raspberry pi
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Raspberry Pi modulTRANSCRIPT
Raspberry Pi
“RPi” redirects here. For other uses, see RPI.
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the RaspberryPi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teach-ing of basic computer science in schools.[4][5][6]
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 aremanufactured in several board configurations throughlicensed manufacturing agreements with Newark ele-ment14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman.These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online.[7] Ego-man produces a version for distribution solely in Chinaand Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pisby their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. Thehardware is the same across all manufacturers.The original Raspberry Pi is based on the BroadcomBCM2835 system on a chip (SoC),[1] which includesan ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IVGPU,[8] and was originally shipped with 256 megabytesof RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512MB.[2][9] The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models Aand B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for bootmedia and persistent storage.[10]
In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation launched the Com-pute Module, which packages a BCM2835 with 512 MBRAM and an eMMC flash chip into a module for use asa part of embedded systems.[11]
The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARMdistributions for download.[12] Tools are available forPython as the main programming language, with sup-port for BBC BASIC[13] (via the RISC OS image or theBrandy Basic clone for Linux),[14] C, C++, Java,[15] Perland Ruby.[16]
As of 18 February 2015, over five million Raspberry Pishave been sold.[17] While already the fastest selling Britishpersonal computer, it has also shipped the second largestnumber of units behind the Amstrad PCW, the “PersonalComputer Word-processor", which sold eight million.In early February 2015, the next-generation RaspberryPi, Raspberry Pi 2, was officially announced.[18] Thenew computer board will initially be available only inone configuration (model B) and features a BroadcomBCM2836 SoC, with a quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPUand a VideoCore IV dual-core GPU; 1 GB of RAM withremaining specifications being similar to those of the pre-vious generation model B+. Crucially, the Raspberry Pi2 will retain the same US$35 price point of the model
B,[19] with the US$25 model A remaining on sale.
1 Hardware
In the above block diagram for model A, B, A+, B+;modelA andA+ have the lowest two blocks and the right-most block missing (note that these three blocks are in achip that actually contains a three-port USB hub, with aUSB Ethernet adapter connected to one of its ports). Inmodel A and A+ the USB port is connected directly tothe SoC. On model B+ the chip contains a five point hub,with four USB ports fed out, instead of the two on modelB.
1.1 Processor
The SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Piis somewhat equivalent to the chip used in oldersmartphones (such as iPhone / 3G / 3GS). The RaspberryPi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip(SoC),[1] which includes an 700 MHz ARM1176JZF-Sprocessor, VideoCore IV GPU,[8] and RAM. It has aLevel 2 cache of 128 KB, used primarily by the GPU,not the CPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAMchip, so only its edge is visible.While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first gen-eration Raspberry Pi provided a real world performanceroughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS.[20][21] On the CPUlevel the performance is similar to a 300 MHz PentiumII of 1997-1999. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of gen-eral purpose computing performance. The graphics ca-pabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent tothe level of performance of the Xbox of 2001.The LINPACK single node compute benchmark re-sults in a mean single precision performance of 0.065GFLOPS and a mean double precision performance of0.041 GFLOPS for one Raspberry Pi Model-B board.[22]
A cluster of 64 Raspberry Pi Model-B computers, la-beled “Iridis-pi”, achieved a LINPACK HPL suite re-sult of 1.14 GFLOPS (n=10240) at 216 watts for c.US$4,000.[22]
1.1.1 Overclocking
The first generation Raspberry Pi chip operated at 700MHz by default and did not become hot enough to need
1
2 1 HARDWARE
a heat sink or special cooling, unless the chip was over-clocked. The second generation runs on 900 MHz bydefault, and also does not become hot enough to need aheatsink or special cooling, again overclocking may heatup the SoC more than usual.Most Raspberry Pi chips could be overclocked to 800MHz and some even higher to 1000 MHz. There are re-ports the second generation can be similarly overclocked,in extreme cases, even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safetyfeatures and over voltage limitations). In the RaspbianLinux distro the overclocking options on boot can be doneby a software command running “sudo raspi-config” with-out voiding the warranty. In those cases the Pi automati-cally shuts the overclocking down in case the chip reaches85 °C (185 °F), but it is possible to overrule automaticover voltage and overclocking settings (voiding the war-ranty). In that case, one can try putting an appropriatelysized heatsink on it to keep the chip from heating up farabove 85 °C.Newer versions of the firmware contain the option tochoose between five overclock (“turbo”) presets thatwhen turned on try to get the most performance out of theSoC without impairing the lifetime of the Pi. This is doneby monitoring the core temperature of the chip, and theCPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds andthe core voltage. When the demand is low on the CPU,or it is running too hot, the performance is throttled, butif the CPU has much to do, and the chip’s temperature isacceptable, performance is temporarily increased, withclock speeds of up to 1 GHz, depending on the individ-ual board, and on which of the turbo settings is used. Thefive settings are:
• none; 700 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHzSDRAM, 0 overvolt,
• modest; 800 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHzSDRAM, 0 overvolt,
• medium; 900 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHzSDRAM, 2 overvolt,
• high; 950 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHzSDRAM, 6 overvolt,
• turbo; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 600 MHzSDRAM, 6 overvolt.[23][24]
In the highest (turbo) preset the SDRAM clock was orig-inally 500 MHz, but this was later changed to 600 MHzbecause 500 MHz sometimes causes SD card corruption.Simultaneously in high mode the core clock speed waslowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and inmediummode from333 to 250 MHz.
1.2 RAM
On the older beta model B boards, 128 MB was allocatedby default to the GPU, leaving 128 MB for the CPU.[25]
On the first 256 MB release model B (and model A),three different splits were possible. The default split was192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sufficient forstandalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, butprobably not for both together. 224 MB was for Linuxonly, with just a 1080p framebuffer, and was likely tofail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D, pos-sibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC).[26] Com-paratively the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broad-com VideoCore IV.[27] For the new model B with 512MB RAM initially there were new standard memorysplit files released( arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf,arm496_start.elf) for 256 MB, 384 MB and 496 MBCPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB videoRAM). But a week or so later the RPF released a new ver-sion of start.elf that could read a new entry in config.txt(gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amountof RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU,so the older method of memory splits became obsolete,and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 and 512MB Pis.[28] The second generation has 1 GB of RAM.
1.3 Networking
Though the model A and A+ do not have an 8P8C(“RJ45”) Ethernet port, they can be connected to a net-work using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet orWi-Fi adapter. On the model B and B+ the Ethernet portis provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter.
1.4 Peripherals
Generic USB keyboards and mice are compatible with theRaspberry Pi.[10]
1.5 Video
The video controller is capable of standard mod-ern TV resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, andhigher or lower monitor resolutions and older stan-dard CRT TV resolutions; capable of the follow-ing: 640×350 EGA; 640×480 VGA; 800×600 SVGA;1024×768 XGA; 1280×720 720p HDTV; 1280×768WXGA variant; 1280×800 WXGA variant; 1280×1024SXGA; 1366×768 WXGA variant; 1400×1050 SXGA+;1600×1200 UXGA; 1680×1050 WXGA+; 1920×10801080p HDTV; 1920×1200 WUXGA.[29] It can generate576i and 480i composite video signals for PAL-BGHID,PAL-M, PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.[30]
1.6 Real-time clock
The Raspberry Pi does not come with a real-time clock,which means it cannot keep track of the time of day whileit is not powered on.
3
As alternatives, a program running on the Pi can get thetime from a network time server or user input at boottime.A real-time clock (such as the DS1307) with batterybackup can be added (often via the I²C interface).
1.7 Specifications
1.8 Connectors
• Location of connectors and ICs on original Rasp-berry Pi Model B.
• Location of connectors and ICs on Raspberry Pi B+rev 1.2, and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B.
1.9 GPIO connector
RPi A+, B+ and 2B GPIO J8 40-pin pinout.[57] ModelsA and B have only the first 26 pins.Model B rev 2 also has a pad P6 of 8 pins offering accessto an additional 4 GPIO connections.Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT statusLED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIOaccess to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and thePower status LED using GPIO 35.
1.10 Accessories
• Camera – On 14 May 2013, the foundation andthe distributors RS Components & Premier Far-nell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi cameraboard with a firmware update to accommodate it.[58]
The camera board is shipped with a flexible flat cablethat plugs into the CSI connector located betweenthe Ethernet and HDMI ports. In Raspbian, oneenables the system to use the camera board by theinstalling or upgrading to the latest version of theOS and then running Raspi-config and selecting thecamera option. The cost of the camera module is 20EUR in Europe (9 September 2013).[59] It can pro-duce 1080p, 720p, 640x480p video. The footprintdimensions are 25 mm x 20 mm x 9 mm.[59]
• Gertboard – A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioneddevice, designed for educational purposes, that ex-pands the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO pins to allow inter-face with and control of LEDs, switches, analog sig-nals, sensors and other devices. It also includes anoptional Arduino compatible controller to interfacewith the Pi.[60]
• Infrared Camera – In October 2013, the foundationannounced that they would begin producing a cam-era module without an infrared filter, called the PiNoIR.[61]
• HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards– Together with the model B+, inspired by theArduino shield boards, the interface for HAT boardswas devised by the Raspberry PI Foundation. EachHAT board carries a small EEPROM (typically aCAT24C32WI-GT3)[62] containing the relevant de-tails of the board,[63] so that the Raspberry PI’s OSis informed of the HAT, and the technical details ofit, relevant to the OS using the HAT.[64] Mechanicaldetails of a HAT board, that use the four mount-ing holes in their rectangular formation, are here: .More info here: .
2 Software
2.1 Operating systems
The Raspberry Pi primarily uses Linux-kernel-basedoperating systems.The ARM11 chip at the heart of the Pi (pre-Pi 2) is basedon version 6 of the ARM. The current releases of severalpopular versions of Linux, including Ubuntu,[65] will notrun on the ARM11. It is not possible to run Windows onthe original Raspberry Pi,[66] though the new RaspberryPi 2 will be able to run Windows 10.[67] The Raspberry Pi2 currently only supports Ubuntu Snappy Core, Raspbian,OpenELEC and RISC OS.[68]
The install manager for the Raspberry Pi is NOOBS. Theoperating systems included with NOOBS are:
• Archlinux ARM
• OpenELEC[69]
• Pidora (Fedora Remix)
• Puppy Linux[70]
• Raspbmc[71] and the XBMC open source digital me-dia center[72]
• RISC OS[73] – The operating system of the firstARM-based computer
• Raspbian (recommended for Raspberry Pi 1)[74]
– Maintained independently of the Foundation;[75]
based on the ARM hard-float (armhf) Debian7 'Wheezy' architecture port originally designedfor ARMv7 and later processors (with JazelleRCT/ThumbEE, VFPv3, and NEON SIMD exten-sions), compiled for the more limited ARMv6 in-struction set of the Raspberry Pi. A minimum sizeof 4 GB SD card is required. There is a Pi Store forexchanging programs.[76][77]
• The Raspbian Server Edition is a stripped ver-sion with fewer software packages bundled ascompared to the usual desktop computer ori-ented Raspbian.[78][79]
4 2 SOFTWARE
• The Wayland display server protocol enablethe efficient use of the GPU for hardwareaccelerated GUI drawing functions.[80] on 16April 2014 a GUI shell for Weston calledMaynard was released.
• PiBang Linux is derived from Raspbian.[81]
• Raspbian for Robots - A fork of Raspbianfor robotics projects with LEGO, Grove, andArduino.[82]
Other operating systems
• Xbian[83] using the Kodi (formerly XBMC) opensource digital media center
• openSUSE[84]
• Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix[85]
• Slackware ARM – Version 13.37 and later runs onthe Raspberry Pi without modification.[86][87][88][89]
The 128–496 MB of available memory on the Rasp-berry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirementof 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on anARM or i386 system.[90] (Whereas the majority ofLinux systems boot into a graphical user interface,Slackware’s default user environment is the textualshell / command line interface.[91]) The Fluxboxwindow manager running under the X Window Sys-tem requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.[92]
• FreeBSD[93] and NetBSD[94][95]
• Plan 9 from Bell Labs[96][97] and Inferno[98] (in beta)
• Moebius – A light ARM HF distribution based onDebian. It uses Raspbian repository, but it fits ina 128 MB SD card.[99] It has just minimal servicesand its memory usage is optimized to keep a smallfootprint.
• OpenWrt – Primarily used on embedded devices toroute network traffic.
• Kali Linux – A Debian-derived distro designed fordigital forensics and penetration testing.
• Instant WebKiosk – An operating system for digitalsignage purposes (web and media views)
• Ark OS – Website and email self-hosting
• Minepion – Dedicated operating system for miningcryptocurrency
• Kano OS http://kano.me/downloads
• Nard SDK For industrial embedded systems
• Sailfish OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to usedARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses dif-ferent ARMv6 architecture and Sailfish requiresARMv7)[100][101]
Planned operating systems
• Windows 10 – Microsoft announced February 2015it will offer a free version of the to-be-releasedWindows 10 running natively on the RaspberryPi[102]
2.2 Driver APIs
Application
OpenGL ES
Application ApplicationMedia
OpenMax OpenVG
EGL
Kernel driver
Videocore IV GPU
OpenSource
ClosedSource
BinaryBlob
ARM
3D 2D
Scheme of the implemented APIs: OpenMAX, OpenGL ES andOpenVG
Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binaryblob, which is loaded into the GPU at boot time fromthe SD-card, and additional software, that initially wasclosed source.[103] This part of the driver code was laterreleased,[104] however much of the actual driver work isdone using the closed source GPU code. Applicationsoftware uses calls to closed source run-time libraries(OpenMax, OpenGL ES or OpenVG) which in turn callsan open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which thencalls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code.The API of the kernel driver is specific for these closedlibraries. Video applications use OpenMAX, 3D applica-tions use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use OpenVGwhich both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX and EGL usethe open source kernel driver in turn.[105]
2.3 Third party application software
• Mathematica – Since 21 November 2013, Raspbianincludes a full installation of this proprietary soft-ware for free.[106][107] As of 1 August 2014 the ver-sion is Mathematica 10.[108]
• Minecraft – Released 11 February 2013; a versionfor the Raspberry Pi, in which you can modify thegame world with code.[109]
3.1 Community 5
3 Reception and use
Technology writer Glyn Moody described the projectin May 2011 as a “potential BBC Micro 2.0”, not byreplacing PC compatible machines but by supplement-ing them.[110] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoedthe BBC Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[111] AlexHope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful thatthe computer will engage children with the excitement ofprogramming.[112] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggestedthat the BBC could be involved in building support for thedevice, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.[76] ChrisWilliams, writing in The Register sees the inclusion ofprogramming languages such as Kids Ruby, Scratch andBASIC as a “good start” to equip kids with the skillsneeded in the future – although it remains to be seen howeffective their use will be.[113] The Centre for Comput-ing History strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project,feeling that it could “usher in a new era”.[114] Before re-lease, the board was showcased by ARM's CEO WarrenEast at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas toimprove UK science and technology education.[115]
Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more empha-sis should be put on improving the educational softwareavailable on existing hardware, using tools such as GoogleApp Inventor to return programming to schools, ratherthan adding new hardware choices.[116] Simon Rockman,writing in a ZDNet blog, was of the opinion that teenswill have “better things to do”, despite what happened inthe 1980s.[117]
In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3’s Innova-tion of the Year award,[118] and futurist Mark Pescecited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration forhis ambient device project MooresCloud.[119] In Oc-tober 2012, the British Computer Society reacted tothe announcement of enhanced specifications by stating,“it’s definitely something we'll want to sink our teethinto.”[120]
In February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip,designated U16, of the Raspberry Pi 2 model B version1.1 (the initially released version) was found to be vul-nerable to flashes of light,[121] particularly the light fromxenon camera flashes and green[122] and red laser point-ers. However, other bright lights, particularly ones thatare on continuously, were found to have no effect. Thesymptom was the Raspberry Pi 2 spontaneously reboot-ing or turning off when these lights were flashed at thechip. Initially, some users and commenters suspectedthat the electromagnetic pulse from the xenon flash tubewas causing the problem by interfering with the com-puter’s digital circuitry, but this was ruled out by testswhere the light was either blocked by a card or aimedat the other side of the Raspberry Pi 2, both of whichdid not cause a problem. The problem was narroweddown to the U16 chip by covering first the system on achip (main processor) and then U16 with opaque postermounting compound. Light being the sole culprit, in-
stead of EMP, was further confirmed by the laser pointertests,[122] where it was also found that less opaque cover-ing was needed to shield against the laser pointers than toshield against the xenon flashes.[121] The U16 chip seemsto be bare silicon without a plastic cover (i.e. a chip-scale package or wafer-level package), which would, ifpresent, block the light. Based on the facts that the chip,like all semiconductors, is light-sensitive (photovoltaic ef-fect), that silicon is transparent to infrared light, and thatxenon flashes emit more infrared light than laser pointers(therefore requiring more light shielding),[121] it is cur-rently thought that this combination of factors allows thesudden bright infrared light to cause an instability in theoutput voltage of the power supply, triggering shutdownor restart of the Raspberry Pi 2. Unofficial workaroundsinclude covering U16 with opaque material (such as elec-trical tape,[121][122] lacquer, poster mounting compound,or even balled-up bread[121]), putting the Raspberry Pi 2in a case,[122] and avoiding taking photos of the top side ofthe board with a xenon flash. This issue was not caughtbefore the release of the Raspberry Pi 2 because whilecommercial electronic devices are routinely subjected totests of susceptibility to radio interference, it is not stan-dard or common practice to test their susceptibility to op-tical interference.[121]
3.1 Community
The Raspberry Pi community was described by JamieAyre of FLOSS software company AdaCore as one ofthe most exciting parts of the project.[123] Communityblogger Russell Davis said that the community strengthallows the Foundation to concentrate on documentationand teaching.[123] The community is developing fanzinesaround the platform, such as The MagPi.[124] A seriesof community Raspberry Jam events have been heldacross the UK[125] and further afield,[126] led by AlanO'Donohoe,[125][127][128] principal teacher of ICT at OurLady’s High School, Preston,[128][129] and a teacher-ledcommunity from RaspberryJam has started building acrowdsourced scheme of work.[130]
3.2 Use in education
As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in theUnited Kingdom have been received from schools in boththe state and private sectors, with around five times asmuch interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesseswill sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[131]
The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government ofa country in the Middle East has expressed interest in pro-viding a board to every schoolgirl, in order to enhance heremployment prospects.[132][133]
The Raspberry Pi Foundation and Oxford, Cambridgeand RSA Examinations launched a beta of the CambridgeGCSE Computing Online course or MOOC (Massive
6 5 HISTORY
Open Online Course) based around the current GCSEComputing syllabus. The MOOC will consist of videos,animations and interactive tasks on every part of the cur-riculum presented by UK teachers. The beta is currentlypresented by Clive Beale who is the Head of EducationalDevelopment. All tasks will be supported by written ma-terials and audio and text transcripts available for disabledstudents. The first MOOC will be linked to a formalGCSE qualification.[134]
Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations also provideresources to use with a Raspberry Pi for teachers whowould like to use the device in their lessons including Get-ting started, Singing Jelly Baby and other features aboutthe Raspberry Pi.[135]
4 Reviews
Raspberry Pi model B rev. 1 was rated 4/5 by PCMag,while Raspberry Pi model B rev. 2 was rated 4.1/5 byBoard-DB.org
5 History
An early alpha-test board in operation using different layout fromlater beta and production boards
In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were basedon the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schemat-ics and PCB layout are publicly available.[136] Foundationtrustee Eben Upton assembled a group of teachers, aca-demics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer toinspire children.[131] The computer is inspired by Acorn’sBBC Micro of 1981.[137][138] Model A, Model B andModel B+ are references to the original models of theBritish educational BBC Micro computer, developed byAcorn Computers.[113] The first ARM prototype versionof the computer was mounted in a package the same sizeas a USB memory stick.[139] It had a USB port on one endand an HDMI port on the other.
The Foundation’s goal was to offer two versions, pricedat US$25 and US$35. They started accepting orders forthe higher priced model B on 29 February 2012,[140] thelower cost model A on 4 February 2013.[141] and the evenlower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.[31]
5.1 Pre-launch
• July 2011 – Trustee Eben Upton publicly ap-proached the RISC OS Open community in July2011 to enquire about assistance with a port.[142]
Adrian Lees at Broadcom has since worked on theport,[143][144] with his work being cited in a discus-sion regarding the graphics drivers.[145] This port isnow included in NOOBS.
• August 2011 – 50 alpha boards are manufactured.These boards were functionally identical to theplanned model B,[146] but they were physically largerto accommodate debug headers. Demonstrations ofthe board showed it running the LXDE desktop onDebian, Quake 3 at 1080p,[147] and Full HD MPEG-4 video over HDMI.[148]
• October 2011 – A version of RISC OS 5 was demon-strated in public, and following a year of develop-ment the port was released for general consumptionin November 2012.[73][149][150][151]
• December 2011 – Twenty-five model B Beta boardswere assembled and tested[152] from one hundredunpopulated PCBs.[153] The component layout ofthe Beta boards was the same as on productionboards. A single error was discovered in the boarddesign where some pins on the CPU were not heldhigh; it was fixed for the first production run.[154]
The Beta boards were demonstrated booting Linux,playing a 1080p movie trailer and the RightwareSamurai OpenGL ES benchmark.[155]
• Early 2012 – During the first week of the year,the first 10 boards were put up for auction oneBay.[156][157] One was bought anonymously and do-nated to the museum at The Centre for Comput-ing History in Suffolk, England.[114][158] The tenboards (with a total retail price of £220) togetherraised over £16,000,[159] with the last to be auc-tioned, serial number No. 01, raising £3,500.[160]
In advance of the anticipated launch at the end ofFebruary 2012, the Foundation’s servers struggledto cope with the load placed by watchers repeatedlyrefreshing their browsers.[161]
5.2 Launch
• 19 February 2012 – The first proof of concept SDcard image that could be loaded onto an SD card toproduce a preliminary operating system is released.
5.3 Post-launch 7
Raspberry Pi Model A
The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), withthe LXDE desktop and the Midori browser, plus var-ious programming tools. The image also runs onQEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulatedon various other platforms.[162][163]
• 29 February 2012 – Initial sales commence 29February 2012[164] at 06:00 UTC;. At the sametime, it was announced that the Model A, originallyto have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to256 MB before release.[140] The Foundation’s web-site also announced: “Six years after the project’sinception, we're nearly at the end of our first runof development – although it’s just the beginning ofthe Raspberry Pi story.”[165] The web-shops of thetwo licensed manufacturers selling Raspberry Pi’swithin the United Kingdom, Premier Farnell andRS Components, had their websites stalled by heavyweb traffic immediately after the launch (RS Com-ponents briefly going down completely).[166][167] Un-confirmed reports suggested that there were overtwo million expressions of interest or pre-orders.[168]
The official Raspberry Pi Twitter account reportedthat Premier Farnell sold out within a few minutes ofthe initial launch, while RS Components took over100,000 pre orders on day one.[140] Manufacturerswere reported in March 2012 to be taking a “healthynumber” of pre-orders.[123]
• March 2012 – Shipping delays for the first batchwere announced in March 2012, as the result of in-stallation of an incorrect Ethernet port,[169][170] butthe Foundation expected that manufacturing quan-tities of future batches could be increased with lit-tle difficulty if required.[171] “We have ensured wecan get them [the Ethernet connectors with magnet-ics] in large numbers and Premier Farnell and RSComponents [the two distributors] have been fan-
tastic at helping to source components,” Upton said.The first batch of 10,000 boards was manufacturedin Taiwan and China.[172][173]
• 8 March 2012 – Release Raspberry Pi FedoraRemix, the recommended Linux distribution,[174]
developed at Seneca College in Canada.[175]
• March 2012 – The Debian port is initiated by MikeThompson, former CTO of Atomz. The effort waslargely carried out by Thompson and Peter Green,a volunteer Debian developer, with some supportfrom the Foundation, who tested the resulting bina-ries that the two produced during the early stages(neither Thompson nor Green had physical accessto the hardware, as boards were not widely accessi-ble at the time due to demand).[176] While the pre-liminary proof of concept image distributed by theFoundation before launch was also Debian-based,it differed from Thompson and Green’s Raspbianeffort in a couple of ways. The POC image wasbased on then-stable Debian Squeeze, while Rasp-bian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezypackages.[163] Aside from the updated packages thatwould come with the new release, Wheezy wasalso set to introduce the armhf architecture,[177]
which became the raison d'être for the Raspbianeffort. The Squeeze-based POC image was lim-ited to the armel architecture, which was, at thetime of Squeeze’s release, the latest attempt bythe Debian project to have Debian run on thenewest ARM EABI.[178] The armhf architecture inWheezy intended to make Debian run on the ARMVFP hardware floating-point unit, while armel waslimited to emulating floating point operations insoftware.[179][180] Since the Raspberry Pi includeda VFP, being able to make use of the hardwareunit would result in performance gains and reducedpower usage for floating point operations.[176] Thearmhf effort in mainline Debian, however, was or-thogonal to the work surrounding the Pi and only in-tended to allow Debian to run on ARMv7 at a mini-mum, which would mean the Pi, an ARMv6 device,would not benefit.[177] As a result, Thompson andGreen set out to build the 19,000 Debian packagesfor the device using a custom build cluster.[176]
5.3 Post-launch
• 16 April 2012 – Reports appear from the first buyerswho had received their Raspberry Pi.[181][182]
• 20 April 2012 – The schematics for the Model Aand Model B are released.[183]
• 18 May 2012 – The Foundation reported on itsblog about a prototype camera module they hadtested.[184] The prototype used a 14-megapixel mod-ule.
8 5 HISTORY
• 22 May 2012 – Over 20,000 units had beenshipped.[185]
• 16 July 2012 – It was announced that 4,000 unitswere being manufactured per day, allowing Rasp-berry Pis to be bought in bulk.[186][187]
• 24 August 2012 – Hardware accelerated video(H.264) encoding becomes available after it becameknown that the existing license also covered encod-ing. Previously it was thought that encoding wouldbe added with the release of the announced cameramodule.[188][189] However, no stable software existsfor hardware H.264 encoding.[190] At the same timethe Foundation released two additional codecs thatcan be bought separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft’sVC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will im-plement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with thetelevision’s remote control.[37]
• July 2012 – Release of Raspbian.[191]
• 5 September 2012 – The Foundation announced asecond revision of the Raspberry Pi Model B.[192] Arevision 2.0 board is announced, with a number ofminor corrections and improvements.[193]
• 6 September 2012 – Announcement that in futurethe bulk of Raspberry Pi units would be manufac-tured in the UK, at Sony's manufacturing facility inPencoed, Wales. The Foundation estimated that theplant would produce 30,000 units per month, andwould create about 30 new jobs.[194][195]
• 15 October 2012 – It is announced that new Rasp-berry Pi Model Bs are to be fitted with 512 MB in-stead of 256 MB RAM.[9]
• 24 October 2012 – The Foundation announcesthat “all of the VideoCore driver code which runson the ARM” had been released as free softwareunder a BSD-style license, making it “the firstARM-based multimedia SoC with fully-functional,vendor-provided (as opposed to partial, reverse en-gineered) fully open-source drivers”, although thisclaim has not been universally accepted.[104] On 28February 2014, they also announced the release offull documentation for the VideoCore IV graphicscore, and a complete source release of the graphicsstack under a 3-clause BSD license[196][197]
• October 2012 – It was reported that some customersof one of the two main distributors had been wait-ing more than six months for their orders. Thiswas reported to be due to difficulties in sourcingthe CPU and conservative sales forecasting by thisdistributor.[198]
• 17 December 2012 – The Foundation, in collab-oration with IndieCity and Velocix, opens the PiStore, as a “one-stop shop for all your Raspberry
Pi (software) needs”. Using an application includedin Raspbian, users can browse through several cate-gories and download what they want. Software canalso be uploaded for moderation and release.[199]
• 3 June 2013 – 'New Out Of Box Software orNOOBS is introduced. This makes the RaspberryPi easier to use by simplifying the installation of anoperating system. Instead of using specific softwareto prepare an SD card, a file is unzipped and thecontents copied over to a FAT formatted (4 GB orbigger) SD card. That card can then be booted onthe Raspberry Pi and a choice of six operating sys-tems is presented for installation on the card. Thesystem also contains a recovery partition that allowsfor the quick restoration of the installed OS, toolsto modify the config.txt and an online help buttonand web browser which directs to the Raspberry PiForums.[200]
• October 2013 – The Foundation announces thatthe one millionth Pi had been manufactured in theUnited Kingdom.[201]
• November 2013: they announce that the two mil-lionth Pi shipped between 24 and 31 October.[202]
• 28 February 2014 – On the day of the second an-niversary of the Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, togetherwith the Raspberry PI foundation, announced the re-lease of full documentation for the VideoCore IVgraphics core, and a complete source release of thegraphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.[196][197]
Raspberry Pi Compute Module
• 7 April 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog an-nounced the Raspberry Pi Compute Module, a de-vice in the form factor of a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM memory module (though not in any waycompatible with such RAM), intended for consumerelectronics designers to use as the core of their ownproducts.[34]
• June 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog men-tioned that the three millionth Pi shipped in earlyMay 2014.[203]
9
• 14 July 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog an-nounced the Raspberry Pi Model B+, “the final evo-lution of the original Raspberry Pi. For the sameprice as the original Raspberry Pi Model B, but in-corporating numerous small improvements peoplehave been asking for”.[32]
• 10 November 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blogannounced the Raspberry Pi Model A+.[31] It is thesmallest and cheapest (US$20) Raspberry Pi so farand has the same processor and RAM as the ModelA and like the A it has no Ethernet port, and justone USB port, but does have the other innovationsof the B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card slot, and40 pins HAT compatible GPIO.
• 2 February 2015 – The official Raspberry Pi blogannounced the Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like aModel B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core ARMv7Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of1 GB) and complete compatibility with the originalgeneration of Raspberry Pis.[204]
6 See also• Comparison of single-board computers
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[2] Transistorized memory, such as RAM, ROM, flash andcache sizes as well as file sizes are specified using binarymeanings for K (10241), M (10242), G (10243), ...
[3] At first, for a short time, revision 2 boards were made thathad 256 MB of RAM
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13
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14 9 EXTERNAL LINKS
[197] Upton, Eben (28 February 2014). “A birthday presentfrom Broadcom”. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved27 July 2014.
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8 Further reading• Raspberry Pi For Dummies; Sean McManus and
Mike Cook; 432 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-1118554210.
• Getting Started with Raspberry Pi; Matt Richardsonand Shawn Wallace; 176 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-1449344214.
• Raspberry Pi User Guide; Eben Upton andGareth Halfacree; 312 pages; 2014; ISBN 978-1118921661.
9 External links• Raspberry Pi Foundation official website and forums
• Raspberry Pi Wiki, supported by the RPF
• The MagPi newsletter
• Raspberry Pi gpio pinout
• Raspberry Pi component map
• ARM1176JZF-S (ARM11 CPU Core) TechnicalReference Manual, ARM Holdings.
15
10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
10.1 Text• Raspberry Pi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi?oldid=649885942 Contributors: William Avery, KYSoh, Freckle-
foot, Llywrch, Mahjongg, Liftarn, Jedimike, ZoeB, Julesd, Glenn, Timwi, Greglocock, LMB, Thue, Bevo, AnonMoos, Rohan Jayasekera,Finlay McWalter, Pigsonthewing, Pmoskovi, Kwi, Cornellier, Raeky, Thehappysmith, Psb777, Gil Dawson, Swtaarrs, Ds13, Markus Kuhn,Tagishsimon, Wiki Wikardo, DougEngland, Isidore, SarekOfVulcan, WhiteDragon, DragonflySixtyseven, John Bracegirdle, Popolon,Thorwald, Perey, Imroy, Slady, Shipmaster, Rich Farmbrough, Smyth, Goochelaar, Nabber00, Viriditas, Jjk, Giraffedata, Chbarts, Trevj,Famousdog, Twobells, Andrew Gray, Rakerman, Kocio, Rwendland, Hohum, Radical Mallard, Themillofkeytone, Danhash, Tony Sid-away, Bobrayner, Kupojsin, Mindmatrix, Merlinme, Pol098, Pmj, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, XP1, Rschen7754, Bruce1ee, Feydey, Bensin,Ttwaring, AlisonW, Jstaniek, Intgr, Ahunt, King of Hearts, NevilleDNZ, Benlisquare, Bgwhite, InsertNameHere, Phobie, RussBot, Peti-atil, Markhoney, Pelago, Geertivp, NawlinWiki, DragonHawk, Tkbwik, Bossrat, Ragesoss, Saper, TheSeer, Rastavox, Chrisjj2, Nikki-maria, Arthur Rubin, Lynbarn, Cpswan, JeremyBicha, Back ache, Wainstead, NeilN, Kingboyk, Rehevkor, Elliskev, Mkeating24, TomMorris, A bit iffy, Lethalmonk, Brammers, F, Samdutton, Vladhed, Reedy, KVDP, Imzadi1979, Mauls, Chris the speller, Coinchon,Thumperward, Snori, Farry, Ned Scott, Frap, Racklever, Gamester17, Andyring, PrivateWiddle, Ian01, Cosmix, Zac67, Charivari, Ohcon-fucius, Wtwilson3, Nextil, Toggio, Roeme, Jeremybell, Skymist, Hogyn Lleol, Dl2000, Kencf0618, Zahn, Tonyhansen, Raysonho, Pmyteh,Monta990, Rmallins, Danrok, Steel, ClarkMills, DumbBOT, Thrapper, Dayyan, Lx45803, Thijs!bot, Danhm, SamHathaway, Ferenczy,Rrose Selavy, Aeriform, Edwardx, Electron9, Davidhorman, EdJohnston, Widefox, Guy Macon, Seaphoto, Spartaz, Cheatwarrior, Johna s, Tomhannen, Sarahj2107, Aawood, KJRehberg, Mlsquad, Jwrodgers, Enquire, Philg88, ChaosE, I B Wright, Hereschenes, AVRS,KTo288, JamesD'Alexander, Intelminer, Multicherry, Vanished user vnsihoiewriu45iojsi3, Strandist, Katalaveno, Silas S. Brown, Dada-Neem, Joshua Issac, Jpkole, Ajfweb, Rainforests, Vincent Lextrait, Glenndav, Reinoud, Tumblingsky, Alex rosenberg35, Kritikos99, Beale-video, Takeitupalevel, MattHawkinsUK, Duncan.Hull, Mazarin07, Andy Dingley, Olavxxx, Haseo9999, Rhinux, Skipweasel, Kbrose,Mikebar, ChrisB600, Jim manley, Flyer22, Mirkolofio, SPACKlick, Sagarjethani, IdreamofJeanie, ImageRemovalBot, Void1954, Mr.Granger, Ideeman1994, Cnchina, EoGuy, Mild Bill Hiccup, Wolfbeast, Niceguyedc, TypoBoy, Trivialist, Tomakos, Johnmoor, Peatar,Supertanno, Ark25, JasonAQuest, Jimmy Fleischer, Swbyang, Scalhotrod, Berean Hunter, Qwfp, Ryan8374, XLinkBot, Stickee, Trunone,Paulmnguyen, C. A. Russell, Alexius08, MystBot, Zodon, Bazj, Horklinator, Mortense, Alquantor, Gintong pluma, Scientus, Canadian-LinuxUser, LaaknorBot, Jasper Deng, SeymourSycamore, Leonidas from XIV, Margin1522, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Speeda psx, JonnyBoats,AnomieBOT, Wikieditoroftoday, 1exec1, Efa, Theoprakt, Citation bot, Xqbot, Bihco, Jeimii, Bradshaws1, GrouchoBot, Dzikasosna, De-venirchaud, Rubiscous, Boatsdesk, FrescoBot, UncleNinja, Rene-dev, DivineAlpha, BlaF, Redrose64, Smuckola, TheAustinMan, Xcvista,DarkSTALKER, Hoo man, Jcc, Ocexyz, Boobarkee, E-Soter, AlexAshman, Crundy, Trappist the monk, OWAIS NAEEM, Ayeowch,MrX, Alex Chamberlain, JnRouvignac, MoreNet, Unique.kevin, Sotbas, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Lopifalko, Xiangfu, Lute66,Steve03Mills, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, SamirGunic, GoingBatty, Ebe123, Wikipelli, K6ka, ZéroBot, Huntsclan, Jonpatterns, Jdc2106,Dvprknsn, Ὁ οἶστρος, Wingman4l7, Sbmeirow, Sahimrobot, MainFrame, ChuispastonBot, AndyTheGrump, Sudozero, One.Ouch.Zero,Xyzzyavatar, Kallisti05, Kai445, ClueBot NG, GeekX, Bilrand, Andypiperuk, Ryanteck, Yv1hx, Muon, Chicago2011, Solaris3001, Widr,Anupmehra, 7sagan, Nodulation, Dukzcry, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, Tharwen, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Greatnewts, WikiT-ryHardDieHard, Virtualibrarian, Kendall-K1, Software11, GreyAlien502, Rrrwiki, Emmebì76, DisSkorpion, Stuporhero, TimGremalm,Blackberry Sorbet, Katacarbix, Bcxfu75k, Lucasbosch, Kizar, 1typesetter, TranslucentCloud, Shrikantdhumal, Dj777cool, Psergiu, Batty-Bot, Programmingthomas, Zhaofeng Li, Cyberbot II, Ytic nam, ChrisGualtieri, Pizza103, Arcandam, SD5bot, Cjshea, JYBot, Winkelvi,Gjeida, Richtenblast, Georgieboy5082, A'kwell, Buhman, Webclient101, Mogism, Migueldvb, Bree’s Block, Makecat-bot, Deeay ghost, Pe-tenwood, Princeshoko1, Andyjedmonds, Pbrobinson, JRYon, Wai0004, Sidelight12, Paradoxer99, Andyhowlett, Zziccardi, 602p, Pebaen,Wanze, Joeinwiki, Alberto Panu, Faizan, Xray215, Echinacin35, Shannondorf, Jodosma, Titusfox, Marchino61, Borg4223, Evergreen-Fir, Myconix, Nordsen, Falconet8, Comp.arch, Atykhonov, Quenhitran, Jackmcbarn, Paul2520, NemesisAT, Noyster, ScotXW, Jeremyb-phone, Toble Miner, Childishbehavior, RoundDuckMan, Zander Brown, Stenniswood, JackKoszela, BethNaught, Dsprc, Dd1243, Doughy-blossom, Amortias, Keepinyour, Bubblewrap2, Porsche966, Raffahacks, Zennoe, Ronny.nilsson, Ljfkidd, Legocrafttom006, Adrian-wikiuser, HackedBotato, Owenmcdonagh, EoRdE6, StewdioMACK, Fairydaffodil, JennaSys, AdyTheBass, Joeydude1, Yaosio, Thatonen-erdygamer, Heyboys12, Elmeter, DooMMasteR, Thomasglass, Iced tiger, Lemonlimeandkeylime, EvergreenFir 9.0 and Anonymous: 342
10.2 Images• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?
• File:Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svgLicense: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: TheTango! Desktop Project. Original artist:The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (althoughminimally).”
• File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svgLicense: LGPL Contributors: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FNuvola_apps_bookcase.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>. Original artist: Peter Kemp
• File:Padlock-silver-light.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Padlock-silver-light.svg License: CC0Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Raspberry_Pi_-_Model_A.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Raspberry_Pi_-_Model_A.jpg Li-cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Raspberry Pi - Model A Original artist: SparkFun Electronics from Boulder, USA
• File:Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new_(bg_cut_out).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new_%28bg_cut_out%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work - Thisfile was derived from: Raspberry Pi 2 Model B v1.1 top new.jpg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raspberry_Pi_
16 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg' class='image'><img alt='Raspberry Pi 2 Model B v1.1 top new.jpg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg/200px-Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg'width='200' height='133' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg/300px-Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg/400px-Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_top_new.jpg 2x' data-file-width='3359' data-file-height='2239'/></a>(This version entirely cuts out the background shadow from the original, including holes in the board) Original artist: Multicherry
• File:Raspberry_Pi_B+_top.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Raspberry_Pi_B%2B_top.jpg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lucasbosch
• File:Raspberry_Pi_Compute_Module.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Raspberry_Pi_Compute_Module.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Raspberry Pi Foundation Original artist: Raspberry Pi Foundation
• File:Raspberry_Pi_Logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Raspberry_Pi_Logo.svg License: Fair use Contrib-utors:The logo is from the <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://raspberrypi.org'>raspberrypi .org</a> website. publicly avail-able PNG. Converted to SVG by DarkSTALKER. Original artist: ?
• File:Raspberry_Pi_board_at_TransferSummit_2011_cropped.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Raspberry_Pi_board_at_TransferSummit_2011_cropped.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: File:Raspberry Pi board at TransferSum-mit 2011.jpg Original artist: Paul Downey
• File:Raspberrypi_video_API_03.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Raspberrypi_video_API_03.svgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wirepath
• File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?
10.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0