rare and endangered species nepal
TRANSCRIPT
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Project Regarding Rare and Endangered Species of Plants in
Nepal
By: Laxmi Raj Joshi
Submitted to
IDEA WILD
Fort Collins, USA
January 27, 2012
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Full Report
An Overview of Some Rare and Endangered Plants of Nepal
Laxmi Raj JoshiStudent of M.Sc. Forestry
Institute of ForestryOffice of the Dean
Pokhara
Supported by
IDEA WILD420 Riddle Drive`
Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA
Telephone: (970) 482-6748
Email: [email protected]
www.ideawild.org
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Acknowledgement
The report entitled An Overview of Some Rare and Endangered Plants of Nepal has been
prepared by Mr. Laxmi Raj Joshi with direct or indirect support of different organization and
eminent personnel. Therefore, I would like to express my cordial thanks to following personnel
and renowned organization.
First, I am indepted to my parents and elder brothers whose encouragement, affection and
continuous support made me possible to pave stone in the path of my life.
Similarly, I would like to keep on record of their deep sense of thanks to Prof. Dr. Keshab Datt
Awasthi, Prof. Dr. Abhoy Kumar Das and Associate Prof. Dr. Krishna Raj Tiwari for bringing
me out since I.Sc. Forestry to M.Sc. Forestry and providing valuable advice regarding continuityof research work. In the same way, I suppose me lucky and love Institute of Forestry, Pokhara
Campus, Pokhara in the sense that the institute provide me platform to develop my career and
teach me bible of forestry in the last 8 years.
Likewise my appreciation goes to Mr. Amar Adhikari, Dinesh Chaudhary, R.D. Chaudhary and
Shambhu Paudel for their kind advice and information regarding this report.
At last, but not least, during the process of preparing this report, all the necessary instruments
like Laptop, Digital Camera and GPS is granted by Idea Wild, USA. In this regard, I would like
to thank all the organizational members as well as Idea Wild organization for encouraging me to
become a nature conservationist and providing reinforcement for biodiversity conservation.
Therefore, I will remember Idea Wild forever as a source of inspiration of research of my life if I
become a successful nature conservationist.
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Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
Study Area ................................................................................................................................ 5
A. Tropical-Subtropical Plants in the form of Herb/Shrub ..................................................... 6
B. Tropical-Subtropical Plants in the form of Trees .............................................................. 7
C. Temperate -Alpine Plants in the form of Herbs............................................................... 15
D. Temperate-Alpine Plants in the form of Trees ................................................................ 21
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Introduction
Nepal with its area of 147,181 sq. km. is situated between the latitude of 26022N and 30
027 N
and longitude of 80004 E and 88
012 E occupies one third of Hinda Kush Himalayan region
which is about 2500 km long. It has a length of about 885 km and an average width of 193 km.
In altitude it ranges from about 70 m above sea level in the southeastern Terai to 8,848m at the
summit of Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha), the highest point on the surface of the earth.
Topographically Nepal is divided into six roughly parallel zones, from south to north. These are:
the Terai, the Siwalik or Churia Hills, the Mahabharat Range or sometimes known as the lesser
Himalaya, the middle Hills or Midland, the Main Himalayan Range and the Trans-HimalayaValleys and Hills. Its physiographic diversity under five broad categories viz. Terai/Bhabar, the
Siwalik/Churia, the middle mountain (midhills), the High Mountain and the High Himal
accommodate six bioclimatic zones (Nival in High Himal above 5500m; Alpine-Upper from
4501-5500 m and Lower from 4001- 4500 m and Subalpine-Upper from 3501-4000 m, Lower
from 3001-3500 m in High Mountain; Temperate-Upper from 2501- 3000 m, Lower from 2001-
2500 m and Sub-tropical-Upper from 1501-2000 m, Lower from 1001-1500 m in Mid-Hills;
Tropical: Siwalik and Terai-Upper from 501- 1000 m, below 500 m in Terai).
Nepal0.09 percentage of worlds landmass is meeting point of Eastern and Western
Himalaya where palearctic realm lies in Northern Part and Indo-Malayan Realm in southern part
of the country. In terms of biodiversity, Nepals position is 9th
in Asia and 21th in the world
whereas 31th position in the world and 10th
position in Asia w.r.t. flowering plants. Due to
unique geography, diversity in altitude and climate, it is rich in biodiversity. Unique geography
in the sense that it is the meeting point of 6 floristic regions i.e. south-east Malaysian, Sino
Japanese, Irano Turkian, Sudan Jambian and Southern Indian and all the plants found in those
region are also found in Nepal. In Nepal there are 35 Forest types, 75 vegetation types and 118
ecosystem types (T10, S13M, MH52, M38, and B5).
According to Department of Plant Resources, 2006 has listed 10,098 species of plants in Nepal
including 5848 species phanerogams among which 700 species are medicinal plants, 13 species
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of plants are listed in CITES Appendices, 16 species are protected by Nepal Government and 60
species are threatened medicinal plants.
Group of Organism No of species globally No of species in Nepal Nepals Floral diversity
Representation in world
(%)
Lichens 20,000 465 2.3
Fungi 69,000 1,822 2.4
Algae 26,000 687 2.6
Bryophytes 16,600 853 5.1
Pteridophytes 11,300 380 3.4
Gymnosperms 529 28 5.1Angiosperms 220,000 5,856 2.7
Source: Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002
The Red Data Book categories used by IUCN have been used with the following interpretation
as applicable to Nepalese conditions.
1. Extinct (EX)
This category is only used for species which are no longer known to exist in the wild after
repeated searches of the type localities and other known or likely places. As interpreted by
IUCN, this includes species that are extinct in the wild but surviving in cultiva tion.
This category is used for species which have not been reported from last one hundred years. It is
not unlikely that this will also include some species which have uncertain taxonomic status. For
example Wendlandia apppendiculata would fall in this category because of the fact that the latter
collections were named otherwise.
2. Endangered (E)
Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue
operating. Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose
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habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of
extinction.
A number of taxa whose distribution is sympatric to human occupation, have been seriously
threatened by men. Talauma hodgsonii is an example this category.
3. Vulnerable (V)
Taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal
factors continue operating.
Species such as Paris polyphylla, Nardostachys grandiflora and many medicinal herbs do face
great threats due to extensive collection for export. Similarly taxa like Allium przewalskianum,
Podophyllum hexandrum are over exploited by local people for domestic uses. A number of
epiphytic orchids have also been vulnerable due to over exploitation and extensive destruction of
habitat.
4. Rare (R)
Taxa with small world populations that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable but at risk.
These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly
scattered over a more extensive range.
A number of taxa which are restricted to narrow geographical areas and which are known only
from the Type locality or the Type collection have been treated in this category. A number of
endemic Saxifraga exemplifies this situation. A large number of endemic species occurring at
high elevation beyond 3000 m do not seem to run into any risk because of the remoteness of the
area. Nevertheless a plant which is restricted to a small valley or a small cliff is obviously more
at risk than one which is more widely distributed.
5. Indeterminate (I)
Taxa known to be Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare but where there is not enough
information to say which of the four categories is appropriate.
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Information on Nepalese taxa of plants especially the endemic do not have enough information
to determine whether they are Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare. We have used our own
judgment not to make a long list of indeterminate plants.
6. Insufficiently known (K)
Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories
because of the lack of information.
Lack of adequate information on various species may quickly lead to categorize a plant into this
group. Our judgment for this category also is more subjective and based on observation by
various plant collectors.
7. Commercially threatened (CT)
Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are
threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, unless their exploitation is
regulated.
A number of medicinal plants such as Aconitum spicatum,Acacia catechu, Dioscorea deltoidea
have a long history of exploitation and export. This has resulted into the decline of the species in
the wild. Such plants are treated under this category.
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A.Tropical-Subtropical Plants in the form of Herb/Shrub1. Rauwolfia serpentine
Family: Apocynaceae
English name: Serpentine
Nepali name: Sarpagandha
Status: Endangered
It has been wiped out from natural habitat due to excessive
collection of roots for export and due to habitat destruction
from human encroachment.
Distribution
Central and Eastern Nepal; 100m-1150m altitude of sub-
tropical zone.
Habitat and Ecology: An erect, evergreen perennial under-
shrub found on moist and shady place and inside forest.
Flowering time: MayAugust
Fruiting period: October-November
Uses: The drug Rauvolfia is important therapeutic agents both as anti-hypertensive and
sedatives. It is also employed for relief of various central nervous system disorders like anxiety,
excitement and psychosis, schizophrenia, insanity, insomnia and epilepsy. The extracts of the
roots are used for treatment of intestinal disorder, particularly diarrhea and dysentery and
treatment of cholera, colic and fever.
Root paste is applied to affected parts of snakebite and root juice is used to get relief from
malarial fever.
Rauwolfia serpentine
PhototakenfromManun
gNursery,
Tanahu
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Distribution: Middle sized multipurpose tree for Terai and Lower Hills. Found in Western,
Central and Eastern Nepal; 200m-1400m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: It is found n open and sandy place along river terraces.
Regeneration: The pods ripen from end of November to early January. The ripens seeds are
collected in January and February. Khair is regenerated by seeds.
Flowering and Fruiting: May-December
Uses: Khair is used for fuel wood, small timber and fodder. The most important commercial
products from it are Katha and Cutch. Katha, an impure form ofCatechin, is used for chewing
with betel nut and Pan. Cutch, catechu tannic acid is used in tanning and dyeing ships sails.
4. Alstonia scholaris
Family: Apocynaceae
Indian Devil tree
Nepali name: Chhatiwan
Status: Rare
Bark is extensively collected for traditional medicines.
Distribution: It is found on Central, Eastern and Western
Nepal; 100m-1270 m altitude of Tropical zone and Low land Nepal.
Habitat and Ecology: An evergreen glabrous tree found on open ground, hill slope. Also found
mixed with Schima-Castanopsis forest.
Flowering period: March-April
Fruiting period: May
Alstonia scholaris
Phototakenfrom
nearRupaLake,Kaski
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Use: Bark is acrid, bitter, healing astringent, tonic, alterative and febrifuge. Bark is used to treat
malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, chronic ulcers, dental caries and snake bites. It is reported to be
employed in heart diseases, asthma and to stop bleeding of wounds.
5. Butea monosperma
Family: Leguminaceae
English name: Butea Gum Tree
Nepali name: Palans
Status: Endangered
Habitat reduced due to human encroachment for
agricultural extension.
Distribution: Western, Central and Eastern Nepal;
150m-1200m altitude. It occurs in subtropical
foothills along Sal forests. It is found in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve of Nepal.
Habitat and Ecology: A deciduous tree found on riverside tropical forest along Savana
grasslands in the Terai.
Flowering period: February-March
Fruiting period: May-August
Uses: The red juice exudes from natural crack is applied to ulcers and congested and septic sore
throat. Butea gum is a powerful astringent which is given internally for diarrhea and dysentery.
The gum is also used for dyeing and tanning. The bark is used in tumors, bleeding piles and
ulcers. Roots are used in elephantiasis and curing night blindness. The root bark is used as an
aphrodisiac and as analgesic and anthelmintic. Leaf possesses astringent, tonic, diuretic and
aphrodisiac properties. The flowers are effective in leprosy, leucorrhoea and gout.
Butea monosperma
PhototakenfromShuklaphantaWildlifeReserve
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6. Choerospondias axillaries
Family: Anacardiaceae
English: Nepali Hog Plum
Nepali name: Lapsi
Status: Rare
The fruit is widely collected in Neapl. Except
Arun valley, it does not occur naturally in Nepal.
Distribution: Found on Central and Eastern
Nepal; 1200m-1500m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: Medium to large deciduous tree grown on open places.
Regeneration: Fruit ripen between October and January which contain single hard stone in
which there are five seeds. The depulped seed is sown in trays or beds which contain up to 5
seedlings that can be pricked out.
Flowering time: March-April
Fruiting time: September-October
Uses: The fruit is used as pickle. The finer bark is chewed as a substitute for areca nut.
P
hototakenfromI.O.F.,
Pokhara
Choerospondias axillaries
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7. Dalbergia latifolia
Family: Leguminosae
Nepali name: Satisal
Trade name: Indian Rosewood
Status: Vulnerable
It is highly subjected for timber collection and
suffers from encroachment.
Distribution: Found on Western, Central and Eastern Nepal; 300m-1000m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: A deciduous tree found in riverine mixed forest.
Regeneration: Pods turn brown between December and April. Direct sowing, stump planting
and sowing in pot or bed is recommended.
Flowering time: October
Use: It is excellent fuel and used for timber.
8. Elaeocarpus sphaericus
Family: Ealeocarpaceae
English name: Bead tree
Nepali: Rudrakshiya
Status: Vulnerable
The forest is limited in the wild.
Dalbergia latifolia
PhototakenfromI.O.F.,
Pokhara
PhototakenfromI.O.F.,
Pokhara
Elaeocarpus sphaericus
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Distribution: Found on Central and Eastern Nepal; 650-1700 m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: On open slope, open field and cultivation terraces.
Regeneration: Germination takes place by cracking stones and treatment with sulphuric acid.
Flowering and Fruiting period: May- December
Uses: The fruit stone is used in rosaries. The fruit pulp is used for treating diseases of the head
and epileptic fits.
9. Mesua ferra
Family: Guttiferae
English name: Iron wood tree
Nepali name: Nageswori
Status: N/A
Distribution: It grows in the Himalaya from Nepal
eastward, in north-eastern India, ascending to an
altitude of 1500m.
Habitat and Ecology: A medium-sized to large evergreen tree
Uses: Ethanolic extract of the whole plant excluding root show antibacterial activity. Its flowers
are acrid, anodyne, digestive, constipating, and stomachic. They are used in treating asthma,
leprosy, cough, fever, vomiting and impotency. The seed oil pacifies vata, and also good for skin
diseases and rheumatism.Dried flowers are again used in treating bleeding hemorrhoids and dysentery with mucus,
applied externally for itchiness, taken internally for nausea, erysipelas, bleeding piles,
metrorrhagea, menorrhagea, excessive thirst and sweating.
Mesua ferra
Photo
takenfromVindabasanitemp
le,Pokhara
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10.Michelia champaca
Family: Magnoliaceae
English name: Champak
Nepali name: Champ
Status: Endangered
It is threatened due to wood collection for furniture in hills
and forest clearing in Terai and Dun Valleys of Nepal.
Distribution: Found in Central and Eastern Nepal; 600m-
1300 m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: It is a large evergreen tree found in forest i.e. shorea robusta forest and
Schima-Castanopsis forest.
Regeneration: The seeds ripen between August and Mid-November. Seeds should be sown in
beds or trays rather than directly into polypots.
Fruiting time: August and Mid-November
Uses: It is used for timber.Plant pacifies vitiated tridosha, Detoxify poison, worm infestation,increase digestive power, diuretic and cures fever. Flowers reduce burning sensation, cures skin
disease and ulcer. Dictation of the bark acts as remedy for amenorrhea.
Michelia champaca
P h t t k
f
P N C
P k h
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11.Oroxylum indicum (Bigonia indica)
Family: Bignoniaceae
English name: Indian Trumpet tree
Nepali name: Tatelo
Status: Vulnerable
It is drastically reduced due to habitat
destruction.
Distribution: Found in Western, Central and Eastern Nepal; 200m-1400 m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: It grows on open places and sometimes found mixed with forest.
Flowering and Fruiting period: June-October
Uses: Plant pacifies vitiated vata, kapha, inflammation, rheumatic arthritis, sprains, edema,
neuralgia, colic, splenomegali, diarrhea, wounds and gouty arthritis.
12.Pterocarpus santilanus
Family: Leguminosae
English name: Red Sandal wood
Nepali name: Rakta chandan
Status: Endangered
The tree is commercially valuable for its timber and for
the extraction of dye, medicine and cosmetics. It has
been overexploited in the past.
Pterocarpus santilanus
Phototake
nfromManungNursery,
Oroxylum indicum
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Distribution: Found in Tropical zone at an altitude of 900 m. It is only found in south India
in Kadapa and Chittoor on the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh border. However, it is planted in
private farm land (e.g. K.B. Gurung Nursery, Tanahu) in Nepal.
Habitat and Ecology: Found on dry deciduous forest.
Flowering Period: June-July
Fruiting Period: August-September
Uses: The ground wood is used for dyeing wool, cotton and leather and staining other woods.
The wood is considered astringent, tonic and diaphoretic. It is also useful in bilious affections
and skin diseases. A decoction of the fruit is used as an astringent tonic in chronic dysentery.
Wood is diaphoretic and used for treatment of scorpion sting.
C.Temperate -Alpine Plants in the form of Herbs13.Aconitum heterophyllum
Family: Ranunculaceae
English name: Aconite
Nepali name: Atis
Status: Rare
The tuber is extensively collected for its non-
poisonous medicinal properties and its demand is
high. It is one of the most expensive crude drugs in
Nepal.
Distribution: Found in Central Nepal; 2400m-4000m altitude of sub-alpine region.
Habitat and Ecology: A herb that grow on wet and open place, in riverbed forest.
Flowering period: July-September
Aconitum heterophyllum
PhototakenfromPatmara
Gaun,Jumla
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadapa -
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Fruiting Period: October-December
Uses: The plant root is used for the treatment of hysteria and throat diseases. Roots are taken as
anti-periodic, anti-diabetic and aphrodisiac.
14.Berginia ciliate
Family: Saxifragaceae
English name: Rockfoil
Nepali name: Pakhanbed
Status: Commercially threatened
It is collected as a crude drug for its export value.
Distribution: Found in Western and Central Nepal;
900m-4300m altitude of subtropical and temperate zone.
Habitat and Ecology: Perennial rhizomatous herb found on moist rock legdges and shady
places.
Flowering period: March-April
Fruiting period: June-July
Uses: The dried rhizomes contain drugs Paashaanabheda which possess astringent, tonic, anti-
scorbutic and laxative properties. The drug is given in pulmonary affections, dysentery, ulcers,
dysuria, spleen enlargement, cough and fever. The drug is used in folk-lore medicine against
vertigo and headache. It is reported to be helpful in dissolving kidney stones. Rhizome is bitter,
astringent, diuretic, aphrodisiac and tonic. Juice from the rhizome is taken to get relief from fever
and decoction of root is used as an anti-diarrheal.
Ber inia ciliata
PhotofromThamtholedimbaCF,O
khaldhunga
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15.Dactylorhiza hatagirea
Family: Orchidaceae
English: Salep
Nepali: Panchaunle
Status: Endangered
Distribution: Found in western and Central Nepal;
2400-3600m altitude of subalpine and alpine region.
Habitat and Ecology: Perennial herb with five fingered tubers found on open sloppy moist
fields.
Propagation: The plant is propagated by sowing seed in nursery and from tuber also.
Flowering period: June-July
Fruiting period: August-September
Uses: Root tuber is taken as expectorant, astringent, demulcent and aphrodisiac and is highly
nutritious. Root power or paste of the rhizome is applied on cuts and wounds for speedy healing.
Tuber is used to get rid from headache, fever, cough and cold.
16.Nardostachys grandiflora
Family: Valerianaceae
English name: Spikenard
Nepali: Jatamasi
Status: vulnerable
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
PhotofromPatmaraGaun,Jumla
Nardostachys grandiflora
PhotofromPatmaraGaun,Jumla
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It is widely collected by villagers and shepherds who visit alpine region in late summer. It has
been restricted for export by the government.
Distribution: Found in Western, Central and Eastern Nepal; 3200m-5300m altitude of alpine
zone.
Habitat and ecology: An erect perennial herb found on open place, open and moist slope, and
mossy rock.
Flowering period: June-August
Fruiting period: August-September
Uses: The root is used as cooling, tonic, antipyretic and alexipharmic. It helps to cure cough,
biliousness, blood diseases, burning sensation, leprosy, throat troubles and ulcers and improve
the complexion. The root promotes the growth and blackness of hair. Root is carminative,
stomachic and laxative and used in hysteria and cholera. Rhizome paste is used to treat pile.
17.Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia
Family: Scrophulariaceae
English name: Picrorhiza
Nepali name: Kutki
Status: Vulnerable
It is a medicinal plant of greater repute in Ayurvedic
medicine.
Distribution: Found in Western, Central and Eastern
Nepal; 3500m-4800m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: A perennial herb that grows on alpine pasture, grass and rocks and moist
slope.
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia
PhotofromPatmaraGaun
umla
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Propagation: The natural regeneration of Kutki takes place by seeds and rhizomes. The plant
can be propagated by seeds or by division of roots.
Flowering period: May-September
Fruiting period: October-November
Uses: The root is used in fever, cough and cold, anemia, diabetes, hepatitis, leprosy, snake and
scorpion bites, blood pressure etc.
18.Panax pseudo-ginseng wall
Family: Araliaceae
English name: False ginseng
Nepali name: Mangan
Status: Vulnerable
Flowering period: May-July
Distribution: The plant is reported in Eastern
and Central Nepal.
Habitat and ecology: Perennial herb that is
cultivated in cold climatic condition.
Uses: The root possess haemostatic, tonic, hormonal and circulation promoting properties and
have a beneficial effect in haematemesis, metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, post-partum haematometra,
ocular congestion, bloody stools, epistaxis, rheumatism, phlegmon and contusions. Root is also
effective in anemia and general debility.
PhotofromThamtholedimbaC.F.O
khaldhunga
Panax pseudo-ginseng wall
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19.Paris polyphylla
Family: Liliaceae
English name: Satuwa
Nepali name: Satuwa
Status: Vulnerable
It is very rare herb occurring on the humus rich floor
of Oak forest. Rhizomes are widely collected for
local medicinal use and also for export.
Distribution: Found in Central and Eastern Nepal;
1800-3500m altitude.
Habitat and Ecology: A perennial glabrous erect herb found on shady and cold places and
inside forest.
Flowering Period: April-May
Fruiting period: June-July
Uses: The rhizome possesses anthelmintic properties and considered as a vermifuge. Its powder
is taken with hot water is used as tonic. Root paste is applied as wound healing. Powder from the
rhizome is used for fever and food poisoning. Root paste is also applied as an antidote to the
snake bite and poisonous insects.
Paris polyphylla
P h o t o f r o m T h a m t h o l e d i m b a C F O k h a l d h u n g a
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D.Temperate-Alpine Plants in the form of Trees
20. Abies spectabilis
Family: Pinaceae
English name: Himalayan Fir
Nepali: Talis Patra or Bunge Salla
Status: Near Threatened
The tree is depleted due to logging and deforestation.
Distribution: Found in Central and Western Nepal
between 2400m and 4400m altitude.
Habitat and ecology: Abies spectabilis is the dominant tree in the forests of the central and
western Himalaya, especially from c. 3,000 m to 4,000 m, with occasional occurrences on ridges
below this height. It grows on cool moist sites on north facing slopes.
Regeneration: Direct sowing and use of natural seedlings (wildings) collected from forest and
transplanted into container gives successful results.
Use: The essential oil is obtained from the plant. The dried leaves, mixed with other ingredients,
are used in making incense. The wood is used for fuel,
construction and thatching roofs.
21.Larix himalaica
Family: Pinaceae
English name: Langtang Larch
Nepali name: Langtang sallo
Abies spectabilis
Pho
totakenfromLangtangNatio
nalPark
PhototakenfromChandan
bari,LangtangNP
Larix himalaica
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Status: Insufficiently known
It occurs only in Langtang National Park and along Bhudi Gandaki. Its range of distribution is
very narrow. It is naturally rare and is a border endemic.
Distribution: Found in Central Nepal; 2400m-3600m altitude and Nepal and Tibet are its range
countries.
Habitat and ecology: It grows on southern slope and moraines.
Botany: A medium size deciduous tree with spreading yellowish-grey drooping branchlets.
Leaves numerous, in cluster, blade acicular, to 3 cm. Cone 4-5 cm long, light brown when ripe,
with broad minutely irregularly toothed scales, and with erect bracts which are about as long as
the scales and abruptly narrowed into a rigid tooth.
Flowering and fruiting time: June-September
Uses: It is used for firewood
22.Olea cuspidata
Family: Oleaceae
English name: Wild Olive
Nepali name: Jaitoon
Status: Rare
An eminent threat for wild olive in
Nepal is from local people for fire wood collection (Shrestha et al, 1996).
Paudel, 2009 recorded that the major threat to wild olive in Bajura district are overgrazing,
illegal firewood and timber collection, excessive logging of olive for building and other
infrastructure construction.
Olea cus idata
PhototakenfromKotilaBajura
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Distribution: Olea fall under Trans Himalayan High Alpine Vegetation (TISC, 2002 cited in
Paudel, 2009). Olive is found at an altitude of 500-2600 m above mean sea level in the Trans-
Himalayan region. It is found naturally in different district of Far-western and Mid-Western
Development region like Bajura, Dolpa, Rukum, Humla, Bajhang and Mugu Districts
(Bartolucci et al, 1999).
Habitat and Ecology: An evergreen tree that grows on open dry slopes.
Flowering and fruiting period: March-September
Uses: Olive oil offers protection against heart disease by controlling LDL (the bad cholesterol)
levels while raising HDL (the "good" cholesterol) levels. Olives oil has a beneficial effect on
ulcers and gastritis. It activates the secretion of bile and pancreatic hormones much more
naturally than prescribed drugs. Consequently, it lowers the incidence of gallstone formation.
There is also evidence that olive oil consumption may reduce the risk of breast cancer
(Trichopoulou et al., 1995) and a high intake of olive oil may offer protection against a number
of cancers (Gerber, 1994). In Bajura district, the tree is mainly used for firewood, fodder and oil
purpose.
23.Taxus baccata
Family: Taxaceae
English name: Himalayan yew
Nepali name: Lauthsalla
Status: Endangered
Distribution: It is found in temperate to sub-alpineHimalayan zone between 1800m-3000m altitude.
Ecology and Habitat: An evergreen tree found on
moist site.
Propagation: It is propagated by both seed and branch cutting.
Photota
kenfromFuwaBan,Bajura
Taxus baccata
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Flowering period: March-May
Fruiting period: September-November
Uses: Leaves and twigs are source ofTaxol that is used in treatment of breast and uterus cancer.
Leaves are used in asthma and bronchitis. Shoot tincture is applied in headache, falling pulse and
diarrhea. Red juice of the bark is used as an inferior dye and staining.
.
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References
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Nepal (Nepali Version). GON/ MFSC, Department of Forest, Kathmandu. National Mansarobar printing
Press Pvt. P.30-31.
2. Dutta, I.C. 2007. Non-Timber Forest Products of Nepal: Identification, Classification, Ethnic Uses and
Cultivation. P. 3-267.
3. Dutta, I.C. 2001. A Teaching Manual on Forest Utilization: Non-Timber Forest Product Management.
P. 1-2.
4. Tirtha B. Shrestha and Rabindra M. Joshi. 1996 . Rare, Endemic and Endangered Plants of Nepal.
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5. Department of Plant Resources (DPR). 2007. Medicinal Plants of Nepal (Revised.), Bulletin of the
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8. Jackson, J.K. 1994. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal. Vol. 2. Forest Research and Survey Centre,
Kathmandu, Nepal. P. 338-718.
9. Paudel, S. 2009. Current Status of Wild Olive (Olea cuspidata Wall.ex G. Don) in Bajura District of
Nepal. A thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelor of Science in Forestry
degree, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry, Kathmandu Forestry College, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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