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RAPID ASSESSMENT AGRO-PASTORAL CONDITIONS

TENENKOU DISTRICT MOPTI REGION,

JANUARY 25-27, 2018

CatholicReliefServices(CRS)[email protected]

CAREInternationalMoustaphaGayeChiefofParty,[email protected]

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TableofContentsTableofContents........................................................................................................2

1 Methodology.........................................................................................................7

2 QuantitativeResults..............................................................................................82.1 Demographics..................................................................................................................................................82.1.1 Householdsize.............................................................................................................................................82.1.2 Genderofrespondent...............................................................................................................................92.1.3 Statusofrespondent.................................................................................................................................92.1.4 MaritalStatus..............................................................................................................................................92.1.5 Ethnicity.......................................................................................................................................................102.1.6 Householdstatus......................................................................................................................................102.1.7 Distancetoweeklymarket...................................................................................................................102.1.8 Distancetolivestockmarket...............................................................................................................112.1.9 Primarylivelihoodactivity..................................................................................................................112.1.10 Secondarylivelihoodactivity...........................................................................................................11

2.2 Agriculture.....................................................................................................................................................122.2.1 Areacultivatedinanormalyear......................................................................................................122.2.2 Areacultivatedin2017-2018.............................................................................................................122.2.3 Changeinareacultivatedin2017-18.............................................................................................122.2.4 Primarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneeds.......................................................................132.2.5 Agriculturalproductionin2016-2017...........................................................................................132.2.6 Agriculturalproductionin2017-2018comparedtoin2016-2017..................................132.2.7 Constraintsonagriculturalproduction.........................................................................................142.2.8 Foodsneedscoveredbyharvestin2017-2018...........................................................................142.2.9 Off-seasonvegetablegardening........................................................................................................152.2.10 Principleoff-seasonvegetables.......................................................................................................152.2.11 Constraintsonoff-seasonvegetableproduction.....................................................................15

2.3 AnimalHusbandry......................................................................................................................................152.3.1 Animalhusbandrypractice.................................................................................................................162.3.2 Primarytypesoflivestockfodder......................................................................................................162.3.3 Priceofoilcake..........................................................................................................................................162.3.4 Householdsupplyoflivestockfodder..............................................................................................172.3.5 Durationofsupplyoffodder...............................................................................................................172.3.6 Watersupplyforlivestock....................................................................................................................172.3.7 Livestocksheltertype.............................................................................................................................182.3.8 Distancetolivestockshelter................................................................................................................182.3.9 Statureoflivestock..................................................................................................................................182.3.10 Priceoflivestock....................................................................................................................................182.3.11 Planstoselllivestock...........................................................................................................................192.3.12 Timingoflivestocksale.......................................................................................................................192.3.13 Arrivaloflivestock................................................................................................................................192.3.14 Typeofarrivinglivestock...................................................................................................................202.3.15 Transhumance........................................................................................................................................202.3.16 Intendeddestinationofseasonallivestockmovement..........................................................202.3.17 Timingoftranshumance....................................................................................................................212.3.18 Reasonsfornotpracticingtranshumance.................................................................................212.3.19 Constraintsontranshumance..........................................................................................................21

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2.4 LaborMigration...........................................................................................................................................212.4.1 Householdmembersengageinlabormigration........................................................................212.4.2 Numberofhouseholdmembersengagedinlabormigration...............................................22

2.5 FoodSecurity................................................................................................................................................222.5.1 Numberofmealseatenperday.........................................................................................................222.5.2 HouseholdFoodConsumptionScore...............................................................................................232.5.3 Food-basedcopingstrategyuse........................................................................................................232.5.4 Householdgrainreserves.....................................................................................................................232.5.5 Durationofgrainreserve.....................................................................................................................242.5.6 Householdassetsandresources........................................................................................................242.5.7 Abilitytomeethouseholdfoodneeds..............................................................................................24

2.6 Needs................................................................................................................................................................252.6.1 Household’sgreatestconcernatpresent.......................................................................................252.6.2 Preferredtypeofassistance................................................................................................................25

3 QualitativeResults...............................................................................................263.1.1 Security.........................................................................................................................................................263.1.2 Agriculture..................................................................................................................................................263.1.3 Animalhusbandryandtranshumance...........................................................................................263.1.4 Markets.........................................................................................................................................................273.1.5 Copingstrategies......................................................................................................................................273.1.6 Humanitarianneeds...............................................................................................................................27

4 Conclusions..........................................................................................................27

5 Annexes...............................................................................................................295.1 Annex1:Listofcommunesandvillagescovered..........................................................................295.2 Annex2:Harandebeneficiaries............................................................................................................305.3 Annex3:Femalevs.male-headedhouseholds,keystatistics..................................................305.4 Annex4:Calculationofnumberofhouseholdsinneedofassistance..................................325.5 Maps..................................................................................................................................................................33ReportDate:Feb.9,2018Photo:AcattlecrossingintheNigerRiverDeltaregionofTenenkouDistrict,MoptiRegion(Source:Malinet.com)

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ExecutiveSummaryInfall2017,theGovernmentofMaliandavarietyofearlywarningsystemspredictedthatzonesacrosstheWesternSahelandnorthernregionsofMaliwouldseelower-than-averageagriculturalproduction,largelyduetoanetdeficitofrainfallandlowriverandsurfacewaterlevels.1LocatedinincreasinglyinsecuresouthwesternMoptiRegion,TenenkouDistrictwasamongthepocketsidentifiedaslikelytoseearapiddeteriorationinfoodsecurityin2018.TheCadreHarmonisepredictedthedistrictwouldmoveintoPhase3foodinsecurityinJune-August2018,2duetoinconsistentrainfallduringearlyandlatephasesofthe2017-2018growingseason,anetrainfalldeficitleadingtolimitedgrowthofanimalfodder,andlowlevelsoftheNigerRiver,onwhichalargeportionofhouseholdsdependforricecultivationandgardening.3InJanuary2018,CatholicReliefServices(CRS)andCAREInternational,conductedarapid-assessmentcoveringeightcommunesofTenenkouDistricttoassesscurrentlevelsoffoodsecurity,identifyriskstoagro-pastorallivelihoodsandassesshouseholds’levelofpreparednessforashocktofoodproductionsystems.Theassessmentcomprised520household,andsevenkeyinformantinterviewswithlocalleadersandstatetechnicians.Theassessment,carriedoutapproximatelyonemonthaftertheendofthetraditionalMaliancerealharvestperiodandthreemonthspriortothebeginningofthepastoralleanseason,4confirmedthatharvestsin2017-2018acrosstheeightcommunesweresubstantiallyworsethanin2016-2017.Morethanhalfofhouseholdsinfiveoftheeightcommunessaidtheirharvestin2017-2018wasmuchworsethanin2016-2017,andmorethan80percentofhouseholdsinsixcommunessaidtheirharvestwaseithermuchorslightlyworse.Overall,threequartersofhouseholdspercentreportedthattheir2017-2018harvestwouldmeettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer,comparedto35percentwhoseharvestmethouseholdfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewerin2016-2017.Whilemorethan80percentofhouseholdsarepresentlyconsumingthreemealsperday,nearlyhalfhaveborderlineorpoorfoodconsumptionintermsofamountanddiversity,and45percentareengagedinahigh-leveloffood-relatedcopingstrategyuse,basedonFoodConsumptionScoreandReducedCopingStrategyIndexmethodology,respectively.5Overall,asfoodreservesdwindleinthemonthsahead,with83percentofhouseholdssayingtheybelievetheywillbeabletomeettheirfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer,themajorityofhouseholdswillfacethechoiceofmodifyingtheirfoodconsumption,liquidatingassetsorutilizingothercopingstrategies.Atthetimeoftheassessment,40percentofhouseholdswereplanningtoselllivestockinthenextthreemonthstohelpmeettheirhouseholdfoodneeds,andkeyinformantsconfirmedthathouseholdswouldbegintorestricttheirfoodconsumption,sendhouseholdmemberstoengageinwagelaboroutsidethearea,andliquidatelivestocktocopewithfoodproductionshortfalls.Tolimitthedeteriorationoffoodinsecurityandprotectproductiveassets,suchasanimalsandseedstocks,thisreportrecommendstheprovisionoffoodassistancefromthebeginningofthepastoralleanseason(April2018)tothebeginningofthericeharvest

1USAIDFoodAssistanceFactSheet,Mali,Dec.19,20172CadreHarmoniséd’identificationdeszonesàrisqueetdespopulationsvulnérablesauSaheletenAfriquedel’Ouest(CH2),(2017),2CadreHarmoniséd’identificationdeszonesàrisqueetdespopulationsvulnérablesauSaheletenAfriquedel’Ouest(CH2),(2017),FichedeCommunication3FEWSNet,Mali:Lasaisonselonlesimages,Oct.30,20174MaliPerspectivessurlasécuritéalimentaire,Octobre2017àMai20185WFPCopingStrategiesIndex,FieldMethodsManual(2008,WFPVAMTechnicalGuidanceSheet;FoodConsumptionAnalysis,WFP,2008

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(January2019)toatleast2,300foodinsecurehouseholdsinTenenkouDistrict(12.3percentofthepopulation),6supplementedbythedistributionofanimalfodderandcerealandriceseedpriortoplanting.Furtherassessmentsofthefunctionalityandaccessibilityoflocalmarketsandofsecuritydynamicsintheregionisrecommendedtodeterminewhetherin-kind,cashorvoucherswouldbemostappropriateasamechanismfordistributingassistance,aswellasfurtherresearchofpreferredassistancemechanismsofpotentialbeneficiaries.

6SeeAnnex4

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ContextInfall2017,theGovernmentofMaliandavarietyofearlywarningsystemspredictedthatzonesacrosstheWesternSahelandnorthernregionsofthecountrywouldseelower-than-averageagriculturalproduction,largelyduetoanetdeficitofrainfallandlowerthanaverageriverandsurfacewaterlevels.7Basedonexpectedagriculturalproduction,reducedpastureduetopoorrainfall,andcontinuinginsecurityinnorthernandcentralMali,theregionalearly-warningsystemCadreHarmonisepredictedthatthenumberofMalianhouseholdsinPhase3(Crisis)foodinsecuritywouldincreasefrom1.5percentofthepopulation(290,740individuals)inOctober-December2017to4.2percent(795,000)inJune-August2018,attheheightoftheagriculturalleanseason.8TenenkouDistrictinsouthwesternMoptiRegionwasamongthepocketsidentifiedaslikelytoseearapiddeteriorationinfoodsecurityin2018.ComprisingbothNigerRiverDeltarice-cattle-fishingandmillet-livestocklivelihoodszones,9TenenkouwaspredictedtoenterPhase3foodinsecurityinJune-August201810,withatleast1in5householdsfacingsignificantfoodconsumptiongaps,increasingratesofmalnutritionandhouseholdsrelyingonunsustainablecopingstrategiessuchasliquidatinglivelihoodassetstomeetminimumfoodneeds.11DecliningfoodsecurityinTenenkouhasbeenlargelyattributedtoinconsistentrainfallduringearlyandlatephasesofthe2017-2018growingseason,anetrainfalldeficitleadingtolimitedgrowthofanimalfodder,andthelowlevelsoftheNigerRiver,onwhichalargeportionofhouseholdsdependforriceandoff-seasonvegetablegardening.12Tenenkoualsosuffersfromcontinuinginsecurity,with78percentofthedistrictsclosedasofDecember2017,andhumanitarianorganizationsfacingvaryinglevelsofaccessibilitytothedistrict’stencommunes.13InlateOctoberandearlyNovember2017,duringthemiddlestageofthemainMaliancerealharvestseasonandpriortothebeginningoftheoff-seasonriceandgardenvegetableharvestseason(January-May),14theINGOInternationalRescueCommittee(IRC)completedarapidassessmenttoevaluatetheimpactoflowrainfallontheharvestandlivelihoodsmorebroadlyinTenenkou,coveringfiveofthedistrict’scommunes(Diaka,Diondori,Kareri,OuroGuire,Tenenkou).Theassessment,whichincludedhousehold-levelinterviews,focus-groupdiscussionsandkeyinformantinterviews,foundthatgrainproductionwasbetween50and66percentlowerthanin2016-2017intheareascoveredbytheassessment,withhouseholdsexpectingtheirharvesttomeettheirfoodneedsfor2.9monthsin2017-2018,relativeto5.4monthsin2016-2017.15

7USAIDFoodAssistanceFactSheet,Mali,Dec.19,2017,FEWSNet,Mali:Lasaisonselonlesimages,Oct.30,20178BulletinduClusterSécuriteAlimentairé,Dec.20179USAID,FEWSNet,MaliLivelihoodZones10CommissariatàlaSecuriteAlimentaire,Systèmed’alerteprecoce,Notetechnique:Evaluationprovisioredelasituationalimentairedupayschampagneagropastorale,2017-201811FEWSNet,FoodAssistanceOutlookBrief,Dec.201712FEWSNet,Mali:Lasaisonselonlesimages,Oct.30,201713Mali:ProfilHumanitairedelaregiondeMopti(Juin-Décembre2017),OCHA14MaliPerspectivessurlasécuritéalimentaire,Octobre2017àMai201815IRC,Evaluationdesbesionsensécuritéalimentaireetdesmoyensd’existancedanslecercledeTenenkou,November2017

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InDecember,FEWSNetupdateditsoutlookforMali,predictinganearlydeclineinfoodsecurityintheWesternSahelregionandintheNigerRiverdeltaregion,notingTenenkouandtheneighboringdistrictsofMoptiandDjenne,asbeingstronglyaffectedbypoorriceproductionduetolowriverlevels.16InJanuary2018,CatholicReliefServices(CRS),whichimplementsaUSAID-fundedrapidevaluationandresponsemechanismincentralandnorthernMali,andCAREInternational,whichisengagedinafive-yearUSAID-fundedproject,Harande,toimprovesustainablefood,nutritionandincomesecurityinMoptiregion,conductedarapidassessmentcoveringeightcommunesofTenenkouDistrict.Theobjectiveoftheassessmentwastoverifycurrentlevelsoffoodsecurity,identifyriskstoagro-pastorallivelihoodsandevaluatehouseholds’levelofpreparednessforashocktofoodproductionsystems.TheassessmentwasalsointendedtoprovideanunderstandingofhowtobestprotecthouseholdassetsandgainsmadewithinthecontextofHarandeprojectactivities.

1 MethodologyConductedduringtheperiodJanuary25-27,2018,theassessmentcomprised520householdinterviewsacross30villages,andsevenkeyinformantinterviewswithlocalleadersandstatetechnicians.Theeightcommunescoveredbytheassessmentwereselectedbasedon

16FEWSNet,MaliMiseàjourdelasécuritealimentaire,December2017

Figure1:EarlyWarningSystemoftheMaliangovernmentpredictedthatTenenkouDistrict(orange)wouldenterintoPhase3foodinsecuritybytheheightoftheleanseasonin2018.

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accessibilitytotheassessmentteam,17whilevillagesincludedinthesamplewereselectedatrandom(SeeAnnex1foralistofvillagescoveredbytheassessment).Astheassessmentteamwasnotabletosecurelistsofhouseholdsineachvillagetoallowforrandomselectionofrespondents,assessmentteamsdividedeachvillageintoquarters,basedonacentralreferencepoint,andproceededtoselectrespondentsusinganevery-third-householdapproachinvillagesandeveryfifth-householdapproachintowns(e.g.Tenenkou)movingoutwardfromthereferencepoint.NineteenpercentofassessmentrespondentsidentifiedasbeneficiariesofHarandeProject(seeAnnex2).Keyinformantscomprisedfourvillageleadersfromthreecommunes(Sougouble,OuroGuire,Tenenkou),andfourGovernmentofMalitechnicians,responsibleforagriculture,agricultureandlivestock,andsocialaffairs,respectively.Eightassessmentteams,consistingofthreeenumeratorsandoneteamleader(responsibleforcoordinationandensuringdataquality),engagedindatacollection,underthesupervisionofCRSandCAREassessmentcoordinators.Enumeratorscollecteddatausingelectronictabletswherefeasiblegivensecurityconstraints(sixcommunes),withpapersurveysusedintwocommunes,anddatasubsequentlyenteredviatabletsintotheassessmentdatacollectionapplication,iFormbuilder.ThesurveyquestionnairewasdevelopedinFrenchbyCRSandCAREprogramstaffmemberswithexperienceinagriculture,humanitarianassistanceandMonitoring-Evaluation-Accountability-and-Learning(MEAL),whotrainedassessmentstaffonthequestionnairepriortothestartofdatacollection.Datacollectionwasconductedinrelevantlocallanguages,withenumeratorsselectedbasedontheirfamiliaritywiththetargetzoneandprimarylanguagesspokenbyrespondents.Majorlimitationsoftheassessmentwerethelackoftruerandomsamplingatthelevelofhouseholdselectionwithinvillages,andasampleframeinwhichDiakacommune(191respondents)isoverrepresentedandDiafarabecommuneisunderrepresented(13respondents),relativetothemeannumberofrespondentsintheothersixcommunesof52.Theoverallsamplesizeexceedsthesamplesizeof385neededtoensurea95percentlevelofaccuracywithamarginoferrorof5percentforTenenkouDistrictasawhole.18

2 QuantitativeResultsThefollowingsectionpresentsresultsofquantitativedatacollection,dividedintrofivesections—demographics,agriculture,animalhusbandry,foodsecurity,andneeds—withstatisticspresentedatthecommunelevel,andinaggregatefortheassessmentarea(columnentitled“total”).19KeystatisticsdisaggregatedformaleandfemalehouseholdheadsarepresentedinAnnex3.

2.1 DemographicsThesectionbelowpresentskeydemographicstatisticsforthesampleframeof520households.

2.1.1 HouseholdsizeAcrossthe520totalhouseholdsparticipatingintheassessment,themeanhouseholdsizewas11.4individuals,withastandarddeviationof8.1individuals,denotingsubstantialvariationin

17ThecommunesofToguéréCoumbeandKareriwerenotcoveredbytheassessment18Est.population163,000(RépubliquedeMali:InstitutNationaldelaStatistique2009);SampleSizeCaulcation:https://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm19Percentageswereroundedinalltables,andconsequentlycolumnsnotallcolumnssumto100percentaspresented

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sizewithinthesample.ThehighestmeanwasinSougouble(14.1)withthelowestinDiondiori(7.2).Householdwasdefinedasindividualswhosharemealstogetherdailyoronanear-dailybasis,relyingonacommonsourceorsetoffoodsources.Householdsize(N=520)

Statistic Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Mean 10.5 12.2 7.2 11.5 12.4 14.1 11.2 7.8 11.4StandardDiv. 4.2 7.8 6.2 6.6 9.9 9.7 8.3 6.0 8.1

2.1.2 GenderofrespondentAmongthe520respondents,101(19percent)werewomenand419(81percent)weremen,withnotablediversityinthegenderbalanceofrespondentsbycommune.Forty-threepercentofrespondentsinTenenkoucommuneand24percentofrespondentsinSougoublecommunewerewomen,respectively,while,inthecommunesofDiafarabe,DiondioriandTogoroKotia,2percentorfewerofrespondentswerewomen.Genderofrespondent(N=520)

Gender Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Women 0% 22% 2% 15% 9% 24% 43% 0% 19%Men 100% 78% 98% 85% 91% 76% 57% 100% 81%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.1.3 StatusofrespondentAmongthesample,92percentofrespondentswerehouseholdheads.Householdpositionofrespondent(N=520)

Position Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

HHhead 100% 93% 98% 98% 94% 86% 81% 96% 92%NotHHhead 0% 7% 2% 2% 6% 14% 19% 4% 8%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.1.4 MaritalStatusJustoverhalfofrespondents(53percent)weremarriedandpartofamonogamoushouseholdunit,with37percentmarriedandpartofpolygamoushouseholdunit.Elevenpercentofrespondentsweresingle,separatedfromapartner,orwidowed.Maritalstatusofrespondent(N=520)

Status Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Single 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%Married,monogamous 38% 46% 80% 52% 69% 47% 40% 82% 53%Married,polygamous 62% 46% 13% 34% 24% 43% 39% 18% 37%Separated 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 1%Widow(er) 0% 7% 4% 15% 6% 10% 17% 0% 9%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

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2.1.5 EthnicityIndividualsbelongingtothePeuhlethnicgroupconstitutedthelargestgroupofrespondents(62percent),withmembersoftheBozoethnicgroupaccountingfor23percentofthesample.Infourcommunes,morethan80percentofrespondentsidentifiedasPeulh,whileinDiafarabeamajorityofrespondents(69percent)identifiedasBozo.Ethnicityofhouseholdhead(N=520)

Ethnicity Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Bambara 8% 5% 4% 2% 2% 0% 11% 4% 4%Bella 0% 2% 2% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 2%Bozo 69% 37% 20% 10% 0% 2% 9% 54% 23%Peulh 23% 45% 70% 89% 89% 94% 55% 39% 62%Sarakole 0% 4% 0% 0% 2% 0% 4% 4% 3%Somono 0% 5% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2%Sonrai 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 7% 0% 1%Tamachek 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0%Other 0% 3% 0% 0% 7% 4% 8% 0% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.1.6 HouseholdstatusLocalresidentsaccountedfor94percentoftheassessmentsample,withfourpercentofrespondentsidentifyingasinternallydisplacedpersons(IDPs).ThenumberofIDPswashighestinTenenkoucommune(11percent),withanadditionalthreepercentofrespondentsidentifyingasrepatriates.Statusofhousehold(N=520)

Status Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Resident 100% 94% 98% 100% 94% 98% 83% 100% 94%Displaced 0% 5% 0% 0% 4% 2% 11% 0% 4%Repatriated 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 3% 0% 1%Returnee 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.1.7 DistancetoweeklymarketSeventypercentofrespondentssaidthatthenearestweeklymarkettotheirplaceofresidenceisatadistanceof10kmorless,withalargepercentageofhouseholdsinthecommunesofTogoroKotia(82percent)andDiaka(56percent)needingtotravel11-40kmtoreachaweeklymarket.Distancetoweeklymarket(N=520)

Distance Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

0-5km 100% 22% 76% 15% 20% 88% 87% 7% 43%5-10km 0% 21% 22% 61% 67% 12% 5% 11% 27%11-20km 0% 50% 2% 24% 9% 0% 1% 7% 23%21-40km 0% 6% 0% 0% 2% 0% 5% 75% 7%40+km 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

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2.1.8 DistancetolivestockmarketSimilarly,67percentofrespondenthouseholdsliveatadistanceof10kmorlessfromamarketwhereanimalsaresold,with33percentneedingtotravel11kmormore(Diaka,54percent;TogoroKotia,86percent).Distancetonearestlivestockmarket(N=520)


TogoroKotia Total


2.1.9 PrimarylivelihoodactivityAcrosstheeightcommunes,agriculturewastheprinciplelivelihoodactivityfor79percentofrespondenthouseholds.Smallcommercewasthesecondmostcommonprimarylivelihoodactivity(5percent),followedbyskilledlabor(4percent)andherding(4percent).InDiafarabe,31percentofrespondentssaidseasonalworkwastheirprimarylivelihoodactivity,whileinTenenkou15percentofrespondentslistedsmallcommerceastheirprimarylivelihoodsactivity,13percentlistedskilledlabor,and13percentlistedlivestocksales.Primarylivelihoodsactivity(N=520)

Activity Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Agriculture 54% 87% 76% 100% 81% 82% 40% 93% 79%Smallcommerce 8% 3% 2% 0% 4% 4% 15% 7% 5%Skilledlabor 8% 3% 7% 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 4%Herding 0% 2% 9% 0% 6% 6% 7% 0% 4%Livestocksales 0% 1% 0% 0% 7% 2% 13% 0% 3%Seasonalwork 31% 4% 2% 0% 2% 2% 1% 0% 3%Salariedwork 0% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 1%Agric.labor 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0%None 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 2% 8% 0% 2%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.1.10 SecondarylivelihoodactivityThemostcommonsecondarylivelihoodactivityamongrespondentsweresmallcommerce(20percent)andagriculture(20percent),with27percentofrespondentssayingthattheirhouseholddidnotengageinasecondarylivelihoodsactivity.Secondarylivelihoodactivity(N=520)

Activity Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Smallcommerce 23% 20% 39% 11% 9% 12% 27% 29% 20%Agriculture 23% 18% 24% 35% 9% 24% 13% 18% 20%Skilledlabor 15% 14% 9% 2% 7% 4% 8% 4% 9%Seasonalwork 23% 14% 7% 10% 2% 2% 5% 4% 9%Livestocksale 0% 5% 11% 2% 11% 12% 12% 7% 7%Herder 0% 4% 7% 0% 11% 16% 5% 0% 6%

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Agric.labor 0% 3% 2% 0% 4% 2% 4% 4% 3%None 15% 23% 2% 40% 46% 29% 25% 36% 27%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2 AgricultureThissectiondescribestheagriculturalcharacteristicsofhouseholdsparticipatingintheassessment,andagriculturaloutcomesin2016-2017and2017-2018.

2.2.1 AreacultivatedinanormalyearIn2016-2017,48percentofrespondenthouseholdscultivatedfewerthan3hectaresofland,with82percentcultivating6orfewerhectares.Thecommuneswiththelargestpercentageofhouseholdscultivatingmorethan6hectareswereOuroArdo(37percent)andSougouble(29percent).Hectarescultivatedbythehouseholdinanormalyear(N=520)

Hectares Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

0 54% 16% 35% 5% 22% 27% 45% 54% 25%1-2 46% 26% 35% 18% 24% 8% 20% 18% 23%3-4 0% 23% 13% 24% 17% 20% 23% 4% 20%5-6 0% 16% 13% 16% 11% 16% 5% 21% 14%6+ 0% 19% 4% 37% 26% 29% 7% 4% 18%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.2 Areacultivatedin2017-2018In2017-2018,54percentofhouseholdscultivated2hectaresorless,withthepercentageofhouseholdsnotcultivatinglandrisingbythreepercentagepoints.Morethan50percentofhouseholdsinDiafarabe(62percent),Tenenkou(52percent)andTogoroKotiadidnotcultivatelandin2017-2018.Theshareofhouseholdcultivatingmorethan6hectareswas24percentrelativeto32percentinanormalyear.Totalhectarescultivatedin2017-2018(N=520)

Hectares Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

0 62% 23% 24% 18% 19% 22% 52% 50% 28%1-2 31% 25% 48% 23% 33% 18% 21% 18% 26%3-4 8% 25% 22% 21% 22% 14% 16% 21% 21%5-6 0% 11% 2% 13% 6% 18% 7% 7% 9%6+ 0% 17% 4% 26% 20% 29% 4% 4% 15%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.3 Changeinareacultivatedin2017-2018Relativetoanormalyear,66percentofhouseholdscultivatedthesamenumberofhectaresin2017-2018,while24percentcultivatedfewer,and11percentcultivatedmore.OuroGuire(24percent)andDiondiori(21percent)hadthehighestpercentageofhouseholdswhoreducedthenumberofhectarestheycultivatedcomparedtonormalby2hectaresormore.

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Changeinhectarescultivated,2017-2018vs.normalyear(N=520)

Change Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

-5HAormore 0% 4% 4% 15% 11% 2% 1% 0% 5%-2-4HA 8% 13% 17% 3% 13% 12% 13% 14% 12%-1HA 0% 7% 9% 8% 6% 8% 7% 0% 7%Nochange 85% 67% 41% 73% 52% 67% 76% 75% 66%+1HA 8% 3% 13% 0% 4% 2% 1% 7% 4%+2-4HA 0% 4% 15% 0% 13% 2% 1% 4% 5%+5HAormore 0% 2% 0% 2% 2% 8% 0% 0% 2%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.4 PrimarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneedsRicewasnamedasthemostimportantcropformeetinghouseholdfoodneedsby88percentofhouseholds,followedbymillet(2percent).Primarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneeds(N=520)

Croptype Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Rice 69% 94% 96% 100% 94% 92% 56% 89% 88%Millet 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 9% 4% 2%Vegetables 0% 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 1% 4% 1%Beans 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0%Maize 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 31% 5% 0% 0% 2% 8% 33% 0% 8%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.5 Agriculturalproductionin2016-2017In2016-2017,30percentofrespondenthouseholdsproducedaharvestthatmettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforsevenmonthsormore,and66percentofhouseholdsproducedenoughtomeettheirfoodneedsforfourmonthsormore.Notably,59percentofhouseholdsinOuroGuire,50percentofhouseholdsinTenenkouand48percentofhouseholdsinDiondiorihadaharvestthatmethouseholdfoodneedsfor3monthsorfewer.Monthsofhouseholdfoodneedscoveredbyharvestin2016-2017(N=520)

Period Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

<1month 31% 9% 7% 10% 7% 12% 33% 0% 13%1-3months 8% 16% 41% 16% 52% 18% 17% 14% 22%4-6months 31% 39% 28% 37% 26% 43% 36% 25% 36%7-9months 15% 26% 20% 23% 13% 10% 12% 46% 21%10-12months 8% 8% 4% 8% 2% 12% 1% 14% 7%12+months 8% 2% 0% 6% 0% 6% 0% 0% 2%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.6 Agriculturalproductionin2017-2018comparedtoin2016-2017Relativeto2016-2017,51percentofallhouseholdssaidtheirharvestwas“muchworse”in2017-2018,withahighof67percentofrespondenthouseholdsinSougoublereportingtheirharvestwas“muchworse.”Eighty-onepercentofrespondenthouseholdssaidtheirharvestwaseither“muchworse”or“slightly”worsein2017-2018ascomparedto2016-2017.Diafarabewasanotableexceptiontothetrendofworseagriculturalproduction,with54percentofrespondentssayingtheyhadaslightlybetterharvestthanthepreviousyear.

14

Householdassessmentofharvestin2017-2018relativetoharvestin2016-2017(N=520)

Production Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Muchworse 15% 56% 57% 48% 54% 67% 25% 57% 51%Slightlyworse 15% 29% 26% 32% 28% 27% 37% 39% 30%Same 15% 10% 9% 13% 11% 2% 23% 0% 11%Slightlybetter 54% 4% 4% 6% 4% 4% 13% 4% 7%Muchbetter 0% 1% 4% 0% 4% 0% 1% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.7 ConstraintsonagriculturalproductionThevastmajorityofrespondents(83percent)identifiedinsufficientrainfallastheprimaryconstraintaffectingagriculturalproductionin2017-2018,followedbylackofinputs(6percent).InDiondiori,15percentofrespondentsnotedthattoomuchrainfallconstitutedthemajorconstraintwithregardtoagriculturalproduction.Majorconstraintsonagriculturalproductionin2017-2018(N=515)20

Constraint Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Lackofrain 85% 85% 76% 97% 65% 88% 76% 86% 83%Lackofinputs 0% 6% 7% 0% 9% 8% 8% 4% 6%Surfacewater 0% 5% 0% 0% 15% 0% 0% 0% 3%Toomuchrain 0% 1% 15% 3% 2% 2% 0% 7% 3%Predators 0% 1% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%Plantillness 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1% 4% 1%Didn'tcultivate 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 1%Notsure 0% 3% 0% 0% 2% 2% 4% 0% 2%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.8 Foodsneedscoveredbyharvestin2017-2018Intermsofmeetinghouseholdfoodneeds,7percentofhouseholdssaidtheirharvestin2017-2018wouldmeettheirhousehold’sneedsforsevenmonthsormore,and25percentsaidtheirharvestwouldmeetfoodneedsforfourmonthsormore.Diafarabecommunehadthehighestpercentageofrespondenthouseholdswhoseharvestwillcoverfourormoremonthsoffoodneeds(46percent),followedbyTogoroKotia(40percent).Diondioro(18percent)andSougouble(20percent)hadthelowestpercentageofrespondenthouseholdswhoseyieldwillcovermorethanfourmonthsoffoodneeds.Monthsofhouseholdfoodneedscoveredbyharvestin2017-2018(N=520)


TogoroKotia Total


20N=515,somerespondentsdidnotanswer,andonerespondentgavetwoanswers

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2.2.9 Off-seasonvegetablegardeningThirtypercentofrespondentsindicatethattheypracticeoff-seasonvegetablegardening,withgardencropstraditionallyharvestedbetweenJanuaryandmid-May.21Ratesofgardeningpracticerangedfrom4percentinTogoroKotiaand8percentinDiafarabeto45percentinSougoubleand40percentinDiaka.Householdpracticesoff-seasonvegetablegardening(N=520)

Practices Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 8% 40% 13% 27% 35% 45% 19% 4% 30%No 92% 60% 87% 73% 65% 55% 81% 96% 70%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.10 Principleoff-seasonvegetablesTheprimaryoff-seasonvegetablecropamongrespondenthouseholdsistomatoes(75percent),followedbyonions(20percent)andcabbage(2percent).Principleoff-seasonvegetablegrownbythehousehold(N=157)

Vegetabletype Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Tomatoes 0% 82% 0% 100% 63% 74% 64% 0% 75%Onions 0% 16% 67% 0% 32% 26% 21% 100% 20%Cabbage 100% 1% 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2%Cereals 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% 7% 0% 1%Eggplant 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%Other 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 7% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.2.11 Constraintsonoff-seasonvegetableproductionRespondenthouseholdsidentifiedlackofprecipitationandsurfacewater(38percent)andlackofmoneytopurchaseinputsastheprimaryconstraintsin2017-2018withregardtoengaginginoff-seasonvegetablegardening.Principleconstraintonoff-seasonvegetableproduction(N=520)


TogoroKotia Total

Lackofwater 15% 39% 39% 63% 13% 47% 35% 32% 38%Lackofinputs 38% 35% 26% 32% 41% 41% 24% 14% 33%Lackofland 31% 13% 15% 2% 19% 0% 21% 46% 15%Insecurity 15% 11% 17% 2% 24% 8% 15% 7% 12%Seedquality 0% 2% 2% 2% 4% 4% 5% 0% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3 AnimalHusbandryThesectionbelowpresentskeystatisticsrelatedtoanimalhusbandryandherdingpractices.Forthepurposesoftheassessmentcows,oxen,camels,horses,donkeys,sheep,goatsandpigswereconsideredlargeanimals,andfowlwereconsideredsmallanimalsandnotconsideredwhenaskingquestionsaboutanimalhusbandry.

21FEWSNet,MaliPerspectivesurlasécuritéalimentaire,Octobre2017àMai2018

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2.3.1 AnimalhusbandrypracticeNearlythree-quartersofthe520respondenthouseholds(73percent)practiceaformofanimalhusbandry;however,notablevariationwasfoundacrosscommunes.OuroGuirehadthelowestrateofanimalhusbandrypracticeat58percent,withahighof89percentinTogoroKotia.Animalfatteningisthemostcommonformofanimalhusbandry(28percent),followedbysemi-intensivehusbandry(16percent)andintensivehusbandry(14percent).ThehighestratesofintensiveanimalhusbandrywerefoundinOuroGuire(24percent)andTenenkou(23percent).TranshumancewasmostcommonlypracticedinOuroGuire(17percent)andDiafarabe(15percent).Typeofanimalhusbandrypracticedbythehousehold(N=520)

Type Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Fattening 31% 16% 43% 27% 19% 33% 35% 75% 28%Semi-intensive 0% 25% 17% 11% 13% 18% 4% 7% 16%Intensive 0% 15% 11% 5% 24% 8% 23% 7% 14%Transhumance 15% 4% 9% 11% 17% 10% 11% 0% 8%Traction 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 8% 1% 0% 2%Other 31% 7% 2% 3% 11% 2% 7% 0% 5%None 23% 33% 17% 42% 17% 22% 20% 11% 27%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.2 PrimarytypesoflivestockfodderOilcakesarethemostprimarysourceoffodderamongrespondenthouseholds(45percent),with26percentprimarilyusinganagriculturalproduct(e.g.maizegrains)oragriculturalbi-product(e.g.beanleaves,peanutleaves,cerealplantstalks).Primarytypeofanimalfodder(N=382)

Foddertype Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Oilcake 30% 38% 53% 56% 38% 60% 50% 44% 45%Cerealstalks 10% 18% 8% 19% 7% 3% 8% 36% 14%Wildforage 10% 13% 24% 8% 20% 15% 8% 8% 13%Milletgrain 10% 10% 0% 3% 4% 15% 20% 0% 9%Peanutleaves 0% 1% 11% 3% 2% 0% 0% 4% 2%Beanleaves 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 4% 1%Rocksalt 0% 2% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%Other 10% 16% 3% 0% 27% 5% 8% 4% 11%Noresponse 30% 4% 0% 6% 2% 3% 5% 0% 4%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.3 PriceofoilcakeHalfofallrespondenthouseholdsconsiderthepriceofoilcaketobeelevatedrelativetothesameperiodin2017,with37percentsayingthepriceissimilar.Inthreecommunes,Diafarabe(77percent),Diondior(76percent),andOuroGuire(74percent)approximatelythree-quartersofrespondentssaidpriceswereelevatedrelativetolastyear.

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Priceofoilcakecomparedtolastyearatthistime(N=382)

Price Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

High 77% 45% 76% 23% 74% 39% 55% 57% 50%Stable 23% 45% 20% 60% 22% 27% 29% 43% 37%Low 0% 11% 4% 18% 4% 33% 16% 0% 13%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.4 HouseholdsupplyoflivestockfodderAmongthe382householdswhopracticeanimalhusbandry,44percentsaidtheycurrentlyhaveastockoffodder.Theproportionofhouseholdswithastockoffodderrangedfromthree-quartersofrespondentsinDiafarabewithastockoffodderto18percentofhouseholdswithastockoffodderinOuraArdo.Householdhasastockoffodderforlivestock(N=382)

Fodderstock Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 75% 45% 55% 18% 36% 48% 52% 55% 44%No 25% 55% 45% 82% 64% 52% 48% 45% 56%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.5 DurationofsupplyoffodderOfthe382respondenthouseholdswhopracticeanimalhusbandry,85percentsaidtheyhaveastockoffodderthatwilleitherlastlessthanamonth(57percent)orwilllast1-3months(27percent).LimitedstockoffodderisparticularlynotableinOuroArdo,where72percentofhouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandrysaidtheyhaveastockthatwilllastlessthanonemonth.Expecteddurationofhouseholdstockoffodderforanimals(N=382)


TogoroKotia Total


2.3.6 WatersupplyforlivestockHouseholdengagedinanimalhusbandrymostfrequentlyusewellstoprovidewaterfortheirlivestock(41percent),withriverwaterbeingthesecondmostcommonsourceofwater.River-waterusewashighestinDiondiori(74percent)andTogoroKotia(68percent).Anadditional15percentofhouseholdsrelyonmarshesinprovidingwaterfortheiranimals.Typeofwatersourceutilizedforlivestock(N=382)

Watersource Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Pastoralwells 25% 45% 10% 73% 9% 57% 50% 14% 41%River 50% 31% 74% 0% 87% 18% 20% 68% 38%Marshes 0% 15% 14% 25% 4% 16% 13% 18% 15%Waterpoint 0% 3% 2% 0% 0% 7% 5% 0% 3%

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Other 25% 5% 0% 2% 0% 2% 12% 0% 4%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.7 LivestocksheltertypeAmongrespondenthouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandry,morethanthree-quartersutilizepermanentstructuresforkeepinganimals.TogoroKotiaisanexception,with91percentofrespondentssayingtheyutilizetemporarystructures.Typeoflivestockshelterutilized(N=382)

Structure Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Permanent 100% 80% 100% 93% 58% 89% 72% 9% 77%Temporary 0% 20% 0% 7% 42% 11% 28% 91% 23%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.8 DistancetolivestockshelterNearlyallhouseholdswithlivestockuseastructuretoshelterthemwithin10kmofthehousehold’splaceofdwelling,with83percentshelteringanimalswithin0-5kmoftheirdwelling,andanadditional12percentshelteringanimalsinastructurelocatedatadistanceof5-10km.Distancetolivestockshelter(N=382)


TogoroKotia Total


2.3.9 StatureoflivestockOverall,84percentofrespondenthouseholdsengagedinlivestockhusbandryreportedthattheiranimalsareofgoodormediumstatureatthispointintheseason.ThehighestpercentageofhouseholdsreportingtheiranimalsareofpoorstaturewasOuroGuire(24percent),andOuroArdo(20percent).Statureoflivestock(N=382)

Stature Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Good 75% 27% 38% 30% 22% 41% 23% 9% 28%Average 25% 55% 50% 50% 53% 52% 67% 77% 56%Poor 0% 18% 12% 20% 24% 7% 10% 14% 16%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.10 PriceoflivestockHouseholdswererelativelydividedintheirassessmentofthepriceoflivestockthisyearrelativetolastyearduringthesameperiod,with35percentsayingpricesarehigh,37percentsayingtheyaresimilarand28percentsayingtheyarelower.PricesappeartobehighestinDiafarabecommune(69percent,elevatedprices),andlowestinDiondiori(56percentstable,39percentlowerthanlastyear).

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Priceoflivestockatpresentrelativeto2016-2017duringthesameperiod(N=520)

Prices Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

High 69% 32% 54% 5% 57% 29% 44% 25% 35%Stable 31% 37% 17% 56% 35% 31% 39% 39% 37%Low 0% 31% 28% 39% 7% 39% 17% 36% 28%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.11 PlanstoselllivestockAmongthe389householdswhopracticeanimalhusbandry,58percentsaidtheyplantosellanimalsinthecomingmonthstomeettheirhouseholdfoodneeds,withsubstantialvariationacrosscommunes.Nearlythree-quartersofrespondentsinTenenkoucommunesaidtheyplannedtosellanimals,whilejust18percentinTogoroKotiaand25percentinDiafarabeplannedtosellanimalsinthecomingmonthstomeethouseholdfoodneeds.Householdplanstoselllivestockinthecomingmonthstohelpmeethouseholdneeds(N=382)

Plantosell Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 25% 54% 81% 50% 60% 57% 72% 18% 58%No 75% 46% 19% 50% 40% 43% 28% 82% 42%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.12 TimingoflivestocksaleWhile43percentofrespondenthouseholdssaidtheydonotplantosellanimalsinthecomingmonths,23percentanticipatesellinganimalswithinthenexttwomonths,priortothetraditionalstartofthepastoralleanseason.Anadditional29percentplantosellanimalsin3-4months.Thirty-sixpercentofrespondenthouseholdsthatpracticeanimalhusbandryinOuireGuireanticipatedsellinganimalsinthenexttwomonths,and48percentplantosellanimalswithinthreemonths.Lengthoftimeafterwhichhouseholdplanstoselllivestock(N=382)


TogoroKotia Total

1month 0% 11% 5% 0% 18% 14% 10% 5% 10%2months 0% 13% 14% 11% 18% 14% 15% 0% 13%3months 0% 15% 19% 11% 11% 20% 28% 9% 17%4months 0% 13% 17% 18% 9% 7% 10% 5% 12%5+months 25% 2% 26% 5% 2% 0% 8% 0% 6%Other 75% 45% 19% 55% 42% 45% 28% 82% 43%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.13 ArrivaloflivestockAmongrespondenthouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandry,lessthanaquartersaidtheyhadseenorheardofanimalscrossingtheborderfromMauritaniaintoMali,althoughthepercentagevariedsubstantiallyacrosscommunes.Three-quartersofrespondentsinDiafarabeandnearlyhalfofrespondentsinDiondiorisaidtheyhadseenorheardaboutarrivinganimals,whileonly13percentofthoseinDiakaand9percentinTogoroKotiasaidanimalswerearrivingfromMauritania.

20

RespondenthasheardthatanimalsarecrossingtheborderfromMauritaniaintoMali(N=382)

Aware Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 75% 13% 48% 25% 13% 30% 25% 9% 22%No 25% 87% 52% 75% 87% 70% 75% 91% 78%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.14 TypeofarrivinglivestockRespondentswhoreportedseeingorhearingaboutanimalsarrivingfromMauritanialargelyreportedthepresenceofcattle.TypeofanimalsbelievedtobearrivingfromMauritania(N=382)

Animaltype Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Cattle 31% 9% 48% 19% 13% 25% 19% 7% 18%Camels 0% 1% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%Goats 0% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%Sheep 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 1%Notaware 69% 87% 50% 81% 85% 75% 76% 93% 79%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.15 TranshumanceAcrossallrespondenthouseholds,just8percentsaidtheypracticetranshumance,withthelargestpercentageofthosepracticingbeinginDiondiori(35percent)andSougouble(14percent).Householdpracticesthetranshumance(N=520)

Practices Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 0% 3% 35% 2% 4% 14% 9% 4% 8%No 100% 97% 65% 98% 96% 86% 91% 96% 92%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.16 IntendeddestinationofseasonallivestockmovementAmongthe41respondentsplanningtopracticetranshumance,24percentsaidtheywouldseekpasturelocally,withanadditional10percentremainingwithinthecommune.Tenpercentsaidtheywouldseekpasturewithinthedistrictoutsideoftheircommune,and24percentsaidtheywouldseekpastureelsewherewithintheregion.Afinal32percentsaidtheywouldtraveloutsidetheregion.Destinationofseasonalmigrationwithlivestock(N=41)

Destination Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Local - 0% 50% 100% 0% 0% 11% 0% 24%Commune - 0% 0% 0% 0% 14% 33% 0% 10%District - 20% 13% 0% 0% 14% 0% 0% 10%Region - 80% 19% 0% 50% 0% 11% 100% 24%Outsideregion - 0% 0% 0% 0% 71% 33% 0% 20%OutsideMali - 0% 19% 0% 50% 0% 11% 0% 12%Total - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

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2.3.17 TimingoftranshumanceOfthe41respondentsplanningtoengageinthetranshumancethisyear,morethanthreequarterspercentsaidtheyexpectthemovementofanimalstobeginearly(51percent)orabnormallyearly(16percent).Timingoftranshumance(N=41)

Timing Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Normal - 60% 7% 0% 50% 29% 57% 100% 32%Early - 40% 64% 100% 50% 57% 29% 0% 51%Veryearly - 0% 29% 0% 0% 14% 14% 0% 16%Total - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.18 ReasonsfornotpracticingtranshumanceAmongthosewhopracticeanimalhusbandry,threepercentsaidtheyarenotpracticingthetranshumanceduetoinsecurity,whiletheremaining97percentsaidtheydonotpracticetranshumance.Reasonfornotpracticingseasonalmigrationwithlivestock(N=382)

Reason Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Insecurity 25% 1% 5% 2% 7% 0% 5% 0% 3%Doesn’tpractice 75% 99% 95% 98% 93% 100% 95% 100% 97%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.3.19 ConstraintsontranshumanceThosewhodoplantoengageinseasonalmigrationwithanimalsreportedthatthemajorconstraintsaffectingtheactivitythisyearareinsecurity(43percent)andinsufficiencyoffodder(41percent).Constraintsonseasonalmigrationwithlivestock(N=41)


TogoroKotia Total

Insecurity - 20% 36% 0% 50% 71% 57% 0% 43%Lackofforage - 40% 64% 0% 50% 29% 0% 100% 41%Lackofwater - 40% 0% 100% 0% 0% 43% 0% 16%Total - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.4 LaborMigration

2.4.1 HouseholdmembersengageinlabormigrationThissectionpresentskeystatisticsrelatedtolabormigration,whichtraditionallytakesplaceinMaliintheperiodOctober-January,inconnectionwiththeprimaryMalianagriculturalharvestseason,whenthedemandforagriculturallaborishigh.22

22FEWSNet,MaliPerspectivesurlasécuritéalimentaire,Octobre2017àMai2018

22

Amemberofthehouseholdhasworkedandlivedoutsidethevillageinthelast12months(N=520)

Labormigrant(s) Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 62% 42% 22% 37% 54% 37% 45% 29% 41%No 38% 58% 78% 63% 46% 63% 55% 71% 59%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.4.2 NumberofhouseholdmembersengagedinlabormigrationOverall,morethan40percentofrespondenthouseholdsreportedthatatleastonememberworkedandlivedoutsidetheirvillageinthelast12months,with20percentofhouseholdsreportingonememberworkingandlivingoutsidetheirvillage,and20percentreportingmorethanonememberworkingandlivingoutsidetheirvillage.Numberofhouseholdmembersworkingandlivingoutsidethevillageinthelast12months(N=520)

Number Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

0 38% 58% 78% 63% 48% 61% 55% 75% 59%1 15% 19% 13% 21% 22% 22% 25% 18% 20%2 8% 12% 7% 10% 15% 12% 11% 0% 11%3 0% 6% 0% 2% 6% 2% 7% 7% 4%4 0% 4% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% 0% 2%5 8% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%6+ 31% 2% 2% 0% 7% 2% 0% 0% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Withregardtothenumberofhouseholdmembersengaginginlabormigrationduringtheprevious12months,20percentofhouseholdshadasinglememberworkingandlivingoutsidethevillage,11percenthadtwomemberslivingandworkingoutsidethevillage,and10percenthadthreeormoremembersworkingandlivingoutsidethevillage.

2.5 FoodSecurityThissectionpresentskeystatisticsrelatedtothecurrentleveloffoodsecurityamongthehouseholdsassessed,andassetsthatplayanimportantroleinensuringfoodsecurity.

2.5.1 NumberofmealseatenperdayAtpresent,morethan80percentofrespondenthouseholdsareconsumingthreemealsperday,with18percentconsumingtwomealsperday.ThehighestratesofhouseholdsreportingconsumingtwomealsorfewerperdaywereinOuroGuire(35percent)andTogoroKotia(32percent).Numberofmealseatenperday(N=520)

Meals/day Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

3meals/day 100% 82% 83% 90% 65% 86% 84% 68% 82%2meals/day 0% 18% 15% 10% 35% 14% 13% 32% 18%1meal/day 0% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

23

2.5.2 HouseholdFoodConsumptionScoreWithregardtofoodconsumption,61percentofhouseholdsconsumedadietwithanacceptablecombinationofquantityanddiversityduringthesevendayspriortotheassessment,basedontheFoodConsumptionScore(FCS)methodologywithstandardweighting.23Twenty-threepercentofhouseholdshadFCSscoresdenoting“borderlineconsumption,”and16percenthad“poorconsumption.”TogoroKotiahadthehighestrateofhouseholdswith“poorconsumption”intheprevious7days,at54percent,followedbySougouble(18percent).InDiafarabecommune,77percentofhouseholdshadeither“borderline”consumption(62percent)or“poor”consumption(15percent).Householdfoodconsumptionscore(N=520)

Consumption Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Acceptable 23% 64% 61% 50% 69% 65% 75% 25% 61%Borderline 62% 18% 30% 47% 15% 18% 13% 21% 23%Poor 15% 17% 9% 3% 17% 18% 12% 54% 16%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.5.3 Food-basedcopingstrategyuseBasedontheReducedCopingStrategyIndex(RCSI),24whichmeasuresfood-relatedcopingduringtheprevioussevendaysbasedonthefrequencyoffivebehaviorsassociatedwithfoodinsecurity,2545percentofrespondenthouseholdsareutilizingahighdegreeoffood-relatedcopingstrategies,and14percentareusingamoderatedegreeofcopingstrategies.ThehighestratesofelevatedcopingstrategyutilizationwerefoundinOuroArdo(61percent),OuroGuire(54percent)andDiafarabe(54percent).Seventy-sevenpercentofrespondenthouseholdsinDiafarbe,75percentofhouseholdsinTogoroKotia,and71percentofhouseholdsinOuroArdowereengagedinamoderateorhighdegreeoffood-relatedcoping-strategyuse.HouseholdReducedCopingStrategyIndexScore(N=520)

Degreeofcoping Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

High 54% 45% 46% 61% 54% 33% 32% 43% 45%Moderate 23% 14% 11% 10% 11% 20% 13% 32% 14%Low 23% 41% 43% 29% 35% 47% 55% 25% 41%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.5.4 HouseholdgrainreservesFewerthantwo-thirdsofrespondenthouseholdssaidtheycurrentlyhaveagrainreserve.ThelargestpercentageofhouseholdssayingtheyhaveareservewasinTogoroKotia(82percent)andthelowestpercentageswereinSougouble(31percent)andDiafarabe(38percent).Householdhasgrainreserve(N=520)

Hasreserve Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 38% 60% 63% 48% 76% 31% 52% 82% 57%No 62% 40% 37% 52% 24% 69% 48% 18% 43%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

23WFPVAMTechnicalGuidanceSheet;FoodConsumptionAnalysis,WFP,2008;Poor(0-28points),Borderline(21.5-35),Acceptable(35+).24WFPCopingStrategiesIndex,FieldMethodsManual(2008)25WFPCopingStrategiesIndex,FieldMethodsManual(2008);Lowlevelofcoping(0-3points),Moderatelevelofcoping(4-9),Highlevelofcoping(10+).

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2.5.5 DurationofgrainreserveAcrossthe520respondenthouseholds,84percentsaidtheyhadagrainreservethatwouldlastthreemonthsorfewer(41percent)orhadnograinreserve(43percent).Infivecommunes(Diaka,Diondoro,OuroAdro,OuroGuireandSougouble)80percentormoreofallhouseholdshadagrainreserveofthreemonthsorfewer.Expecteddurationofgrainreserve(N=520)


TogoroKotia Total

<1month 62% 40% 37% 52% 24% 69% 48% 18% 43%1-3months 0% 49% 50% 39% 59% 16% 24% 46% 41%4-6months 15% 12% 7% 8% 9% 12% 21% 29% 13%7-9months 15% 0% 7% 2% 6% 0% 5% 7% 3%10-12months 8% 0% 0% 0% 2% 4% 1% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.5.6 HouseholdassetsandresourcesWithregardtootherhouseholdassetsorresourcestowhichhouseholdshaveaccessthatcouldbeutilizedtomeetfoodneeds,86percentofhouseholdssaytheyhaveagriculturalassetsand95percenthavelargeanimalsthatcouldbesold.Thirty-sixpercentofhouseholdsaidtheyareabletoborrowmoneyanddonotcurrentlyhavesignificantdebt,31percentsaidtheyreceiveremittances,and22percentsaidtheyreceivesupportfromanNGO.Otherresourcesthatcouldbesoldoraccessed(N=520)

Resource Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Largelivestock 85% 96% 96% 92% 96% 96% 97% 86% 95%Agriculturalassets 69% 87% 100% 90% 94% 90% 60% 100% 86%HHitems(e.g.radio) 23% 26% 41% 0% 26% 22% 29% 18% 24%HHabletoborrow 22% 34% 52% 22% 39% 40% 42% 35% 36%HHreceivesremittances 23% 28% 20% 29% 46% 49% 29% 29% 31%HHreceivesNGOsupport 31% 17% 20% 42% 20% 22% 23% 18% 22%

2.5.7 AbilitytomeethouseholdfoodneedsGiventhefoodandnon-foodresourcescurrentlyattheirdisposal,18percentofhouseholdsaidtheywillbeabletomeettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforlessthanamonth,and43percentsaidtheywillbeabletomeetfoodneedsfor1-3months.Morethanone-in-fivehouseholdsinOuroGuire(30percent),Sougouble(24percent),Diafarabe(23percent)andDiaka(21percent)saidtheywouldbeabletomeettheirfoodneedsforlessthanonemonth.Approximatelythree-quartersofhouseholdsinDiondiori(76percent)andinOuroGuire(74percent)saidtheywouldbeabletomeettheirfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer.

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Householdexpectstobeabletomeetfoodneeds(N=520)


TogoroKotia Total

<1month 23% 21% 15% 10% 30% 24% 8% 7% 18%1-3months 31% 42% 61% 40% 44% 45% 31% 50% 43%4-6months 15% 22% 9% 31% 11% 14% 27% 32% 21%7-9months 15% 6% 11% 2% 13% 12% 23% 11% 10%10-12months 15% 8% 4% 18% 2% 6% 11% 0% 8%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.6 NeedsThissectionpresentstheexpressedneedsofrespondenthouseholds,andthetypeofassistancethathouseholdswouldfindmostrelevant.

2.6.1 Household’sgreatestconcernatpresentAcrossrespondenthouseholds,89percentsaidmeetingtheirhousehold’sfoodneedsistheirgreatestconcernatthemoment,rangingfrom70percentofhouseholdsinDiondiorisayingfoodistheirgreatestconcernto96percentinTogoroKotiaand100percentinOuroArdosayingfoodistheirgreatestconcern.Thehealthofhouseholdmemberswasthesecondmostcommonconcerncited,at3percent,withahighof15percentofrespondenthouseholdsmentioningthehealthofhouseholdmembersastheirgreatestconcerninDiafarabe.Thepriceoffoodwasnotedby2percentofhouseholds,and2percentofhouseholdssaidinsecuritywastheirgreatestconcernatpresent,withahighof11percentinDiondiori.Households’greatestconcernatpresent(N=520)

Concern Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

FoodforHH 85% 92% 70% 100% 93% 92% 77% 96% 89%HHhealth 15% 4% 0% 0% 0% 2% 8% 0% 3%Priceoffood 0% 1% 11% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 2%Animalfeed 0% 0% 9% 0% 0% 0% 7% 0% 2%Insecurity 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 2% 1% 0% 1%Animalsafety 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% 0% 1%Animalhealth 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0%Lackofwater 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 0% 2% 0% 0% 6% 0% 1% 4% 2%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.6.2 PreferredtypeofassistanceMorethan80percentofrespondenthouseholdsaidfoodassistancewouldbethemostrelevanttypeofsupportinthecomingcomingstoensuretheyareabletomeettheirhousehold’sneeds.Elevenpercentofhouseholdssaidcashtransferswouldbethemostrelevanttypeofassistance,andfourpercentsaidanimalfeedwouldbethemostrelevantformofassistancefortheirhousehold.

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Theassistancethatwouldhelpthehouseholdbestmeetitsneedsinthecomingmonths(N=520)

Assistancetype Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Foodassistance 92% 83% 76% 92% 74% 82% 81% 82% 82%Cashtransfer 8% 12% 11% 8% 17% 6% 11% 14% 11%Animalfeed 0% 3% 9% 0% 4% 12% 5% 0% 4%Seeds 0% 2% 4% 0% 4% 0% 0% 4% 2%Water-points 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 3% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3 QualitativeResultsThissectionpresentskeyqualitativeresults,providingadditionalinsightwithregardtoquantitativeresultspresentedintheprevioussection.Keyinformantsarenotidentified,outofrespectfortheirsafety,giventhesecuritydynamicintheassessmentzone.

3.1.1 SecurityKeyinformants,includingcivilservantsandvillageheads,andassessmentteammemberscommentedontheimpactofinsecurityontheareatargetedbytheassessment.Indiscussingwithvillageleaders,oneassessmentteamleaderwasinformedthatthevillageisunderthecontrolofaradicalgroupactiveinthezone.Inanothercase,theassessmentteamwasrequiredtoskipavillagerandomlyselectedintheircommuneduetosecurityrisksthere.Avarietyofkeyinformantsnotedthatinsecurityhasleadtoadeclineinfoodandotheressentialproductscomingintothearea,andpreventedhouseholdsfromtakingtheiranimalstoareasofbetterpasture.Oneassessmentteamnotedthatrespondentsinaparticularvillagewerehesitanttodiscussthesecuritysituation.“Thisinsecurityimpactsourdailyactivities,”onevillageleaderexplained.“Allthecommunes(inTenenkouDistrict)areaffectedinthesamemanner.Weareafraidofthearmedgroups.Weonlywanttohaveenoughtoeat.”

3.1.2 AgricultureKeyinformantsconfirmedthatriceisthemajorcropcultivatedintheregion,withricebothconsumedandsoldtopurchaseotherfooditems.Whileassessmentteamsfoundpocketsofaverageagriculturalproduction,overall,keyinformantsreportedmediocretoverypoorharvests,notingmajorlosseswithregardtoriceproductionduetoinsufficientaccesstowater.Keyinformantsalsonotedthatbirdshaddestroyedsubstantialportionsofharvestsincertainvillages.Onekeyinformantsaid“Everyoneisconcernedbythisdifficulty,becausetherehasbeenalackofrainthisyear,andweareobligedtoadaptaswelltoinsecuritythatisgrowing,andthelackofsupportbyNGOsandthegovernment.”Akeyinformantwhoworksforthegovernmentagriculturalserviceconfirmedthatagriculturalextensionagentshavebeenlimitedintheirabilitytoaccessparticularareasandsupportfarmersduringkeyphasesoftheagriculturalseason,duetoinsecurity.

3.1.3 AnimalhusbandryandtranshumanceKeyinformantsexplainedthatTenenkoudistrict,althoughlocatedclosetotheMauritaniaborderisnotadestinationforanimalscrossingintoMali,withanimalsgenerallystoppingtopastureinNionoDistrictofSegouregionbeforereachingTenenkou.HouseholdsinTenenkoualsotraditionallymoveanimalstowardspastureareasinNionoregion.Keyinformantsnotedthatinsecurityhasledtoareductioninareasthatcanbeaccessedforpasturinganimals,andwithpasturelimitedandlowbiomasslevelsduetorainfalldeficits,householdsareincreasingly

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purchasingoilcaketofeedanimals.“Wecansaythatallzonesareaffectedbytheweakavailabilityofpasture”onekeyinformantexplained,“becauseinsecurityisaconcerneverywhere.”Bothstatetechniciansandvillageleadersalsonotedthatinsecurityhaslimitedtheabilityofthestatetoprovideextensionservices,includinganimalvaccinations.

3.1.4 MarketsWhilelocalmarketsgenerallycontinuetofunction,withmarketsinTenenkou,Diondiori,Diafarabe,TogoreCoumbe,Diora,Karerisaidtobeactive,severalkeyinformantsnotedthatthequantityofgoodsavailableatsomemarketshaddeclinedduetoinsecurity,whichaffectsthedegreetowhichproductsaretransportedintothearea.OnekeyinformantbasedinTenenkoutownnotedthat“onlylargerlocalenterprisesarestillpresent,andwithmanydifficulties.”Villageleadersinotherpartsofthedistrict(Sougouble,Tenenkou)reportednomajorimpactonavailabilityofgoodsontheirlocalmarkets.

3.1.5 CopingstrategiesConfirmingtheanswersofhouseholdsinterviewedbytheassessmentteam,severalkeyinformantsexplainedthathouseholdsintheareatendedtocopewithshockstofoodproductionsystemsbyreducingtheirfoodconsumptionandsellingweakanimalstoensuretheycouldfeedstrongones.Withlowriverlevelsandinsecurityalsoimpactingfishingactivities,keyinformantsnotethatmanyhouseholdsthattraditionallyrelyonfishingfortheirsubsistenceinthezoneareconsumingtheirfoodstocksmorerapidlythantheywouldotherwise.Village-levelleadersalsonotedthathouseholdsarebeginningtosendmemberstosearchforwagelaboroutsidethezone.

3.1.6 HumanitarianneedsKeyinformantsemphasizedthattheregionoverallhasseenverylowagriculturalproduction,withallcommunesaffectedbypoorharvests.Whileinsomecommunities,keyinformantsnotedthatNGOsprovideimportantassistance(CARE,theRedCross,theWorldFoodProgram,IRC,WorldVision,NRC,MedecinsSansFrontieres,andtheGatesFoundationwerementionedbykeyinformants),bothkeyinformants,andassessmentteammembersnotedthatmanycommunitiesarefrustratedbyparticipatinginsurveysandnotreceivingassistancesubsequently.Enumeratorsfromvariousassessmentteamsreportedcasesofhouseholdsselectedfortheassessmentrefusingtoparticipateforthisreason.“Many(respondents)manifestedtheirdiscontentwiththefactthatNGOscometotheirvillagesrecurrentlyandaskthemforinformationwithouteffect,”explainedoneassessmentteammember,whoseteamwasresponsibleforOuroArdocommune.

4 ConclusionsInOctoberandNovember2017,avarietyofearlywarningsystemsinMalipredictedthatTenenkouDistrictofMoptiRegionwouldseeadeteriorationoffoodsecurity,withthedistrictmovingintofoodinsecurityPhase3(Crisis)byJuly2018,asaresultofpooragriculturaloutputandbelowaverageavailabilityoflivestockfodder.Thefindingsofanassessmentofagro-pastoralconditionscarriedoutbyCRSandCAREinlateJanuary2018,onemonthintothetraditionalriceandgardenharvestperiodandthreemonthspriortothepastoralleanseason,confirmthatharvestsacrosstheeightcommunescoveredbytheassessmentweresubstantiallyworsethanthosein2016-2017.Morethanhalfof

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householdsinfiveoftheeightcommunessaidtheirharvestin2017-2018wasmuchworsethanin2016-2017,andmorethan80percentofhouseholdsinsixcommunessaidtheirharvestwaseithermuchworseorslightlyworse.After45percentofhouseholdshadaharvestthatcoveredtheirfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer2016-2017,75percentsaidtheir2017-2018harvestwillmeettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer.Whilemorethan80percentofhouseholdsareconsumingthreemealsperday,nearlyhalfhaveborderline(23percent)orpoorfoodconsumptionscores(16percent),and45percentareengagedinahigh-leveloffood-relatedcopingstrategyuse.Oftheeightcommunescoveredbytheassessment,Diafarabe,OuraArdo,SougoubleandTogoroKotiaappeartohavethelargestproportionofhighlyvulnerablehouseholds,basedoncurrentlevelsofcoping-strategyuseandexpecteddurationofcurrentgrainreserves.Ashouseholdfoodreservesdwindleinthemonthsahead,with83percentofhouseholdssayingtheybelievetheywillbeabletomeettheirfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer,themajorityofhouseholdswillbeforcedtorelymoreheavilyonfood-relatedcopingstrategiesorresorttoadditionalnon-foodcopingstrategies.Atthetimeoftheassessment,40percentofhouseholdssaidtheyareplanningtoselllivestockinthenextthreemonthstohelpmeettheirhouseholdfoodneeds,andkeyinformantsconfirmedthatfollowingaparticularlypoor2017-2018agriculturalseason,householdswouldbegintorestricttheirfoodconsumption,sendhouseholdmemberstoengageinwagelaboroutsidethezone,andliquidatelivestocktocopewithinadequatefoodreservesandliquidityconstraints.Tominimizethescaleanddepthoffoodinsecurityintheregioninthecomingmonths,andprotectaffectedhousehold’sproductiveassets,suchaslivestock,seedstocksandagriculturaltools,thisreportrecommendsthefollowinginterventions:

§ Provisionoffoodassistancetohighlyfoodinsecurehouseholdsfromthebeginningofthepastoralleanseason(April)throughthebeginningofthecereal(November)andriceharvestseasons(January),respectively,targetingaminimumof12percentofhouseholdsinthedistrict,orapproximately2,300households,consistingof26,000individuals(seeAnnex4forcalculations);

§ Provisionofqualityseedtohighlyfoodinsecurehouseholdslackingsufficientseedsforplantingin2018(June-Julyforcerealfarminghouseholds;October-Novemberforricefarminghouseholds);

§ Provisionofanimalfoddertohighlyfoodinsecurehouseholdswhoengageinanimalhusbandrypracticeandhavereducedaccesstopastureoverthecourseofthepastoralleanseason(April-July).

Assessmentresultssuggestthatlocalmarketsmaybeabletosupporttheuseofcashorvouchersasamechanismforprovidingassistance.Furtherstudyintoappropriatemechanismsisrecommended,basedonreportedvariabilityintermsofmarketaccessibilityandfunctionalityacrossthedistrict,andtounderstandtheexpressedpreferenceforfoodassistance,asopposedtocash,onthepartofassessmentrespondents.

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5 Annexes

5.1 Annex1:ListofcommunesandvillagescoveredCommune/Village NDiafarabe 13Daro 2Diafarabe 11

Diaka 191Dia 57Diabozo 40Mayatake 37SareBarke 1ToguelAmery 27ToguelKolle 29

Diondiori 46Bagouma 1Boukary 4Diondori 10DioguiMaoude 18Sarre-Sebe 8Thianguel 5

OuroArdo 62Djerma 4Kondo 30Kontaga 4Nene 24

OuroGuire 54Koubi 13Penga 10Piga 3Sangha 8Toko 20

Sougouble 51KonaFabe 12KonaMali 16Kora 19SindeSallah 4

Tenenkou 75Tenenkou 75

TogoroKotia 28Kanguidiourou 11SareMare 17

Total 520

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5.2 Annex2:HarandebeneficiariesBeneficiaryofprojectHarande

Beneficiary Diafarabe Diaka Diondiori OuroArdoOuroGuire Sougouble Tenenkou

TogoroKotia Total

Yes 23% 9% 63% 0% 13% 24% 16% 68% 19%No 77% 91% 37% 100% 87% 76% 84% 32% 81%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

5.3 Annex3:Femalevs.male-headedhouseholds,keystatisticsStatisticspresentedbelowcoverrespondentswhoidentifiedthemselvesaseitherafemaleormaleheadofhousehold,anddonotincluderespondentswhodidnotidentifyasheadofhousehold.Primarylivelihoodactivity

ActivityFemaleheaded(N=67)

Male-headed(N=412) Total

Agriculture 63% 84% 81%Herding 0% 4% 4%Skilledlabor 12% 2% 4%Smallcommerce 12% 3% 4%Salariedwork 0% 0% 0%Agriculturallabor 0% 0% 0%Seasonalwork 3% 3% 3%Animalsales 3% 3% 3%None 7% 1% 2%Total 100% 100% 100%Householdengagesinoff-seasonvegetablegardening

GardensFemaleheaded(N=67)


Yes 39% 28% 30%No 61% 72% 70%Total 100% 100% 100%Typeoflivestockhusbandrypracticed

TypeFemaleheaded(N=67)


Animalfattening 33% 28% 29%Semi-intensive 9% 17% 16%Intensive 12% 14% 13%Transhumance 4% 8% 7%Other 3% 8% 7%None 39% 25% 27%Total 100% 100% 100%

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FoodConsumptionScore

ScoreFemaleheaded(N=67)


Acceptable 51% 61% 59%Borderline 34% 22% 24%Poor 15% 17% 16%Total 100% 100% 100%ReducedCopingStrategyIndexScore

ScoreFemaleheaded(N=67)


High 49% 45% 46%Moderate 39% 40% 40%Low 12% 14% 14%Total 100% 100% 100%Households’greatestconcernatpresent(N=520)

ConcernFemaleheaded(N=67)


Foodforhousehold 91% 90% 90%Healthofhouseholdmember 4% 3% 3%Highpriceoffood 3% 2% 2%Animalfodder 0% 2% 2%Insecurity 1% 1% 1%Threattoanimals(insecurity) 0% 1% 1%Healthofanimals 0% 0% 0%Lackofwater 0% 0% 0%Other 0% 1% 1%Total 100% 100% 100%Theassistancethatwouldhelpthehouseholdbestmeetitsneedsinthecomingmonths

TypeFemaleheaded(N=67)


Foodassistance 87% 82% 83%Cashassistance 6% 10% 10%Animalfeed 7% 4% 5%Seeds 0% 2% 2%Water-points 0% 1% 1%Total 100% 100% 100%

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5.4 Annex4:CalculationofnumberofhouseholdsinneedofassistanceThescatterplotpresentedbelowshowshouseholdfoodconsumptionscores(x-axis)andreducedcopingstrategyindexscores(y-axis).Increasingfoodconsumptionscoresdenotesgreaterquantityanddiversityoffoodconsumed,whileincreasingreducedcopingstrategyindexscoresdenotegreaterrelianceonfood-relatedcopingstrategies,suchreducingthenumberofmealsconsumedperday,borrowingfoodandrestrictingtheportionsizeofmeals.ThecalculationofhouseholdsinneedofassistancedrawsonthecombinationofRCSIandFCS.

Indicator PoorFCSBorderlineFCS

AcceptableFCS Total

Highcoping 8 8 53 69Moderatecoping 16 32 79 127Lowcoping 59 79 186 324Total 83 119 318 520

Indicator N Percentofsample(N=520)Highcoping+PoorFCS 8 1.53%Highcoping+BorderlineFCS 8 1.53%Moderatecoping+PoorFCS 16 3.06%Moderatecoping+BorderlineFCS 32 6.1%Total 64 12.3%Indicator N AssumptionsEstimated%samplecurrentlyfoodinsecure 12.3% 12.3%EstimatedpopulationTenenkouDistrict 211,635 Source:ClusterFSMaliPopulationinneed(individuals) 26,031 Households 2,283HH SamplemeanHHsize:11.4

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5.5 Maps

rapid assessment agro-pastoral conditions - zoho...10 commissariat à la securite alimentaire,...

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