rat model, physical activity, and eating behavior 8 april 2014
TRANSCRIPT
I. Physical Activity in the rat model; gene expression in the brain stem
II. Energy Balance: A Review of Physical Activity and Food Behavior in the College Population
Megan Gadda, Dayna Okumura, Kylie PybusDr. Van Hoomisen
University of Portland, Founders Day8 April 2014
Exercise, Cognitive Behavior, and Gene Expression in a Rat Model of
Depression
2009: OFB Rat Model and PAStress, Anxiety, and Depression
Galanin (gal)Tyrosine
hydroxylase (TH)
In-situ Hybridization
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Overview
OBX Rat Model of Depression•Olfactory Bulb: Physiology•Locus Coeruleus•Stress, anxiety, depression•Neurotransmitter pathways: Galanin (GAL), Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), Brain Derived Nuerotropic factor (BDNF)•Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression
Methods - 2009•Two Week
Accommodation Period
•OBX/SHAM Surgical Procedures
•Sedentary
•8 Week Sedentary
Period
•Novel Object Preference
•Passive Avoidance
•Euthanize
•Activity Wheel Running
•8 Week Exercise Period
Morgan, D., Strang, J., Tsao, J., & Van Hoomissen, J. 2009.The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Behavior in a Rat Model of Depression
Morgan, D., Strang, J., Tsao, J., & Van Hoomissen, J. 2009.The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Behavior in a Rat Model of Depression
Results: Wheel running and OBX effects on object recognition
Methods : In-situ hybridization
1. Coronol Sections of Rat Brain: Hippocampus, Locus Coerleus, and Nucleus Accumbens2. Pretreatment (strip membranes and deactivation)3. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) Labeling of Oligonucleotides4. Spin Column and Centrifuge Labeled Probe5. Assessment6. Hybridization7. Wash for non-specific binding8. Film Development and Quanitfy Gene Expression (Optical Densities)
Van Hoomissen et al., 2003
Kuteeva E, Wardi T, Lundstrom L, Sollenboerg U, Langel U, Hokfelt T, Ogren SO. 2008. Differential role of galanin receptors in the regulation of depression-like behavior and monoamine/stress-related genes at the cell body level. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008, 33(11): 2573-2585.
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampusAllen Brain Atlas
Energy Balance Physical Environment
Urban sprawl
Population density
Absence of sidewalks
Building design
Automobile dependence
Pollutants
Genetic hypotheses
Biology
Viruses RMRRegulators of adipogenesis: RAR, RXR, PPARg, C/EBP,
SREBP-1c, PGC-1, etc.
ThermogenesisLipid ox
Peripheral regulators of appetite: PYY, insulin, leptin,
ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, etc.
CNS regulators of appetite: NPY, a-MSH, CART, Orexins, Agouti,
MC4R, MCH, AGRP, etc.
n-6/n-3 PUFAs
Soci
al E
nviro
nmen
t•
Few
er
mea
ls at
ho
me
• Eati
ng
on th
e ru
n
•So
ciet
y of
spec
tato
rs
inst
ead
of p
artic
ipan
t
•Po
wer
ful a
nd
cons
tant
adv
ertis
ing
• Pre
ssur
e to
be
se
dent
ary
•Ea
ting
as
recr
eatio
n
•Pr
essu
re to
co
nsum
e
Behavior
Larger portions
Corn fructose syrup
Calorie-
dense foods
More sedentarism
Less physical activity
Smoking
cessation
Certain
medications
LactationH
igh fat
diets
Maternal-fetal
nutrition
Epigenetics
Obesity
Adipogenesis
Overweight
Genetic Predisposition
Energy Expenditure
Energy Intake Nutrient / Energy
Partitioning
Blair, S. Hand, G., Hebert, J. 2013. Energy Balance. Obesity week: Georgia World Congress Center.
College Students:On vs. Off CampusDining HallsWalking distance
College Students:Do not meetPhysical Activity GuidelinesFruit/Vegetable Dietary Recommendations
Physical Activity Contributions to Mental Health
• Depression 82,98, 63 , Anxiety 11, 89 and Stress 6, 60
• Mental health implications for Physically active and Physically inactive students
• Is PA beneficial to mental health?
General Trends of Physical Activity from 1978-present
• Health benefits of physical activity recognized• Surveys of PA in college populations: 1995 NCHBRS• Interventions to increase PA: GRAD(1999-2001),
TEAM (2001), ARTEC (2001), PSFA (2001), AA (2001)
• Transtheoretical model: Stages of Change (2000)• Improve accuracy and validity of PA measurements• Re-survey with focus on behavioral determinants• Interventions based on new theoretical models
2011 ACSM Physical Activity Recommendation
• “The ACSM recommends that most adults engage in moderate-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for 30 min/d on 5 d/wk for a total of 150 min/wk, vigorous-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for 20 min/d on 3 d/wk (75 min/wk), or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise to achieve a total energy expenditure of 500–1000 MET/min/wk. On 2–3 d/wk, adults should also perform resistance exercises for each of the major muscle groups, and neuromotor exercise involving balance, agility, and coordination. Crucial to maintaining joint range of movement, completing a series of flexibility exercises for each the major muscle–tendon groups (a total of 60s per exercise) on 2 d/wk is recommended.”
Physical Activity Recommendation Breakdowns
• 1998, 2001, 2007, 2011• Cardiorespiratory fitness and body
composition• Muscular Strength and Endurance• Flexibility
Physical Activity Measurements
Measurement
Self-Report Surveys/Questionnaires
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System71, Brunel Physical Activity Questionnaire, CARDIA Physical Activity History Questionnaire7, 37, 61, EPIC-Norfolk Questionnaire, Friedenreich Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire13, 72, 78, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)49, 79, 87, 97, 100, Lipid Research Clinics Questionnaire12, 13, 17, Modifiable Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents49, National College Health Risk Behavior Survey23, 30, 33, 44, 47, 57, 60, 61, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire5, 10, 13, Physical Activity Frequency Questionnaire, Previous Day Physical Activity Recall, Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire, Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall7, 30, 56, YALE Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), Youth Risk Behavior Survey18, 39, 56, 60, 71, stages of exercise behavior change questionnaire44, 55, 59, 66, Sallis exercise and nutrition self-efficacy questionnaire (SENSQ)44, 64, physical activity maintenance questionnaire72, Obligatory exercise questionnaire77, Physical activity specification survey77, vigorous physical activity and sports participation questionnaire92
Pedometer Pedometer (Yamax Digiwalker (DW) model 200)58, Digi-Walker SW-200 pedometer (New Lifestyles Inc, Lees Summit, MO)79, pedometer (Yamax SW-200, Yamax Corp, Tokyo, Japan)80
Accelerometers Actigraph (formerly CSA) model 7164 (Manufacturing Technology Inc., Fort Walton Beach, FL)70, accelerometer (MTI Actigraph version 2.2; Manufacturing Technology Inc, Fort Walton Beach, FL)80, three-dimensional MEMS accelerometer positioned on the back of the shoe90, ActiGraph GT1M 97
VO2 Max Queens college 3-minute step test to estimate VO2max37, 64,portable open-circuit respirometry system (Oxycon Mobile; Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA)90
In-class tests Astrand-Rhyming bicycle test of cardiovascular fitness, dynamometer tests of strength1, skinfold tests1, 64, Test of abdominal muscular endurance1
Problems in Physical Activity Measurement
• Inconsistent Methods of recall: intensity, duration, frequency
• Validity and accuracy of self-report surveys• Attempts to improve validity: self-report vs.
accelerometers and pedometers97, 100, 79, 80
Interventions
• ARTEC, TEAM, PSFA, AA• Project GRAD (Sallis et al, 1998)– Cognitive-behavioral intervention course vs. a
general health course– Follow up: 1 and 2 years after intervention
Results: Broad Overview
• The overwhelming majority of college students (32-77%) of college students do not meet any of the recommended physical activity requirements set forth by ACSM, the Surgeon general, American Heart Association, and the CDC.
Results: What we know about the College Population
• The majority of college men and women do not meet physical activity requirements 12, 23, 32, 48, 51, 64, 66, 72, 74, 80, 76, 86
• College PE classes can have positive long term effects 3, 15, 22, 16, 22, 25
• Weekends70 and Leisure time13
• Transition from young adulthood to adulthood 18, 39, 45, 46, 60, 74, 94, 95, 96
• Males vs. Females 56, 70, 79
• Barriers to PA 51, 52, 61, 69
• Behavior change 20, 29, 65, 75, 81 and Stages of Change 25, 30, 32, 36, 37, 47, 52,
58, 71, 77, 84, 101
• Multiple risk behaviors 10, 76, 78, 85, 87, 88
New theories
• Social ecological model
UP: how to act?
• Do not solely use Self-report measures • Wellness teaching environment• Physical activity requirement: promote
lifetime physical activity• Physical environment alterations• Active and Passive recruitment methods• Incentives
Sources Cited
Literature Review - MethodsSources• MEDLINE• PsycINFO• PubMed
Search Terms:• Research Group:“emerging adult*” “college/undergraduate student*”• Trends: “Food Behavior*”
“Eating Behavior*”
Zheng, H. & Berthoud H. 2008. Neural Systems Controlling the Drive to Eat: Mind Versus Metabolism. Physiology 23: 75-83.
Individual (intrapersonal)- Food preferences
- Stress, body image, mental health- Metabolism
Environment- Social (interpersonal)
- Physical - Macro
University Characteristics- On vs. Off Campus- University Lifestyle
Adapted from Figure 1. Factors Affecting Eating Behaviors in University Students Deliens T., Clarys P., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Deforche B. 2014. Determinants of eating behavior in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BioMed Central Public Health. 14(53):1-12.
Motivations/Health Belief ModelO
bjec
tive
Know
ledg
eConfidence- Nutritional Knowledge
Threat:Susceptibility and Severity
Expectation:Benefit and Barrier
Behavioral IntentionTo Eat Healthy FoodTo do Physical Activity
Kim H.S., Ahn J., No JK. 2012. Applying the health belief model to college students' health behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice 6(6):551-8.
What are Students Consuming?
• 42% ate a morning meal (Cason, et al. 2002)• 52% ate a snack 1-2X/day (Cason, et al. 2002)• 5.5% met dietary guidelines for fruit/vegetable
consumption (Greene et al. 2011).
1 serving
1.5 servings
0.5 servings
1.4 servings
Kelly N.R., Mazzeo S. E., Bean M. K. 2013. Systematic Review of Dietary Interventions With College Students: Directions for Future Research and Practice. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 45: 304-313.
Challenges: Food QuestionnaresThree-Factor Eating Questionnaire
National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Satter Eating Competence Inventory
Food Frequency Questionnaires
24-hour dietary recall
Appropriate Health InterventionsWeb-based Intervention
Greene G.W., White A.A., Hoerr S.L., Lohse B., Schembre S. M., Riebe D., Patterson J., Kattelmann K.K., Shoff S., Horacek T., Blissmer B., Phillips B.W. 2012. Impact of an Online Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Program for College Students. American Journal of Health Promotion. 27(2): 47-59
Cluster Groups
Greene, G. W., Schembre S. M., White A.A., Hoerr S.H., Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips B.W., Kattelmann K.K., Blissmer B. 2011. Identifying Clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and psychosocial determinants of body weight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:394-400.
Psychosocially SecureBehaviorally CompetentHigh Risk
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Cason K.L. WTR. 2002. Health and nutrition beliefs, attitudes, and practices of undergraduate college students: A needs assessment. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 17(3):52-70.
Deliens T., Clarys P., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Deforche B. 2008. Determinants of eating behavior in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BioMed Central Public Health. 14(53):1-12.
Greene, G. W., Schembre S. M., White A.A., Hoerr S.H., Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips B.W., Kattelmann K.K., Blissmer B. 2011. Identifying Clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and psychosocial determinants of body weight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:394-400.
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