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Rapid Market Assessment Report Hamadanyia District, Ninewa

Islamic Relief Worldwide, Iraq

December 2019

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Al-Mosul Center for Culture and Sciences (MCCS) thanks Islamic Relief Iraq team for their

cooperation and support with this rapid market assessment in Sinjar and Al-Hamdaniya , Ninewa

Iraq. In particular, we would like to recognize:

Akram Sadeq Ali

Head of Programmes

Noor Khan Mengal Project Manager

Hawree Rasheed Project Coordinator

Field research would not have been possible without the participation of government

representatives, Mosul Chamber of Commerce as well as the assistance of local residents from the

project targeted areas who took part in the research as enumerators and participants.

The following individuals contributed to the field research and analysis undertaken for this

research:

Al-Mosul Centre for Culture and Sciences (MCCS)

Ibrahim Adeeb Ibrahim

Data analyst and report writer

Hammam Alchalabi

Team Leader

Disclaimer:

This report was made possible by the financial support of the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Iraq Crisis Response and Resilience Programme (ICRRP) with generous funding from the Government of Japan through Islamic Relief Iraq (Agreement No. P/AM 204/19).

This report is not a legally binding document. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and does not reflect the views of any of the contributing partners, including those of the United Nations, including

UNDP, or UN Member States. Any errors are the sole responsibility of the authors.

Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. © Islamic Relief Iraq 2020

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Table of content

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................................2

Background ....................................................................................................................................................................................5

List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................................................6

1. Executive summary ...........................................................................................................................................................7

1.1. Purpose and objective of Rapid Market Assessment (RMA) ....................................................................................7

1.2. Abstract of Rapid Market Assessment (RMA) ..........................................................................................................7

1.3. Methodology of Rapid Market Assessment (RMA) .................................................................................................7

2. Al-Hamdaniya Dist. ...........................................................................................................................................................8

3. Social and Cultural Reality ..............................................................................................................................................10

4. Economic Issues: .............................................................................................................................................................11

5. Contribution of government and NGOs in rehabilitation and reconstruction :...............................................................11

6. Sectoral Orientations ......................................................................................................................................................12

6.1. Production of Grains ..............................................................................................................................................13

6.2. Livestock Production ..............................................................................................................................................14

6.3. Other businesses ....................................................................................................................................................14

7. Plan of Distributing Small and Medium Enterprises analysis (SME) (Supply and Demand) ............................................14

8. Needs Assessments .........................................................................................................................................................15

8.1. Agricultural businesses ...........................................................................................................................................16

8.2. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMING BUSINESSES ................................................................................................................16

8.3. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SME) .....................................................................................................................16

9. Women participation in business/economic activities ...................................................................................................17

10. The Role of Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) and Directorate of Agricultural in Ninewa (DoA): ................17

10.1. The Directorate of Agricultural in Ninewa (DoA): ..................................................................................................18

10.2. Mosul Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI): ..............................................................................................18

10.3. Erbil Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ECCI): ..................................................................................................19

Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................................................20

1. Recommendations Related to the Type of Production Sector: .......................................................................................20

1.1. RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES SME ...........................................................................20

1.2. RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO AGRIBUSINESSES ...........................................................................................................20

1.3. RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMING ..................................................................................21

1.4. Recommendations for Mosul Chamber of Commerce & Industries (MCCI): ..........................................................21

1.5. Recommendations for the Directorate of Agriculture in Ninewa (DoA). ...............................................................21

Individual interviews with Agricultural and Livestock Farmers in Hamdaniya Dist.: ...................................................................21

1. Products Information ......................................................................................................................................................22

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2. Input Information............................................................................................................................................................22

3. Sales Outlets ...................................................................................................................................................................23

4. Source of Supply ..............................................................................................................................................................23

5. Credit ..............................................................................................................................................................................24

6. Needs for businesses Development ................................................................................................................................24

6.1. AVAILABLE ASSETS ......................................................................................................................................................25

6.2. MAIN SUPPLIERS FOR DEVELOPMENT NEEDS ....................................................................................................................25

6.3. DEVELOPMENT OBSTACLES ...........................................................................................................................................25

7. Coordination with Multiple Bodies/Investors .................................................................................................................26

7.1. TRAINING: .................................................................................................................................................................26

7.2. REGISTRATIONS: .........................................................................................................................................................26

7.3. RESTRICTIONS.............................................................................................................................................................26

Market Survey Results .................................................................................................................................................................27

1. Preliminary Survey Information: .....................................................................................................................................27

1.1. THE SIZE OF EACH RETAIL SHOP/STORE .............................................................................................................................27

1.2. Types of Retail Shops/Stores ..................................................................................................................................27

Individual Interviews with Retail shops/stores owners ................................................................................................................28

1. Workers Information ......................................................................................................................................................28

2. Goods Information ..........................................................................................................................................................28

3. Credit Information ..........................................................................................................................................................28

4. Needs Assessments .........................................................................................................................................................28

4.1. Training ..................................................................................................................................................................30

4.2. Official Registration ...............................................................................................................................................30

4.3. Work Restrictions ...................................................................................................................................................30

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Background

Founded in the UK in 1984 as an International Relief and Development Charity, Islamic Relief aims

to alleviate the suffering of the world’s poorest people without discrimination. Islamic Relief is in

Consultative status (category special) with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations,

signatory to the Code of Conduct of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent (since 1995) and to

the Code of Conduct of People in Aid. Since 2002 Islamic Relief is a framework partner of ECHO

(Islamic Relief (IR) operates in 42 countries

Islamic Relief began working in Iraq in 1997 and was one of the few international aid agencies that

continued working there throughout military incursions and the invasion in 2003 with its Country

Office in Erbil and currently functioning in Erbil, Baghdad, Anbar, Deyala, Dohuk, Ninewa ,

Salaheddin, Karbala, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniya with several intervention such as Food Security,

WASH, provision of NFIs, Health, Livelihood, Education, Gender Based Violence (GBV), and Sexual

Gender Based Violence (SGBV) child welfare, protection, early recovery, seasonal projects (Ramadan

and Qurbani distribution).

IR Iraq is implementing a livelihood project with the financial support of the United Nations

Development Program’s (UNDP) Iraq Crisis Response and Resilience Program (ICRRP) to support

for Recovery and Resilience Building in Hamdaniya and Sinjar Dist., Ninewa governorate, Iraq. The

project mainly focusses on Creating sustainable income opportunities and employment, particularly

for the returnees, vulnerable host communities, focusing on youth and women, as well as strengthening

the capacity of national institutions will be one of the key drivers of smooth recovery and resilience

building.

Islamic Relief began working in Iraq in 1997 and was one of the few international aid agencies that

continued working there in 2003. Our major priority is to provide much-needed emergency support

for displaced people, returnees, host communities and refugees in Anbar, Fallujah, Baghdad, Mosul,

Kirkuk, Ninewa, Salaheddin, Dohuk, and around Erbil. We also help people to get back on their feet-

with more long-term development where it is safe to do so.

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List of Acronyms

Ad. Advertisement

AVSI AVSI Foundation (AVSI)

CCI Chamber of Commerce & Industries

Dist. Distract

DoA Directorate of Agriculture

ECCI Erbil Chamber of Commerce & Industries

ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Aid

Elec. Electronic

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GBV Gender Based Violence

ICRRP Iraq Crisis Response and Resilience Program

RMA Rapid Market Assessment

IOM International Organization for Migration

IQD Iraqi Dinar

INGO International Non-Governmental Organization

IR Islamic Relief

ISIS Islamic State in Iraq and Syria

IT Information Technology

KII Key Information Interview

MCCI Mosul Chamber of Commerce & Industries

MCCS Mosul Center for Culture and Sciences

NFI Non-Food Item

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

Pct. Percentages

Sep. September

SGBV Sexual Gender Based Violence

SME Small and Medium enterprises

Trans. Trans.

UK United Kingdom

UNDP United Nations Development Program

VT Vocational Training

WASH Water Sanitation And Hygiene

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1. Executive summary

1.1. Purpose and objective of Rapid Market Assessment (RMA)

The primary purpose of the rapid market assessment is to provide a sound footing for the proposed project

implementation and design by clarifying current conditions, available opportunities, and risks. This

assessment will also establish that the planned project approach and activities will address the development

problem with targeted women, youths, communities, and Dist. with current project design. The assessment

will allow an overview of the current status of beneficiaries in terms of participation in the economic and

social life, improve access to services and social cohesion.

This rapid market assessment will also increase the effectiveness of the projects and fend off the imprudent

resource utilization at the planning and implementation stages. The assessment informs the project about

women, youths, household profiles in targeted areas in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the

intervention in targeted areas. Information obtained and recommendations will be used to enrich project

intervention and the effectiveness of the strategies and activities planned.

1.2. Abstract of Rapid Market Assessment (RMA)

RMA, in general, focused on evaluating the overall situation in Al-Hamdaniya Dist. with particular

emphasis on economic reality within the Dist.. The evaluation of economic reality in Al-Hamdaniya

focused on different subjects that included material and human needs in order to improve different

production sectors by focusing on agriculture, livestock, poultry, and SME, in particular.

1.3. Methodology of Rapid Market Assessment (RMA)

Separate questionnaires have been developed to collect quantitative and qualitative data. FGDs were held

with women and men from the affected population and of diverse ages and backgrounds. Further Individual

Interviews with SME owners, community leader’s agriculture departments, mayors, CCI, and NGOs

working in those areas.

The selected instruments comprised:

1. Review of secondary sources (e.g., previous Assessments, Assessments form other INGOs)

2. The critical informant and stakeholder Survey Questionnaires

3. SME Survey Questionnaires

4. FGD with Community Members.

1.3.1. Quantitative data collection

The questionnaires employed for the Rapid Market Assessment survey were based on the developed tools.

The tools used quantitative and qualitative methodology and are translated into Arabic language to facilitate

the implementation. The survey was carried out using digital devices such as KOBO collect. The survey

team worked with trained enumerators (50% female), to collect the quantitative data for SME (About 70

type of enterprises and businesses) and agribusinesses owners (Agriculture and livestock).

1.3.2. Qualitative data collection

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The communities were consulted using a qualitative methodology. FGDs were held separately with men

and women, and KII were held with mayors, Mukhtars, DoA, Chambers of Commerce & Industries, Other

INGOs worked in the same fields and areas, and Community leaders.

1.3.3. Individual interviews

Individual interviews were with business owners within sectors of agribusinesses and SMEs.

1. SME interviews 89 (Qaraqosh 34, Bartilla 35, Numroad 20)

2. Agribusinesses interviews 106 (Qaraqosh 28, Bartilla 30, Numroad 48)

1.3.4. Desk Review

All quantitative and qualitative data were analyses using the KOBO toolbox and Microsoft Excel. Based

on the raw data, available for download from KOBO Toolbox, a master database was developed, and data

cleaning was carried out. A quantitative data framework was set up in Excel for all validated data. A series

of frequencies count and other statistical methods were employed in the analysis of the data. Qualitative

data have been collected and has been cleaned by the analysis team and been transferred to a standardized

excel sheet to compare data of each location with others.

1.3.5. Key Information Interviews (KII)

KII – Mukhtars, mayors, sub-mayor, community leaders, (DoA), CCI, NGOs working in Hamdaniya Dist.

(14 FGDs, 5 in Qaraqush, 2 in Bartilla and 7 in Numroad), Towns, Cities, and Villages. KII has been done

through three different subjects (Security situation, Social and Cultural Reality, and Economic Issues).

1.3.6. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

Separate FGDs were conducted with women and men residing (9 FGDs) in Hamdaniya Dist. (3 in

Qaraqush, 4 in Bartilla and 2 in Numroad), Towns, Cities, and Villages. FGD included a minimum of 5

and a maximum of 20 participants and lasted about 60-90 minutes. FGD included discussions about

business development within the different mentioned sectors above and work restrictions and job

opportunities.

2. Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

Al-Hamdaniya is one of the Dist. affiliated with Ninewa governorate. It is located in the South East of

Mosul city, and it consists of three main areas are Al-Hamdaniya Dist. centre, Bartilla, and Al- Numroad.

The population of Al-Hamdaniya is about 216,154, according to the Ministry of Planning’s census for

2019. Al-Hamdaniya shapes a big part of what is called Ninewa Valley, which is famous for its agriculture

and livestock businesses. This area was mainly supported by the Iraqi government for agriculture and

livestock businesses before 2003 as it was the primary source for supplying significant parts of Iraq with

wheat, barley in addition to livestock products like meat and milk during the economic blockade.

After 2003, Al-Hamdaniya and Ninewa Valley areas received meagre support from the Iraqi government,

which led to a massive decrease in the agricultural and livestock products. Furthermore, importing goods

and dairy products from foreign countries have also led to wakening the production process of local

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products. The imported goods affected the local market massively due to low prices as compared with local

product prices.

A large number of the population of the judiciary was displaced after ISIS took control of Ninewa

Governorate, and after liberation, the majority returned, as the number of returnees reached until

31/12/2019, according to IOM reports about 27,349 family, which equals to 164094 individuals in the

various villages of the judiciary. As for the number of families who are still There are about 6,603 families

displaced in the camps, equivalent to 39,618 individuals, according to IOM reports on 12/31/2019 as shown

in figures 1 and 2.(1) ،

1 International Organization for Migration IOM, IRAQ MISSION, Displacement Tracking Matrix | DTM, http://iraqdtm.iom.int/Downloads.aspx

IRAQ - Ninewa Governorate - Al-Hamdaniya

Geographical Coordinates: 36° 16' 15" North, 43° 22' 39" East

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3. Social and Cultural Reality

Al-Hamdaniya is well known for its culture and social harmony. People from different ethnicities and

religions all live together within the small area of Al-Hamdaniya. Arabs, Kurds, Armani, Shabak, Sunni

and Shiite Muslims, and Christians all coexist in harmony and peace.

When IS took over the city of Mosul, their aim was mainly to target Christians and Shabak through

confiscating their properties and lands in addition to forcing them to leave the city. However, IS agendas

were all fallen apart after the liberation of Mosul, and now the coexistence is back to Mosul and Al-

Hamdaniya stronger than it was before.

Right now, Al-Hamdaniya Dist. is witnessing a massive reconstruction and rehabilitation campaigns as a

result of political and security stability within the area. Development and reconstruction campaigns are

having a significant effect on bringing back displaced people to their homes again as soon as possible.

Reconstruction campaigns are being done through international and local NGOs who are very welcomed

by locals to work there.

Females face cultural and social constraints that hinder their contribution to the process of economic

development. Females have responsibilities to care for children and the family and take care of home

affairs. One study on work in Al-Hamdaniya Dist. showed that 72% of the interviewed women described

themselves as housewives, and these responsibilities hinder their contribution to the labour market and

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Figur 2: IDPs Households in Al-Hamdaniya

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affect their enrolment in education, especially university education. The results of the interviews indicate

that the percentage of women with university education is less than 20%, while the percentage of males

with university education is 27%, the low level of female education and their preoccupation with domestic

business reduces their contribution to economic life, as will be seen in subsequent paragraphs.

4. Economic Issues:

The weakness of economic activities in Al-Hamdaniya is very noticeable due to the lack of human and

financial resources. The lack of resources was a result of substantial losses in the owner’s capital when IS

took over the area in 2014. Many of Al-Hamdaniya local people – specifically Christians and Shabak- lost

their source of income like shops, lands, factories, and livestock. As for the lack of human resources is due

to the internal and external displacement of local people to other cities and countries.

Massive destruction of infrastructures such as roads, hospitals, bridges, and electricity stations as was very

noticeable during IS and liberation time. After three years of liberation of Al-Hamdaniya, many local

people are still afraid and refusing the idea of reuniting back due to the unstable economic situation. There

are no available job opportunities to ordinary people who are not affiliated with the public sector, not

employed within any governmental institutions.

There is a massive lack of demand for local products within Al-Hamdaniya due to low source of income.

Investors are still reluctant to invest huge amounts of money on different agricultural and livestock

businesses due to the fear of the unstable security situation. For instance, there are about only 14 poultry

farming unit functioning, in Bartella, out of 54. Moreover, there is about 40 agricultural fields need for full

or partial rehabilitation to start functioning again. Economic hardships, in Al-Hamdaniya, may force its

local to migrate again, but this time to look for a better source of income.

In addition to the challenges of the economic reality, some groups face additional challenges, such as

females, where social restrictions are imposed on their areas of work represented by their responsibilities

inside the home and in the care of children. While the percentage of SMEs that employ males is 54%, as

reflected in the level of their education whereas the percentage of females holding a number of university

degree from SMEs owners or agricultural and livestock and chicken works does not exceed 25%, while

this percentage reaches concerning males about 28%, and this reduces the chances of female in securing a

source of income for their livelihood continuously increases economic dependence for males.

5. Contribution of government and NGOs in rehabilitation and reconstruction :

Local government's role, after the liberation of Al-Hamdaniya, was only limited to security in addition to

some rehabilitation done to leading governmental agencies and offices in order to function again and

provide locals with services like water and electricity.

Some agricultural agencies grant a license to farmers in return for 100,000 -150,000 IQD per year. Farmer

license may help farmers to get financial support from the local government. It is also has been noticed that

there is no financial support provided by the government since 2014.

As for livestock and poultry keepers, most of them are registered with the Veterinary Department, which

supplies them with vaccines and concentrated feeds according to health standards, but the prices of these

feeds are very high for some livestock and poultry farmers who prefer to buy feed ingredients from the

market and install it themselves.

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As for the primary role of NGOs, their support was limited only to reconstruction and rehabilitation of

schools and houses in addition to some humanitarian relief projects.

In the case of NGOs support to farmers, there was less support provided by NGOs to different agricultural

and livestock businesses, and it was limited to a number of NGOs like AVSI. AVSI, an Italian NGO, has

supported farmers of agriculture and livestock in Qaraqosh (Dist. centre of Al-Hamdaniya ) for the duration

Sep. 2018 to Sep 2019. AVSI supplied ten poultry farming units with vaccines in addition to rehabilitating

some wills, electricity, providing water, and storages. Moreover, AVSI was eager to provide 22 orchards

with generators, irrigation systems, greenhouses, storages, fertilizers, and pesticides. AVSI worked on

providing about 28 livestock farmers with ten cows, each with vaccines, fodders, and veterinary services.

About 22 sheep farmers were provided with 50 sheep each. AVSI established Farmers Association to

support and follow up with farmers who are working on their agricultural and livestock products.

6. Sectoral Orientations

Agricultural and livestock farming is considered an

essential source for an economy in Al-Hamdaniya. Two

types of assets could affect local productions directly.

All available natural resources like water, lands, and

weather Agricultural governmental institutions also

provide fertilizers, vaccines, feed, and necessary

medical services, in addition to providing many of them

commercially in the market according to the market

prices shown in the appendix in addition to human

capital is considered ,valuable asset for agricultural and

livestock productions. Poultry farming, beekeeping, and small retail stores are considered to be fewer

exciting businesses within Al-Hamdaniya.

On the other hand, there are several obstacles facing these

sectors, including those related to outlets selling crops

and animal products that are concentrated in the borders

of one governorate or nearby governorates, and only a

small amount goes to distant governorates, as there is no

export of crops and animal products, so production goes

to meat consumption This can be seen in Figures (3) and

(4)2.

1 for more information lock at tables (6) & (7)

11%

33%

18%

36%

2%

Figure 3: Relative Importance of Agricultural Sales Outlets

Near Villages

Near Districts

Near Areas

Near Governorates

Far Governorates

19%

21%

16%

44%

Figure 4: Relative Importance of Livestock Sales Outlets

Near Villages

Near Districts

Near Areas

Near Governorates

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Among them, it is related to poor access to credit, as

76% of farmers and 67% of livestock and poultry

keepers are unable to obtain financing and credit

services, 71% of farmers, and 67% of livestock and

poultry farmers do not have access to credit purchase

services from Their suppliers with work materials,

which are high rates compared to what was the situation

before 2014, as 65% of farmers and 54% of livestock

and poultry keepers were not able to obtain future

purchase services from suppliers, in contrast, 61% of

farmers and 67% of breeders Livestock and poultry do

not sell futures to their clients at present, while the

proportion of farmers was bitter Livestock and poultry

who do not sell for the period between 63% and 54%,

respectively, before 2014. Farmers also suffer from

funding, lack of appropriate work tools, poor Trans., and

Figures (5) and (6) illustrate the relative importance of

each of these handicaps. The security concern and the

proliferation of some armed factions constitute a

significant impediment to the movement of people and

goods and negatively affect economic activity.

As for SMEs, about 90% are between small and tiny

enterprises, 83% of which rely on personal capital, and they face a lack of funding and a lack of training.

With regard to females, their low contribution to the economic activity has been marked, as the number of

females engaging in economic activity within the SMEs sector does not exceed 21% compared to the

number of males, while in the agricultural, livestock and poultry sectors, the female contribution does not

exceed 1% compared to males, as this activity was limited In limited fields, it does not exceed 27% of the

male work fields. Among the most prominent female work areas that have been documented are the sale

of sweets, food, clothing, pastries, stationery, pharmacy, and shaving, as well as work in agriculture,

livestock, and poultry. It is also noted that the percentage of registering SMEs and raising livestock and

poultry in government and semi-government institutions is 6%, and the percentage of recipients of VT in

the SMEs sector training is about 25%, and all females in the SMEs sector are looking to develop their

businesses, and most of them have capital Or the land, or both, needed to achieve the targeted development,

and most of them need the tools of work necessary to develop. In the agriculture and livestock sector, most

females see that they need financing and have sufficient experience to develop their businesses and that

57% of SMEs that They have seen the female staff and female, male staff at rates close.

6.1. Production of Grains

1%

7%2%

2%

88%

Figure 6: Relative Importance of Development Obstacles for Livestock

Sectors

Weak TradingRelationsLack of SuitablePlacesMarket Distance

Lack of WorkingToolsLack of Investment

2% 4%

86%

8%

Figure 5: Relative Importance of Development Obstacles for Agriculture

Sectors

Lack of MarketKnowledge

Lack of SuitablePlaces

Lack of Investment

Lack of WorkingTools

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Grains, wheat, and barley are the most essential agricultural outputs in Al-Hamdaniya due to its high demand and

a high source of income. Grain cultivation costs farmers of much money. Farmers are forced to invest all of their

capital or share capital with other investors. Those who do not own agricultural land and have investment activities

in non-agricultural fields and want seasonal investment in agriculture to achieve quick returns in land investment

in order to cultivate grains, the cultivation process of grains, are divided as the following according to Individual

Interviews with farmers. First, the land cost for one season of cultivation is about 3,930,000 IQD. Second, the

cost of the machines and tools is about 2,462,000 IQD. Third, the cost of irrigation systems for one land is about

1,390,000 IQD per season. Forth, the cost of seeds, fertilizer, and pesticides is about 4,000,000 IQD for seeds,

3,000,000 IQD for fertilizers, and 560,000 IQD for pesticides. Fifth, the cost of labours, tractors, and Trans. is

about 920,000 for labours, 1,270,000 IQD for tractor drivers, and 1,120,000 IQD for Trans. fees. Sixth, the cost

of bush combat is about 580,000 IQD per season. According to Individual Interviews with multiple farmers, the

total average cost for one season of cultivation, which includes the cost of land, seeds, machines, fertilizers, and

pesticides, is about 20,128,000 IQD. The value of the agricultural land output in the year 2019, which witnessed

heavy rains, ranged between 4-6 times the production costs, and there are some cases, the returns exceeded ten

times the value of production cost.

6.2. Livestock Production

Livestock, sheep, and cows are considered an important source for different kinds of animal products. Sheep,

cows, and goats are all raised in order to produce red meat and dairy products like milk. Livestock barns cost a

huge amount of cash for raising animals like sheep and cows. Each barn cost about 3,500,000 IQD as a fixed

asset. While the cost of cattle, sheep, and cows is about 16,288,000 and 10,662,000, respectively. Also, the fodder

cost is about 5,600,000 IQD in addition to medicine and vaccine services, which cost about 2,220,000 IQD. The

governmental veterinary department is providing vaccines and fodder concentrated for healthy proportions. The

cost of labour and Trans. fees is about 1,650,000 IQD and 1,350,000 IQD, respectively. Health care cost is about

1,130,000 IQD. According to Individual Interviews results with livestock farmers, the overall total cost for

livestock per season, which includes the cost of vaccine and fodders, is about 28,200,000 IQD for cows and

21,350,000 IQD for sheep. The profit rate is between 30% - 50% of the total cost.

6.3. Other businesses

Some other businesses have less significance as compared with livestock (cows and sheep) and agriculture ( grains

and wheat)farming businesses. They are varied between field businesses and retail stores. Field businesses include

poultry farming, beekeeping, and vegetable and fruit groves. It is difficult to determine the fixed total cost for

field businesses as they are not related to the same cost of agriculture and livestock businesses

Small retail stores businesses include restaurants, bookstores, and other types of services and trading stores. The

total fixed cost of small retail businesses is about 4,850,000 IQD per month, according to Individual Interviews

with shop owners.

Small retail shops and field businesses are providing Al-Hamdaniya with multiple types of goods and items, and

they require a substantial financial and logistic support from the local government and NGOs in order to keep

them on the right track.

7. Plan of Distributing Small and Medium Enterprises analysis (SME) (Supply and Demand)

15

The primary market of Al-Hamdaniya is located in

the areas of Qaraqosh (Dist. Centre) and Bartella (as

shown in Figure 7). Small and tiny enterprises form

90% of the primary market in addition to some

medium retail stores in size. While too big and big

retail stores are scarce to be found within Al-

Hamdaniya (as shown in Figure 8).

Medium and small retail stores are varied between 70

types, but there are only seven types of these

enterprises that form 50% of the primary market in

Al-Hamdaniya such as clothing stores, foodstuff

stores, electrical devices stores, barbershops,

construction materials stores, restaurants, and

accessories stores (as shown in table 17).

About 60% of the processed goods in Al-Hamdaniya

primary market are coming through nearest

governorate centres (as shown in Figure 9). The

processed items/goods are all being brought to locals

within the Dist. or village. In terms of capital

investment, 90% of retail shop owners in Al-

Hamdaniya depend on self-support through investing

their own capital within the enterprises itself.

Proceeding goods/items are all done in cash as there

is about 23% who could proceed goods in credit

purchase (purchase in debt). However, there are about

38% of retail shop owners, in Al-Hamdaniya, allow

their clients to buy items and goods in debt. Price

competition is the only source that could affect the

process of selling goods/items, in Al-Hamdaniya , for SMEs. About 35% of retail stores are subjected to

price competition with other stores within the same area. In general, the demand for buying goods is

deficient, as about 89% of retail shop owners have number of sales of 36 each per day. Furthermore, the

number of sales goes down to about 14 per day in 35% of the enterprise. The weak demand reflects the low

purchasing power of consumers in the judiciary because of their low incomes and also because of the small

total size of the population if a large proportion of the population still does not return to their homes and

businesses.

8. Needs Assessments

58%32%

6% 3% 1%

Figure 8: Retail Shops in Accordance with The Size

very Small

Small

Medium

Large

very Large

0

200

400

DistrictCentre

BartillaNumroad

377

124

20

Figure 7: Number of Retail Shops

8%

12%

56%

11%

4%9%

Figure 9: Sources of Supplying Goods

Outside the Country

Far GovernorateCentresNear GovernorateCentresNearest DistrictsCentresNearest Sub-DistrictsNearest Villages

16

Needs for each business are differed according to its type and size. Different business patterns are discussed

below.

8.1. Agricultural businesses

Agricultural businesses need vary per the type of cultivation which represented by one seasonal and multi-

seasonal cultivation. One seasonal cultivation can only be performed during one time of the year, such as

grains while multi-seasonal cultivations can be performed through multiple times of the year, such as

greenhouses.

8.1.1. One Seasonal Cultivation

Grain farming is an essential type of seasonal seeds which can be cultivated only during one time of the

year. Grains cultivation requires a massive amount of investment in capital and significant lands as

compared with other corps. Factors that could affect the cultivation of grains are the constant change in

weather, marketing, and storage. Grains farming is considered to be significant due to high food security,

which can be provided through its cultivation besides to being a high source of income to farmers.

Grain farmers need to depend on financial support to provide agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers,

and pesticides, which shape about 62% of the overall cost of the total production, according to Individual

Interviews results. Grain cultivation starts from the mid of November till mid of January of each production

season.

8.1.2. Multi Seasonal Cultivation

Greenhouses farming represents a big portion of multi-seasonal farming, even though it is not used

regularly by farmers due to the lack of experience. Greenhouses farming requires a high level of investment

in both financial and human capital. Multiple studies indicated that there is a desire for some locals in

Qaraqosh and Al-Hamdaniya Dist. centre to bring back greenhouses farming again to the area.

8.2. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMING BUSINESSES

Livestock farming receives great attention from local farmers in Al-Hamdaniya . Raising cows and sheep

has a big portion of livestock farming. Animals and fodders shape about 84% of the total cost of livestock

farming according to Individual interview results. The type of fodders used is varied between wheat, corn,

and barley. Also, livestock farming requires high levels of health care like medicine and vaccines.

Al-Hamdaniya area was well known for its poultry farming before 2003. Afterward, poultry farming

businesses became very low due to lack of governmental support that represented by lack of fodders,

vaccines, and medicine. However, local farmers are, now, working restoring poultry farming as it was

before 2003 due to its importance in providing white meat and eggs. Although there is a high local demand

for the products of these businesses, they need government support in providing production, training, and

product marketing requirements, but this support after 2003 was weak, in addition to external competition

for the local product, which led to the deterioration of such businesses.

8.3. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SME)

SME owners are always looking for different ways of expansion by increasing the number of goods and

offering different services. Business expansion requires two main vital factors represented by financial and

17

human capital. In terms of capital investment, it can be divided into different types of factors such as an

area of the shop, finical capital, goods, furniture, decoration, Trans., and working tools. On the other hand,

human capital includes technical and management experience, market knowledge, trade relations,

experience in marketing and advertisement, excellent competent in handling clients, and online

communication.

There are different indications suggest huge weaknesses of human capital that most SME owners suffer

from. The first indication is the educational attainment. Collected data shows that owners of SMEs have

not had a good education. About only 20% of retail shop owners have got a bachelor's degree, while 37%

have completed high school education. Moreover, about 40% have completed primary school, while 3%

have not had any kind of education. The second indication is the level of training. About 19% only of

business owners have received training within their specialization of work. The third indication is the lack

of ambition to receive training. About only 9% of SME owners are willing to receive training within their

specialization of work. The low turnout to training is due to the weakness of training income, limited

training programs, lack of governmental support to the private sector, and preferring old fashioned ways

in work.

The required subjects for training are evaluation of economic businesses, principles of accounting,

marketing, trade relationships, and VT in addition to training on basic principles of management for SMEs.

One of the critical aspects of developing SMEs is the availability of essential services such as maintenance,

items/goods delivery, installation, and other services that could bring massive advantages to clients.

Essential services could also increase the economic value of the business in addition to better investment

in human capital. The ultimate goal of training and development of human capital is to increase the level

of technical and management work besides to increasing labours source of income. As a result, investors

and clients will have their own reasons to invest in different businesses or buy goods.

9. Women participation in business/economic activities

Females have been working and participating in multiple business activities such as beauty salons, retail

stores (clothing, bookstore), pharmacies, and cosmetics. On the other hand, women who live in villages

also participate in farming livestock and cultivation. Most of the females who work and got interviewed

are married, so marriage is not a burden to prevent them from working.

Some places lack female workers like cafeterias and mechanic stores due to the hardships of lifting heavy

weights, or most of the workers and clients are males.

10. The Role of Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) and Directorate of Agricultural in Ninewa (DoA):

Governmental institutions specialized in professional aspects such as Chambers of Commerce and

Industry and agricultural departments play an essential role in supporting economic activities. These

institutions mainly collect information on various professional activities through data of registrants with

18

different professions. Also, institutions are an important source of information for government agencies

and local and international organizations that want to support specific economic activities. Agricultural

institutions can also enhance cooperation between various businesses and local productivity and build

relationships with each other and with international agencies. The following are essential institutions that

may serve different businesses and productivity in Al- Hamdaniya.

10.1. The Directorate of Agricultural in Ninewa (DoA):

It is one of the formations of the Ministry of Agriculture and is responsible for providing extension

services through the Agricultural Extension Department in cooperation and coordination with the

Agricultural Cooperative Extension Centre in Ninewa, where a work plan is established at the beginning

of each agricultural season. On the other hand, DoA holds several specialized extension seminars as well

as on-field training for peasants and farmers in addition to specialized workshops for agricultural

engineers and veterinarians working in the departments of the Ministry of Agriculture. It also supplies

farmers with seeds and fertilizers according to the agricultural plan for each season, as well as agricultural

equipment that would serve the agricultural reality in the governorate. DoA participates in international

exhibitions in addition to participating in the Agriculture Week, which is held annually by the Ministry

of Agriculture during the month of March. DoA has branches in various areas and Dist. in Hamdaniya.

There is the Hamdaniya Agriculture Division and the Nimrod Agriculture Division. However, through

interviews with farmers and livestock and poultry farmers, it was found that there are only 8% of farmers

registered in an agricultural division, and only 2% of livestock and poultry farmers registered in a

veterinary division, and registration fees varied between 100,000-150,000 IQD per 100 donums are paid

according to type of activity.

10.2. Mosul Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI):

It is an economic organization that has a moral personality and financial and administrative independence

and is represented by the Chairman of the Board of Directors (Chairman of the Chamber). Its main scope

of activity is Ninewa Governorate under the umbrella of the Iraqi Chambers of Commerce, and it is

concerned with organizing and developing private commercial activity. The Chamber provides

consulting, economic studies, and commercial services to various government agencies in addition to its

primary focus. They are affiliated with the private sector companies, which are about more than one

thousand companies, in addition to more than twenty thousand traders distributed in various activities and

specialties. Its headquarter is in Mosul in Al- Shurta Neighbourhood (the cultural area). MCCI provides

the following services: issuing merchants' identities - issuing membership certificates - issuing certificates

of origin - providing merchants with travel books to various countries - providing all official agencies

with gold prices and foreign currencies based on their requests - granting two licenses - Providing the

auctioneer with sale and purchase contracts as well as lease and rental contracts - Reserve commercial

names for laboratories - Reserve trade names for pharmacies - Reservation of trade names for pharmacies

- Reservation of trade names for restaurants - Reservation of commercial names for casinos and parks -

Reservation of trade names for all commercial stores. Aside from these services, the Chamber carries out

activities aimed at promoting internal and external commercial cooperation, such as holding exhibitions

and forums and issuing introductory guides to various local companies. This institution can assist SMEs

19

in the Hamdaniya Dist. by strengthening cooperation between them and the local commercial companies

in Ninewa Governorate or foreign companies, by disseminating information to introduce SMEs in the

Dist., and holding exhibitions in the province to display the products and services of these businesses.

However, the barrier to this is the failure to register most of the SMEs in MCCI. Of the 89 interviews

with SME owners, only one case was documented in which the company was registered in CCI. Tax

prosecution, lack of incentives, and some work restrictions have made it difficult to many farmers and

SME owners to register in an official governmental institution.

10.3. Erbil Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ECCI):

A professional economic organization that has a moral, administrative, and financial independence and

is the true representative of its members and aims to organize and develop commercial and industrial

affairs in the governorate of Erbil. It organizes records of the names of members belonging to the

Chamber, issuing identities, representing merchants and industrialists in local and international economic

forums, organizing training courses, signing cooperation agreements with its peers in other countries in

order to develop commercial and administrative work, unifying the problems experienced by merchants

and industrialists and collecting proposals to address them in coordination with the relevant bodies of

government institutions. This institution can assist MCCI in developing its administrative capabilities to

improve the level of services that it can provide to SMEs owners in the Hamdaniya Dist.

20

Recommendations According to interviews results with employees, SMEs owners, and agricultural and livestock farmers, the

RMA team has concluded the following recommendations as mentioned below:

1- Development of human capital to guarantee a successful business

2- Achieving integration between all different agriculture and livestock sectors for SME.

3- Continuity of supporting agricultural activities

4- Providing job opportunities

5- Creating new business

6- Increase the value of local products

7- Increase of local market competition through local products

8- Working on exporting local products to foreign countries

1. Recommendations Related to the Type of Production Sector:

1.1. RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES SME

1- Development in human capital for different businesses within the following sectors:

- Management, accounting, market evaluation, and marketing.

- Vocational skills development

- Development of computer skills

- Development skills of banking

2- Supporting local businesses that meet the needs of locals in order to get full integration between local

products and people. Some local products that require support are mentioned as follows:

- Dairy products

- Red and white meat

- Tanneries that used leather products

- Fertilizers factories

3- Supporting activities/services that have huge demand within the market, as mentioned below:

- Fast food businesses

- Pickles stores

- Sweets stores

4- Supporting activities/ businesses that meet the needs of agricultural and livestock products, as mentioned

below:

- Maintenance shops for tools used in agriculture like tractors and sprayers

- Retail stores used for selling greenhouses farming requirements

- Retail stores used for selling fertilizers, pesticides, and medicine

- Retail stores used for selling barns insulations

5- Supporting activities related to retail services, as mentioned below:

- Food delivery services

- Furniture installation services for homes and offices

- Electrical machines installation services

- Retail stores for cell phones maintenance and services

- Sewing and tailor shops services

1.2. RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO AGRIBUSINESSES

1- Development of human capital for farmers through the following points:

21

- Development of agricultural planning skills for farmers

- Supporting mentoring programs for farmers

2- Supporting the growth of some agricultural crops like cereal and wheat in areas that lack natural resources

of water like rains through the following points:

- Providing fertilizer, pesticides, and seeds during suitable times of cultivation

- Providing agricultural lands with suitable irrigation systems through wells and sprayers

- Providing a suitable amount of fuel to allow farmers to use their machines during cultivation and harvest

times.

3- Supporting intensive farming which could bring many labours to work together at one time as mentioned

below:

- Providing mentoring programs regarding greenhouses farming

- Providing seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides during the appropriate time of cultivation

- Providing farmers with greenhouses

- Providing water resources through irrigation systems and wells

4- Supporting cooperative activities that aim to provide agricultural needs in return of low financial value

through establishing a cooperative society that could do the following tasks:

- Buying agricultural machines and tools that could be rented to farmers in return of the low value of money

during cultivation season

- Providing low fees for transporting goods to the main markets.

- Providing free health care services.

1.3. RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMING

1- Development of human capital for livestock and poultry farmers, as mentioned below:

- Training on choosing a suitable way of raising animals

- Training on extracting raw materials from livestock like milk, eggs, and wool.

2- Supporting farmers with cows, sheep, and chickens

3- Providing fodders, vaccines, and medicine

4- Rehabilitation of barns and fields to be valid for raising cattle and poultry

1.4. Recommendations for Mosul Chamber of Commerce & Industries (MCCI):

1- Providing training for MCCI staff in building local and international trade relations, organizing trade fairs,

and promoting local products, and can benefit from the experiences of ECCI in setting up these training

programs.

2- Requiring SMEs owners in the Hamdaniya Dist. to register in MCCI in exchange for support, and to

cooperate with the CCI in facilitating registration procedures.

3- Requesting MCCI to support SMEs in Al-Hamdaniya Dist. by including them in the trade fairs organized

by the Chamber.

1.5. Recommendations for the Directorate of Agriculture in Ninewa (DoA).

1- Cooperating with the branches of DoA in the Hamdaniya Dist. to implement extension programs for

farmers in specific areas such as greenhouse agriculture.

2- Cooperate with DoA to involve farmers, livestock, and poultry farmers in exhibitions held by DoA.

3- Cooperate in facilitating the marketing of Agri output and protecting it from external competition.

Individual interviews with Agricultural and Livestock Farmers in

Hamdaniya Dist.:

22

The purpose of this section is to evaluate the state of production within agricultural, livestock, and poultry

farming sectors in Al-Hamdaniya Dist. About 106 production unit was chosen to conduct a personal

interview with their owners/workers in order to get more info/explanation about the state of agricultural

and livestock productions and poultry farming. Interviews covered questions about inputs, supplies, credit,

needs and assets, training, registration, and restrictions. More details are given in the following sections.

Dist. Dist. Centre Bartilla Numroad Total

Number of Interviews within the Agriculture Sector 14 8 29 51

Number of Interviews within the Livestock Sector 14 21 19 54

Table 1 Number of Interviews about The State of Agricultural and Livestock Production in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

1. Products Information

There are limited types of agricultural products that can be cultivated in Al-Hamdaniya Dist. Those

products are grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and Roots.

Agricultural Products Vegetables Fruits Grains Legume Roots

Percentage 20% 4% 60% 9% 7%

Table 2 Relative Importance of Agricultural Products According to Farmers

In terms of livestock products, breeding sheep have been very popular among other types of cattle within

Al-Hamdaniya Dist. About 40% of livestock products are coming through breeding sheep.

Liv

estock

Pro

du

cts

Sh

eep

Bre

edin

g

Da

iry co

ws

Bre

edin

g

Ca

lves

atten

ing

Da

iry

pro

du

cts

Mea

t

Hen

-farm

ing

Bee

keep

ing

Bro

iler

farm

ing

Eg

gs

Go

at

Bre

edin

g

Sk

ins

Fo

dd

ers

Fish

Ha

tcher

y

Percentage 40% 22% 8% 7% 5% 5% 5% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Table 3 Relative Importance of Livestock Products According to Farmers

- Furthermore, Interview results indicated that about 65% of agricultural farmers and 68% of livestock farmers

said that they have only one season of production per year. The other 29% of agricultural farmers and 23%

of livestock farmers said they have two seasons of production per year. Moreover, finally, about 6% of

agricultural farmers and 9% of livestock farmers said they have three seasons of production per year.

2. Input Information

There are different types of inputs for agriculture and livestock sectors. These inputs can be different per the

types of business. The inputs are fixed assets, human resources, and raw materials. Through conducting

multiple Interviews with agricultural and livestock farmers, results were shown important information about

different inputs used within both agriculture and livestock sectors which explained as follows:

- There are five main inputs for the agricultural production sector, which represented by land, machines,

sprayers, wells, and greenhouses. Table 4 shows the importance of each input per their percentages from

highest to lowest.

Table 4 Relative Importance of Fixed Assets in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

For livestock farmers, barns are considered the only significant input for livestock productions.

Fixed/Inputs Assets Agricultural land Tractors

(Plough, Mowers)

Wells Sprayers Pumps Greenhouses

Percentage 48% 24% 9% 8% 8% 3%

23

- Furthermore, some farmers insisted that seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides are considered one of the most

important primary sources for agricultural products.

- From farmers' point of view, daily paid workers are the most critical asset of the human resources, and

after that comes tractors drivers, Transfer, Transfer, and finally Agricultural supervisor and health care.

Human Resources Daily Paid

Workers

Transfer Tractors

Drivers

Health

Care

Control of

diseases

Agricultural

supervisor

Percentage Agricultural Sector 29% 20% 25% 4% 16% 6%

Livestock Sector 39% 24% 10% 16% 6% 5%

Table 5 Relative Importance of Human Resources Types in Agriculture and Livestock Sectors

From the livestock farmers' point of view, daily paid workers are also the most valuable asset of human

resources in addition to Transfer.

3. Sales Outlets

Agriculture and livestock sales outlet are mainly located in some areas within the city itself or nearest

governorates/cities centres. There are no sales outlets for far governorates/cities centres, and also, there is

no ability to export products outside the country. Instead, all the products are being consumed locally.

Product Corps Grains Vegetables Fruits Roots Legume Total of Corps Products

Near Villages 4% 2% 2% 1% 2% 11%

Near Dist. 20% 8% 1% 2% 2% 33%

Near Areas 5% 5% 2% 3% 3% 18%

Near Governorates/Cities 28% 5% 0% 1% 2% 36%

Far Governorates/Cities 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2%

Table 6 Relative Importance of Agricultural Sales Outlets in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

Liv

esto

ck

Pro

du

cts

Da

iry

Co

ws

Ca

lves

Sh

eep

Bro

iler

Hen

s

Go

ats

Fis

h

Bee

hiv

es

Ho

ney

Mea

t

Eg

gs

Fo

dd

er

Yo

gu

rt

Lea

ther

To

tal

Pro

du

ctio

n

Near Villages 2% 1% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 5% 0% 19%

Near Dist. 3% 3% 4% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 21%

Near Areas 1% 2% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 16%

Near Governorates/Cities 5% 6% 19% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 4% 1% 44%

Far Governorates/Cities 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Table 7 Relative Importance of Livestock Sales Outlets in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

4. Source of Supply

Most of the primary resources that agricultural and livestock farmers get, such as fixed assets, raw

materials, or paid workers, are from the nearest areas, villages, or Dist. Mainly, human resources, like

paid workers, are being recruited through the same or nearest villages. While raw materials can be taken

form nearest governorates/cities or Dist. centres.

Res

ou

rces

Fa

r G

ov

ern

ora

tes

Cen

tres

Nea

r G

ov

ern

ora

te

Cen

tres

Nea

rest

Dis

t.

Cen

tres

Dis

t. C

entr

e

Nea

rest

Cit

ies

Cit

y C

entr

e

Nea

r S

ub

-Dis

t.

Su

b-D

ist.

Nea

rest

Vil

lag

es

Vil

lag

e C

entr

e

24

Table 8 Relative Importance of Securing Main Sources for Agriculture Production in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

Res

ou

rces

Fa

r G

ov

ern

ora

tes

Cen

tres

Nea

r G

ov

ern

ora

te

Cen

tres

Nea

rest

Dis

t.

Cen

tres

Dis

t. C

entr

e

Nea

rest

Cit

ies

Cit

y C

entr

e

Nea

r S

ub

-Dis

t.

Su

b-D

ist.

Cen

tre

Nea

rest

Vil

lag

es

Vil

lag

e C

entr

e

Cows 5% 14% 14% 9% 32% 18% 0% 0% 0% 5%

Sheep 0% 3% 31% 8% 41% 8% 0% 3% 5% 3%

Poultry 0% 11% 0% 22% 22% 22% 11% 0% 0% 11%

Fodder 0% 19% 7% 11% 20% 7% 0% 7% 11% 17%

Medicine and Vaccine 0% 16% 7% 19% 16% 5% 4% 16% 9% 9%

Workers 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 10% 83%

Maintenance 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%

Health Care 0% 0% 6% 6% 6% 0% 11% 11% 6% 56%

Bushes and Diseases Combat 0% 0% 13% 7% 13% 0% 7% 13% 7% 40%

Eggs 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Total Resources 0% 9% 10% 10% 19% 6% 3% 7% 7% 28%

Table 9 Relative Importance in Securing Main Sources for Livestock Production in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

5. Credit

Interview results showed that about 76% of farmers and 67% of livestock farmers are not able to get funds or credit services.

Also, about 71% of agricultural farmers and 67% of livestock farmers are not able to buy supplies for their businesses through

credit purchase (purchase in installments) from their suppliers. While before 2014, there were about 65% of an agricultural

farmer and 54% of livestock farmers could not get credit purchase services from their suppliers.

However, about 61% of agricultural farmers and 67% of livestock farmers do not offer credit purchase (purchase in

installments/debt) to their customers. While before 2014, there were about 63% of agricultural farmers and 54% of livestock

farmers did not offer credit purchases to their customers.

6. Needs for businesses Development

According to Interviews results, there are about 100% of agricultural farmers and 98% of livestock farmers are willing and

planning to expand their own businesses in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.. Needs for business development can be determined through

tables 10 to 26, as shown in the next sections.

Machines 0% 6% 0% 3% 0% 0% 3% 6% 0% 81%

Greenhouses 0% 0% 0% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Sprayers 0% 30% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 0% 10% 50%

Seeds 0% 4% 15% 13% 33% 4% 6% 1% 6% 16%

Fertilizers 0% 6% 10% 18% 51% 6% 4% 0% 2% 4%

Pesticides 0% 8% 10% 16% 50% 4% 4% 0% 4% 4%

Workers 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 95%

Tractors Drivers 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 95%

Health Care 0% 0% 0% 18% 9% 0% 9% 0% 0% 64%

Bush and Diseases Combat 0% 0% 7% 4% 14% 0% 4% 0% 4% 68%

Total Resources 0% 5% 7% 9% 24% 2% 3% 2% 3% 45%

25

Table 10 Relative Importance of Needs for Agribusinesses Development in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

6.1. AVAILABLE ASSETS

The most critical assets for agricultural and livestock farmers are represented by good experience, invested capital, excellent

marketing skills, way of Trans.s, and proper agricultural land.

Table 11 Relative Importance of Available Assets for Agribusinesses in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

6.2. MAIN SUPPLIERS FOR DEVELOPMENT NEEDS Main suppliers for agricultural and livestock farmers are located within the nearest cities/governorates centres in addition

to the nearest villages or Dist..

Table 12 Relative Importance of Suppliers for Development Needs to Agribusinesses in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

6.3. DEVELOPMENT OBSTACLES Lack of funding/investment is considered one of the most crucial development obstacles for agricultural and livestock

farmers in addition to the lack of working tools and Trans. Table 13 shows important development obstacles per their

percentages.

Dev

elo

pm

ent

Ob

sta

cles

Wea

k T

rad

ing

Rel

ati

on

s

La

ck o

f M

ark

et

Kn

ow

led

ge

La

ck o

f S

uit

ab

le

Pla

ces

La

ck o

f O

ffic

ial

lien

ces

La

ck o

f T

ran

s.

Ma

rket

Dis

tan

ce

La

ck o

f

Wo

rkin

g T

oo

ls

La

ck o

f

Ex

per

ien

ce

La

ck o

f

Inv

estm

ent

Agriculture Sector 0% 2% 4% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 86%

Livestock Sector 1% 0% 7% 0% 0% 2% 2% 0% 88%

Table 13 Relative Importance of Development Obstacles for Agribusinesses in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

Nee

ds

Ma

rket

ing

an

d

Ad

ver

tise

men

t

Wa

ys

of

Tra

ns.

s

Ra

w M

ate

ria

ls

Ca

pit

al

La

nd

Sp

ace

Bu

ild

ing

Dec

ora

tio

n

To

ols

Ma

chin

es

Fu

rnit

ure

Go

od

s

Agriculture Sector 0% 2% 3% 29% 19% 7% 1% 0% 2% 32% 0% 5%

Livestock Sector 0% 0% 3% 36% 5% 11% 11% 0% 0% 7% 0% 27%

Av

ail

ab

le A

sset

s

Mo

der

n

Wo

rkin

g

To

ols

Su

pp

lier

s fo

r

Ra

w M

ate

ria

ls

Go

od

Cu

sto

mer

s

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Wa

ys

of

Tra

ns.

s

Ma

rket

Kn

ow

led

ge

Ma

rket

Go

od

Ca

pit

al

Inv

estm

ent

La

nd

Go

od

ex

per

ien

ce

Agriculture Sector 1% 3% 9% 6% 12% 3% 2% 19% 45%

Livestock Sector 0% 1% 14% 9% 14% 0% 1% 14% 47%

Ma

in S

up

pli

ers

for

bu

sin

esse

s

Dev

elo

pm

ent

Nee

ds

Fa

r G

ov

ern

ora

tes

Cen

tres

Nea

r G

ov

ern

ora

te

Cen

tres

Nea

rest

Dis

t.

Cen

tres

Dis

t. C

entr

e

Nea

rest

Cit

ies

Cit

y C

entr

e

Nea

r S

ub

-Dis

t.

Su

b-D

ist.

Cen

tre

Nea

rest

Vil

lag

es

Vil

lag

e C

entr

e

Agriculture Sector 2% 15% 10% 11% 44% 11% 3% 0% 2% 2%

Livestock Sector 1% 28% 9% 9% 35% 12% 0% 2% 2% 2%

26

7. Coordination with Multiple Bodies/Investors

Interviews results indicated that investors are the most crucial body/asset to coordinate with in order to develop businesses within

agriculture and livestock sectors in addition to consumers and traders, as shown in table 14.

Coordination Bodies Sponsors Chambers

of Trade

and

Commerce

Suppliers

of Raw

Materials

Single

Trade

Wholesale

Trade

Consumers

Agriculture Sector 23% 0% 0% 12% 44% 21%

Livestock Sector 41% 0% 0% 17% 21% 21%

Table 14 Relative Importance of Coordinating with Multiple Bodies within Agriculture and Livestock Sectors in Al-Hamdaniya

7.1. TRAINING:

According to Interviews results, agricultural and livestock farmers have not had any kind of training within their specialization

of work. Also, none of the farmers are willing to have any kind of training any time soon.

7.2. REGISTRATIONS:

Interview results showed that about 8% of agricultural farmers and 2% of livestock farmers are registered in governmental

institutions in exchange for 200,000 IQD per year.

7.3. RESTRICTIONS

There are about 78% of Agricultural farmers, and 74% of livestock farmers have no restrictions, according to Interviews results.

However, there are about 14% of Agricultural farmers, and 9% of livestock farmers believe that there are restrictions on

transporting goods, 8% of Agricultural farmers and 4% of livestock have restrictions on selling good and 6% of Agricultural

farmers and 2% of livestock farmers have restrictions on purchasing goods.

27

Market Survey Results A preliminary market survey was done first in order to evaluate SME within Al-Hamdaniya Dist.. The survey included/covered the

main markets of sub-Dist./nearest areas affiliated with Al-Hamdaniya Dist.. The nearest areas that affiliated with Al-Hamdaniya

are Qaraqosh (Dist. centre), Bartilla sub-Dist., and Numroad sub-Dist. (Khudhur and Salamiya villages). The number of retail

shops/stores covered in the survey are 521 retail shop/store and distributed, as shown in table 15.

Dist. Al-Hamdaniya Bartilla Numroad

Number of Retail Shops/stores 377 124 20

Table 15 Covered Areas in the Preliminary Market Survey

1. Preliminary Survey Information:

1.1. THE SIZE OF EACH RETAIL SHOP/STORE

The size of each retail shop was classified (according to the number of front columns for each shop) into five types: tiny

(storefront with one column), small (storefront with 2 to 3 columns), medium (storefront with 4 to 5 columns), large (storefront

with 5 to 6 columns), very large (Multi floors shop/store). Survey results indicated the following percentages per the size of each

retail shop/store, as shown in table 16.

Size very Small Small Medium Large very Large

Percentage 58% 32% 6% 3% 1%

Table 16 Retail Shops/Stores in Al-Hamdaniya Dist. per The Size

1.2. Types of Retail Shops/Stores

Survey results showed that there are 66 different types of retail shops/stores and was represented by disproportionality, as shown

in table 17.

Type of business Pct. Type of business Pct. Type of business Pct. Type of business Pct.

Clothing 11.11% Foodstuff 10.04% Pharmacy 2.51% musical store 0.18%

Const. Materials 3.94% Electrical Devices 3.58% Pets Store 0.36% Pickle Shop 0.18%

Restaurants 7.53% IT 0.90% Alcoholic drinks 1.08% Optical store 0.18%

Toy Store 1.25% Cell Phones 0.90% Shoes Store 2.15% Dye shop 0.36%

Furniture 0.72% Elc. Maintenance 0.72% Money Exchange 1.61% Decoration 0.18%

Pastries 2.33% Sweets 1.97% Jewelry shop 2.15% Agricultural

services

0.18%

Bookstore 0.00% Sundae 0.72% Photocopy 2.15% Tahini sauce shop 0.18%

Meat 2.51% Refreshments Store 0.90% Household products 0.36% Cosmetics 0.54%

Carpentry 0.18% Arcade 0.36% Fruits & Vegetables 0.18% Veterinary 0.18%

Real estates 1.08% Barbershop 7.89% spice dealer 1.08% Factories 0.36%

Teaching Institute 0.18% Tailor shop 1.25% Medical Clinic 0.00% Sewer services 0.00%

Tourism Office 0.54% Gym Hall 0.54% Internet services 1.25% Mattress store 0.18%

Park 0.36% Cigarette Vendors 1.79% Glass services 0.36% Fuel 0.18%

Plant Nurseries

Shop

0.54% Car’s Accessories 1.08% Fish 0.54% Consulting services 0.36%

Coffee shop 2.69% Stationery 1.79% Hen 0.18% Other 1.97%

Curtains store 0.18% Car Maintenance 1.43% Trade & Contracting 0.90% Total 558

Fabric 1.25% Photography 1.61% Parties services 0.72%

Accessories 2.87% Blacksmith 0.18% Gifts store 0.36%

Table 17 Percentages of the type of Retail Shops/Stores in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

28

Individual Interviews with Retail shops/stores owners After the preliminary survey was done within the primary market of Al-Hamdaniya Dist., 89 of the retail shops/stores were

chosen to conduct INTERVIEWS with their owners/workers in order to get more explanation/info about the state of the market

in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.. The INTERVIEWS included questions about workers, goods, needs, training, registration, and

restrictions. The number of INTERVIEWS conducted in each area is shown in table 18.

Dist. Al-Hamdaniya Bartilla Numroad Total

Number of INTERVIEWS 34 35 20 89

Table 18 Number of INTERVIEWS in Evaluating SME in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

1. Workers Information

This section discussed/included info about the number of paid workers in each retail shop/store within the mentioned areas in

table 4. Also, it covered the number of workers of males and females within each retail store, as shown in tables 19 and 20.

Number of Male Workers 0 1 2 3 4 5

Retail Shops/Stores Percentage 46% 27% 16% 6% 3% 2%

Table 19 Number of Male Workers Per Retail Shop/Store

Number Female Workers 0 1 2 3

Retail Shop/Store Percentage 90% 3% 6% 1%

Table 20 Number of Female Worker Per Retail Shop/Store

The average working hours was estimated to be about 9 hours per day for six days per week. Also, most of the salaries were

paid monthly to the workers. Furthermore, survey results showed the need for new workers in about 19% of the available

businesses. However, most of the business owners prefer to employ male workers only, which makes the possibility for a female

to get employed in a retail shop/store meager.

2. Goods Information

This section covered the sources of supplying goods for retail shops/stores. Through INTERVIEWS, the following results were

taken:

About 83% of the retail shops/stores are funded by personal capital, and only 17% of the retail shops/stores are funded through

multiple investors (to supply goods).

There are multiple sources for supplying goods and represented by the nearest governorates/cities, the nearest Dist. centres, and

far governorate centres. The least onthe dependent source for supplying goods is the nearest villages and sub-Dist.s. Also,

there’s no importation for goods from outside the country, as shown in table 21.

3. Credit Information

This section covers the possibility of business owners in getting a credit purchase (purchase in instalments). Survey results

indicated that about 22% of business owners were able to buy goods in credit purchase (purchase in instalments) through their

suppliers. Also, the results show an increase in the percentage of buying goods in credit purchases than it was before 2014,

which was about 18%. Moreover, there are about 34% of retail shops/stores owners allowed credit purchase (purchase in

instalments) to their customers. This percentage is also much higher than it was before 2014, which was about 27%.

4. Needs Assessments

Import Goods from

Outside the Country

Far Governorate

Centres

Near Governorate

Centres

Nearest Dist.

Centres

Nearest Sub-

Dist.

Nearest

Villages

8% 12% 56% 11% 4% 9%

Table 21 Sources of Supplying Goods in Al-Hamdaniya

29

Surveys results showed that about 94% of the retail shops/stores owners are planning to expand their businesses through an

increase in the invested capital, an increase in the goods supply, increase the size of the building, increase in the raw materials,

buying modern tools for work, buying a land/machine, buying furniture, and marketing and advertisements. Table 22 shows the

percentage of each field per their importance.

Ty

pes

of

Ex

pa

nd

ing

Inv

esti

ng

Ca

pit

al

Go

od

s

Are

a/S

ize

Ra

w M

ate

ria

l

To

ols

La

nd

Tra

ns.

Dec

ora

tio

n

Ma

chin

es

Ex

per

ien

ce

Fu

rnit

ure

Ma

rket

ing

an

d

Ad

ver

tise

men

ts

Percentage 17% 17% 20% 3% 5% 2% 1% 13% 11% 4% 6% 3%

Table 22 Type of Business Expansion According to Retail Shops/Stores Owners in Al-Hamdaniya

The available assets for the retail shops/stores owners to improve their business are through having a good experience, having

good capital, excellent marketing skills, having right customers, having a suitable way for Trans., having modern working tools,

having suppliers for raw materials, having good market knowledge, and owning a land. Table 23 indicate the percentages of the

available assets from high to low according to the retail shops/stores owners.

The

primary source

for buying/supplying for modern tools/machines/goods is provided by the nearest cities/governorates and sub-Dist.s centres as

represented by table 24.

So

urc

es

of

Su

pp

lyin

g f

or

Dev

elo

pin

g

Ma

teria

ls

Nea

rest

Go

ver

no

rate

s /

Cit

ies

Cen

tres

Nea

rest

Dis

t.

Cen

tres

Fa

r G

ov

ern

ora

te

Cen

tres

Nea

r V

illa

ges

Nea

rest

Su

b-D

ist.

Imp

ort

ati

on

fro

m

Ou

tsid

e C

ou

ntr

y

Percentages 63% 10% 11% 5% 4% 7%

Table 24 Sources of Supplying for Developing Materials in Al-Hamdaniya

Retail shops/stores owners have mentioned that there are some restrictions on their business improvement plans. The restrictions

are represented in table 25 along with their percentages from highest to lowest.

Res

tric

tio

ns

on

Bu

sin

ess

Dev

elo

pm

ent

La

ck o

f In

ves

tmen

t

La

ck i

n t

he

Wo

rkin

g T

oo

ls

La

ck o

f T

ran

s.

La

ck o

f

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Are

as/

La

nd

s M

ark

et D

ista

nce

La

ck o

f p

rice

kn

ow

led

ge

La

ck o

f M

ark

et

rela

tio

ns

La

ck o

f n

ot

Hav

ing

Off

icia

l b

usi

nes

s

lice

nse

Oth

er

Percentages 67% 7% 4% 11% 1% 2% 1% 1% 6%

Table 25Restrections on Business Development in Al-Hamdaniya Dist.

Retail shops/stores owners have mentioned some of the essential assets that can have a significant impact on their business

improvement plans. Table 26 shows the essential assets along with their percentages from highest to lowest.

Av

ail

ab

le A

sset

s

Ex

per

ien

ce

Ca

pit

al

Ma

rket

ing

Sk

ills

Go

od

Cu

sto

mer

s

A s

uit

ab

le w

ay

of

Tra

ns.

Mo

der

n W

ork

To

ols

La

nd

Su

pp

lier

s o

f

Ra

w M

ate

ria

ls

Ma

rket

Kn

ow

led

ge

Percentage 44% 3% 17% 11% 5% 4% 6% 2% 8%

Table 23 Most Important Available Assets to Improve Businesses According to Retail Shops/Stores Owners

30

Focal Point Investors Consumers Suppliers of

Raw

Materials

Wholesale Retail

Trade

CCI

Percentages 14% 25% 3% 55% 2% 1%

Table 26 Important Focal Points to Assist in Business Development in Al-Hamdaniya

4.1. Training

Lack of training is considered one of the weakest points that most SMEs owners suffer from. Survey results have shown that

about 19% of business owners who got interviewed have received training within their specialization of work. Also, there are

about 80% of business owners who got interviewed did not get training within their work of specialization.

4.2. Official Registration

Survey results indicated that there are about 89% of retail shops/stores not registered within any governmental institute such as

health services and national security offices. Registering in this kind of governmental institution/office is essential for over

sighting and security. Also, retail shops/stores owners who pay fees to register in an official governmental institute/office do not

exceed 2%, and those do not get support from governmental institutions.

4.3. Work Restrictions

In general, survey results indicated that there are 7% restrictions for the retail shops' owners in terms of selling, buying, or other

restrictions. However, there are about 15% of some retail shop owners indicated that there are some security restrictions on

transporting goods.