rathus chapter 10 ass
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
1/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10 - 1
Conception,
Pregnancy, andChildbirthChapter 10
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
2/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 2
Conception
• Conception
– The union of a sperm cell and oum
• !ona Pellucida – "elatinous layer that surrounds the oum
• #yaluronidase
– $n%yme that &riefly thins the %ona pellucidaena&ling one sperm to penetrate
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
3/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 3
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• Infertility – Ina&ility to conceie a child
– Term isn't applied until a couple has tried to conceie
for more than a year – Can hae significant psychological and emotional
effects on indiiduals and couples
– The li(elihood of infertility increases )ith age
– 1*+ of couples in ,orth -merica hae pro&lems )ithfertility a&out one/half succeed in conceiing
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
4/44
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
5/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 5
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• 8ale :ertility Issues
– -&out 30+ infertility issues caused &y men
– Pro&lems include
• ;o) sperm counts
• Irregularly shaped sperm
• ;o) sperm motility 4self/propulsion5
• Chronic diseases 4e.g. dia&etes5
• In9uries to the testes
• -utoimmune responses
• - pituary im&alance and
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
6/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 6
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• :emale :ertility Issues
– Infertility in )omen has a ariety of causes
• Irregular oulation and
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
7/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 7
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• :emale :ertility Issues 4continued5
– $ndometriosis
• -n a&normal condition in )hich endometrial tissueis sloughed off into the a&dominal caity rather than
out of the &ody during menstruation
• This condition is characteri%ed &y a&dominal pain
and may cause infertility
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
8/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 8
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• =eproductie Technologies
– -rtificial Insemination
• The introduction of sperm into the reproductie tract
through means other than se>ual intercourse
– In itro fertili%ation• - method of conception in )hich mature oa are
surgically remoed from an oary and placed in a
la&oratory dish )ith sperm
– "amete intrafallopian transfer 4"I:T5• - method of conception in )hich sperm and oa are
inserted into a fallopian tu&e to encourage conception
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
9/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 9
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
– !ygote intrafallopian transfer 4!I:T5
• - method of conception in )hich an oum is fertili%ed in a
la&oratory dish then placed in a fallopian tu&e
– ?onor I@:• - ariation of in itro fertili%ation in )hich an oum is
ta(en from one )oman fertili%ed and in9ected into theuterus or fallopian tu&e of another )oman
– $m&ryonic Transfer • - method of conception in )hich a female olunteer is
artificially inseminated &y the male partner of the intendedmother then the em&ryo is remoed from the olunteer
and inserted into the uterus of the intended mother
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
10/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 10
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
– Intracytoplasmic sperm in9ection• - method of conception in )hich a single sperm is
in9ected directly into an oum
– urrogate 8otherhood
• - )oman )ho is impregnated )ith the sperm of a
prospectie father ia artificial insemination carries
the em&ryo and fetus to term and then gies the
child to the prospectie parents
• 6hat is la) regarding urrogacy in CanadaA
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
11/44
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
12/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 12
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• =is(s of -ssisted =eproductie Technologies
– 8ost common ris( is multiple gestation )hich
increases the ris( of premature &irth
– ther potential ris(s
• -&normal placentation
• 8iscarriage
• "estational dia&etes• #ypertensie disorders
• eere fetal
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
13/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 13
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• -doption
– 8ost adoptions create ne) loing families
– -dopted children may feel less secure than
&iological children
– The younger the child the smoother the process
– In the 1BB0's many adoption agencies )ould not
place children )ith same/se> couples – ince that time ne) legislation has passed in
proinces across Canada granting gay couples
the same rights as heterose>ual ones
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
14/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 14
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• Canadian ;egislation and =eproductieTechnologies In 200 Parliament passed
legislation to regulate reproductie technologies
– 8ain proisions include &ans on• #uman cloning
• election of a &a&y's se> for non/medical purposes
• Payment to a surrogate mother
• Payment to a sperm donor
– ne proision permits research using stem cells
from em&ryos left oer from infertility treatments
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
15/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 15
Pregnancy
• $arly igns of Pregnancy – 8issed period 4though this may occur for other reasons5
• ome )omen e>perience cyclic &leeding or spotting
during pregnancy
• Pregnancy Tests – Tests to detect human chorionic gonadotropin 4hC"5 in the
urine as early as the third )ee( of pregnancy $>ample
#ome pregnancy (its. Can &e ta(en )ithin a couple of days
of missed period. – Dlood test can detect hC" in the &lood as early as the eighth
day of pregnancy 4* days &efore e>pected pregnancy5. 8ost
relia&le test.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
16/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 16
Pregnancy
• $arly $ffects of Pregnancy
– Tenderness in her &reasts
– 8orning sic(ness 4nausea aersions to specificfoods and omiting5
• sually goes a)ay &y the 12th )ee( of pregnancy
– fatigue sleeping longer and falling asleep more
easily than usual
– :reEuent urination
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
C
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
17/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 17
Pregnancy
• 8iscarriage – - spontaneous end to the pregnancy
• In most cases a specific cause is not identified
• Fno)n causes include Chromosomal defects in the
fetus and a&normalities of the placenta and uterus
• 8ore common among older mothers
• G*+ occur in the first 17 )ee(s the great ma9ority
in the first G )ee(s
• Couples may feel a deep sense of loss and undergo a
period of mourning
• 8ost )omen )ho miscarry are a&le to carry
su&seEuent pregnancies to term
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
18/44
H S lit i W ld f Di it 4C
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
19/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 19
Pregnancy
• Psychological Changes during Pregnancy – - )oman's psychological response to pregnancy
reflects her desire to &e pregnant her physical
changes and her attitudes to)ards these changes
– :inancial social and psychological resources
are an asset. ;ac( of these resources may &e a
source of stress during the pregnancy
– 8en respond to pregnancy depending on ho)much they )ant to &ecome parents
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
H S lit i W ld f Di it 4C
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
20/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 20
Prenatal Development
• The "erminal tage
– The period of prenatal deelopment &efore
implantation in the uterus
– Period of cell diision – 3/ days to get to uterus 3/ days &efore &eginning
to implant implantation ta(es a&out a )ee(
– Dlastocyst
• -n em&ryo that consists of a sphere of cells surrounding
a caity of fluid
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
H S lit i W ld f Di it 4C
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
21/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 21
Prenatal Development
• The $m&ryonic tage – The stage of prenatal deelopment that lasts from
implantation through the eighth )ee(
– Characteri%ed &y differentiation of the ma9or
organ systems
– "ro)th of head and organs close to spinal cord
occurs first
– The em&ryo deelops )ithin the amniotic sacsuspended in amniotic fluid )hich protects the
fetus
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
H S lit i W ld f Di it 4C
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
22/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 22
Prenatal Development
• The $m&ryonic tage 4continued5 – Placenta
• -n organ connected to the fetus &y the um&ilical cord.
The placenta seres as a relay station &et)een the
mother and the fetus allo)ing the e>change ofnutrients and )astes
• Passes from the )oman's &ody after deliery 4also
called after&irth5
– m&ilical Cord• - tu&e that connects the fetus to the placenta
• :unction
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
H S lit i W ld f Di it 4C
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
23/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 23
Prenatal Development
• The :etal tage – Degins at the Bth )ee( and continues until &irth
– :etus &egins to respond to the outside )orld at this time
– Dy the end of the first trimester the ma9or organ
systems fingers toes and e>ternal genitalia are formed
gender can &e determined and eyes are clearly
distinguisha&le
– ,ear the end of the second trimester the fetus
approaches the age of ia&ility 4ia&ility means point at
)hich the fetus is a&le to surie outside of the mother's
)om&
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
24/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 24
Prenatal Development
• $nironmental Influences 4outside influences that canaffect a pregnancy5
– 8aternal diet
• Proper nutrition during pregnancy is important to fetal health.
:olic acid is an especially impt. itamin
– 8aternal diseases and disorders• Pree>isting conditions such as dia&etes
• Teratogens – enironmental influences and agents that cause
permanent harmful structural alterations of the em&ryo or fetus
– Critical periods of ulnera&ility
• - period )hen an em&ryo or fetus is ulnera&le to the effects of
a teratogen
• $>amples
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
25/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 25
Prenatal Development
• $nironmental Influences 4continued5 – =u&ella 4"erman 8easles5
• - iral infection that can cause mental retardation and
heart disease in an em&ryo
– yphilis• - se>ually transmitted disease caused &y a &acterial
infection
– #I@ually transmitted infection that destroys )hite &loodcells in the immune system leaing the &ody ulnera&le
to arious opportunistic infections
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
26/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 26
Prenatal Development
• $nironmental Influences 4continued5
– Pregnancy/induced #ypertension
• - life/threatening condition characteri%ed &y high
&lood pressure• -lso called pre/eclampsia
– $ctopic pregnancy
• - pregnancy in )hich the fertili%ed oum &ecomes
implanted some)here other than the uterus
4continued5
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
27/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 27
Prenatal Development
• $nironmental Influences 4continued5 – =h incompati&ility
• - condition in )hich anti&odies produced &y a pregnant
)oman are transmitted to the fetus )here they may cause
&rain damage or death
– 8aternal drug use
• ome )idely used drugs including nonprescription drugs are
lin(ed to &irth a&normalities
• -nti&iotics can also cause pro&lems – @itamins
4continued5
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
28/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 28
Prenatal Development
• $nironmental Influences 4continued5
– ,arcotics
• Can readily pass from mother to fetus
• -t &irth &a&ies can e>perience )ithdra)al – 8ari9uana
• Passes readily from mother to fetus
• Can impact child's pro&lem/soling and decision/
ma(ing a&ilities
4continued5
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
29/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4CePrenatal Development-Environmental
InuencesAlcohol
– ;eads to increased ris( of &irth defects infant mortality
sensory and motor pro&lems
and mental retardation
– 0+ of children )hose
mothers drin( during pregnancy deelop fetal
alcohol syndrome 4:-5
• - cluster of symptoms
typified &y deelopmental
lags characteristic facialfeatures and smaller/than/
aerage &ody and &rain
Cigarette Smoking
– Increases ris(s of spontaneousa&ortion premature rupturing
of the amniotic sac still&irth
lo) &irth )eight and early
infant mortality
– =is(s increase )ith theamount smo(ed
– mo(ing cigarettes and
drin(ing alcohol place the
child at greater ris( than
either practice alone – econdary smo(e may &e
a&sor&ed &y mother and
passed to fetus
Copyright © 2010 &y Pearson $ducation Canada 10- 29
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
30/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 30
Prenatal Development
• Chromosomal and "enetic -&normalities – - genetic counselor can help assess the ris( of
passing genetic defects to a child
– Parental &lood tests and fetal ?,- tests candetect arious disorders and diseases
– The ris( of giing &irth to a child )ith ?o)n's
yndrome increases )ith mother's age
• -mniocentesis can detect ?o)n's yndrome &efore
&irth
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
31/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 31
Child!irth
• H?ropping or Hlightening – )hen the fetus'shead settles into the pelis – occurs early in the
ninth month of pregnancy
• - day or so &efore la&our &egins a )oman maynotice &lood in her aginal secretions and
e>perience a rush of H)ater from her agina
4the amniotic sac has &urst5
• :irst contractions are called Dra>ton #ic(s
– :alse la&our contractions relatiely painless
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
32/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 32
Child!irth
• tages of Child&irth – :irst tage
• terine contractions efface 4cause to &ecome thin5 and dilate4open or )iden5 the ceri> to a&out 10 centimetres in diameter
• 12 to 2 hours is aerage length for first stage
• Initial contractions are mild and )idely spaced 4at interals of 10
to 20 minutes5 lasting 20 to 0 seconds
• Transition – The process during )hich the ceri> &ecomes almost fully
dilated and the infants head &egins to moe into the &irth
canal
– Contractions come Euic(ly no)
– Transition lasts for up to 30 minutes
– -ccompanied &y nausea chills and intense pain
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
33/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 33
Child!irth
• tages of Child&irth / econd tage
– Degins after transition )hen the ceri> is fully dilated and the &a&y &egins to moe into the &irth canal
– Cro)ning – )hen the &a&y's head is isi&le at the aginal
opening
– :ull emergence ends the second stage of child&irth )hich lasts
from a fe) minutes to a fe) hours
– $pisiotomy
– - surgical incision in the perineum that )idens the
&irth canal preenting random tearing during child&irth
– Incision can cause infection and pain creatingdiscomfort and itching as it heals
– In Canada the num&er of episiotomies is decreasing
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
34/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 34
Child!irth
• tages of Child&irth / Third tage• Can last from a fe) minutes to an hour or more
• ?uring this stage the placenta is e>pelled and the
uterus &egins the process of contracting
• The attending physician no) se)s up the episiotomy
or any tears in the perineum
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
35/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 35
Child!irth
• 8ethods of Child&irth – ntil the 20th century child&irth usually happened at
home and inoled the mother a mid)ife family and
friends
– Today there are many options
• 8edicated child&irth
• Prepared child&irth 4the ;ama%e 8ethod5
• Caesarean section
– =ates of C/section are increasing – concerning &ecause
they are more dangerous and ta(e more time to recoer
from
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
36/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 36
Child!irth
• Dirth ?ifficulties – Preterm and ;o)/Dirth/6eight Children
• Preterm if &orn &efore 3G )ee(s of gestation
• ;o)/&irth/)eight if )eighs less than 2 *00 grams
– till&irth
• 6hen a &a&y is &orn dead
• Can &e connected )ith fetal a&normalities infection the
mother's medical condition and pregnancy complications• 8a9ority of cases hae no clear cause
• Can cause post/traumatic stress disorder in parents
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
37/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
The Postpartum Period
Normal Postpartum
• The )ee(s after deliery are
called the postpartum period
• :irst fe) days are happy ones
• -&out G0+ of ne) mothers
e>perience periods of tearfulnesssadness and irrita&ility called the
H&a&y &lues
– Common – caused &y
hormone changes
– ;ast for a&out 10 days
Postart!m "eression
#PP$%• 1 in * )omen e>perience PP?
• Degins )ithin four )ee(s of
deliery
• 8ay linger for )ee(s or months
• ymptoms
– erious sadness feelings of
hopelessness and
helplessness feelings of
)orthlessness difficulty
concentrating ma9or changes
in appetite and sleep patterns
• 8ay &e caused &y an interaction
of psychological and hormonal
factorsCopyright © 2010 &y Pearson $ducation Canada 10- 37
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
38/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 38
The Postpartum Period
• ;es&ian 8others – -lso at ris( for maternal depression
– 8ay e>perience more stress than heterose>ual
mothers &ecause they receie less support fromtheir o)n parents and &ecause of societal pre9udices
– 8ay e>perience less difficulty &ecause pregnancies
are li(ely to &e planned and the diision of child/
care la&our is more eEual than among heterose>ualcouples
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
39/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
The Postpartum Period - "reastfeeding – #ealth Canada and the
Canadian Paediatricociety recommend
&reastfeeding as the
preferred method of
feeding infants &ecause it
proides optimalnutritional immunological
and emotional &enefits for
the child's gro)th and
deelopment
– JG+ of Canadian mothers
&reastfeed
– 8others )ho do not
&reastfeed typically gie
medical reasons
• 8ay also find it
unappealing or find &ottle
feeding easier
– Can also transmit #I@
from mother to infant
– 6omen )ho &reastfeed
more li(ely to e>perience
decreased se>ual desirethan )omen )ho &ottle
feed
• #ormonal reasons aginal
dryness increased fatigue
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 10- 39
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
40/44
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
10- 40
The Postpartum Period
• =esumption of ulation and 8enstruation – :or close to a month )omen e>perience a
reddish aginal discharge called lochia
– ,on/nursing mothers resume menstrual cycles
appro>. t)o to three months postpartum
– ulation occurs &efore the first menstrual cycle
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
41/44
y y,
10- 41
The Postpartum Period
• =esumption of e>ual -ctiity
– ?epends on a couple's leel of se>ual interest thehealing of episiotomies and other in9uries fatigue
the recommendations of physicians and tradition
– &stetricians usually adise a si>/)ee( )aiting
period for safety and comfort
– =eturn of se>ual interest and actiity may ta(e
longer for some couples
– atisfied couples prior to &irth are li(ely to &esatisfied after &irth
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
42/44
y y,
"irth Rates – Dirth rates in Canada hae
aried considera&ly oer
time• #igh after econd 6orld
6ar 43.7 children per
)oman5
• ;o)er after the
introduction of the &irthcontrol pill – reaching an
all/time lo) in 2000
– Canadian )omen today
hae an aerage of 1.*
children 4&elo) the leelneeded to replace the
population5
– 6hy is &irth rate lo)er no)
than in past generationsA
• Improed access to safe
effectie contraception
• 8ore )omen completing
post/secondary education
• 8ore )omen )ant to
)or( full/time so choose
to limit their num&er of
children
• :inancial constraints
• Decoming more socially
accepta&le in 6esternsociety to choose not to
hae children
Copyright © 2010 &y Pearson $ducation Canada 10- 42
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
43/44
y y,
10- 43
Teen Pregnancy
– Percentage of Canadian teens )ho &ecome pregnant
each year has declined sharply since the 1BG0's – :actors that influence teen pregnancy rates
• Compositional factors 4e.g. demographic aspects of the
population )hich proince the teen lies in5
– Proince )ith highest rate
• ?istal factors 4e.g. economic ineEuality5
• Pro>imal factors 4e.g. contraceptie use5
– Teens hae greater access to information and
contraception may feel more comforta&le purchasing
contraception
– #igh Euality se> education increases contraception use
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce
-
8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass
44/44
y y,
Teen Pregnancy
• e>ual rientation and Teen Pregnancy
– Pregnancy rates are higher among se>ually
actie gay les&ian and &ise>ual teenagers than
among heterose>ual teenagers
• 8any gay and les&ian teenagers fearingstigmati%ation &ecause of their se>ual orientations
engage in heterose>ual se> to mas( their preferences
• ome )ant to e>periment to see if they can Hcure
themseles
• e>ual assault can also lead to pregnancy among
les&ian youth