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www.ijetmas.com September 2014, Volume 2 Issue 4, ISSN 2349-4476

168 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

RAPESEED OIL BASED LUBRICANT REDUCES SMOKE

EMISSION IN TWO-STROKE PETROL ENGINES

C.Venkatesan*1

, K.Vignesh2, P.Kannadasen

3 and G.Ramasivam

4

1-4 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aksheyaa College of Engineering,

Puludivakkam, Kanchipuram , Tamilnadu, India.

ABSTRACT

There are growing commercial and research interests in replacing products

based on non-renewable petroleum with those derived from renewable resources.

As petroleum supplies decrease, production migrates toward higher transportation fuel fractions and

geopolitical considerations also affect the supply which move towards national self-sufficiency for

liquid energy supplies will become even more

important. This research aims to develop engine lubricants that are both derived

from renewable rapeseed oil and are equivalent in every way to their petroleum-

based counterpart. In addition to providing somewhat greater security against

disruption of foreign-sourced oil supplies, they will supply the domestic industry

with an environmentally friendly and biodegradable replacement for hydrocarbon

lubricants. This study aimed at using alkyl-rapeseed oil methyl ester and

manufacturers recommended oil (MAK2T oil) adds (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%)

in definite proportions as two stroke crankcase lubricants. Emission analysis for

smoke is to be conducted in various proportion of bio-based 2T oil along with

MAK 2T oil using exhaust gas analyzer and the results are analyzed.

Keywords: Rapeseed oil; lubricant; smoke; emission, 2-stroke petrol engine.

I.INTRODUCTION

Lubrication is the process, or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in

close proximity, and moving relative to each other, by interposing a substance called lubricant

between the surfaces to carry or to help carry the load (pressure generated) between the opposing

surfaces. The interposed lubricant film can be a solid, (e.g. graphite, MoS2) a solid/liquid dispersion,

a liquid, a liquid-liquid dispersion (a grease) or, exceptionally, a gas. In the most common case the

applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance

to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces. Lubrication can also describe the

phenomenon such reduction of wear occurs without human intervention (hydroplaning on a road).

The science of friction, lubrication and wear is called tribology. Adequate lubrication allows smooth

continuous operation of equipment, with only mild wear, and without excessive stresses or seizures

at bearings. When lubrication breaks down, metal or other components can rub destructively over

each other, causing destructive damage, heat, and failure. As the load increases on the contacting

surfaces three distinct situations can be observed with respect to the mode of lubrication, which are

called regimes of lubrication. Film lubrication is the lubrication regime in which through viscous

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169 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

forces the load is fully supported by the lubricant within the space or gap between the parts in motion

relative to one another (the lubricated conjunction) and solid–solid contact is avoided.

Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to

minimize direct contact between them, decreasing heat caused by friction and reducing wear, thus

protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through convection as it flows through the

engine by means of air flow over the surface of the oil pan, oil cooler and through the buildup of oil

gases evacuated by the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system. In petrol (gasoline) engines,

the top piston ring can expose the motor oil to temperatures of 160 °C (320 °F). In diesel engines the

top ring can expose the oil to temperatures over 315 °C (600 °F). Motor oils with higher viscosity

indices thin less at these higher temperatures. Coating metal parts with oil also keeps them from

being exposed to oxygen, inhibiting oxidation at elevated operating temperatures preventing rust or

corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors may also be added to the motor oil. Many motor oils also have

detergents and dispersants added to help keep the engine clean and minimize oil sludge build-up. The

oil is able to trap soot from combustion in itself, rather than leaving it deposited on the internal

surfaces. It is a combination of this, and some singeing that turns used oil black after some running.

Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived

from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of typical motor oil consists of

hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. One of the most important

properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its viscosity. The

viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The

viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow

around the engine parts under all conditions. The viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's

viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes

less with temperature than a lower viscosity index. Another manipulated property of motor oil is its

Total Base Number (TBN), which is a measurement of the reserve alkalinity of oil, meaning its

ability to neutralize acids. The resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/ (gram of lubricant).

Analogously, Total Acid Number (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include

zinc, phosphorus, or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming. Synthetic base lubricating

oils are produced by chemical synthesis from chemically defined structural element (e.g., ethylene).

Their development has made it possible to systematically satisfy even extreme requirements (e.g.,

lubricant temperature > 150). According to their chemical composition, synthetic lubricant are

subdivided in to synthetic hydrocarbons, which only contain carbon and hydrogen [e.g.,

polyalphaolefines(PAO), dialkylbenzenes (DAB), polyisobutenes (PIB)], and synthetic fluids(e.g.,

polyglycols, carboxylie acid esters, phosphoric acid ester, silicon oils, poluphenyl esters, fluorine-

chlorine-carbon oils). Typical characteristics of synthetic oils are provided in the table. And a

comparison of the properties of the synthetic oils with those of mineral oils is presented.

II. BIO LUBRICANTS

Lubricants based on vegetable oils are biodegradable and less toxic compared to mineral oil

counterparts. These are derived from renewable resources and are low-cost alternatives to synthetic

fluids. At present, their use is limited in the area of total loss applications and those with very low

thermal stress. Other industrial application of vegetable-oil based lubricants is biodegradable

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170 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

hydraulic fluids for use in environmentally sensitive areas (excavators, earthmoving equipment,

tractors, agricultural, forestry, and fresh water). Despite considerable ecological and economical

advantages, the present market share of these lubricants is relatively small (2% worldwide, with an

estimated growth rate of 5-10%). To increase the market share, the acceptability must be improved.

This can be performed by overcoming the inherent disadvantages of vegetable oils. Apart from

ecological advantages, vegetable oils have ideal technical properties, such as low volatility because

of the high molecular weight of the triacylglycerol molecule and narrow range of viscosity change

with temperature. The ester linkages deliver inherent lubricity and enable the oils to adhere to metal

surfaces. Further, vegetable oils have higher solubilizing capacity for contaminants and additives

than mineral base fluids. In all of these technical properties, the vegetable oils are comparable or

better than mineral oils. However, they have certain disadvantages, such as poor oxidative stability,

primarily because of the presence of bisallylic protons.

These protons are highly susceptible to radical attack and subsequently undergo oxidative

degradation to form polar oxy compounds. This oxypolymerization process ultimately results in

insoluble deposit formation and an increase in oil acidity and viscosity. Vegetable oils also show

poor corrosion protection and the presence of ester functionality render these oils susceptible to

hydrolytic breakdown. Low-temperature studies have also shown that most vegetable oils undergo

cloudiness, precipitation, poor flow, and solidification at cold temperatures. Some of these problems

can be resolved by avoiding or modifying polyunsaturation in triacylglycerol structures of vegetable

oils. Genetic and chemical modification of vegetable oils can overcome these shortcomings, by

Reducing or eliminating unsaturation in vegetable oils. Further improvements can be made by using

modified vegetable oils in combination with additives (antioxidants and pour point depressants) and

diluents or functional fluids. High oleic varieties of vegetable oils are considered to be potential

candidates to replace conventional mineral oil-based lubricating oils and synthetic esters because of

their greater oxidative stability.

Because of a higher percentage of oleic acid, these oils require less processing to provide

higher oxidative stability with relatively low trans and saturated fatty acid contents. Benefits of

biodegradable lubricants are higher safety on road due to higher flash and fire point at the same

viscosity, higher viscosity indices i.e. viscosity does not vary with respect to temperature as

compared to mineral oil, free from aromatic compounds, leads to rapidly biodegradable, less

emission, non-toxic, cheaper than synthetic oils, better skin compatibility, less dermatological

problems.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed is a bright

yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family). Rapeseed oil was

produced in the 19th century as a source of a lubricant for steam engines. It was less useful as food

for animals or humans because it has a bitter taste due to high levels of glucosinolates. Varieties have

now, however, been bred to reduce the content of glucosinolates, yielding a more palatable oil. This

has had the side effect that the oil contains much less erucic acid. Rapeseed is grown for the

production of animal feed, vegetable oil for human consumption, and biodiesel; leading producers

include the European Union, Canada, the United States, Australia, China and India. In India, it is

grown on 13% of cropped land According to the United States Department of Agriculture, rapeseed

was the third leading source of vegetable oil in the world in 2000, after soybean and oil palm, and

also the world's second leading source of protein meal, although only one-fifth of the production of

the leading soybean meal. Natural rapeseed oil contains 50% erucic acid. Wild type seeds also

contain high levels of glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosindes), chemical compounds that

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171 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

significantly lowered the nutritional value of rapeseed press cakes for animal feed. In North America,

the term "canola", originally a syncopated form of the abbreviation "Can.O., L-A." (Canadian

Oilseed, Low-Acid) that was used by the Manitoba government to label the seed during its

experimental stages, is widely used to refer to rapeseed, and is now a trade name for "double low"

(low erucic acid and low glucosinolate) rapeseed.

Rapeseed "oil cake" is also used as a fertilizer in China, and may be used for ornamentals,

such as bonsai, as well. Rapeseed produces great quantities of nectar, and honeybees produce a light-

colored, but peppery honey from it. It must be extracted immediately after processing is finished, as

it is quickly granulate in the honeycomb and impossible to extract. The honey is usually blended

with milder honeys, if used for table use or sold as bakery grade. Rapeseed

growers contract with beekeepers for the pollination of the crop. Average composition of rapeseed

oil/ fatty acid chain values is mentioned in Table.1.

Table1. Average composition of rapeseed oil/ fatty acid

Acid name Average percentage range

Myristic acid 1.5

Palmitic acid 1-4.7

Stearic acid 1-3.5

Oleic acid 13-38

Linoleic acid 9.5-22

Linolenic acid 1-10

Erucic acid 40-64

During the last decade due to strict government and environmental regulations, there has been

a constant demand for environmentally friendly lubricants. Most of the lubricants originate from

petroleum stock, which is toxic to environment and difficult to dispose (Schmidt H.G, 1994; Goyan

Rebecca L et al., 1998). Vegetable oils with high oleic content are considered to be potential

candidates to substitute conventional mineral oil-based lubricating oils and synthetic esters.

Vegetable oils are preferred over synthetic fluids because they are renewable resources and cheaper

(Fessenbecker A, 1995). Vegetable oils as lubricants are preferred because they are biodegradable

and non-toxic, unlike conventional mineral-based oils. They have very low volatility due to the high

molecular weight of the triacylglycerol molecule and have a narrow range of viscosity changes with

temperature. Polar ester groups are able to adhere to metal surfaces, and therefore, possess good

boundary lubrication properties (Goyan Rebecca L et al., 1998).

In addition, vegetable oils have high solubilizing power for polar contaminants and additive

molecules. On the other hand, vegetable oils have poor oxidative stability primarily due to the

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172 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

presence of bis allylic protons and are highly susceptible to radical attack and subsequently undergo

oxidative degradation to form polar oxy compounds (Perez Joseph M et al., 1996; Becker and Knorr,

2003; Sraj R et al., 2001). The phenomena of insoluble deposits are increases in oil acidity and

viscosity. Vegetable oils also show poor corrosion protection. The presence of ester functionality

renders these oils susceptible to hydrolytic breakdown. Therefore, contamination with water in the

form of emulsion must be prevented at every stage (Glavati O et al., 2000; Becker and Knorr, 2003).

Low-temperature study has also shown that most vegetable oils undergo cloudiness, precipitation,

poor flow, and solidification at −10 ◦C upon long-term exposure to cold temperature in sharp

contrast to mineral oil-based fluids (Waller E et al., 2000). Chemical modification of vegetable oils is

an attractive way to solve these problems and to obtain valuable commercial products from

renewable raw materials (Stefanescu I et al., 1999; Sraj R et al., 2001).

Bio-fuel is produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil triglycerides with an aliphatic

alcohol (such as, methanol) employing sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Fatty acid methyl esters

(FAME) are obtained as the main product of this reaction. Thus, FAMEs have become extensively

available and are produced with high purity. This has open new pathways to the synthesis of

oleochemical products. 2T oil derived from renewable resources and at par with the international

specification. If this type of product will pass the oxidation stability, solubility and foam tests, then

the product would have excellent potential in the market as a new generation eco-friendly 2T

lubricant. The effect of nano boric acid and nano copper based engine and transmission oil additives

in different volume ratios (1:10, 2:10, and 3:10) on friction and wear performance of cast iron and

case carburized gear steel has been investigated (Sraj R et al., 2001). The present work effort was

made to develop biodegradable 2T oil derived from renewable resources and at par with the

international specification.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rapeseed oil was purchased commercially from a local firm was used as a substrate. The

primary raw materials used in production of biolubricant are Rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil was

obtained from seeds of Brassica napus after refining process. These materials contain triglycerides,

free fatty acids, and other contaminants. Methanol and other chemicals were obtained from Hi media

and Nice chemical Pvt Ltd, Mumbai for transesterification and Aryl-alkylation process. The catalyst

is required because the alcohol is sparingly soluble in oil phase. The catalyst promotes an increase in

solubility to allow the reaction to proceed at reasonable rate. Suitable amount of water was taken into

a container flask and heated till temperature rises to 700C. Suitable amount of Rapeseed oil was

added into container flask containing hot water, and wait for 30 minutes till impure particles settles

down.

Hot water containing Rapeseed oil was collected into the separating funnel and shack it

vigorously for 5 to 10 minutes. Because of low density of Rapeseed oil settles on the top of the

funnel and high density water and impurities settled at bottom of the funnel. Then disperse water and

impure particles by opening the funnel valve, after that the purified Rapeseed oil was collected into

the jar. Thus they are prone to corrosion when in contact with water. Hence it is necessary to dry the

water washed biodiesel product. Collected purified Rapeseed oil was heated to 600C to remove FFA

and moisture contamination in oil.

Transesterification was carried out in a batch type reactor. This reactor consists of magnetic

stirrer with heater arrangement, spherical flask, temperature controller, stirrer controller. Spherical

flask is used to collect sample of mixture (oil + Methanol + catalyst). Magnetic stirrer and heater

provide the stirring and heating effect simultaneously. Temperature controller is used to control the

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173 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

desired heating effect. Stirrer controller is used to control the stirring effect. For trans-esterification,

200g of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was heated with 3g of sodium (catalyst) at 120oC untill all sodium

dissolved to give clear solution (Schuchardt et al., 1988). This sodium ethylhexonate solution was

added to 200g of rapeseed oil and the reaction mixture was refluxed at 180oC for 30 hours. Excess

ethyl-hexanol was removed by distillation under vacuum at 10mm. steam was passed through the

contents heated at 120oC till sodiumenthylhexanoate hydrolyzed. The lower layer was acidified to

pH 7 with dilute hydrochloric acid and removed. This layer contains glycerol. The upper layer,

contains traces of water, was dissolved in toluene and traces of water was removed by “Dean and

Stark” trap and the toluene was distilled off. The ester was dried under vacuum at 130oC to remove

the remaining 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and toluene.

For aryl-alkylation, 200g of ethyl hexyl ester (of rapeseed oil) was dissolved in 500g of

toluene and cooled to -10oC. 10g of anhydrous AlCl3 was added slowly over a period of 1hr (Black

and gunstone, 1995; Nakano and foglia, 1984). The temperature was allowed to rise to 0oC and

reaction mixture was maintained at that temperature for 15hr with constant stirring. The contents

were poured into water with 10% hydrochloric acid and kept for 8hr. the upper layer was washed

repeatedly with water to remove acidity. The entrained water in the upper layer was removed by a

dean and stark trap. The toluene was distilled off and last traces of water and toluene were removed

under vacuum. The tolyl-alkylation reaction can be explained as in below equation.

Ethyl hexyl ester of toluene catalyst tolyl ethyl hexyl

Rapeseed fatty acid ester of rapeseed fatty acid

This base stock was blended with 1500mg/L of a additives. A suitable commercial additive

pack could have been selected but here a synergistic combination was developed after several trials.

It consisted of (100 mg/L) Di-t-butyl 4-methyl phenol as antioxidant, (100 mg/L) N,N’/-

disalicylidene 1,2-ethylene diamine as metal deactivator, (200 mg/L) molybdenum thiophosphoro

pentadecylphenol as extreme pressure additive, (200 mg/L) sullfurized hydro-genated karanja oil as

2nd

extreme pressure additive, (150mg/L) methyl hydroxyl hydro cinnamate as secondary antioxidant

/ multifunctional additive, (100 mg/L) polyisobutylene succinimide of pentaethylene hexamine as

detergent- dispersant, (100 mg/L) hexylnitrite as combustion improver, (200 mg/L) polymethacrylate

as pour point depressant, (100 mg/L) glycerol as anticing agent, (150 mg/L) octylphosphonate as

secondary detergent and (50 mg/L) cyclopentadienyl manganese tricabonyl as anti-knocking agent .

the doping into base oil was done at 60oC with stirring for 2hr (singh, 2004). BIS 14234, product

specification for “Lubricants for air-cooled spark-ignition engines”, was taken as the benchmark

standard. As per this standard formulated, 2T lubricating oil must have kinematic viscosity at 100oC:

6.5cst minimum, flash point (COC): 70oC minimum and sulphated ash: 0.25% by mass maximum.

Table 2. Shows the comparison of lubricant properties.

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174 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

Table 2. Comparison of lubricant properties

Property Standard 2T oil Rapeseed oil Bio based lubricant

Viscosity, cst 1000c 11-12 7.51 10.4

Viscosity, cst 400c 48-70 34.26 63

Viscosity index 150 156 155

Flash point, 0c 160 246 185

Pour point, 0c -33 -31.7 -34

Transesterified oil methyl ester and MAK2T oil is to be taken in separate beakers. Quantity

of oil taken up for test in 2 stroke vehicle is 50 ml/L. MAK 2T oil is poured into flask according to

the proportions and proportionate methyl ester is added on it. Magnetic stirrer is dropped inside flask

and made to stir the blend thoroughly for 30 minutes to attain fine blend and to avoid separation in

the future. Once mixture does not blend properly, there are chances of improper mixture, which may

leads to increase emission level. Table 3 shows the various samples and their composition.

Table 3. Sample proportions

Sample

No Bio lubricant Synthetic oil

SYN 0% 100%

B1 10% 90%

B2 20% 80%

B3 30% 70%

B4 40% 60%

B5 50% 50%

The spark ignition engine used for study was Bajaj M80, single cylinder, constant speed, vertical air

cooled engine and the specification details are given in table. The experimental set-up was shown in

fig. The engine has always been run at its rated speed. The smoke intensity was measured by an

AVL437 smoke meter and Nitrous oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC) were

measured by a AVL 444 Di gas analyser. Emission characteristics of engine were taken for synthetic

lubricant, bio-based 2T oil blends from lower load to full load condition. The tests were repeated for

three times and finally the average value of the three readings was taken. Table 4, Table 5 and Table

6 are shows engine specification, AVL gas analyzer specification and AVL Smoke meter

Specification respectively.

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175 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

Table 4. Engine specification

Particulars Specifications

Make & model Bajaj-M80

BHP & speed 4.5bhp & 6000rpm

Type of engine Spark ignition and 2 stroke

Compression ratio 8.8 1.5:1

Engine displacement 74.08 CC

Type of loading Mechanical

Method of cooling air cooling

Bore x Stroke 44 x 48.9 mm

Lubrication Forced, Wet sump

Oil Pump Lobe type

Starting Kick start

Table 5. AVL gas analyzer specification

Particulars Specifications

Type Digas 444

Power supply 11 to 22 VDC/100-300 VAC @50Hz

Power consumption 25W max

Operating temperature 5 to 450C

Storage temperature 0 to 500C

Relative humidity ≤ 95% non condensing

Inclination 0 to 900

Max.over pressure 450hpa

CO 0-10% vol

HC 0-20,000 ppm vol

CO2 0-20% vol

NOX 0-5000 ppm vol

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176 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

Table 6. AVL Smoke meter Specification

Particulars Specifications

Type 437

OPV 230V AC 50Hz DC 11.5-36 V

Smoke column 0.430 ± 0.005m

Smoke intensity 0-100 opacity (%)

Figure 1. Exhaust gas analyzer setup

Five exhaust gases (HC, CO, CO2, O2, and NOX) are measured by latest technology. All five

of these gasses, especially CO2 and O2 are excellent troubleshooting tools. Use of an exhaust gas

analyzer is allow narrowing down potential cause of derivability and emission concerned, focus

troubleshooting, an exhaust gas analyzer also gives the ability to measure effectiveness or repairs by

comparing before and after exhaust readings. As per Bharath standards (BS) norms, 2-stroke engine

emissions are to be tested with various mixtures in order to obtain the better result. Figure 1 shows

the exhaust gas analyzer setup.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The 2-stroke engine emissions (NOX, HC, CO2, CO and smoke) are analyzed and the results

are discussed as follows.

NOX Emission

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177 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

The variation of NOX for bio-based 2T blends tested is presented in Figure 2. The amount of

NOx produced for B1 to B5 varied between 246 and 993 ppm as compared to 427 ppm for synthetic

lubricant. Oxides of nitrogen were lesser by 42.4% for the B3 compared to servo MAK 2T oil. The

reductions in emissions could be due to complete combustion of bio based oil as compared to

synthetic oil.

Figure 2. NOx emission

HC Emission

The HC emission variation for different blends is indicated in Figure 3. It is seen from the

figure that the HC emission decreases with increase in methyl ester proportion. As the octane number

of alkylated ester based fuel is higher than petrol, it exhibits a shorter delay period and results in

better combustion leading to low HC emission. Also the intrinsic oxygen contained by the methyl

ester was responsible for the reduction in HC emission.

Figure 3. HC emission

CO2 Emission

Figure 4. depicts the CO2 emission of various blends used. The lower percentage of bio-based

2t oil blends emits less amount of CO2 in comparison with synthetic oil. Blend B3 emit very low

emissions. This is due to the fact that biolubricant in general is a low carbon fuel and has a lower

elemental carbon to hydrogen ratio than fossil fuel. In general biolubricant themselves are considered

carbon neutral because, all the CO2 released during combustion had been sequestered from the

atmosphere for the growth of the vegetable oil crops.

0

500

1000

1500

SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

NOX(PPM)

NOX(PPM)

0

1000

2000

3000

SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

HC (PPM)

HC (PPM)

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178 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

Figure 4. CO2 emission

CO Emission

The variation of CO produced by running the petrol engine using bio-based 2T blends is

compared with synthetic oil in Figure 5. The minimum and maximum CO produced were 0.01%,

0.5% resulting in a reduction of 90% by B3, as compared to MAK 2T oil.

Figure 5. CO emission

5.5. Smoke Density

The variation of smoke density produced during the test for bio-based oil blends are

presented in Figure 6. The minimum and maximum smoke densities produced for Bio-lubricant

blends were 20.37% and 19.29% with a maximum and minimum reduction of 7.87% as compared to

synthetic lubricant.

`

Figure 6. Smoke density

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

CO2 (% by volume)

CO2 (% by volume)

0

0.5

1

1.5

SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

CO(%by volume)

CO(%by volume)

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179 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam

V. CONCLUSION

This work showed that the 2T oil from rapeseed oil was easily meeting the requirement of

international specifications laid down for petroleum based 2T oil, i.e., BIS 14234. It is biodegradable

and can be used in eco-sensitive areas. Use of vegetable oil based 2T lubricants will reduce

dependence on petroleum.

Density, Specific gravity, Cloud point and Gross Calorific Value are nearly equal to the

petroleum based lubricants. It concluded that, bio-based lubricants can replace the petroleum-based

lubricants, since bio-lubricants are renewable and does not contribute to global warming due to its

closed carbon cycle.

This 2T-oil is less volatile than conventional 2T oil, produces lower emission of VOCs and

reduces green house gases, extends engine life due to higher lubricity and enhance oxidative stability

of gasoline. It was effective on half of present dosage, i.e., fuel: lube ratio 100:1. It is safe to store

due to higher flash point, offers better use of non-edible oils, will provide new employment avenues

in rural sector. This 2T oil offer significant benefits to environment and to end-users. Smoke

reduction will be more effective with use of castor based 2T oil if drive smoothly at low speed and

with engine in good condition.

Thus the above results shows that emission characteristics of blend B3 (30% methyl ester +

70% servo LML 2T oil) produces the best result as compared with the synthetic petroleum based oil.

So B3 bio based 2T oil is recommend as crank case oil for medium speed two stroke petrol engines.

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