ravi training(report)

7/31/2019 Ravi Training(Report)

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WIPRO

TRAINING-REPORT

ON

TOPIC NAME:

TELECOMMUNICATION

TRAININING DURATION:

15.06.2011-01.07.2011

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

MR. SOURAV MANNA(MENTOR) RAVIPRAKASH THAKUR(ANALYST PROGRAMMER) B.TECH ECE

WIPRO(KOLKATA) LPU


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many people have made this training report possible. I would like to

acknowledge all those who contributed, directly or indirectly, to the successful

completion of this training report. First and foremost, I wish to express sincere

thanks to my mentor, MR. SOURAV MANNA, who has always expressed

confidence in me and continues to encourage me in my training report pursuits.

This personality always motivated me to self hard work and gave generously of

his time and insight and helped organize my thoughts and the contents of this

training report.

I express deep gratitude to my mentor, MR. SOURAV MANNA, whose vision

and words provided inspiration and enthusiasm for my endeavour towards

training report.

Thanks are also due to entire faculty members of WIPRO who provided

diligently and patiently help time-to-time.

I acknowledge CHANDAN SHAW AND SOHAM SENGUPTA AND

ALSO SHEOSHANKAR MISHRAwho encouraged me during my training

report completion.

I dont have enough words to thank my parents whose contribution shaping my

career cannt be measured. They taught me to be sincere, stay grounded, believe

in myself, and to work hard and with honesty and devotion.

Last, but not the least, I thank the Almighty for giving me opportunities.

RAVIPRAKASH THAKUR


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. CONTENTS P.NO.

1. TELECOMMUNICATION-INTRODUCTION 6-72. MODERN TELECOMMUNICATION 7-10

3. GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

COMMUNICATION)

11

4. CDMA(CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) 12

5. 2G(SECOND-GENERATION) 12-13

6. 3G(THIRD-GENERATION) 13

7. BASICS OF TELECOM 13-15

8. GSM COMPONENTS 15-16

9. SOME ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TELECOM 16

10. SWITCHING SYSTEM 17-18

11. NETWORK NODES 19-20

12. ASSOCIATED NETWORKS 20

13. GSM NUMBERING PLANS 21-2214. TRAI(TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF

INDIA)

22-25

15. GSM NETWORK PLATFORMS 26-27

16. CALL SCENARIOS-

POSTPAID,PREPAID,ROAMING &

INTERCONNECT

28-31

17. PROVISIONING 31

18. OTA(OVER THE AIR) 31

19. IN(INTELLIGENT NETWORKS) 32

20. BLACKBERRY INTERNET SERVICE 32

21. MNP(MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY) 33

22. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES 33-34

23. CRM(CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT) 35-37


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24. BILLING 38

25. RATING 39

26. CDR(CALL DETAIL RECORD) 39-40

27. MEDIATION 4028. MIS(MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM) 41-42

29. CONCLUSION 43

30. QUESTIONS 44

31. BIBLIOGRAPHY 45


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TELECOMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION:

Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant

distances to communicate.

A Gower telephone, at the Muse des Arts et Mtiers in Paris

In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals,such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, andoptical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown

horns, or sent by loud whistles.

In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunicationsnow also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs,

telephones, and teletypes, the use of radio and microwave

communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics,

plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.

A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade ofthe 20th century, with Guglielmo Marconi winning the Nobel Prize in

Physics in 1909 for his pioneering developments in wireless radio

communications.

Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field ofelectrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles

Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell

(telephone), Nikola Tesla, Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio),

as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F.B._Morsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Bairdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CNAM-IMG_0564.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Bairdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F.B._Morsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)


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Telecommunications play an important role in the world economy andthe worldwide telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to

be $3.85 trillion in 2008. The service revenue of the global

telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.7 trillion in 2008,

and is expected to touch $2.7 trillion by 2013.

MODERN TELECOMMUNICATION

TELEPHONE:

Optical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fibreoptic.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fibreoptic.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber


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In an analog telephone network, the caller is connected to the person hewants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The

switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the

setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller

dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice istransformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the

caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to

the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a

small speaker in that person's handset.

There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowingthe users to converse.

The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-sidewith data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long

distance communication.

This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibresare physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they

do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can

be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in

multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of

a single fibre.

RADIO AND TELEVISION:

Digital television standards and their adoption worldwide

In a broadcast system, the central high-powered broadcast towertransmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-

powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower ismodulated with a signal containing visual or audio information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_broadcast_standards.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchanges


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The receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave anda demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or

audio information.

The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal is varied continuouslywith respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as aset of discrete values). The broadcast media industry is at a critical

turning point in its development, with many countries moving from

analog to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the

production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits.

The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a numberof complaints common to traditional analog broadcasts.Digital

transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced

to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not

affect the final output.

The choice of modulation for analog radio is typically betweenamplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve

stereo playback, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for stereo

FM.

THE INTERNET

The OSI reference model
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tunerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_reference_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osi-model.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_reference_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tunerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)


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The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computernetworks that can communicate with each other using the Internet

Protocol.

Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be usedby other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer onthe Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP

address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP

address allowing for two-way communication.

The Internet is thus an exchange of messages between computers. Forthe Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary

several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet

places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is

used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit

the local network situation.

In practice, most intercontinental communication will use theAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol on top of optic fibre. This

is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares

the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS

Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local areanetworks ("LANs" computer networks that do not extend beyond a

few kilometers in size) remain distinct. This is because networks on this

scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and

are often more cost-effective and efficient without them.

When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have theadvantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a

direct connection to the Internet will not provide 100% protection of the

LAN from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats

exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN. There are also independent wide area networks ("WANs" private

computer networks that can and do extend for thousands of kilometers.)

Once again, some of their advantages include their privacy, security, and

complete ignoring of any potential hackers who cannot "touch" them.

Of course, prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forcesand intelligence agencies that must keep their information completely

secure and secret.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol


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GSM

(Global System for Mobile Communications)

The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally GroupeSpcial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European

Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies

for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks.

Developed as a replacement for first generation analog cellularnetworks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuitswitched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.

The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switcheddata transport, then packet data transport via GPRS.

Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM standard is succeeded by the third generation (or "3G") UMTS

standard developed by the 3GPP.

GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourthgeneration (or "4G") LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark

owned by the GSM Association.

The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSMstandard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more

than 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories,

making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular

networks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSMLogo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute


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CDMA

(Code division multiple access)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method usedby various radio communication technologies.

It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards calledcdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply CDMA),

which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowingseveral transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single

communication channel. This allows several users to share a band offrequencies . This concept is called multiple access.

CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special codingscheme to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same

physical channel.

By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time,while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.

CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulatedcoded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being

communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in

which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid

confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at

different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages

(code division).

2G

(SECOND-GENERATION)

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephonetechnology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were

commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in

1991.

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors werethat phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread-spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread-spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_method


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significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater

mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for

mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems wereretrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks areanalog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital.

Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (whichlisten to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.

2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G,and 4G; however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.

3G(3rd GENERATION)

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications, is a generation ofstandards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services

fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)

specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.

Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobileInternet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.

To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peakdata rates of at least 200 kbit/s.

Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobilebroadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems

in laptop computers.

BASICS OF TELECOM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS


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The Flowchart showing how a connection is made when a call is

made:

BTSBSCMSCNETWORK

MSCBSCBTS

Many BTS makes a BSC & many BSC makes a MSC. BTS is arranged in a

Hexagonal form so that maximum area can be covered under network

coverage.

NETWORK:It is basically a medium. It can be air (i.e. wireless) or wired.

GSM :The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of

mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global

mobile market uses the standard.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Association


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GSM COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS:The GSM Components have been categorized under several convenient

sections for the ease of understanding.

These sections are as under:

Switching Systems Network Nodes Associated Networks


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Fig. Basic Telecom Structure.

SOMEABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TELECOM

BTS-Base Transceiver System

BSC-Base Station Controller MSC-Mobile Switching Center HLR-Home Location Register VLR-Visitor Location Register AUC-Authentication Center GSM-Global System for Mobile Communication IVR-Interactive Voice Recording IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity SIM-Subscriber Identity Module ISP-Internet Service Provider NIC-Network Information Centers CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access GPRS- General Packet Radio Service EIR-Equipment Identity Register SMP-Service Management Point SCP- Service Control Point CSD- Customer Support Division


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SWITCHING SYSTEM

AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AC/AUC)

The Authentication Center (AC/AUC) authenticates the mobile SIM card(Subscriber Identification Module) found in every mobile handset.

The 10 digit SIM card number is registered in the Authentication Centerwith a MSIN number (Mobile Station Identification Number).

The AUC therefore provides the authentication and encryptionparameters helping to verify a users identity thus maintaining the

confidentiality of each call.

In addition to this the AUC also provides the HLR with authenticationparameters and ciphering keys by generating Triplets (an encryptionparameter which uses the random number, the ciphering Key (KC) and

the KI value). Using these triplets ciphering of speech, data and signaling

over the air-interface (both provide system security) is performed.

MSC

The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) or the Switch is responsible forsetting up, routing and supervising calls to and from the mobile

subscriber. It is the node to which all external nodes connect. In certain cases, separate platforms may be set up for validating and

authenticating short messages (SMS) or other Data calls. All these call

types however, are routed finally through the switch.

GMSC

The Gateway MSC (GMSC) serves as an interface between the mobilenetwork and other networks, such as the Public Switched TelephoneNetwork (PSTN) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) for

mobile terminating calls.

It operates as an MSC and contains an interrogation function forretrieving location information from the subscribers HLR.

Moreover, it also contains functions for rerouting a call to the mobilestation according to the location information provided by the HLR.


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HLR

The Home Location Registry is a database of subscriber profilescomprising the MSIN (Mobile Station Identification Number) and

MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber International Subscriber Identity Number)and includes subscriber's supplementary services, location information,

and authentication parameters.

All mobile subscriptions purchased by a subscriber is registered withinan operators HLR. Therefore an HLR is functionally equipped to store

and manage all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator.

FUNCTION OF HLR:

It checks whether the customer is authenticate to use the serviceor not.

It includes the basic information of the customer.VLR

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a temporary storehouse ofinformation for all subscribers.

In call scenarios, the MSC confirms Subscriber call status from the VLRwhich in turn authenticates and replies back to the MSC for further

routing.

Subscriber information is temporarily offloaded from the HLR when thesubscriber wishes to make a call whether within his/her own network or

in a foreign network.

EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION REGISTER (EIR)

The EIR or the Equipment Identification Register helps in storing theinformation on mobile equipment identity (the identifying key for your

handset).

It stores the IMEI (International Mobile equipment identity), a 15 digitnumber unique to every mobile handset.

Press*#06# in your handset to view the IMEI Number.


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NETWORK NODES

BTS

The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. It is the radio equipment needed to service each cell in the network and

comprises the antenna system, radio frequency power amplifiers, anddigital signaling equipment.

A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.FUNCTION OF BTS (TOWER)

It Receives the Signal from Mobile and sends it to the nearby BSC.BSC

The Base Station Controller (BSC) is the functional entity within the GSMarchitecture.

It provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC andthe BTS (Base Transceiver System).

The BSC can also be considered as a high-capacity switch that providesfunctions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio

frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations.

A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.


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FUNCTION OF BSC

BSC receives the signal coming from BTS and then transfer thesignal to the nearby MSC.

ASSOCIATED NETWORKS

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) was the first automaticcommunications network application.

It offers standard telephony functions as well as a full range of basic andadvanced PSTN services.

Mobile networks connect to the PSTN for international network access.ISDN

The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a network thatsupports more advanced services such as data and fax calls in addition to

voice.

The call details carried through the ISDN are more detailed than that inPSTN.

PLMN

The Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs) defines those mobile wirelessnetworks that use land based radio transmitters or base stations.

HPLMN

The Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) defines the PLMNwhere the subscribers profile is registered.

Outroamers (users roaming to other network) will receive informationon their own subscription from their HPLMN.

VPLMN

The Visited Public Land Mobile Network is the visitor network where thesubscriber is roaming. This is used only in roaming scenarios.


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GSM NUMBERING PLANS

Some of the important numbering schemes are:

SUBSCRIBIERS IDENTIFICATION MODULE (SIM)

The subscribers Identification module (SIM) refers to the usersubscription to the mobile network.

The SIM contains relevant information that enables subscribers access tothe operator network which he/she has subscribed to.

SIM DETAILS (FOR AIRCEL)

It includes following parameters:

IMSI-15 digit SIM-20 digit PUK1-8 digit PUK2-8 digit PIN1-4 digit PIN2-4 digit KI-32 digit ADM-8 digit

NOTE:It can vary from brand to brand.


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WORKFLOW OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM

FLOW :From TRAI to Service Provider

Then from Service Provider to Commercial

TRAI

(TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA)

It is the independent regulator established by the Government of Indiato regulate the telecommunications business in India.

It operates and manages the whole telecom system.

SERVICE PROVIDER

This is the Business Department.COMMERCIAL

In advanced industrial economies, marketing considerations play a major role

in determining corporate policy. Once primarily concerned with increasing

sales through advertising and other promotional techniques, corporate

marketing departments now focus on credit policies , product development,

customer support, distribution, and corporate communications. Marketers

may look for outlets through which to sell the company's products, including

retail stores, direct-mail marketing, and wholesaling.

It includes SIM output file. It takes care of the CSD(Customer Support Division) & IT

Team.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator


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AFTER COMMERCIAL IT COMES TO THE SYSTEM CONFIGURE

System configure includes 7 Small teams as follows:

1) IN (Intelligence Network)Name of the database=MINSAT

Company=ERICSON, TELECORDIA.

2) OM/IM (Order Management/Inventory Management)

Name of the database=KENAN

Company=COMVARSE

3) CRM (Customer Relationship Management)Name of the database =SIEBEL

Company =ORACLE

4) OTA (Over The Air)Name of the database=SMART TRUST

Company=ORACLE

5) VAS (Value Added Services)It can be configured through the mobile.

6) ProvisioningName of the database=METASOL

Company=ORACLE


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7)HLR (Home Location Register)

It is itself a database.

Company=ERICSON, NOKIA, HUAWEI, ZTE.

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY (IMEI)

Each GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) mobile phone isassigned a unique 15 digit IMEI code when it is produced.

This code is used to identify an individual GSM mobile telephone to atelephone network.

MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (MSIN)

This number is used to uniquely identify a mobile or subscription fromwithin a network.

This number is attached to the SIM card and is comprised of a maximumof 10 digits.

This number only helps to authenticate the handset in the AUC/HLR anddoes not enable him to make calls.

MOBILE STATION INTERNATIONAL ISDN NUMBER(MSISDN)

This is the standard international telephone number used to identify agiven subscriber.

This number helps the subscriber to make calls by validating through theHLR.

The MSISDN comprises three parts Country Code (CC) + NationalDestination Code (NDC) + Subscriber Number.

For example, For Airtel, Kolkata, the numbering scheme is91+9831052855

91 is the Country Code. The NDC comprises of 9831(0-9)(5 digits).


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INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)

Each GSM mobile subscribers SIM is assigned a unique 15-digit IMSIcode.

This IMSI allows any mobile network to know the home country andnetwork of the subscriber.

The IMSI code comprises three parts Mobile Country Code + MobileNetwork Code + Mobile Station Identification Number

(MCC+MNC+MSIN).

E.g. for USA, the numbering scheme is 3101501234567890310 is the MCC, 150 is the MNC and 1234567890 is the MSIN.

MOBILE STATION ROAMING NUMBER (MSRN)

The Mobile Station Roaming Number, irrespective of the use of the termRoaming in its nomenclature, is used in all call terminating sessions.

In every session, the HLR assigns an MSRN to the called number throughthe MSC. Once the call is answered the MSRN is released.

Every operator is assigned a series of MSRNs which it allots to itssubscribers (both home as well as Roaming) for terminating calls.

If an operator fails to assign an MSRN owing to heavy traffic, anIncoming calls fails to mature. Therefore it is always advisable to

increase their share of allotted numbers with the increase in number of

subscribers.

In all cases, however, is a temporary number unlike an MSISDN.TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)

The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity is defined by local operators on a

temporary basis and has a length shorter than the IMSI.

The TMSI is used mainly for two reasons.

Maintains the confidentiality of the subscribers identity. Owing to its short length, it increases the paging capacity during location

update.


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GSM NETWORK PLATFORMS

The GSM network supports several platforms.

These are given :

GPRS

Almost every GSM network today provides the wireless data serviceplatform universally known as General Packet Radio Service or GPRS.

Today customers availing GPRS are able to browse the Internet in colour,check emails while travelling, send and receive multimedia messages

and various other such feature-rich data services.

All this is facilitated by throughput rates of upto 40 kbit/s which providesusers with a speed similar to that of a dial-up modem with the ability to

connect from anywhere.

GPRS has two very vital network entities which are :

SGSN

The Service GPRS Support Node is a GPRS network entity whichmaintains location information for a mobile station.

It is also built to send and receive data from/to mobile stations.

GGSN

The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the GPRS network entitythat serves as the mobile wireless gateway between an SGSN and

public/private packet data networks . Access to IPs is facilitated throughGGSN.

SMS

Short Message Service (SMS) is a service available on most digital mobilephones that enables users to send short text messages between each

other.

The SMS service is also available in other mobile devices like a PocketPC, or occasionally even desktop computers.


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When you send a text message (SMS message) to somebody, yourhandset will send the message to a central body known as the Short

messaging service center (SMSC).

The SMSC stores the message and then delivers it to the receiver whenthey are available. This is a store and forward operation.

MMS

The Multimedia Messaging System (MMS) enables users to send andreceive multimedia messages (for example digital photos, audio, video).

MMS enables mobile phones need to have a MMS client built into it inorder to avail this facility.

MMSC centers exist at both the ends in order to send and receive MMSmessages.

While sending, all MMS messages are submitted to a MMSC centerthrough HTTP using specialized commands and encodings. Similarly

upon receiving a message, the recipient MMSC center sends a

notification to the recipient's mobile phone using either an SMS

notification or WAP Push.

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology providesusers with the benefits of advanced mobile services such as the

downloading of video and music clips, full multimedia messaging, high-

speed colour Internet access and e-mail on the move.

It enables mobile operators to handle three times more subscribers thanGPRS, triple their data rate per subscriber as well as add extra capacity

to their voice communications.


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CALL SCENARIOS

All calls are treated similarly till the mediation device categorizes calls.

POSTPAID:

The post-paid mobile phone is a mobile phone for which service isprovided by a prior arrangement with a carriage service provider (CSP).

The user in this situation is billed after the fact according to their use ofmobile services at the end of each month.

Typically, the customer's contract specifies a limit or "allowance" ofminutes, text messages etc., and the customer will be billed at a flat rate

for any usage equal to or less than that allowance.

Any usage above that limit incurs extra charges. Theoretically, a user inthis situation has no limit on use of mobile services and, as a

consequence, unlimited credit.

This service is better for a person with a secured income.The subscriberhas to pay fixed monthly rental.

Prerequisite: The customer should give valid identity proof and also a listof desired services before the number is activated.

Once the Mediation Device categorizes it as a Postpaid call, the call isforwarded to the Rating and Billing systems. An invoice is generated

after the completion of every billing cycle.

PREPAID:

In a Prepaid Connection, the entire process becomes a bit morecomplicated since all the rating and billing processes have to be done asreal time activities.

The Data flow process resembles the Postpaid Connection till the phasewhen the call is allowed into the Switch.

The Switch now validates the services and the balance available for theprepaid subscriber from a Prepaid Platform (IN Platform) which in turn

encompasses all the rating and Billing activities for a prepaid call.


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The Prepaid Platform draws the recharge information from the VoucherManagement System.

This is the principle management system to track recharged vouchers.All Vouchers recharged are tracked here in real time.

ROAMING

Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automaticallymake & receive voice calls, send & receive data, or access other services

when traveling outside the geographical coverage area of the home

network, by means of using a visited network.

Roaming is technically supported by mobility management,authentication and billing procedures. Establishing roaming betweennetwork operators is based on - and the commercial terms are

contained in - Roaming Agreements.

If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this isknown as National Roaming. If the visited network is outside the home

country, this is known as International or Global Roaming.

TYPES OF ROAMING

REGIONAL ROAMING:

This type of roaming refers to the ability of moving from one region to another

region inside national coverage of the mobile operator.

NATIONAL ROAMING:

This type of roaming refers to the ability to move from one mobile operator to

another in the same country .Eg if A is subscriber of XYZ (service provider) in

Delhi and he goes to Kolkata, people from Delhi will make local calls to A, who

will be charged roaming charges by the Kolkata operator.

INTERNATIONAL ROAMING:

This type of roaming refers to the ability to move to a foreign service provider's

network. Eg if A of the above example goes out of India.


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INTERCONNECT

Interconnect is the agreement between two separate operators to enable

subscriber of one to make calls to the others network.

In this case, subscribers are not separately charged. However, oneoperator charges the other for letting calls terminate at their network

and vice versa.

With the increasing competition in the Telecommunication markets allover the world, it is becoming increasingly difficult to conduct end-to-

end telephony through a single operator.

Therefore a growing trend among operators gradually becomingapparent is to enter into partnerships and agreements with each other

with the intention of providing seamless service to the subscribers. This

practice of forging relationships between operators (inter connecting) to

offer services to subscribers is known as Interconnection.

All Interconnect relationships therefore are based on Interconnectagreements which primarily define the rates and prices to enable calls

passing through each others network.

Though by definition there may be little difference between Roamingand Interconnect, in practice however, a wide difference does exist

between the two.

Roaming involves the service provided by an operator to a subscriberenabling them to use the network of another operator on account of

being away from the home network.

The charge however is included within the subscribers invoice under aseparate category as Roaming charge.

Interconnect however, is the agreement between two separateoperators to enable subscriber of one to make calls to the others

network. In this case, Subscribers are not separately charged. However,

one operator charges the other for letting calls terminate at their

network and vice versa.

Interconnect therefore can be considered as the larger canvas of whichRoaming is a part. Let us cite two examples to explain the situation.


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A, a subscriber of a Kolkata Operator travelling to Delhi and using theDelhi Operators network to make or receive calls is an example of

Roaming.

On the other hand, A, a subscriber of Hutch in Kolkata making a call to B, an

Airtel Subscriber in Kolkata or any other part in India is an example of

Interconnect.

PROVISIONING

In telecommunication, provisioning is the process of preparing andequipping a network to allow it to provide (new) services to its users.

That is, a number system should be configured in all the systems beforebeing released into the market.

Eg. Oracle (Metasolv)OTA (OVER THE AIR)

Methods of distributing new software updates to cell phones orprovisioning handsets with the necessary settings with which to access

services such as WAP or MMS.

Some phones with this capability are labelled as being OTA capable. OTA messaging provides remote control of mobile phones for service

and subscription activation, personalization and programming of a new

service for mobile operators.

Example, extra facilities obtained from easyrecharge or etopup cardswhose details are there in the OTA server.

Eg. Smart TrustINTELLIGENT NETWORKS (IN)

It is network architecture intended both for fixed as well as mobiletelecom networks.

It allows operators to differentiate themselves by providing value-addedservices in addition to the standard telecom services such as PSTN, ISDN

and GSM services on mobile phones.

The intelligence is provided by network nodes on the service layer,distinct from the switching layer of the core network, as opposed to


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solutions based on intelligence in the core switches or telephone

equipments.

The IN nodes are typically owned by telecommunications operators(Telecommunications Service Providers).

IN is based on the Signalling System #7 (SS7) protocol betweentelephone network switching centres and other network nodes owned

by network operators.

It is used in prepaid services and not in postpaid. Eg. Minsat (Ericsson)

BLACKBERRY INTERNET SERVICE

BlackBerry is a line of mobile e-mail and Smartphone devices developedand designed by Canadian company Research in Motion (RIM) since

1999.

BlackBerry phones function as a personal digital assistant and portablemedia player.

They are primarily known for their ability to send and receive (push)Internet e-mail wherever mobile network service coverage is present, or

through Wi-Fi connectivity. They support a large array of instant messaging features, including

BlackBerry Messenger

MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY

(MNP)

Number portability is a circuit-switch telecommunications networkfeature that enables end users to retain their telephone numbers when

changing service providers, service types, and/or locations.

MNP is implemented in different ways across the globe. The international and European standard is for a customer wishing to

port his/her number to contact the new provider (Recipient) who will

then arrange necessary process with the old provider (Donor). This is

also known as 'Recipient-Led' porting. UK did not implement a Recipient-

Led system, where a customer wishing to port his/her number is
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required to contact the Donor to obtain a Porting Authorisation

Code (PAC) which he/she then has to give to the Recipient.

Once having received the PAC the Recipient continues the port processby contacting the Donor. This form of porting is also known as 'Donor-Led' and has been criticised by some industry analysts as being

inefficient.

It has also been observed that it may act as a customer deterrent as wellas allowing the Donor an opportunity of 'winning-back' the customer.

This might lead to distortion of competition, especially in the marketswith new entrants that are yet to achieve scalability of operation.

In India, MNP is launched recently which is Donor Led. Only theterminology is changed from PAC to UPC (Unique Porting Code).

SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

CALL FORWARDING: This service gives the subscriber the ability toforward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile unit is not

reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is allowed

unconditionally.

BARRING OF OUTGOING CALLS:This service makes it possible for amobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls.

BARRING OF INCOMING CALLS:This function allows the subscriberto prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for incoming call

barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls

when roaming outside the home PLMN.

ADVICE OF CHARGE (AOC):The AoC service provides the mobilesubscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of

AoC information: one that provides the subscriber with an estimate of

the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AoC

for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements.

CALL HOLD:This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoingcall and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is

only applicable to normal telephony.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting_Authorisation_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting_Authorisation_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting_Authorisation_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting_Authorisation_Code


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CALL WAITING: This service enables the mobile subscriber to benotified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can

answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting is applicable to

all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched

connection.

MULTIPARTY SERVICE: The multiparty service enables a mobilesubscriber to establish a multiparty conversation - that is, a

simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This

service is only applicable to normal telephony.

CALLING LINE IDENTIFICATION PRESENTATION/RESTRICTION

These services supply the called party with the integrated services digitalnetwork (ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction service

enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction

overrides the presentation.

CLOSED USER GROUPS (CUGs):CUGs are generally comparable to aPBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only callingthemselves and certain numbers.

EXPLICIT CALL TRANSFER (ECT):This service allows a user who hastwo calls to connect these two calls together and release its connections toboth other parties.


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CRM

(CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT)

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a widely-implemented strategy

for managing a companys interactions withcustomers, clients and sales

prospects.

This deals with customer care to provide maximum satisfaction and helpto the customers. Example, suppose if a person loses a sim, he can ask

for a duplicate sim with the same number and block the lost sim.

Eg. Oracle (Siebel)

It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronizebusiness processesprincipally sales activities, but also those for

marketing, customer service, and technical support.

The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture andretain those the company already has, entice former clients back into

the fold, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service.

Customer relationship management describes a company-wide businessstrategy including customer-interface departments as well as other

departments. Measuring and valuing customer relationships is critical to

implementing this strategy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customers


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BENEFITS OF CRM:

A CRM system may be chosen because it is thought to provide the following

advantages:

Quality and efficiency Decrease in overall costs Decision support Enterprise agility Customer Attention

CHALLENGES:

Successful development, implementation, use and support of customerrelationship management systems can provide a significant advantage to the

user, but often, there are obstacles that obstruct the user from using the

system to its full potential. Instances of a CRM attempting to contain a large,

complex group of data can become cumbersome and difficult to understand

for an ill-trained user.

COMPLEXITY:

Tools and workflows can be complex, especially for large businesses.Previously these tools were generally limited to contact management:

monitoring and recording interactions and communications. Software solutions

then expanded to embrace deal tracking, territories, opportunities, and the sales

pipeline itself. These tools have been, and still are, offered as on-premisessoftware that companies purchase and run on their own IT infrastructure.

POOR USABILITY:

One of the largest challenges that customer relationship management systemsface is poor usability. With a difficult interface for a user to navigate,implementation can be fragmented or not entirely complete.

In many cases, the growth of capabilities and complexities of systems has

hampered the usability of a customer relationship management system. An

overly complex computer system can result in an equally complex and non-

friendly user interface, thus not allowing the system to work as fully intended.

This bloated software can appear sluggish and/or overwhelming to the user,keeping the system from full use and potential.
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FRAGMENTATION:

Often, poor usability can lead to implementations that are fragmented

isolated initiatives by individual departments to address their own needs.

Systems that start disunited usually stay that way: siloed thinking and decisionprocesses frequently lead to separate and incompatible systems, and

dysfunctional processes.

A fragmented implementation can negate any financial benefit associated with

a customer relationship management system, as companies choose not to use

all the associated features factored when justifying the investment. Instead, it

is important that support for the CRM system is companywide.

BUSINESS REPUTATION:

Business reputation has become a growing challenge. The outcome of internal

fragmentation that is observed and commented upon by customers is now

visible to the rest of the world in the era of the social customer; in the past,

only employees or partners were aware of it. Addressing the fragmentation

requires a shift in philosophy and mindset in an organization so that everyone

considers the impact to the customer of policy, decisions and actions. Human

response at all levels of the organization can affect the customer experience

for good or ill. Even one unhappy customer can deliver a body blow to abusiness.

Poor usability and low usage rates lead many companies to indicate that it was

difficult to justify investment in the software without the potential for more

tangible gains.

SECURITY CONCERNS:

A large challenge faced by developers and users is found in striking a balancebetween ease of use in the CRM interface and suitable and acceptable security

measures and features. Corporations investing in CRM software do so

expecting a relative ease of use while also requiring that customer and other

sensitive data remain secure. This balance can be difficult, as many believe that

improvements in security come at the expense of system usability.
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BILLING

Telecommunications billing is the process of adding together rated callsor services for a certain user or group of users, applying discounts and

preparing the data for invoicing.

Billing is also the name for the entire process of creating an invoice. Steps in the process include: using the service, mediating data, rating,

and billing (invoicing).

It accumulates all calls per customer, authenticates and validates theservice for the particular subscriber from its in-built profile database.

The Billing system will also format and print the bill prior to generatingthe invoice. Both functions are mandatory and invoice will not be

generated if either of the two functions does not occur.

Once all validations are successfully completed, the Invoice is generatedat the end of a billing cycle and sent to the subscriber for payment.

eg. Comverse (Kenan)


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RATING

In telecommunications rating is the activity of determining the cost of aparticular call. The rating process involves converting call-related data

into a monetary-equivalent value.

Rating systems typically use some or all of the following types of dataabout a call:

Time property of the call (day of week, date, time of day) Amount of usage (Duration of call, amount of data, number of messages,

number of songs)

Destination of the call (land line, overseas, etc.) Origin of call/ Location of the caller (for mobile networks) Premium charges (third party charges for premium content, cost of

physical items such as movie tickets)

Generally individual calls are rated and then the rated amounts are sentto a billing system to provide a bill to the subscriber. Often the rating

system will be a module of a larger "Billing System" architecture. To

perform the rating calculations it is necessary to produce a Call detail

record.

CALL DETAIL RECORD

CDR is the computer record produced by a telephone exchange

containing details of a phone call that passed through it. A CDR is

composed of fields that describe the exchange.

Examples of fields include: the number making the call (calling party) the number receiving the call (called party) when the call started (date and time) how long the call was (duration) the phone number charged for the call the identifier of the telephone exchange writing the record a sequence number identifying the record


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additional digits on the called number used to route or charge the call the result of the call (whether it was answered, busy etc) the route by which the call entered the exchange

the route by which the call left the exchange call type (voice, SMS, etc) any fault condition encountered The CDR is provided to the police and TRAI by all service providers for

security purposes.

MEDIATION

The functionalities that are performed by Mediation are as follows:

Mediation collects the CDRs from the network elements (MSC etc). Segregation of CDRs (separation of different kinds of CDRs). Mediation performs data enrichment and format conversion (binary to

ASCII).

Pre-processing and Post processing of CDRs. Applies business rules such as Filtration, Aggregation, Correlation, and

Duplicate check etc on the CDRs.

Take proper action in case of errors during the parsing, conversion,distribution and processing of CDRs in the mediation system.

Distribution of CDRs to the billing systems.


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MIS

(MANAGEMENT INFORMATIOM SYSTEM)

MIS(Management Information System) is used by the middle management to

handle tactical information,which is used for generating reports for various

business functions.

A management information system (MIS) is a system that providesinformation needed to manage organizations effectively.

Management information systems involve three primary resources:technology, information, and people.

It's important to recognize that while all three resources are keycomponents when studying management information systems, the

most important resource is people.

Management information systems are regarded as a subset of theoverall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the

application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used

by management accountants to solve business problems such as

costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy.

Management information systems are distinct from regularinformation systems in that they are used to analyze other
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information systems applied in operational activities in the

organization.

Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group ofinformation management methods tied to the automation or support

of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expertsystems, and Executive information systems.

ADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The company is able to highlight their strength and weaknesses due tothe presence of revenue reports, employee performance records etc.

The identification of these aspects can help the company to improve

their business processes and operations.

The availability of the customer data and feedback can help thecompany to align their business processes according to the needs of the

customers. The effective management of customer data can help the

company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities.

Information is considered to be an important asset for any company inthe modern competitive world. The consumer buying trends and

behaviors can be predicted by the analysis of sales and revenue reports

from each operating region of the company.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Support_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Support_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system


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CONCLUSION

I got one of the best chance to do summer training in WIPRO. In training

duration, i got knowledge about basics of telecommunication. I learnt about

how call flow(BTS,BSC,MSC,HLR )from one mobile to another mobile user and

also about PROVISIONONG,CDR,CRBT,CRM,BILLING,MIS and many more. I got

this training which will definitely play an important role throughout my career.

I got knowledge by expert person in his own field. I learnt telecommunication

is one of the biggest sector. Teaching methodology of faculty members is

excellent.

At last in my real own words,

Telecom in the real sense means transfer of information between two

distant points. Telecom is a huge and varied fastness of technologies,

companies, services and politics that is truly global in nature .Telecom stands

as one of the most essential elements of the business world in terms of

Connecting the World. Telecommunication is a complicated automatic

process in which much vast software are implemented by virtue of which

communication happens even for far distances. It is only the software which

is fully responsible for this unique process.

In this changing landscape, the winners will be those companies that

understand consumers' needs, focussing on usability and actually giving

control back to the users. The losers will be the ones that focus on overly

technical product differentiation that the majority of consumers will not

understand and therefore not use.


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43

QUESTIONS

1.Is CUG also free in roaming?????

2.Is E-recharge facility without OTA is possible?????

3.What is difference between HLR and VLR?????

4.In GSM we use MSRN for routing but what parameter is used in CDMA for

routing?????

5.Is E-topup also possible in postpaid?????

6.What is a permanent storehouse of subscriber profile data?????

7.Which data format is supported by the Billing and Rating Systems?????

8. What type of calls can be made by a mobile phone without the sim?????

9. What can be a possible key to HLR record? ?????

10. What combination occurs in the AUC?????

11. Which network element routes calls?????

12. When is PUK needed?????

13. What sort of pairing is done by the number management system and

which network element is associated with it?????

14. MSRN is assigned by which part of GSM and when?????

15. What happens if an operator fails to assign an MSRN owing to heavy

traffic?????

16. Which network element gives current status of mobile station?????

17. Why is provisioning important?????

18. IN is based on what protocol?????

19. What is the mechanism used by prepaid for real time billing?????

20. What are the types of charges covered by a bill?????


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.DATA GIVEN BY SOURAV MANNA

2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G

3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station

5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem

6.http://www.mobilein.com/billing.htm

7.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Internet_Service

8.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_detail_record

9.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_User_Group_(CUG)

10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access

11.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management

12.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM

13.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system

14.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_number_portability

15.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming

16.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpaid

17.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaid

18.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication

19.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module

20.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystemhttp://www.mobilein.com/billing.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Internet_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_detail_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_User_Group_(CUG)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_number_portabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_number_portabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_User_Group_(CUG)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_detail_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Internet_Servicehttp://www.mobilein.com/billing.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G

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