic end bulbs contain vesicles of neurotransmitter

2. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane of the end bulb open.

3. Calcium diffuses in. 4. Calcium’s presence causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the

cell membrane to release neurotransmitter (exocytosis) into the synaptic cleft.

5. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to neurotransmitter receptors on the membrane on the opposite side of the cleft.

6. Neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.