A REPORT ONA REPORT ON RAWERAWE

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

GROUP – I (RAWE 2013-14) Dr. P. M. Mohapatra

P.C.RAWE(2013-14)

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

BHAWANIPATNA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

IT IS A PROUD PRIVILEGE TO EXPRESS OUR DEEPEST SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO DR. R. K. PATNAIK,

ASSOCIATE DEAN, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA VALUABLE GUIDANCE AND CONSTANT

SUPERVISION, CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM AND ENCOURAGEMENT THROUGHOUT THE RAWE PROGRAMME.

WE DO EXPRESS OUR INDEBTEDNESS TO DR. P. M. MOHAPATRA, ASSOC. PROF.(PBG) & PROGRAMME

CO-COORDINATOR, RAWE FOR PROVIDING GUIDANCE, UNFAILING INTEREST, PAINSTAKING AND INVALUABLE

HELPS FOR COORDINATING THE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME & DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT

REPORT. HIS INSPIRING ASSISTANCE ENABLED US TO COMPLETE RAWE PROGRAMME SUCCESSFULLY.

WE WOULD LIKE TO EXTEND OUR PROFOUND GRATEFULNESS TO MR. SUJIT MAJHI, ASST. PROF.(EXT.

EDUCATION)FOR HIS PAINSTAKING INTEREST AND PARTICIPATION DURING THE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME.

WE ARE ALSO GRATEFUL TO DR. S. C. SWAIN, ASSOC. PROF.(HORT), DR. DIPIKA SAHOO, ASST. PROF.

(HORT), DR. D. KHULBE, ASSOC. PROF.( PL. PATHO.), MR. U. K. BEHERA, ASST. PROF.(ENTO.), MISS

MADHUMITA JENA, SMS(EXT.), KVK, KALAHANDI; MR. B. SINHA, ASST. PROF.(SOIL SC.), MR. G. C. SAHOO,

SMS(SOIL CHEMISTRY), KVK FOR EXPERINTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME(ELP).

WE ARE LIKE TO THANK DR. R. K. TARAI, PC, KVK, KALAHANDIFOR THEIR HELP AND CO-OPERATION

DURING THE VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME AND OTHER ACTIVITIES OF RAWE.

WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO DR. S. K. NAYAK, ASSOC. PROF.(ENTO.), DR. L. K. DAS, ASSOC.

PROF.(AGRO), MR. B. P. GANTAYAT, ASST. PROF(AGRO), DR. P. MANDAL, FARM SUPERINTENDENT, MRS. J.

KAR, ASST. PROF(PBG), DR. K. K. SARANGI, ASST PROF(AG. ECON.), MISS SMRITI HANSDA, ASST.

PROF(SWCE), DR. LIPISMITA SAMAL, ASST PROF.(ANIMAL SC.), MR. R. K.. PANDA, ASST. PROF.(PL.

PHYSIOLOGY) FOR THEIR HELP AND COOPERATION DURING RAWE PROGRAMME.

OUR SINCERE THANKS ARE DUE TO DR. L. N. MOHAPATRA, ADR, RRTTS, DR. G.C. MISHRA, SR.

SCIENTIST(AGRO),DR. P.K. PANDA, SR SCIENTIST(HORT)MR. B. S. NAYAK, JR. SCIENTIST(AGRO), MR. ANSUMAN

NAYAK, TECHNICAL OFFICER(AAS) AND MR. S. K. MOHANTY, JR. BREEDER(CASTOR) OF RRTTS,

BHAWANIPATNA, MR. G. R. SAHOO, SMS(FORESTRY) OF KVK, MR. C. R. SATAPATHY, DDA, KALAHANDI,

FOR THEIR HELP DURING FIELD VISIT AND INVOLVEMENT IN RAWE PROGRAMME.

THANKS ARE ALSO DUE TO MR. B. MISHRA, SOIL CHEMIST, SOIL TESTING LABORATORY,

BHAWANIPATNA, SEED PRODUCTION OFFICER BHAWANIPATNA, GANAPATI BIO TECH, GRAM VIKAS&OTELPDURING

EXPOSURE VISIT AND PROGRESSIVE FARMERS OF VILLAGE FOR THEIR HELP DURING VILLAGE ATTACHMENT

PROGRAMME.

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO ALL THE FARMERS OF KANAKPUR VILLAGE,

STAFFS AND STUDENTS OF OUR COLLEGE, KVK, RRTTS AND OTHERS WHO ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY

INVOLVED IN RAWE PROGRAMME.

STUDENTS UNDER RAWE PROGRAMME 2013-14

GROUP LIST

SL.NO Name Of The Student Adm.No Signature

1 Sarita Pradhan 03b/10  

2 Pramod Kumar Sabar 04b/10  

3 Shitikantha Das 05b/10  

4 Tejaswini Nayak 06b/10  

5 Haripriya Bagh 07b/10  

6 Sugyani Sethi 08b/10  

7 Jnyana Ranjan Diggal 09b/10  

8 Subhashree Mallik 10b/10  

9 Deba Prasad Panda 11b/10  

10 Samir Ranjan Mishra 12b/10  

11 Sujan Kumar Narendra 13b/10  

12 Asutosh Panigrahi 14b/10  

13 Anjalee Panda 15b/10  

14 Sourav Panigrahi 16b/10  

15 Tanmaya Mishra 17b/10  

16 Ashok Kumar Paikaray 18b/10  

17 Geetikrishna Naik 19B/10  

18 Ashutosh Sarangi 20b/10  

19 Rashmi Ranja Maharana 21b/10  

20 Chandan Kumar Panigrahi 22b/10  

21 Ashis Das 23b/10  

22 Adyasha Das 24b/10  

23 Satyapriya Singh 25b/10  

INDEX

1. Introduction to RAWE

2. College Information

3. District Information

4. KVK, Kalahandi

5. RRTTS, Kalahandi

6. DDA, KALAHANDI

7. PRA

8. PRA Activities conducted in Different village

KANAKPUR

i. PRA TOOLS

ii. Action Plan

iii. Training and Demonstration

9. Exposure Visit

a. SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNA

b. SEED PROCESSING PLANT, BHAWANIPATNA

c. GANAPATI BIO TECH.

d. GRAM VIKAS, TH. RAMPUR

e. OTELP, KALAHANDI

10.Experiential Learning Programme

Annexure

Village information

Interview schedule

Experience gained during RAWE programme

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK

EXPERIANCE

Agricultural Education is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity,

sustainability, environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security & equity. In India,

Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)

programme for imparting quality, practical and production oriented education for agriculture degree

programme. The World Bank (1975) stated that there was little emphasis on curricula on

preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture or agribusiness outside govt.

jobs. Therefore, the agenda for the 21st century in agricultural education should be drawn on the

basis of the challenges it has to meet in the near future. RAWE programme provides significant

hands on experience in acquiring knowledge and skill.

WHAT IS RAWE:-

RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a programme for imparting quality, practical

and production oriented education for agriculture degree

IMPORTANCE OF RAWE:-

Preparing Agricultural Graduates for better career in agriculture/ agribusiness

Preparing Agricultural Graduates to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge & skill through

hands on experience

OBJECTIVES: RAWE:-

• Understanding of rural life by students

• Familiarity with the socio-economic situation of village

• Opportunity for practical training

• Development of Communication skill in Transfer of Technology

• Understanding of technologies followed by farmers

• Preparation of production plan suitable for local situation

• Development of confidence and competency for facing problematic situation and finding solutions

SURVEY & FARM PLANNING:-

• Make PRA survey of the villages (both irrigated and non-irrigated), preparation of report and

presentation

• Collection of data on socio-economic condition, population, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities,

resources available, labour, employment etc.

• Preparation of alternate farm plans including family system approach for the host farmer and

village in consultation with both Govt. & local Research/ Extension scientists of the University for

reorganization of farm business for higher income and sustainable production

• Identify the constraints in marketing of Agril. Produce, institutional credit facilities, input supply

agencies and co-op. enterprises

• Student shall record family budgets of host farmers and two other families’ one agril. Labourer &

one rural artisan.

EXTENSION EDUCATION:-

• Identification of agricultural problems of village

• Conducting method demonstrations and result demonstration

• Field visit and group discussion with farmers on need based agricultural topics

• Organization of agricultural exhibitions for visual publicity of improved practices

• Study of on-going agricultural programmes in the village & their impact

• Organization of farmers training programme and participation in programmes conducted by Govt.

Agril. & allied departments.

• Visit to local institutions to study their role in development programmes and research work.

• Study the role of mass media in transfer of technology

• Participation in village social work - conduct survey on youth problems, initiation of youth clubs,

working with youth & youth specific projects

• Submission of report on extension activities

RESEARCH STATION ACTIVITIES:-

• Visit to different research schemes and research stations under OUAT and ICAR.

• Acquaintance with various research activities of the concerned research scheme/ stations.

• Knowledge on the methodologies involved in conducting different types of experimental, trials,

analysis of experimental data, maintenance of farm records and project files.

• Observe closely the different aspects of research programmes.

• Interaction with the research scientists of different disciplines on the ongoing experiments and

trials.

• Note down weather data during their period of study at the Research Station.

• Awareness on various methodologies involved in conducting research trials.

• Observation of different aspects of research programmes.

• Recording the titles and technical programmes of research projects and research procedures

shown to them.

IMPLICATION OF RAWE PROGRAMME:-

Sensitization towards field agriculture.

Hands-on experience in village condition.

Development of favorable& required skill & attitude among agricultural graduates.

Development of human resource in agriculture education.

WELCOME

TO

COLLEGE

OF

AGRICULTURE

BHAWANIPATNA

BRIEF REPORT OF COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE,

(OUAT) Bhawanipatna 2012-13The College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is the 3rd Agriculture College established in the

year 2009-10 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The college

is situated altitude: - 19°55'6"N 83°9'33"E.The total student enrolment of the college per year is 50

including two in-service candidates. The students are selected on the basis of All Odisha entrance

test conducted by OUAT, Bhubaneswar and All India entrance conducted by Indian Council of

Agricultural Research (ICAR) New Delhi. At present there are 184students, the college is

functioning in the Research Station Campus of OUAT, Bhawanipatna. Students are

accommodated in two hostels namely Bhawanishankar for boys and Manikeswari for girls. The

construction works of college building, guest house, dispensary and staffquarters are under

progress.

The college has total sanctioned staff strength of 52. Out of which23 are teaching posts, 17

are filled up and 1 in the cadre of Associate Professor and 5 in the cadre of Asst. Professorare

vacant one each in the discipline of Soil Science, Nematology, Seed Sci. &Technology, Agril.

Statistics & Biotechnology. Out of the 16 non-teaching positions, 8 are filled up and 8 are lying

vacant. Our college is well equipped with all the modern equipment’s for undertaking UG practical

classes. The second batch (2010-11) students of our college are now in 4 th year and are being

offered experiential learning and RAWE programme in this college. However our students are

actively involved in conducting field experiments at Instructional farm of the college, identification

of pests and diseases of well diversified crops in the adjoining areas of Bhawanipatna. Student

exposure visits are organized by the college from time to time to enhance their practical knowledge

and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises are being conducted by the students in different

villages. In addition to the routine activities our students participated in sports and literary activity at

University level and district level conducted by the Department of Environment and Forests,

Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department of Tourism etc. First

athletic meet, literary competition and annual function were held during the year under report.

Our faculty members were involved in capacity building of farmers and extension

functionaries in different training programmes mentioned below-

i. Water management in rainfed cropping systems

ii. ISOPOM on oilseeds and pulses

iii. Water management practices in Rice and Maize

iv. Technology week programme of KVK

v. Post harvest management and value addition in horticultural crops

vi. Improved production technology for onion cultivation

vii. Integrated cotton development programme (ICDP), Govt. of India

viii. Regular Radio and Doordarshan Programmes

ix. Regular Advisory services at college campus..

OTHER FACILITIES

LIBRARY:-A total no of 2782 books have are available in the library.

NURSERY:-Here seedlings of different crops are raised by the students in the nursery beds & other

ornamental crops are grown in pots also.

STUDENT PLOT:-student plot is situated behind the girls’ hostel where a number of field crops &

horticultural crops are grown by the students which improves the field exposure knowledge.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna(2012-13)

OUAT has ranked 3rd with respect to qualifying students in the ICAR's 18th All India Entrance

Examination (AIEEA-PG-2013) and College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is emerged as best

constituent colleges of OUAT. The students are pursuing Master degree programmes in agriculture

in SAUs and ICAR institutes such as Karnal, Solan,faizabad, Hissar, Santiketan, Allahabad,

Gujarat, Bhubaneswar .

Miss Aswathy Rani was placed as Girls’ University champion in the University Annual Meet-2012-

13.

Pallavi Mishra was awarded with Chancellor’s and Vice Chancellor’schampion cup in the inter

University Odia debate.

Pallavi Mishra and Lopamudra Singha were awarded cash prizes of Rs.30, 000/- and Rs.20,

000/- respectively as 1st and 2nd Prizes in the ONGC essay competition.

30 no.s of students and 5 faculty members along with the Associate Dean, CA, Bhawanipatna

donated blood in a blood donation camp organized by SAMBAD in coordination with Red Cross

Society on 18th August 2011.

On 24th August 2011, on the eve of OUAT foundation day celebration “BANA MAHOTSHAV” was

organised in the College premises and essay as well as Art competition were held among the

students to mark the occasion.

The students participated in literary activities at district level conducted by the Department of

Environment and Forests, Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department

of Tourism etc. during 2012-13.

90 % of students s are presently availing various scholarships such as O.U.A.T UG merit, O.U.A.T

UG Free ship, LIC, Post Matric & merit scholarships for SC & ST (PRERANA), CAFAS, NTS and

Medhabruti.

All the students, teaching and non-teaching staff members of College of Agriculture actively

participated in organizing Golden Jubilee Regional Kishan Mela & Plant/Animal Health Camp,

Frontier Technologies for enhancing farm productivity in rainfed agro-ecosystems and farmer

scientist interaction on 23rd April, 2012.

Student-Teacher Ratio: 8:1

NURSERY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA

STUDENT PLOT

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BHAWANIPATNA

COLLEGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION

WELCOME

TO

KALAHANDI

DISTRICT

KALAHANDI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Kalahandi (Oriya: କଳା�ହା�ଣ୍ଡି�), is a district of Odisha in India. It is believed that the lands of

Kalahandi district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of

paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda

Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Manik), Garnet (red stone),

Beruz, Neelam (blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or

Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name. After Independence

of the Country, merger of princely state took place on 1st January, 1948. The princely state of

Kalahandi was merged in Orissa along with other princely states in the 1st November, 1949.

Subsequently, in 1962, Kashipur Police Station was taken out from this District and merged with

Koraput.

Geography: -

Kalahandi district occupies the South-western portion of Orissa and is situated between 19 degree

3' N and 21 degree 5' N latitude and 82 degree 30 E and 83 Degree 74' E longitude. It is bounded

in the North by the District of Bolangir and Nuapara, on the South by the District of Rayagada, on

the West by the District of Nabarangpur and Raipur (Chhatisgarh) and on the East by the District of

Rayagada and Boudh. The District Headquarters is at Bhawanipatna town which stands almost to

the Eastern border. Kalahandi district has an area of 8,364.89 sq.km and ranks 7th among the 30

districts of Orissa. Forest occupies 4,964 of the total geographical area of the district, i.e. not

cultivated area of the District in the year 1993 is 375752 ha. In the same year, 11,602 hectors were

leftas fallow lands or cultivable wasteland.

Topography:-

The District has two distinct physiographic regions, the plain lands and the hilly tracts. The

plan region runs Southward up to Bhawanipatna and then westward through Junagarh and

Dharmgarh and then further up to the boundary of

the District. The plains cover about 59 percent of the total area of the District. The Hilly tracts are

mostly located in the South western part of Bhawanipatna Subdivision. Some of the hilly regions

are covered with dense forest.

Physiography:-

The District has two sub-divisions, 12 Police Stations, 13 Tahasils, 13 Blocks, 1 Municipality, two

N.A.Cs., 1 Treasury, 5 Sub-Treasuries and 195 Gram Panchayats of 2185 villages.

BLOCK TAHSIL SUBDIVISION

1. Bhawanipatna sadar

2. T.Rampur

3. Dharmagarh sadar 

4. Jayapatana

5. Kalampur 

6. Kaksora 

7. Junagarh

1. Bhawanipatna sadar

2. T.Rampur

3. Dharmagarh sadar 

4. Jayapatana

5. Kalampur 

6. Kaksora 

7. Junagarh

1. Bhawanipatna

2. Dharmagarh

8. Golmunda 

9. Karlamunda 

10. Madanpur-Rampur 

11. Narla 

12. Kesinga 

13. Lanjigarh

8. Golmunda 

9. Karlamunda 

10. Madanpur-Rampur 

11. Narla 

12. Kesinga 

13. Lanjigarh

Rainfall and Climate:-

The climate of the District is of extreme type. It is dry except during monsoon. There are

large varieties of day and night temperature. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1378.20

mm. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. The monsoon starts late in June and

generally lasts up to September. 90% of the rainfall received from June to September. August is

the month with more number of rainy days. About 28% of rainfall is received during this month.

Drought is normal feature of this district.

Temperature and Humidity:-

There are large variations in the day and night temperature. The summer seasons starts

from the beginning of March. May is the hottest month when the maximum temperature is about

45oC (82 degree F). The temperature drops down with the onset of monsoon towards the second

week of June and throughout the monsoon the weather remains cool. December is the coldest

month, as the mean daily minimum temperature is recorded at 11 oC. Relative humidity is generally

higher from June to December. It is lower (27%) in the non-monsoon months. During August, it is

the highest i.e. 70% and March is the month lowest when it is lowest 27%. Northern plateau (at

2150 MSL) of Sunabeda in Komna Block of Nuapara district has a cooler climate so also the

Rampur area (at 2700 Feet MSL).

Soil of kalahandi:-

The district has five types of soils broadly classified as under i)Red soil. ii) Red & Yellow

soil. iii) Mixed Red & Black soils. iv)Black soils and v) alluvial soil. Area covered is 38.5, 34.2, 11.1,

9.6 and 6.6 for red soils.Red & yellow soils, mixed red & black soils, black soils and alluvial soils,

respectively.

Rivers:-

The rivers Tel, Indrāvati which formtributaries of large rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari

may be mentioned amongst the principal rivers of Kalahandi. However, Tel is by far the longest

and most important river of the District. The tributaries of river Tel and Moter, Hati, Sagada, Ret,

Uttei, Raul, Sunday, Undanti lands are also the important other rivers. Most of the rivers are rained

and go dry during summer. Indravati and Nagavali, two important rivers have their origin from Th-

Rampur of this District. 

Forest:-

Nearly half of the total Geographical area of Kalahandi District 4,962 Sq.Kms was covered

with forest. In the recent times this has been a considerable shrinkage in forest areas due to

denudation. Forest based products like Mahua, Kendu leaf, wood, timber and bamboos are also

contributing local economy largely. Kalahandi supplied substantial raw materials to paper mills in

neighboring Rayagada and Jeypore.

Minerals:-

Bauxite, Graphite, Manganese, Iron and Quartz are some of the minerals available in the

district. Of these, only Bauxite and Graphite has been commercially exploited. Bauxite is found in

Lanjigarh block at Niamgiri in large scale. Manganese deposits are found mostly in Khariar Plateau

of Nuapara District and Iron ores in places adjoining Koraput district. But these ores are of poor

grade and are not considered suitable for economy exploitation. According to the National Council

of Applied Economic Research, the known deposits of minerals in the district cannot by

themselves sustain heavy mineral based industry

Economy: -

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kalahandi one of the country's 250 most

backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving

funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Agriculture:

Kalahandi is largely an agriculture based economy. During Bengal famine Kalahandi alone

had sent 100,000 tons of rice. During 1930s princely state of Kalahandi had proposed to build

upper Indravati project but subsequent merger of princely state with India delayed the project. It

got approved in 1978 and yet to be fully completed. In the mean time drought occurred in 1960s

and lately in 1980s. In 1980s Kalahandi become infamous for drought, child selling, malnutrition

and starvation death and social worker referred it as 'Kalahandi Syndrome. Though KBK project

was announced in 1990s by central Government especially for undivided Kalahandi, Bolangir and

Koraput districts primarily keeping poverty, backwardness and starvation death in mind, undivided

Kalahandi district continued to remain politically ignored for various reasons.

Kalahandi also is an example of disparity /contrasts that exist in many part of

developing/underdeveloped world. On the one side, this district is famous for famine and starvation

deaths: this is the same district that is rich with agriculture. Dharamgarh sub-division was historical

known for rice production in Orissa. Since 2000s the Indravati Water Project, second biggest in the

state has changed the landscape of southern Kalahandi, leading to two crops in a year. Because

of this, blocks like Kalampur, Jaipatna, Dharamgarh, Jungarh, Bhawanipatna etc. are witnessing

rapid agricultural growth. This has boasted the Highest Number of Rice Mills in Kalahandi among

districts in Orissa. The number of rice mills in the district was around 150 in the year 2004-05.

More than 70% have been built in the five years after commissioning of the Indravati project.

Industry:-

Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL), a subsidiary of Sterlite Industries, a major aluminium

processor has made major investments by establishing an 1 MTPA Alumina Refinery and 75 MW

Captive Power Plant at Lanjigarh. Though this project has received criticism from

environmentalists, especially from outside groups; supporters of VAL claims it has brought

significant changes in Socio-Economic scenario of Lanjigarh and Kalahandi. The Union

Environment Ministry in August 2010, rejected earlier clearances granted to a joint venture led by

the Vedanta Group company Sterlite Industries for mining bauxite from Niamgiri hills making the

company to depend on bauxite from outside Orissa. The company's proposal for Expansion of the

Refinery to 6 MTPA, which would have made it one of the largest refineries in the world, was

halted by India's environment ministry.

Demographics:-

According to the 2011 census Kalahandi district has a population of 1,573,054. This gives it

a ranking of 317th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 199

inhabitants per square kilometer (520 /sq. mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-

2011 was 17.79%. Kalahandi has a sex ratio of 1003 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy

rate of 60.22%.

Basic Information about Kalahandi district

1. Agro climatic zone: Western Undulating

2. Geographical area: 8,197 sq.km

3. Cultivated area: 3,72,000 ha

High land : 2,32,000 ha

Medium Land: 71,000ha

Low land: 68,000ha

1. Irrigated Area: Kharif: 27%, Rabi: 16%

2. Cropping intensity (%): 151

3. Population (2001 census) (in ‘000): 1131

i. Male: 566; Female: 565

ii Rural : 1053; Urban: 78

7. Population density: 138/ sq.km

8. No. of farm families; 1, 68,000

Sl.N

o

Holding

Area (ha)Farmer category

No. of farm

familiesArea (ha)

i < 1.0 Marginal Farmer 72,612 39545

ii 1.0-2.0 Small Farmer 50,127 69,545

iii 2.0-4.0 Small Medium Farmer 31,832 87,330

iv 4.0-10.0 Medium Farmer 12,710 73.315

v > 10.0 Large Farmer 1519 24,063

9. Climate:

i. Maximum Temp.: 240 - 470 C; Minimum Temp.:40 – 28.50C

ii. Rainfall: Normal rainfall- 1378.2mm iii. No. of rainy days: 65.4

10. Soil type: Red soil, Black soil, Red & black soil

11. Farming situation:Rainfed Dry land farming

12. Inception of KVK:February, 1994

KALAH

ANDI

O.U.A.T Centre Bhawanipatna

KRISHI VIGYAN

KENDRA

(KVK) KALAHANDI

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON KVK,

KALAHANDIKrishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned

by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture

and Technology, Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II)

dt. 27.08.1993. This Kendra started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western Undulating Zone

of Orissa with its headquarters at Bhawanipatna, with a prime aim to enhance the agricultural

production of Kalahandii district with help of the mandatory activities like: On Farm Trials, Front

Line Demonstrations, Vocational Trainings for farmers, In-service Trainings, different Extension

Activities, Seed & Seedling productions and making KVK information hub.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned

by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture

and Technology, Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II)

dt. 27.08.1993. This Kendra of OUAT started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western

Undulating Zone of Orissa, with its headquarters at Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi.

Staff Position

Dr. Ranjan Kumar Tarai (P.C.)

Ganesh Prasad (SMS Agronomy)

Tulsi Majhi (SMS horticulture)

Madhumita Jena (SMS extension)

Gyana Ranjan Sahu (SMS forestry)

G.C.Sahu (SMS Soil Science)

Priyadarshini Swain (Farm Manager)

Mandate of the KVK: Assessment, refinement and demonstration of the technology/products.

Objectives of the KVK:

On Farm Testing to identify the location specific technology in various farming system.

Front Line Demonstration to establish production potentials of the technologies on the farmer’s

fields.

Training of farmers and farmwomen to update their knowledge and skills in modern agriculture

technologies and training extension personal to orient them in the frontier areas of technology

development.

Work as resource and knowledge center of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of

public, private and voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district.

Create awareness about frontier technologies through large number of extension activities like

farmers fair, field day, strategic campaign and ex-trainees Meet etc.

Production of quality seeds and planting materials to make it easily available to the farmers.

Problem identification: The KVK identify farmers’ problem through PRA (Participatory Rural

appraisal) method. In this method farmers and farm related problems are identified by the farmers.

Scientists from KVK act as facilitator for the programme. Problems identified by the farmer

representatives are prioritized based on the marks obtained and then ranked accordingly. Some of

the common problems of the district identified by the KVK are:

Low profit from cultivation of traditional old rice varieties susceptible to pest and diseases

Heavy weed infestation in cereals

High incidence of insect pest results in poor yield of different field crops

Low profit from imbalance fertilizer application without soil testing

Bacterial and fungal wilt in solanaceous vegetables

Low profit from traditional variety of vegetable cultivation

Wastage of paddy straw and cotton stubbles in the field

Decline of cattle population due to unavailability of fodder and low yield of milk from indigenous

milch cow

Broadcasting of sunflower in pulses with poor nutrient management leading to low yield

Poor egg laying capacity and high mortality of indigenous poultry bird

Inadequate pre and post stocking management practice in aquaculture

Thrust area identified: Major thrust area where KVK is working are

Crop substitution replacing mono cropping of paddy particularly in upland

IPM strategies for paddy, cotton and vegetables

Integrated crop management practices for vegetables

Weed management in crops

Varietal evaluation

Introduction of low cost improved agricultural implements for small and marginal farmers

Backyard poultry and duckery for income generation

Production management in aquaculture

Drudgery reduction for farmwomen

Value addition

Major areas of training

1. Integrated crop management

2. Integrated weed management

3. Integrated nutrient management

4. Mushroom production

5. Fish pond management

6. Value addition

7. Drudgery reduction

8. Crop diversification

9. Fish Nursery management

10. Agro-forestry management

Achievements of the KVK

1. Trainings

Sl.

No.

Year Farmers training Rural youth Extension

functionaries

No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiary

1 2008-09 53 1325 06 150 03 75

2 2009-10 53 1325 07 105 06 60

3 2010-11 63 1575 12 180 14 140

4 2011-12 60 1500 10 150 12 120

5 2012-13 53 1325 09 135 12 120

On Farm Testing and Front Line Demonstration

Sl.

No.

Year On Farm testing FLD(general) FLD (Oil seed & pulses)

No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiar

y

1 2009-10 12 130 13 125 2 26

2 2010-11 16 120 20 90 2 24

3 2011-12 15 110 17 145 2 24

4 2012-13 15 110 17 152 3 30

ACHIEVEMENTS OF KVK, KALAHANDI DURING THE YEAR,

2012-13

ON FARM TESTING

Sl.

No.

Thematic area OFT Title No. of

trials

1 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of Ranidhan in lowland 10

2 Weed management Assessment of Atrazine in sugarcane 05

3 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Toria var- Parbati in medium

lowland

05

4 Varietal evaluation Assessment of castor var. Jwala (48-1) 05

5 Soil fertility

management

Assessment of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in

Okra

10

6 Micronutrient

management

Assessment of Mo and Co in Green gram 10

7 Micronutrient

management

Assessment of boron and molybdenum in

G.Nut

10

8 Soil fertility

management

Assessment of leaf colour chart based fertilizer

application in rice

10

9 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of pumpkin var. Arkachandan 05

10 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of okra var. Arka Anamika 05

11 Varietal evaluation Assessment tomato var. Utkal Raja 05

12 Varietal evaluation Assessment of onion var. Bhima Shakti 05

13 Varietal evaluation Assessment of K-7 var. of Subabul 5

14 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Sesamum var-Uma in Teak

plantation

5

15 Production technology Assessment of performance of Bambusa

nutans in western undulating region

5

FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS

(April 2012 to March 2013)

Sl. Thematic area FLD Title Area

No. (ha)

1 Varietal substitution Cultivation of Swarna Sub-1 under flash

flood situation

2.1

2 Varietal evaluation Performance of Ragi var- Bharavi 2.0

3 Integrated Nutrient

Management

Green manuring in cotton with sunhemp 4.0

4 Integrated Nutrient

Management

Application of Azospirilium in rice 4.0

5 Integrated Nutrient

Management

INM in black gram 4.0

6 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Brinjal var. Utkal

Tarini

0.4

7 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Papaya var. FS-1 0.4

8 Production technology Performance of bi-nodal culm cutting of

bamboo

0.2

9 Integrated Farming

System

Bund plantation of Acacia mangium 0.2

10 Integrated Farming

System

Performance of sarpagandha under teak

plantation

0.2

11 Varietal evaluation Performance of green gram var- Durga 1.0

12 Weed management Performance of pretilachlor in paddy 4.0

13 varietal evaluation Performance of chilly var-Utkal Rashmi 0.4

14 Integrated Nutrient

Management

Performance of combined application Mo

and rhizobium in green gram

4.0

15 Production

management

INM in cauliflower 0.25

16 Small scale income

generation

Performance of Rangini lac in palas and

ber trees

10 nos of trees

TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR THE YEAR 2013-2014

Discipline Training

F/FW RY IS

T A T A T A

Agronomy 16 06 02 01 02 --

Soil science 16 04 02 01 02 01

Horticulture 16 05 02 01 02 --

Forestry 16 05 02 02 02 01

Extension - - 04 01 07 03

TOTAL 64 20 12 06 15 05

STUDENT TEACHER INTERACTION DURING VISIT TO KVK

SHADE NET AND

VERMI COMPOSTING UNIT

POULTRY AND AZOLLA UNIT

WELCOME

TO

RRTTS

KALAHANDI

ALL INDIA COORDINATED COTTON

IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi, Odisha

INTRODUCTION:

Cotton is grown as a non-traditional commercial crop in the western and southern parts of

Odisha under upland rainfed conditions. The crop occupied 101.76 thousand ha during the year

2011-12 with a production of 130 thousand ton of seed cotton (231.65 thousand bales of 170 kg

each) and productivity of 425 kg lint/ha. The area under cotton has gone up considerably from 9.79

thousand ha in the year 1950 to 63,294 thousand ha in the year 2001-02 but later declined to

29.49 thousand ha during 2002-03 and increased to 101.76 thousand ha in the year 2011-12.

(Source: Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Odisha). The area under cotton during the year 2011-

12 has increased by 60 % over the year 2001-02 when AICCIP centre, Bhawanipatna started

under OUAT. The area under cotton in India is 121.91 lakh ha with productivity of 481 kg lint/ ha in

the year 2011-12. The productivity of cotton in Odisha is far below the world average (754 kg

lint/ha). (Source: AICCIP-Annual Report, 2011-12).

The major cotton growing districts of Odisha are Kalahandi, Bolangir and Rayagada, but it

is also grown to a lesser extent in the districts of Nuapara, Ganjam, Sonepore, Gajapati, Boudh

and Koraput. The Department of Agriculture is giving emphasis for the major districts with respect

to procurement and marketing. The district wise area, production and productivity of cotton in

Odisha.

CROP PEST AND DISEASE SCENARIO:

During the season sowing of cotton crop was done in the third week of June to first week of

July. As regards to sucking pest population aphid was first observed during first week of August

followed by jassids. The incidence of Spodoptera litura was observed during the early vegetative

stage. Other pests which attacked the cotton crop were thrips, white fly and leaf folders but their

population was negligible. Among the major diseases that infected the cotton crop were Bacterial

blight and Myrothecium leaf spot and Grey mildew.

PROFORMA FOR MONITORING OF AICCIP TRIALS

A. General Information

1. Name of the Participating Centre AICCIP, Bhawanipatna,

2. AddressOUAT Centre, RRTTS, Bhawanipatna

Dist: Kalahandi. Odisha, PIN-766001

3.

Number and details of AICCIP Trials

undertaken

i) Main centre

Breeding - 6

Agronomy - 5

Entomology - 5

Station trial- 3

Total - 19

4. Soil type Black cotton

5. Soil depth Shallow

6. Soil texture Clay loam

7. Soil pH 6.3-6.7

8. Soil fertility Low in N & P, Medium in K

9. Previous crop Fallow

10. Whether Irrigated/Rainfed Irrigated

11.

Agro climatic region number

a) Rainfall

b) No. of rainy days

Below normal

58 Rainy Days

DIFFERENT TRIALS IN AICRP COTTON

Agronomic requirement of promising pre-released Hirsutum genotype of cotton. Var:

NH635, BS-30, PH-1060.

Weed management in cotton variety: bunny(NCH145)

Technology for organic cotton production. Var: SK-235

Company trial: effect of Ratchet on cotton (bio yield enhancer) for 2nd year. Var: Bunny

(NCH-145)

Finalisation of optimum date of sowing for pre released cotton hybrids developed in AICCIP

Bhawanipatna(station trial) var: BHH-16, BHH-24, BHH-326

HDPS-1: standardisation of plant population / planting geometry for promising genotype

under HDPS. Var: BS-279, BS-277,BS-144-1, suraj.

HDPS-2: evaluation of soil moisture conservation measures and fertiliser requirements for

HDPS.

Finalization of optimal date of sowing for pre released cotton cultivars developed in AICCIP,

Bhawanipatna (station trial), Var: BS- 39, BS-30,BS-37

Ent-1: Screening of breeding materials(Br 03a, Br04a, Br05a and Br06a) for resistance to

insect pests (Zonal trial)

Ent-2: Population dynamics to develop suitable forecasting model. Var- DCH-32

Ent-3: revalidation of existing recommendation of insecticides against sucking pests in

cotton ecosystem. Var- BS-30

Ent-4: integrated cotton crop management with emphasis on biotic stress. Var- BS-79

Maintenance of resistant variety.

Br03a-preliminary varietal trial of Gossypium hirsutum (irrigated)

Coordinated varietal trial of Gossypium hirsutum (irrigated)

Br05a (national trial) preliminary Intra Hirsutum hybrid trial (irrigated)

Br05a (zonal trial)coordinated hybrid trial Intra Hirsutum (irrigated)

Br06a (national trial) Initial evaluation trial of compact genotype under irrigated condition

Br06a (zonal trial) Initial evaluation trial of compact genotype under irrigated condition.

Maintenance of germplasam.

Evaluation of single cross.

Evaluation of backcross (4)

AICRP ON CASTOR, BHAWANIPATNA

Year of Commencement of the Project: 1987 at Semiliguda

Shifted to Bhawanipatna from Kharif, 1994

Mandates:

• Evaluation of genetic resources

• To develop region-specific high yielding varieties/hybrids with resistance to biotic and abiotic

stresses

• To develop economically viable production and protection technologies to augment the production.

• To evaluate the varieties/hybrids and the technologies of national and regional importance through

multilocation testing.

• Transfer of technology

Objectives of the Project;

To identify / develop early maturing, high yielding drought tolerant varieties / hybrids with high oil

content and resistance to biotic stress.

To develop improved package of practices for maximization of yield.

To conduct co-ordinated trials for evaluation of different varieties/hybrids suitable for the zone.

To popularize the high yielding variety/hybrids and production technology among the farmers by

conducting Frontline demonstrations.

Thrust areas identified during XI plan:

Development of varieties/hybrids with resistance to wilt, botrytis and capsule borer

Development of early duration varieties/hybrids for rainfed and non-traditional areas

Major achievements

1. Among different high yielding varieties of castor tested over years the variety ‘48-1’ (Jwala), DCS-9

was found suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

2. Among different castor hybrids tested DCH-177 found suitable for cultivation in rainfed upland eco-

system in Odisha during kharif season.

3. Among pre-released varieties tested under coordinated trials the entries JI-353,JI-368, SKI-307,

SKI-324,SKI-333, SKI-337, MCI-3, MCI-11, JC-22, JC-26 and JC-24 were found promising.

4. Among pre-released hybrids tested under coordinated trials the entries RHC-231, RHC-199,

RHC-264, SHB-871, SHB-890 and SHB-875 were found promising.

5. Under breeding programme, seeds from F1 plants of 16 crosses were harvested through selfing for

imposing selection in F2.

6. Twenty one RG lines and eighteen parental lines received from DOR, Hyderabad and seven local

land races were maintained through selfing for their future use in breeding programmes.

Major crop production technology developed and recommended:

Studies on optimization of production under resource constraints revealed that non adoption of

weeding and non-adoption of fertilizer application are the most critical factors limiting higher

productivity in castor.

Out of different sources of Sulphur, application of 20 kg S through SSP or Gypsum was found

beneficial for higher production in castor. It could give 27 - 32% higher yield than no sulphur

application.

A spacing of 90cm x 60cm was found optimum for higher production in castor under rainfed upland

eco-system during kharif season.

Transferable Technologies Developed By AICRP on Castor, Bhawanipatna

Plant Breeding:

Among different high yielding varieties of castor ‘48-1’ (Jwala) and DCS-9 (Jyoti) were found

suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

Among different castor hybrids tested, DCH-177 and DCH-519 were found suitable for cultivation

in rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

Agronomy:

Sowing of castor should be done after onset of monsoon. In areas where late kharif/pre-

rabisowing is practiced, sowing should be done around 15th of August for getting higher yield.

Pre emergence application of Butachlor @ 1kg a.i. /ha is suitable in controlling weeds during initial

growth stage of castor.

Trials under AICRP Castor

Initial hybrid trial(IHT)- 13 hybrids

Initial varietal/hybrid trial(IVHT)- 15 entries

Advanced varietal/hybrid trial(AVHT)- 11 entries

Evaluation and identification of suitable hybrids/varieties of castor-15 entries

Evaluation of newly developed hybrids-26 hybrids

Maintenance of germplasm lines of castor- 60 nos

Development of suitable male combiners in castor( generation F1)- 21 crosses and 7

parents

EVALUATION OF PADDY. MAIZE AND ONION

VARIETIES UNDER RRTTS

1. Integrated weed management in transplanted rice:

Early post emergence application of Ethoxy sulfuron ethyl @ 15g/ha at 12 days after

planting with one hand weeding at 35 DAS enhances the mean yield (47.76q/ha) and net return

(Rs31618.00/ha) with suppression of weed population and dry matter accumulation. During non-

availability of labour force for weeding operation, pre emergence application of Pretilachlor @ 0.5

kg /ha at 3 to 5 DAT + 2,4-D Na salt@ 0.5 kg / ha at 28 DAT will be the suitable option to raise the

economics(Rs31004.00/ha).

2. Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under

rice agro-ecosystem in western undulating zone:

Yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper, brown plant

hopper and white backed plant hopper were found to be major insect pests of rice. Peak activity of

yellow stem borer and gall midge was recorded during 40 th std. week (1-7 Oct.) whereas peak

activity of brown plant hopper was observed during 41st std.week (8-14Oct.).Maximum

temperature favoured the attack of gall midge where as minimum temperature favoured the attack

of yellow stem borer.

3. Evaluation of location specific IPM module for sustainable rice production:

Combined results over two years revealed that the location specific IPM module comprising of

various components viz., seed treatment with carbendazim @ 1. 5grams /kg of seed, application of

phorate 500g /10 cent in the nursery bed before 5 days of uprooting of seedling, release of

Trichogramma japonicum @1lakhs/ha at 30 DAT,.40DAT and 50DAT , setting up pheromone traps

@ 5nos/ha for yellow stem borer , installation of bird perches @ 25nos/ha, foliar spraying of

neemazol @1ml /lt at 60DAT and 70DAT and foliar spraying of Buprofezin @ 1.5ml/lt at 85DAT at

ETL afforded excellent control of major insect pests of rice viz., yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf

folder, case worm, green leaf hopper and brown plant hopper with higher grain yield of 31.86q/hq

and monetary benefit of Rs11908/- per ha over the chemical control schedule(Non IPM). IPM plot

also recorded significantly higher numbers of natural enemies in rice ecosystem.

Technical Trials:

Agronomy:

Integrated nutrient management in aromatic paddy varieties and its residual effect on paira

cropping. Var: Nua Acharamati, Geetanjali, Ketakijuha

Integrated nutrient management in SRI Rice. Var: Ajaya

Horticulture:

Varietal evaluation of onion cultivars in western undulating zone, Bhawanipatna, var: Bhima

Super, Bhima Raj, Agrifound Light Red, Agrifound Dark Red, N53(yield check), Arka

Kalyan, Arka Niketan, Arka Pragati

Varietal evaluation of tomato cultivars in weastern undunating zone,Bhawanipatna. Var:

Utkal Pallavi( bacterial wilt resistant check), Utkal Dipti, Utkal Kumara( yield check), Utkal

Urvashi, Utkal Raja. Utkal Pragya, BT-106, BT-317, Swarna Lalima

Entomology:

Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under rice agro-

ecosystem in western undulating zone. Var: Swarna

Management of insect pest of rice through ITKS. Var Swarna.

Company trail:

MLT ON PADDY

Evaluation of 3 rice hybrids: BS-110G, BS-226, BS-6444G of Bayer bio science pvt. Ltd for

western undulating zone.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: RH-664 plus, RH-1531, RH-10422, RH-10428 of Devgan seeds Crop

tech. pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: SAVA-127, SAVA-134 of Savana seeds pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: US-312and US-382 of seed work international pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: NK- 5251 and NK-6302 of Syngenta india pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: R-6301, R-6451, R-6606 of Zuari seeds pvt. Ltd.

MLT ON MAIZE

Evaluation on maize hybrids: MM-1107 and TMH-67705 of Dhanya seeds pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of maize hybrids: Cyrus –G, Cyrus, Megan-G and PMH-495 of Prabardhan seeds pvt.

Ltd. For western undulating zone of Odisha.

Evaluation for maize hybrids: KMH-3646, KMH-6681 and KMH-3110 of M/S kaveri seeds pvt. ltd.

Evaluation of maize hybrids: 3033,3591 and Pro-Agro-4558 of Rashi seed pvt. Ltd.

AICRP SOYABEAN AICRP COTTON

VOLUNTARY CENTER ON SOYBEAN

UNDER RRTTS, BHAWANIPATNA

It is a voluntary center on soybean under RRTTS, Bhawanipatna. Only agronomic trials are

carried out not the breeding trial.There are 43 entries under initial varietal trail with one check

variety, and 9 varieties under advanced varietal trial. The agronomy trials includes the trials on

different weedicide application, spacing and intercropping, agronomic observation and observation

on yield are recorded and compared with check varieties.

AICRP CASTOR

CROP CUTTING

WEL-

COME

TO

DDA

KALAHANDI

DDA KALAHANDI

HISTORY & BACKGROUND OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT:-

Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range, and Bhawanipatna is an office under the

Government of Odisha, Agril. Deptt. Named as Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range,

Bhawanipatna, having its jurisdiction in Kalahandi and Nuapada Revenue Districts (Un-divided

Kalahandi district). The main functions and duties, assigned by the Government, are:

To transfers the improved technologies for upliftment of the Agril. Production in the Range.

Distribution of improved and quality Agril. Seeds to the cultivators of the Range, duly certified by

the State Seed Certification Agency in order to get better productions.

Integrated pest management in the farmer's field, to combat the pest situation.

Balanced use of Chemical Fertilizers by the cultivators for boost up the Agril. Production in the

District.

Providing the latest production technologies through farmers training programmes, exposure visits

of the farmers to the outside/inside state to study the performance of certain crops of those areas.

Supply of improved Agril. Implements to the cultivators for improvement of the quality of the

cultivation.

FARM MECHANIZATION UNDER DIFFERENT SCHEME FOR KALAHANDI DISTRICT (UPTO-

2012):-

S.L .NO IMPLIMENTS NO.OF IMPLIMENTS

1 Tractor 208

2 Power tiller 563

3 Self propelled transplanter 4

4 Hydraulic trolly 123

5 Axil flour thresher 65

6 Power thresher 9

7 Combine thresher 1

8 Manual & bullock drawn set 620

9 Power operated impliments 42

10 Rotavator 5

11 Diesel pump 200

12 Self propelled reaper 12

PLANT PROTECTION PROGRAMME BY D.D.A. KALAHANDI:-

S.L.NO CONTROL MEASURES Area (ha)

1 Seed treatment 66039

2 Intensive & epidemic control 1569

3 Weed control 9062

4 Rodent control 11,000

5 Biological control 1,000

6 Pesticide and bio pesticide consumption(a.i.in.mt) 32

FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTION THROUGH DDA:-

S.L.NO NAME OF FERTILIZERS

1 Urea

2 Ammonium sulphate

3 Single super phosphate(SSP)

4 Murate of potash(MOP)

5 Di ammonium phosphate(DAP)

6 10:26:26

7 28:28:00

8 20:20:00:13

9 15:15:15

10 14:35:14

SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF KALAHANDI:-

S.L.NO COMPONENTS AMOUNTS

1 Organic carbon Low to medium

2 Phosphorous Low to medium

3 Potash Medium to high

Soil reaction

1 Acidic <25%

2 Neutral >50%

3 Alkali <25%

Component under N.F.S.M:-

1. Seeds:-

Distribution of certified seeds.

2. Integrated nutrient management:

a) Lime& gypsum

b) Micronutrients

c) Assistance for rhizobium culture & PSB distribution.

3. Integrated pest management.

4. Assistance for distribution of sub-tropical IPM.

5. Assistance for weedicide.

6. Incentive for knapsack sprayer.

7. Distribution of rotavator.

8. Distribution of sprinkler set

9. Incentive for pumpset.

10. Extension training.

11. Training on pattern of FFS.

12. Local initiative.

a) Incentive for line sowing&Incentive for phosphatic fertilizer application.

Components under R.K.V.Y:-

i. Hybrid maize cultivation.

ii. Introduction & explosion of improve pigeon pea production technology.

iii. E-pest surveillance.

iv. State wide soil testing campaign.

v. Insitu farm pond.

vi. Hybrid mustard demonstration.

vii. Hybrid sunflower demonstration.

viii. Hybrid maize demonstration.

Total training under the scheme “extension & training for rural women & VAWs” is 8.

SEED DIVERSION BY DDA FOR RICE:-

TOTAL LATE TOTAL MEDIUM TOTAL EARLY

MTU-7029 Lalat Naveen

Ramchandi Konark Khandagiri

Jaral Surendra

Pooja MTU-1001

CR-1009 MTU-1010

CR-1018 RGL-2538

RGL-2537

Bansadhan

Moti

CR-1014

Pratikshya

BPT-5024

Gintajali

Jajati

Diversification of cropping system in kharif by DDA:-

Arhar,Ground nut,Maize,Cotton,Fruit crop,Black gram,Vegetables,Tuber crops

MIXED CROPPING:-

a) Paddy+Arhar

b) Arhar+Black gram/Green gram

c) Ground nut+Arhar

d) Cotton+ Arhar

e) Paddy+Black gram/Green garm

f) Cotton+Black gram

g) Maize+Arhar

IRRIGATION POTENTIAL PROJECT UNDER DDA:-

i. MAJOR I.P-1ii. MAJORI.P-1

iii. MINOR I.P-21iv. LIP GOVT.-534v. BORE WELL-694vi. SHALLOW TUBEWELL-105vii. LIP(OAIC)-52viii. DUG WELL-15237

TRAINING PROGRAMME UNDER AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY DDA:-

VILLAGE LEVEL TRAINING:

Awareness programme on soil sample collection /FAO in paddy, post harvest technology &

orientation programme on ATMA.

Hybrid sun flower cultivation/hybrid sugarcane/hybrid cotton production technology.

INSIDE STATE PROGRAMME:-Farm mechanization & Sugar cane cultivation

OUT SIDE STATE TRAINING:-Technique for high tech agriculture

Schemes running under DDA:

a) Rice development

b) SRI(state plan)

c) Ragi development

d) Sugar cane development

e) Jute technology mission(JTM)

f) ISOPOM(oil seed)

g) ISOPOM(maize)

h) ICDP(cotton)

i) NFSM(rice)

j) NFSM(pulses)

k) ATMA

l) Extension & training for rural women

m)RKVY

FARMERS TRAINING UNDER ANIMAL HUSBENDARY BY DDA:-

Village level training:

Popularization of A.I in desi cattle.

Normal animal health camp cum awareness camp.

Infertility animal health camp cum awareness camp.

Inside state training programme on animal husbandry activities:

Back yard poultry farming

Duckery farming

Outside state training programme:

Back yard poultry farming.

Dairy management.

TRAINING UNDER HORTICULTURAL SECTOR:

Village level training;-

Onion cultivation,Vermi composting,Mushroom technique, Tuber crops,Fruits & vegetables

Inside state:

Mushroom cultivation, tuber crops, fruit & vegetables

Outside state:

Honey bee cultivation

Crop coverage by DDA kalahandi:

a) Paddy,other cereals,pulses,oilseeds,vegetables, spices,tobacco & sugarcane

Training under fishery sector by DDA:-

Village level training on yearling production

Inside state training on yearling production

PRA(Participatory Rural

Appraisal)

PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL

Components of PRA:

People

Knowledge

Participation

Planning

Action

It is a combination of different approaches to

Share

Enhance

Analyze

Plan

Act

For the betterment of the rural people with their participation

The secrets behind the success of PRA are

Decentralization

Empowerment

OBJECTIVES OF PRA:-

PRA aims to empower local people by encouraging them to share, enhance and analyze

their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor and evaluate.

WHAT IT IS?

Participatory research is not an alternative research method, but an approach that can be

applied to any methodology – survey, experimental, qualitative (Lilja and Bellon 2008).

“PRA methods, as they are often called, are visual and tangible and usually performed by

small groups of people”. (Chambers 2007)

PRA comprised of different research tools to facilitate local people in

Analyzing information

Practicing critical self-awareness

Taking responsibility

Sharing their knowledge of life and conditions to plan and to act.

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION:-

FROM RRA TO PRA

From 1970 onwards Participatory tools- for promoting and participation of the poor &

marginalized in improving their wellbeing.

These tools arose from two beliefs:

The knowledge & experience of poor and marginalized have value and not to be dismissed

as irrelevant or wrong,

Poor and marginalized have the right to resources traditionally defined by them.

EVOLUTION OF PRA:-

Five streams which stand out as sources and parallels to PRA are, in alphabetical order:

Activist participatory research.

Agro-ecosystem analysis.

Applied anthropology.

Field research on farming systems.

WHY PRA:-

In its earlier version of PRA it emerged as a response to two major concerns of rural social

research not adequately satisfied by conventional methods.

To develop local perspective by becoming more responsive to local people and local situations

To evolve a methodology which could provide timely and cost effective information

BENEFITS OF PRA METHODS:-

Empowerment of the local people

Securing active involvement of the community and appreciation of local knowledge,

encouraging/enabling the expression and utilization of local diversity while building on ITK.

Creating a culture of open learning with each other and with community members other.

Setting research priorities.

Setting participatory extension program.

Policy review

SCOPE OF PRA;-

PRA is used:

To ascertain needs.

To establish priorities for development activities.

Within the scope of feasibility studies.

During the implementation phase of projects.

Within the scope of monitoring and evaluation of projects.

For studies of specific topics.

For focusing formal surveys on essential aspects, and identifying conflicting group

interests.

Areas of application:-

Natural resource management

Agriculture

Poverty alleviation/women in development programmes

Health and nutrition

Preliminary and primary education

Village and district-level planning

Institutional and policy analysis.

Key Principles:-

Participation – local people serve as partners in data collection and analysis

Flexibility- not a standardized methodology

Off-setting biases – anti poverty biases are consciously avoided, more listening less

lecturing

Teamwork – everyone is involved

Diversity – attempts made to identify and analyse contradictions and exceptions

“Optimal Ignorance” – leave out unessential details

Systematic – to get correct details and conclusions, it is best to cross check

Local materials - dirt, stones, sticks (or paper), not computers/electronics devices

WELCOME

TO VILLAGE KANAKPUR

KANAKPUR AT A GLANCE

Village Information:

Name of village: KANAKPUR

Gram Panchayat: Medinipur

Block: Bhawanipatna

District: Kalahandi

Land Use Pattern:

Total Geographical Area: 156 acres

Land Under Cultivation:140 acres

1) Area under paddy : 96 acre

2) Area under sugarcane : 20 acre

3) Area under banana : 8 acre

4) Area under vegetables : 6 acre

5) Area under cotton : 8 acre

6) Area under mango: 2 acre

Farmer’s Category:

Land less:16

Marginal Farmer(< 1ha): 11

Small Farmer(1-2 ha): 11

Medium Farmer(2-4 ha): 18

Larger Farmer(>4 ha):12

Literacy percentage (%):

Total -90%

Male -100%

Female -80%

Crops Grown: Paddy, sugar cane, wheat, seasonal vegetables, banana, cotton

Soil: Sandy loam, clay loam soil

Demographic features:

a. 68 families, 45 farm families and 23 non farm families.

b. Total no of households:44, (41 kachha house and 3 pakka house).

c. Population-325

Enterprises: biogas plant, rice mill, shop, fishery in katta, vermicompost pit, mushroom

cultivation units, banana orchards, mango orchards, diary, poultry, goatery etc.

Community structures: threshing floors, temple, club etc.

Water Resource: katta-7acre, 5 tube wells, 16 shallow bore,7 well, canal

TRANSECT WALK

INTRODUCTION :-

A transect walk is a useful method for knowing rural ecological conditions.

A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path (transect) across the

village area which is undertaken by the team along with the local people to explore

the agro-ecosystem of the village and by observing, asking, listening, looking and

producing a transect diagram. 

A Transect depicts a cross-sectional view of the different agro-ecological zones and

provides a comparative assessment of the Zones on different parameters.

OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE:-

1. Appraisal of natural resources in terms of status, problems & potential.

2. To get an idea about farming practices, cropping pattern, the physical layout

(existing or planned),irrigated facilities etc.

3. To know the agro ecosystem of the village.

4. To get the cross sectional view of the village.

5. Type of issue that might be covered in transect:-

Food storage

Community resource

Difference in households and their assets

Credit sources

Agriculture production and constraints

Livestock management

Health assets and hazards

Water resource and hazards

Village infrastructure

Land use pattern and seasonal variation

Livelihood strategies

Crops and other food production

Gathered foods and medicine

PROCEDURE:-

BEFORE

We have formed a group of 23 students including 5 numbers of willing villagers. The group

includes 3 numbers of elderly and experienced villagers and the village youths.

Before commencement of the transect walk, we have explained briefly the purpose of the

walk & selected the area under study village resources like irrigation sources, water

catchment area, vegetation, land resources etc.

DURING

We have observed everything in detail and listened carefully.

We have also asked & recorded everything what we saw and listened, sketched and

drawn the maps.

We have walked up to the last boundary & covered all the relevant sides.

AFTER

Carefully documented all the information collected by all team members.

We have prepared final diagrams and sketch from the rough sketches.

We have cross checked and compared the information by meeting other villagers &

Recorded how things differ from one situation to another.

CONCLUSION:-

Through transect walk, the productive and useful resources are identified. Most important

crop is paddy; other important crop are sugarcane, banana ,vegetables and other useful resources

Land type

LAND TYPE Medium Low Medium Medium low Upland

SOIL TYPE

Sandy

loam

Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam,

clay loam

Sandy loam, clay

loam

CROP

Banana,

rice

Rice, banana,

vegetables

Rice,

sugarcane,

maize, beans

Rice, banana,

sugarcane

Cotton, arhar,

okra, maize

VEGETATION

Mango,

guava,

lemon,

coconut

Mango, cashewnut,

custard apple

Jackfruit,

guava,

moringa,

neem

Kanchan,

mango, custard

apple, palm,

date palm

Jatropha, aonla

HOME STEAD Kacha,

pakka

Kacha,pakka kacha

- -

WATER

FACILITY Well, bore

well, water

lifting point

Well, pond, tenda Tube well,

bore well,

tenda

Canal pond LI point

FISHERY -

Rohu, catla, mrigal

- Rohu, mrigal,

kau, catla

-

LIVE STOCK Bullock,

cow, duck

Goat, duck,

poultry,bullock

Cow, bullock - -

OTHER

RESOURCES

Shop,club

house

-

Biogas, solar

panel

-

FYM pit

PROBLEM

-

Water stagnation

- Poor drainage

facility, water

stagnation

No irrigation

facility

OPPORTUNITY vermicompost Rice+ fishery

Bund

plantation,

orchard,

livestock,

vegetables

Rice+ fishery+

duckery

Forestry+ pulse

cultivation

like biogas, livestock etc. The various unused resources are - a large pond & back yard of

household.

ACTION PLAN:-

Waste land creates opportunity for bee keeping & vegetable cultivation.

Large pond can be utilized for pisciculture.

Poultry& mushroom cultivation can be taken in the back yard of household.

Pulse crop can be cultivated.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-1(RAWE2013) Jugala Budhia

Santosh Budhia

Bhuban Budhia

Kuber Budhia

SOCIO-RESOURCE MAP

SOCIO RESOURCE MAPPING: -Development of a map of the village area to understand

the village lay out showing main features like housing, temples, village watershed, forest,

water bodies etc. This helps in studying social structure and availability of social facilities

and also helps to establish the extent and location of these resources and to analyze and

understand them better.

OBJECTIVE: -Socio-resource maps have been used for depicting of various aspects

related to

Topography, terrain and slopes

Forest, vegetation and tree species

Soil-type, fertility, erosion

Various facets of social reality are viz ; social stratification,

demographics, settlement patterns, social infrastructure etc.

PROCEDURE:-

We have selected a proper place for preparing a social map and explain the

purpose of the exercise.

We have encouraged them to use locally available material in a creative way &

to make the map as representative as possible.

We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village.

We have asked the participants to draw a map of the village showing all

households. For orientation it will be helpful to draw roads and significant spots

of the village into the map.

We have asked the participants to also show institutions, buildings and places

that offer some kind of social service or which are popular spots to meet and

discuss. Example: schools, temples, youth club, gram Panchayats, community

leaders, local shop, health service, places where people frequently meet etc.

At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any

modifications or additions.

We have copied the map onto a large sheet of paper with all details including

legends.

CONCLUSION:

From the “socio-resource map”, we identified the presence of land resources

contains cultivated area, habitation area, kata (mahabandh) and kitchen garden area.

Demographic features:

68 families, 45 farm families and 23 non farm families.

Total no of households: 44, 41 kachha house and 3 pakka house.

Crop resources: paddy, sugarcane, banana, vegetables etc.

Enterprises: biogas plant, rice mill, shop, fishery in katta, vermicompost pit, mushroom

cultivation units, banana orchards, mango orchards, diary, poultry, goatery etc.

Community structures: threshing floors, temple, club etc.

Water Resource: katta-7acre, 5tubles, 16 shallow bore,7 well, canal

FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:

Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Jugal budhia Prahllad budhia Kuber budhia

CROP MAP

Crop map indicates the cropping area, cropping pattern of the village.

Purpose:

By this map, we can be able to get the knowledge about the main crops,cropping

systems, cropping pattern and cropping areas of the village.

We can also know the cultivated varieties of the different crops.

We can prepare an alternate action plan of the village

PROCEDURE:

We have selected a proper place for preparing a crop map and explain the

purpose of the exercise.

We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative as possible on the

drawing sheet.

We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village as well as the

crop fields.

We have asked the participants to also show different crops on their respective

fields.

At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any

modifications or additions.

Conclusion:-

From the above crop map we have concluded that the majority of the cultivated area is

under paddy i.e. 96acres. The second important crop is sugarcane which is grown in

20acres. Banana cultivation is also followed in a sizable area of 8 acre. Since last 3

years cotton is grown in uplands covering an area of 8acers. Vegetable cultivation is

also an important enterprise of this village. Farm women are also involved in kitchen

garden in their back yards.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-1(RAWE2013-14) Jugal Budhia,

Bharat Chandra Budhia,

Swati Budhia,

Basant Goud

HYDROLOGY MAP

Hydrology map indicates the water resources of the village like pond, river, watershed,

tube well and well etc.

OBJECTIVE

To know about the various water resources present in the village.

To know about the permanent water harvesting structure of the village.

To know about the perennial water resources of the village.

To know about the availability of water in different parts of the year.

Further it influences the cropping pattern and crop selection and water use

pattern of the villagers.

PROCEDURE:-

1. We have selected a place for preparing a hydrology map and explained the

purpose of the exercise to the participants.

2. We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative as possible on

the drawing sheet.

3. We have asked the participants to draw the various water resources on the

map such that wells, tube wells and canals, hand pumps, shallow bore wells

that offer some kind of irrigation and day to day water use pattern by the

villagers.

4. At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any

modifications or additions.

CONCLUSION

The village is having 5 nos. of tube well which provides fresh water for household

use, 7 nos. of dug well which provides water for irrigating kitchen gardens and other

household purposes, the village is also having 15 nos. of shallow irrigation point which is

use for irrigation purpose out of which two points are converted into lift irrigation point,

further it is having a pond an area of 7 acres which is used for pisciculture. The total

irrigated area is 99 acres and the village comes under two irrigation projects bhatang

padar dam (micro irrigation project) and pipalnal medium irrigation project which is the

source of their perennial cannel water resource. The shallow tube wells provide water for

40 acres, dug well provides water for 15-20 acres, LI (lift irrigation) point provides water

for 60-70 acres of land respectively. And there is 4 acres land under drip irrigation

.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-1(RAWE2013-14) Swati Budhia

Jugal Budhia

Basant Goud,

Satya Pradhan

Pranam Budhia

ENTERPRISE MAP

Enterprise map is spatial analysis of various productive and unproductive

enterprises by the participant villagers.

To know the information on various enterprise and their relative positions within the

village entity.

To identify existing and promising indigenous micro-enterprises with in the village

To show the evolution of each major enterprise.

Served as the basis for identifying changes in the production systems.

Conclusion:

Enterprise is two types, one is productive another is unused type. In Kanakpur village

all are productive type of enterprise. These are vermi-compost, shop, compost, rice mill,

biogas plant, solar energy, mushroom cultivation, mango orchard, banana orchard, fishery,

poultry, jaggery, dairy.

Action plan:

The total area of pond is 7acre. In it they can do fish cultivation commercially and

get benefit around the year.

They can cultivate mango commercially by applying different modern technology.

Inside the mango and banana orchard inter-culture can be done.

In dairy farming they can increase the number of cows mainly jersey.

They can cultivate mushroom with proper scientific method and techniques.

FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:

Group 1(RAWE-2013) Bharat bhusan budhia

Jugal kishore budhia

Basant gauda

Biranchi pradhan

MOBILITY MAP

Mobility map is a PRA method used to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group, or

the community.

The focus is on where people go and for what.

Other aspects, like the frequency of visits, distance, and the importance of the place visited,

may also be studied and depicted.

It reflects the people’s perception of movement patterns and the reasons there of.

OBJECTIVES:-

Understanding the mobility pattern of local people where they go and for what? Increasing

gender sensitivity and awareness by using them for highlighting the difference between the

mobility patterns of men and women.

Evaluation of the impact of certain interventions in terms of their effects on mobility

patterns.

Planning for intervention and projects.

INFORMATION ELICITED FROM THE MOBILITY MAP:-

A. Places

B. Purpose

C. Direction

D. Distance

E. Mode

F. Frequency

G. Cost of transport to and from a village

PROCESS:-

We have selected the person, group or community whose mobility pattern you are

interested in understanding.

We explained the purpose of the exercise and initiate a discussion on the places they visit.

We then listed down the places. As they close the list, they were asked whether they would

like to add some more or delete any of the places in the list.

They were asked to write the name of the places on small pieces of paper in bold letters.

They were encouraged to depict the places using symbols or visuals,

A circle was drawn in the middle of a paper or ground, representing the village/locality and

ask them to locate the pieces of paper with the names of the places they visit around the

circle in such a way that they are properly represented.

We asked them to link the cards representing the places visited with the circle depicting

their locality by lines. The thickness of the lines could represent a particular feature, such

as, the frequency of the visits.

We asked them to follow a similar process, for all other places that they visit, one by one.

They were encouraged to represent other aspects in the form of visuals, symbols or in

writing.

- Purpose of visiting the places

- Importance of the places visited

- Distance of the places

- Mode of transport

- Frequency of visits

- Whether alone or with someone

They were asked whether they would like to make any alterations once the diagram is

ready.

We requested them to explain the map and their learning from it.

They were asked to explain the diagram in detail. Interview the diagram to clarify your

doubts by asking probing questions.

We listened carefully to their discussion and take any necessary notes.

The diagram is copied onto paper with all the details.

CONCLUSION:-

The mobility map indicates that the villagers of Kanakpur mainly go to Bhawanipatna,

Medinipur,Manoharpur, Kusumsila, Sujanpur, Sripur and Kesinga for their requirements like

marketing, communication, entertainment, farming, medical facilities, etc. But Bhawanipatna

seems to be the most frequent place of visit for their requirements. for transportation the most

common modes are bicycles and motor bikes.

FACILITATOR PARTICIPANTS

GROUP-I (RAWE2013-14) Shyam Kumar Budhia

Sana Gouda

VENN DIAGRAM

DEFINITION: - The diagram which shows the relationship of various institutions, organizations,

programmes or individuals with each other & with the village as perceived by the villagers is called

as Venn diagram.

PURPOSE:

To identify groups, institutes operating in the community & show their interactions.

To discover the importance on decision making in community.

To show the accessibility of the institutes.

The exercise is carried out by the help of villagers with use of different sizes of circle of

paper which indicates the relative importance or accessibility of a particular institution or

individual to that particular village.

According to the villagers, various groups &institutions those mostly influence them and their

activity are –

a) Primary school

b) Primary Health Centre

c) Kissan mandi

d) Block office

e) Gram panchayat

f) Police station

g) Bank

h) Temple

i) Post office

j) Local market

k) K.V.K.

l) Veterinary office

m) Anganwadi

n) R.I. Office

o) Youth club

p) Co-operative store

q) College

r) District health Centre

KANAKPURPRIMARY SCHOOL

MARKET

BLOCK OFFICEHOSPITAL

POLICE STATIONKISSAN MANDI

GRAM PANCHAYATKVK

ANGANWADI

BANK

POST OFFICE

VENN DIAGRAM

Village – KanakpurGram Panchayat -MedinipurBlock – BhawanipatnaDistrict - Kalahandi

CONCLUSION:

From the above venn diagram we have concluded that, kisan mandi, KVK,

School, Angan wadi, Gram panchayat, block office are more important and easily

accessible. Police station and post office are less important and less accessible. They

depend on the nearby market as well as for their health on hospital located in

Bhawanipatna but are not easily accessible. Though Youth club is an important place but

its activities are not remarkable.

FACILITATORS PARTICIPANTS:

Group -1(RAWE-2013-14) Prahalad Budhia

Sukru Majhi

Meghanad Budhia

Biswamber Biswal

RESOURCE FLOW ANALYSIS

The resource flow diagram is a schematic drawing of the resource inflow into the village

and resource out flow from the village. The diagram shows the flow of resources from the original

source to the final output and visualizes the use and control of the resources.

INFLOW OUTFLOW

K

A

N

A

K

P

U

R

AA

1.Seeds

10.Pesticide

9.Grocery

8.Cattle feed

7.Medicine

6.Fuel

5.Capital

4.Labour

3.Fertilizer

2.Implements

11. grocery

10.Banana

9.Fish

8.Chicken,Duck,Goat

7.Milk(cow)

6.Groundnut

5.Sugarcane

4. Vegetables

3.Labour

2.Jaggery

1.Paddy

11.Mushroom

CONCLUSION:-

Resource inflow & outflow of Kanakpur village indicates that the seeds mainly cotton,

paddy, grocery, fuel are procured from outside.

Whereas jaggery, sugarcane, vegetables, mushrooms, paddy, fish, milk, & labour etc. are

going from the village. The villagers for their day to day needs depend on the grocery shop present

in the village.

FACILITATORS PARTICIPANTS

Group-I(RAWE2013-14) Padulochan Budhiya

Murali Budhiya

Markanda Majhi

TIME LINE DEFINITION:-

A timeline is a list of key events, changes and landmarks in the past, presented in a

chronological order.

OBJECTIVES:-

To learn from the community what they consider being important past events.

To understand from the community the historical perspective on current issues.

To generate discussions on changes with respect to issues you are interested in e.g.

education, health, food security, gender relations, economic conditions, etc.,

To develop a rapport with the villagers, since a discussion about the past of the village

can be a good non-threatening and enjoyable starting point.

PROCESS

BEFORE:-

At first the climate for a participatory discussion was set.

Elderly people and knowledgeable villagers are encouraged to join the discussion as far as

possible.

Sheets of paper and sketch pen were carried with us.

DURING :-

Discussion initiated and questions were asked to the older informants at first. And they

were asked to recapitulate the major events and changes that took place over the years.

Some of them were asked to write down in chronological order.

Information was recorded.

AFTER:-

The changes were compared.

The trends were identified.

KEY EVENTS

1870 -the village was established.

1879- Village temple (Grama Devati) was constructed.

1913-plantationof mango orchard.

1952 -school was established.

1957- Panchayat election was started.

1972-Irrigation facility was introduced and people of the village first time used radio

1980- Katta (Maha Bandha) was constructed.

1984- A Govt. scheme was started under DRDA.

1985- Village club (Dadhi Bavhan Krushak club) was established and people first time came to know the use of cycle.

1986 -Bore well was dug.

1990 - A person of village became graduate.

1992- Supply of electricity was started; establishment of rice mill and people came to know the use of motor cycle.

1994- People for the first time in linkage with KVK and for the first time used television.

1995 -Anganwadi was established.

1998- People first constructed pakka house and used transplanter and power tiller.

2000- Picsiculture was started in katta.

2002-People first used tractor and establishment of kirana store and jersey cow was introduced.

2003- A farmer from village was awarded by OUAT as best farmer in Odisha.

2005- People first used mobile.

2007- Establishment of broiler farm and used DTH.

2010- SRI method was adopted under NFSM.

CONCLUSION

By knowing the various events occurred in different years, it can be concluded that

kanakpur is developed village as jersey cow, mobile phone, agricultural implement irrigation

facility and broiler and SRI method was introduced in early phase of adaptation as compared to

whole. New technology can be spread easily with some intervention.

FACILITATOR: - PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP: 1 (RAWE-2013) Loknath Budhia

Bhuban mohan budhia

TREND ANALYSIS Trend analysis is a popular PRA method used to explore temporal dimensions with

a focus on change. It captures and trends related to certain variables over different spans

of time.

It can provide a good idea of the quantitative changes over time in different

aspects of village life, such as yields, population, livestock population, the number

of trees, area under cultivation, rainfall, etc.

Procedure:

We explained to them the purpose of the exercise.

We tried to encourage the local people to depict interested aspects for trend

analysis.

We also facilitated the selection of time landmarks across which the trends could

be studied. The participants are encouraged to depict the selected landmark years

on cards preferably by symbols of visuals and so on.

The participants were asked to make the matrix on the ground, using chalk. They

represented from left to right the landmark years and from top to bottom various

aspects like density of trees, grass, wild animals, etc.

They were then asked to depict the situation today in the relevant cell using

symbols, visuals, seeds, sticks, sand, etc., as the case may be, leave the choice to

the participants. We moved to the next time landmark and so on.

Objectives:-

To learn from the community as to how they perceive change over time in various

areas/aspects of their lives.

To integrate significant changes in the village profile.

To discuss village problems and any increase or decrease in the severity of the

problems over the years rather that asking direct questions.

Trend analysis of KANAKPUR

S.L .

NO

PARTICULATES 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

1 POPULATION

2 CULTIVATED

LAND

3 FOREST AREA

4 PADDY YIELD

5 JAGGERY

6 LIVESTOCK

7 PESTS & DISEASES ¥ ¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥

8 LITERACY # ## ### #### ##### ######

9 IRRIGATION ◊◊ ◊◊◊ ◊◊

◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊◊

10 FISHERY

(POPULATION)

11 VEGETABLE

CULTIVATION

12 FRUIT

CULTIVATION

ȸȸ ȸȸȸ ȸȸȸȸ ȸȸȸ

ȸȸ

ȸȸȸ

ȸȸȸ

ȸȸȸȸȸȸȸ

ȸ

13 POULTRY

POPULATION

14 TRANSPORTATION Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю

Ю Ю Ю

Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю

Ю Ю Ю

CONCLUSION:-

We have found from the analysis that there is an increase in area of cultivated

lands whereas the area under forestry is constantly decreasing. There is also an increase

in population and the literacy rate in the village; this indicates that they are assuring

education for the children. People are adopting various livestock approaches & fishery to

enhance the socio-economic status. The severity of pests and diseases has also been

increased with the increased use of fertilizer and pesticides. The decreased trend in

jaggery production is due to selling of canes in the market as there is increasing demand

of juice in people. There is increase in area under vegetables and banana cultivation.

FACILITATOR PARTICIPANTS

GROUP- 1 (RAWE 2013-14) Sukur Majhi

Dayanidhi Buddhia

Meghanad Buddhia

MATRIX RANKING

Helps in understanding people’s choices and priorities in a particular situation and their

reasons for it

Helps in determining the compatibility of certain items in a given environment of overall

perspective

PROCEDURE:

We identified the topic then a discussion was initiated with the individuals or group and

clearly explained them the purpose of the exercise.

In next step we generated criteria for assessment and discussed them with the participants

and decided upon a few important ones.

Then we sketched a matrix with the items/options top to bottom and criteria left to right.

The comparisons were made criteria-wise and not item-wise.

Then, we ranked and scored against all of the items according to the criteria chosen.

Then it was repeated until all of the criteria ranked and scored.

Then these were recorded properly.

MATRIX RANKING FOR RICE VARIETY

PARAMETERS SWARNA KANAK

SWARNA

RANI MTU-1001 MTU-1010 POOJA RGL

YIELD @@@@@

@

@@@@@

@@@

@@@

@@@

@@@@@

@@@@

@@@@@@ @@@

@@

@@@@@@

@@@@

STRAW ###### ###### ####

##

######## ###### #####

#####

#######

HEIGHT $$$$$$ $$$$$$ $$$$

$$

$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ $$$$$

$$$$$

$$$$$$

MARKET

DEMAND

********* ********* ******

***

********** ********* ******** ********

DISEASE &

PEST

RESISTANCE

©©©©©© ©©©©©

©

©©©

©©©

©©©©©©

©©©

©©©©©©©

©©©

©©©©

©©©©

©©©©©

COOKING

QUALITY

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊

◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

TASTE ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRRRR ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRRRRR ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRRRR ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRR ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRRR ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRRRRRR ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉RRRRRRRRRR

PARBOILED

RICE

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ƱƱƱ

ƱƱƱ

ƱƱƱ

ƱƱƱƱƱ

Ʊ

ƱƱƱƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱ

ƱƱƱƱ

ƱƱ

ƱƱƱƱ

ƱƱƱƱ ƱƱ

ARUA ○○○○○○ ○○○○○○ ○○○○

○

○○○○○○○

○

○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○

○○

○○○○○○○○○

○

WATER RICE †††††††† †††††††

††

††††

††

†††††††† †††††††† †††††

†††††

††††††††††

AREA ••••• ••••••••• •••• •••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• ••••••

TOTAL 74 92 77 91 87 88 90

RANKING 7th 1st 6th 2nd 5th 4th 3rd

CONCLUSION:-

Matrix ranking of paddy variety shows that KANAK SWARNA variety is the most

popular paddy variety due to its yield, cooking quality and taste in spite of more

disease pest attack

Use of chemical pesticide with bio pesticide to check disease & pest

A new innovation swarna sub -1 should be popularized to have a better yield

from low land area

MATRIX RANKING FOR VEGETABLES

PARAMETERS RIDGE

GOURD

BITTER

GOURD

COWP

EA

CUCUM

BER

BOTTLE

GOURD

PUMPK

IN

BEANS TOMATO BRINJA

L

OKR

A

AREA ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊

PRODUCTION ○○○○○○

○○

○○○○ ○○○ ○○○○○○

○○○○

○○○○ ○○○○ ○○○○ ○○○○○○

○

○○○○○○

○○○○

○○○

○○○

PRODUCTIVITY ††††††

††††

††††††

††

†††††

††

††††††

††††

†††††††

††

††††††

††††

†††††† †††††††

†

††††††

†††

†††

†††

DISEASE &

PEST

RESISTANCE

••••• •••• •••• ••••• •••••••• •••••••• •••• •••••••• •••••• •••••

••

MARKETING

©©©©©

©©©©©

©©©©©

©©©

©©©

©

©©©©©

©©©

©©©©©

©©©©

©©©©

©©©©

©

©©©©

©©©©

©©

©©©©©

©©©©©

©©©©

©©©©

©©

©©

©©

©©

©©

©

NON

PERISHABILITY

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PROFIT

$$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$$ $$$$$$$ $$$$$$

$

$$$$$$

$$$$

$$$$$$$

$$

$$$$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

TOTAL 56 39 36 54 50 53 43 57 62 51

RANKING 3rd 9th 10th 4th 7th 5th 8th 2nd 1st 6th

CONCLUSION:-

Matrix ranking of vegetables shows that brinjal followed by tomato is preferred by the

farmers

Demonstration must be carried on for large scale cultivation of popular varieties of other

marketable vegetable.

MATRIX RANKING FOR FRUITS

PARAMETERS/VARIETY

MANGO BANANA PAPAY

A

CUSTAR

D APPLE

COCONUT

PRODUCTION

¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥

MARKET DEMAND

$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$ $$

DISEASE AND PEST

RESISTANCE

++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++++

CONSUMPTION ©©©©© ©©©©© ©©© ©© ©©©©

PROFIT ¤¤ ¤¤¤¤¤ ¤¤ ¤ ¤¤¤

NON-PERISHABILITY ØØ ØØ ØØØ ØØØ ØØØØØ

TOTAL 18 26 16 15 21

RANK III I IV V II

SCORE-

1: VERY POOR 2: POOR 3: MEDIUM 4: GOOD 5: VERY GOOD

CONCLUSION-

Matrix ranking of fruits shows that banana followed by coconut is preferred by farmers.

Training and demonstration must be carried out for large scale cultivation of other fruits

along with banana and coconut.

MATRIX RANKING FOR BANANA VARIETIES

SCALE- 1: VERY POOR 2: POOR 3: MEDIUM 4: GOOD 5: VERY GOOD

CONCLUSION-

Matrix ranking of banana varieties shows that G9 followed by Batisa is preferred by the

farmers.

Training & Demonstration may be carried out for a large scale cultivation of banana

varieties

FACILITATOR PARTICIPANTS

GROUP- 1 (RAWE 2013-14) Mr. Sukur Majhi

Mr. Dayanidhi Buddhia

Mr. Meghanad Buddhia

SEASONALITY ANALYSIS

Seasonality is an important and useful exercise to determine seasonal patterns in rural

areas as related to rainfall, farming practices, employment etc. In seasonality an attempt is made

to determine the seasonal calendar as understood and practiced by the villagers.

PURPOSE:

To get an insight into the seasonal variations in a number of parameters relevant in farmer’s lives

e.g. work, employment, income, and availability of food, fuel, fodders, health, migration and

transport facilities.

SEASONAL DIAGRAM OF KANAKPUR VILLAGE

SL.

NO

PARAMETERS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

1 Rainfall - _ 1 2 9 10 10 9 8 6 2 -

2 Rice cultivation 7 7 7 3 - 10 10 9 8 6 4 7

3 Sugarcane

cultivation

8 7 7 3 2 2 1 4 3 5 10 8

4 Fodder availability 2 7 2 3 10 10 10 9 4 7 4 5

5 vegetable

availability

10 9 6 5 7 8 7 6 5 10 10 10

6 Fruit availability 7 3 3 6 9 10 6 5 - 2 3 6

7 Pest and Disease

of rice

5 4 3 1 1 8 9 10 9 6 5 5

8 Pest and Disease

of vegetable

8 6 5 1 1 6 5 6 10 10 10

9 Cotton cultivation - - - - 7 9 10 8 7 5 2

10 Cattle disease 3 1 2 1 1 7 8 10 10 10 5 4

11 Poultry disease 5 4 3 7 7 6 8 7 10 10 10 6

12 Goat disease 8 7 _ 1 _ 7 6 5 4 10 10 9

13 Human disease 5 2 5 1 2 10 10 10 9 8 7 8

14 Male engagement 2 7 6 3 10 10 10 9 8 7 4 5

15 Female

engagement

2 7 6 3 10 10 10 9 8 7 4 5

16 Banana cultivation 8 8 6 5 4 7 7 1 2 8 9 10

17 Monthly income 7 7 7 3 1 10 10 9 8 7 4 7

jan feb march apr may june july aug sept oct nov dec0

2

4

6

8

10

12

S

Paddy

sugarcane

Banana

( SEASONALITY OF PADDY SUGARCANE AND BANANA )

JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC0

2

4

6

8

10

12MALE ENGAGEMENT

FEMALE ENGAGEMENT

INCOME

( SEASONALITY OF MALE& FEMALE ENGAGEMENT AND INCOME OF FARM

FAMILY)

JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC0

2

4

6

8

10

12

HUMAN DISEASE

POULTRY DISEASE

CATTLE DISEASE

( SEASONALITY OF HUMAN , POULTRY & CATTLE DISEASES )

CONCLUSION: -

The seasonal diagram reveals that the farmers are doing cultivation round the year but

kharif season is the busiest time of the farmer. The major crops are paddy, banana, sugarcane and

vegetables. Paddy crop is grown in both Kharif and Rabi season. The farmers are engaged

themselves throughout the year. They get their income during June- August& Nov.- Feb. Most of

the human diseases and cattle diseases are frequently occurred during the month June-August.

Fodder availability for domestic animals is only limited to May –Aug months. Insect pest and

disease infestation is more during the months of Aug-Dec.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Sarita Parihadi

Jhili Budhia

Deepabali Budhia

Amrut Budhia

DAILY WORK PROFILE

Daily routine depicts how villagers (men and women) spend a day of 24 hours along with

the kind of activities and time allotted for the activities .Daily routine can be taken for men and

women and both the categories of farmers and farm labourers.

PURPOSE:

To get an account of time spent by farmers and labourers, men and women for various

activities in day of 24 hours.

Data on wage earning, rest and recreation hours.

Data on leisure time which can be utilized by development workers.

DAILY WORK PROFILE OF WOMEN

37.50%

12.50%12.50%

12.50%

25.00%rest and lesiurepersonal carefarming activitylivestock activityhousehold activity

REST AND LEISURE:2PM-3PM= REST( Gathering)9PM-19PM= WATCHING TV 10 PM-5AM=NIGHT SLEEP

PERSONAL CARE:6AM-7AM =MORNING ACTIVITY1PM-2PM=LUNCH8PM-9PM =DINNER

CONCLUSION:

HOUSE HOLD WORK: 9AM-11AM =COOKING11AM-1PM =WASHING OF CLOTHS6PM-8PM= COOKING

FARM ACTIVITIES:7AM-8AM= FIELD WORK3PM-5PM =FIELD WORK

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY5AM-6AM=CLEANING OF COWSHEP AND FEEDING TO COW8AM-9AM=EXTRACTION OF MILK AND MARKETING OF MILK5PM-6AM=EXTRACTION OF

The life of farm women is very tiring as compared to men. The daily work profile of farm women

shows that they contribute most of their time for caring their family members, care of livestocks &

farm activities. So they are facing a lot of drudgery during their day to day activities. Their

contribution towards income is very negligible.

ACTION PLAN:

Enterprises like mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry etc. can be taken up.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Sarita Parihadi

Jhili Budhia

Deepabali Budhia

Amrut Budhia

DAILY WORK PROFILE OF MEN

50%

12.50%

29.16%

4.16%4.16%

rest and lesiurepersonal carefarming activitylivestock activityhousehold work

REST &LEISURE:

1PM-2PM-REST

6PM-7PM-GATHERING

7PM-9PM-WATCHING TV

10PM-6AM-NIGHT SLEEP

PERSONAL CARE;

6AM-7AM-MORNING ACTIVITY

12NOON-1PM-LUNCH

9PM-10PM-DINNER

FARMING ACTIVITY:

8AM-12NOON= CROP CULTIVATION

2PM-5PM =FIELD WORK

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY;

7AM-8AM-TAKING CARE OF CATTLE

HOUSE HOLD WORK;

5PM-6PM-MARKETING AND OTHER ACTIVITY

50%

12.5%

29.16%

4.16%4.16%

CONCLUSION:

The daily work profile of male shows that the men spend most of their time in rest and leisure

followed farming activities.

ACTION PLAN:

They can be made to take up enterprises like poultry farming, pisciculture weaving of fishing net

and mushroom cultivation during their leisure time.

FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP-1 Kuber Budhiya

RAWE(2013) Jugal Kishor Budhiya

Bharat Bhusan Budhiya

WEALTH RANKING

It is a technique to find out how people from the village itself would rank the different families as

rich, poor & very poor.Wealth ranking refers to placing people on the different steps of the social

ladder according to their own criteria.

The purpose here is to find out the people of the village who belong to rich, medium

and poor categories as perceived by the villagers themselves. Agricultural development must take

in to account differences in wealth among farmers in order to determine priorities for research and

to develop interventions and technical packages that are relevant to and adoptable by majority of

the farmers.

By using wealth ranking revealed that more focus needs to be given for enhancing productivity of

farms of the poor and very poor through more profitable and effective technologies.

PROCESS :

Step 1: We have collected the list of all households from the village panchayat office. Then We

have cross checked by having a transact walk along with key informants of the village to ensure

that all households were given numbers in same form or other. The name of the head of each

household was written against each house number.

Step 2: After collection of name of the head of each household were written in each piece paper

separately.

Step 3: Then we asked the key informant to sort out the various piece of into different wealth

categories as they think were present in the village .

Step 4: Then we prepared a table on paper & recorded the response of the key informants.

Step 5: After sorting by the key informants than we asked them to list out the wealth criteria for

each wealth category like land holding, income, house type, transport etc and the difference

between the categories.

Criteria for Wealth ranking

Category No. of families

Very rich:

Land: More than 12 acres

Income: More than Rs.20,000 per month

House: Pucca house

Livestock: 6

Income & yield: surplus

Implements: Tractor, power tiller, thresher

Material possession: TV, refrigerator, mobile

Source of Income: Farming, hiring of implements, service

Lending ability: More

5

Rich:

Land: More than 8 acres

Income: Between Rs.15,000 –Rs.20000 per month

House: Pucca & tile house

Livestock: 8

Income & yield: less than very rich

Implements: Power tiller, thresher (Tractor in lease)

Material possession: TV, mobile

Source of income: Farming, business

Lending ability: less

7

Medium :

Land: 3-8 acres

Income: About 8,000 per month

House: Tile & kaccha house

Livestock: 4-5

Income & yield: sufficient

Implements: Tractor, power tiller in lease

Material possession: TV, mobile

Source of income: Farming

Lending ability: Sufficient

18

Poor :

Land: Between 1 -2acre

Income: Around 5,000 per month

House: Kaccha house

Livestock: 8 – 9(Goats)

Income & yield: not sufficient

Implements: No

Material possession: Mobile

Source of Income: farming , wage earning

Lending ability: No

22

Very poor :

Land: Landless, tenant farmer & wage earner

Income: Less than Rs.3000 per month

House: Kaccha house16

Livestock: 3 – 4 (Goats)

Income & yield: lending from others

Implements: No

Material possession: No

Lending ability: No

7.3510.29

26.4732.35

23.52

% family

Very richRichMediumpoorVery poor

CONCLUSION :

Majority of the families belong to the poor category (32.35%) followed by medium

category (26.47%). Maximum land holding remains with few rich villagers. Most of the poor and

very poor villagers are landless farmers, tenants or wage earners. Accordingly Anti-Poverty

Programme should be implemented in the village, to improve the qualitative life of the people.

FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP-1 Kuber Budhiya

RAWE(2013) Jugal Kishor Budhiya

Bharat Bhusan Budhiya

INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

ITK FOR CROP:-

Neem leaves are used to control pulse beetle in blackgram & greengram.

Karada(Cleistanthus collinus) shoot is used for multiplication of spider which act as

predator of many pests of rice field.

Ash is used for controlling fruit & shoot borer in brinjal.

Kerosine is used for controlling case worm in rice.

For storing paddy after harvest structures like puduga ,gadia are used.

For storing onion after harvest structure like bhadi is used.

ITK FOR ANIMAL:-

Foot & mouth diseases in cattle are cured by application of ghee with termite

leaving soil and mahula(Madhuca indica) flower paste in the affected parts.

Fatua disease in cattle is cured by application henna leaves.

Foot diseases in cattle and goat can be controlled by use of karada bark.

ITK FOR HUMAN:-

Mustard oil ,tulsi and honey are used for curing of cold.

For curing of malaria, gangasiuli(Nyctanthes sp.) leaves are used.

Neem leaves are used as mosquito repellant.

For wound healing apamarng(Achyranthes aspera) is used.

Siali leaves are used as umbrella for protection from rain.

For recovery from snake bite badichang seeds are used in grinded form.

For recovery from scorpion bite chakunda leaves are used in grinded form.

For curing body pain mustard and sesamum oil are used.

For curing headache castor oil is used.

For controlling hair fall bichuati(Tragia involucrata) leaves and black pepper are

used.

Turmeric paste water is used as eye drop for curing eye problem.

For controlling chickenpox, jhuna (made from teak) ,neem leaves and turmeric are

used.

Jaggery is used as substitute of sugar for controlling diabetes.

During delivery ,if baby is not coming easily then roots of tamarind are binded in the

hair of that lady for easy expulsion of baby. After parturition tamarind roots are

removed immediately,otherwise the whole intestine will come out(it is a superstition)

CONCLUSION:-

From the analysis of various ITKs of the villagers, it can be concluded that the villagers

have made a brilliant approach to fulfill their needs by their conventional practices. Their

practices and technology is mainly based on the utilization of available resources.

FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP-1 Kuber Budhiya

RAWE(2013) Jugal Kishor Budhiya

Bharat Bhusan Budhiya

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Problem is a condition or a situation that the people after study with or without have

decided need changing. Problem is the barrier for achieving goal or objective.Problem

identification means listing of various problems of the village

Objective:

To list out the problem present in village situation.

For development of action plan

CRITERIA:-

o Severity of problems.

o Frequency of occurrence.

o Distribution of problem.

Process:

Identification of problem was done by discussing with different group of farmer. All

the problems in area were collected and identified democratically through participation of

village people. The villagers were asked to identify the problem, most felt and of widest

concern affecting major people and should related to family, community and national

situation.

We have identified various problems during our PRA survey. Those problems are listed

below:-

1. Low yield of paddy

Lack of labour

Infestation of pest & diseases

Erratic rainfall

Lack of knowledge about application of chemicals & fertilizers

Severe weed infestation in upland and medium land paddy

2. Low yield of banana

Lack of labour

unavailability of healthy planting materials of improved variety

Improper orchard management

Improper fertilizer application

Abnormal weather condition

3. Low yield of sugarcane

a. Aberrant weather

b. Labour problem

c. Improper nutrient management

d. Improper water management

e. Infestation of disease and pests

Low yield of vegetables

Tomato and Brinjal:

In adequate nutrient management

Unavailability of wilt tolerant HYV

Heavy weed infestation

Lack of proper management practices of insect pests

High incidence of wilt disease

Indiscriminate use of pesticides

PROBLEM PRIORITIZATION

It is a chart showing different problems affecting a village which have been

prioritized on the basis of ranks that each of them obtain after taking into account

parameters like severity of problems, frequency of their occurrence, relative importance of

each problems & distribution of each of the problems.

Scoring is done according to the parameters like importance, seveority and

frequency with highest score 10.

We prepared the chart below with the help of villagers of “KANAKPUR”.

Sl NO

PROBLEMS

IMPORTANCE

OF

ENTERPRISE

SERIOUSNESS

OF

PROBLEM

FREQUENCYO

F

PROBLEM

TOTAL

SCORE RANK

1 SEVERE INCIDENCE OF

BLIGHT AND BLAST IN

RICE

9 9 8 26 I

2 HIGH INCIDENCE OF

PEST LIKE STEM

BORER,BPH,GUNDHI

BUG IN RICE

8 9 8 25 II

3 MONOCROPPING

OF

PADDY

9 8 7 24 III

4 INDISCRIMINENT USE OF

FERTILISER IN PADDY

9 8 7 24 III

5 SEVERE WEED

INFESTATION IN

MEDIUM LAND IN PADDY

8 8 6 22 IV

6 LESS APPLICATION OF

ORGANIC MANURE IN

PADDY

8 7 7 22 IV

7 SEVERE PEST

INFESTATION DUE TO

IMPROPER PEST

MANAGEMENT IN RICE

7 8 7 22 IV

8 LACK OF AVAILABILITY

OF QUALITY PLANTING

MATERIAL IN

SUGARCANE

8 7 6 21 V

9 REDUCTION IN SOIL

FERTILITY IN S.CANE

7 7 6 20 VI

10 SEVERE WEED

PROBLEM IN

SUGARCANE

7 6 6 19 VII

11 LABOUR PROBLEM IN

AGRICULTURE

9 7 8 24 III

12 LOW YIELD IN

SUGARCANE

RATOONING

6 6 4 16 X

13 LODGING AND

BREAKING OF CANE DUE

TO HIGH SPEED WIND IN

CANE

7 6 4 17 IX

14 IMPROPER

WATERMANAGEMENT IN

SUGARCANE

7 5 6 18 VIII

15 SEVERE RED ROT

DISEASE INFESTATION

IN SUGARCANE

7 6 6 19 VII

16 UNAVAILABILITY OF

QUALITY PLANTING

MATERIAL IN BANANA

9 7 8 24 III

17 SEVERE INFESTATION

OF BUNCHY TOP

DISEASE IN BANANA

8

5 4 17 IX

18 LODGING DUE TO HIGH

WIND IN BANANA

6 5 4 15 XI

19 HIGH INTIAL WEEDING

COST DUE TO MANUAL

WEEDING IN BANANA

5 4 3 12 XIII

20 INADEQUATE SUPPLY

OF IRRIGATION IN

BANANA

6 5 6 17 IX

21 IMPROPER NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT IN

BANANA

8 5 5 18 VIII

22 LOW YIELD IN OKRA DUE

TO YMV IN FESTATION

8 7 6 21 V

23 LOW YIELD IN OKRA DUE

TO FRUIT BORER

ATTACK

6 5 4 15 XI

24 LOW YIELD IN BRINJAL

DUE TO DAMPING

OFF,WILT,BLIGHT

8 5 3 16 X

25 LOW YIELD OF BRINJAL

DUE TO FRUIT AND

SHOOT BORER ATTACK

8 6 4 20 VI

26 LOE YIELD OF TOMATO

DUE TO LEAF CURL

VIRUS

8 5 3 16 X

27 LOW YIELD OF TOMATO

DUE TO FRUIT BORER

ATTACK

8 6 4 20 VI

28 WASTAGE OF SURPLUS

VEGETABLEs DUE TO

IMPROPER STORAGE

STRUCTURE

5 4 4 13 XII

29 UNAVAILABILITY OF

FINGERLINGS/YEARLING

S IN PROPER TIME

6 2 3 11 XIV

30 LACK OF TECHNICAL

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT

PISCICULTURE

7 4 5 16 X

31 DRUDGERY IN FARM

WOMEN

6 5 5 16 X

32 UNEMLOYMENT OF

RURAL YOUTH

5 4 3 12 XIII

33 LOW YIELD IN MILK BY

DESI COW

6 5 5 16 X

34 UNAVAILABILITY OF

FODDER

8 7 7 22 IV

35 HIGH MORTALITY RATE

OF KIDS IN GOAT

6 5 4 15 XI

36 FOOT AND MOUTH

DISEASE OF CATTLE

5 5 4 15 XI

From the above problem prioritization table we conclude that

Low yield of paddy due to

high infestationdiseases like blight, and

Pest like stem borer and BPH

Intensive monocropping of paddy

Inadequate supply of fertiliser

Low yield of banana and sugarcane due to

Lack of quality planting material

Labour problem

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF

PADDY

SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTOR:

Lack of soil testing

Indiscriminate use of fertilizers

Lack of technical knowledge

No crop insurance

Labour migration

BIO-PHYSICAL FACTOR:

Water scarcity.

Erratic rainfall.

Insect pest& disease attack.

Improper nutrient management

CONCLUSION:-

From the above discussion, it conclude that low yield of paddy due to

Indiscriminate use of fertilizer

Infestation of pest & diseases

.INTERVENTAION:

Popularization of resistant varieties through training & demonstration.

Availabilities of credit facility.

Demonstration for proper & balanced dose of nutrient management.

Exhibition about advanced farming system & bio control measures.

Awareness training on diversified farming.

Emphasis on timely supply of irrigation water

PROBLEM CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF

SUGARCANE

Low yield of sugarcane

Aberrant weather condition

High wind speed

Disease infection (red rot and grassy stunt)

Use of infected planting setts from local collection

Infestation of pest(top borer/ shoot borer, termite)

Improper pest management practice

High cost of plant protection chemicals

Improper water management

Lack of irrigation in rabi

Reduction in soil fertility

No soil testing

Severe weed infestation

High spacing with moist soil

Lack of intercropping

Less use of chemicals for weed control

Labour problem

High labour cost

Migration of labour

Insufficient fund

Non availability of loans by banks

Low yield in ratooningImproper ratoon

management

High labour cost

Lack of knowledge about modern practices

Extension gap

Lack of farmer awareness

SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTOR;

Lack of technical knowledge.

High labour cost.

Lack of dissemination of extension service.

Lack of credit facility.

Poor farmer.

BIO PHYSICAL FACTOR:

Lack of quality planting material.

Infestation of disease pest.

Sever weed infestation

Aberrant weather condition.

Lack of irrigation.

CONCLUSION:

From the above decision we came to know the causes of low yield of sugarcane in village

Kanakpur. the major problem among them are quality planting material disease& weed infestation.

INTERVENTION;

Popularizations of resistantvarieties.

Credit facility

Emphasis on supply of irrigation water.

Training& demonstration on cultivation practices of sugarcane

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF

BANANA

Low yield of banana

Abnormal weather condition

High wind speed

Scorching sunlight

Disease problem (sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top

Use of infected planting material

Improper sucker treatement

Infestation of pests (stem weevil, termite, aphid)

Improper application of fertilizers

Lack of proper orchard

Lack of knowledge about plant protection chemicals

No application of recommended dose of fertiliser

High cost of fertiliser

Lack of knowledge

Depletion of soil health

Improper drainage during rainy season

Inadequate application of organic manure

Severe weed problem

High initial cost of weeding

Only manual weeding

High labour cost

Non application of herbicides

Unavailability of quality planting material

Labour problem

High labour cost

Migration of labour Improper denavelling and

bunch treatmentImproper care of orchard

No propping

No soil testing

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTOR:

Migration of labour

Non-availability of inputs in proper times

Lack of quality planting material

Inadequate application of organic manure

Lack of proper plant protection

BIO-PHYSICAL FACTOR:

High infestation of diseases like Sigatoka, Bunchy top

High infestation of pests Stem weevil, aphid

Inadequate weather

CONCLUSION:

From the above analysis, we have found many reasons for the low yield of

banana out of which lack of quality planting material and severe disease and pest

infestation are very important.

INTERVENTION:

Popularization of resistant varieties through training and demonstration

Availability of credit facilities

Proper balanced nutrient management.

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF

TOMATO

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OFLOW MILK

PRODUCTION

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF IMPROPER

GROWTH OF GOAT

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTOR:-

Improper growth of goat

Improper feeding

Unavailability of fodder

High mortality of kids

No vaccination

Improper care and sanitation

UNAVAILABILITY OF FODDER.

IMPROPER CARE AND MANAGEMENT

BIOPHYSICAL FACTOR:-

HIGH MORTALITY

NO VACCINATION

By the above discussion, the problem obtained from farmers can be solved by training and

demonstration by various institution by KVK, DDA, DDH, DOF, CDVS.

FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP-1 Kuber Budhiya

RAWE(2013) Jugal Kishor Budhiya

Bharat Bhusan Budhiya

FARMING COMPONENT ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION:

The analysis based on individual farm component which is involved in the farming

system is known as farming component analysis .With the help of this tool we can know

what are the crops grown in that village, what are the varieties of respective crops and the

economics of production.

COMPONEN

T

VARIETY/BREED AREA

(Acre)

EXPENDITURE

(Rs./Acre Or

Unit)

INCOME

(Rs./Acre

Or Unit)

NET

RETURN

B:C RATIO

RICE SWARNA, LALAT,

PUJA, KHANDAGIRI,

KRANTI, MTU-1001

96 15000 31250 16250 2.08 :1

SUGARCAN

E

Co-419, Co-1148, Co-

6200

20 25000 50000 25000 2.0 :1

COTTON VARALAXMI,

CHIRUTHA, BANNI

8 22000 65000 43000 2.95 :1

TOMATO DESI (OP VAR.) 2 18000 35000 17000 2.3 :1

BRINJAL DESI LOCAL 2 20000 60000 40000 3 :1

BANANA BANTALA, BATISHA,

GRAND NAINE

8 35000 100000 65000 2.85 :1

POULTRY DESI BROILER 200

(No.)

5000 12000 7000 2.4 :1

DAIRY JERSEY, DESI 57 (J=5,

D=52

17000 + 9000

=26000

70000+250

00 =95000

69000 4 :1

FISHERY ROHU, KATLA,

MRIGAL

7 8000 30000 22000 3.75 :1

MANGO BANGANPALLI,

SINDURI

2 8000 30000 22000 3.56 :1

OKRA ARKA ANAMIKA,

PARVANI KRANTI,

BARSA UPAHAR

2 8000 15000 7000 1.95 :1

CONCLUSION:

From this we have concluded that the area under cultivation of paddy is highest in that

village among other crop components. The major varieties of Rice grown are SWARNA,

LALAT, PUJA, KHANDAGIRI, KRANTI, MTU-1001, RANIDHANA. The B-C ratio is highest in

dairy component. Higher income is generated through Banana cultivation. Lowest income

is generated in Okra cultivation due to frequent disease pest attack. The expected yield of

Sugarcane is not achieved due to unavailability of quality planting material and market

facility.

FACILITATOR PARTICIPANTS

1ST GROUP (RAWE-2013-14) Prahalad budhia

Sukru majhi

Meghanad budhia

Biswamber biswal

FARMING SYSTEM ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

Farming system represents an appropriate combination of farm enterprises viz.

cropping system, livestock, poultry, dairy, piggery to increase the income level of farmers

without deteriorating the soil fertility. We can access what type of farming system adopted

and the no of families involved in each farm component with the help of this vital PRA tool.

FARMING SYSTEM NO. OF FAMILIES

AGRICULTURE 30

AGRICULTURE + ANIMAL HUSBANDARY 23

AGRICULTURE + LABOUR 5

AGRICULTURE + A.H.

+ HORTICULTURE

4

AGRICULTURE + PISCICULTURE 6

44%

34%

7%6%

9%

% OF FAMILIES

AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE + A.HAG. + LABOURAG.+ A.H. + HORT.A.G.+ PISCICULTURE

CONCLUSION:-

From the above diagram, we have concluded that agricultural crops are taken by the

majority of the farm family. Animal husbandry is also a major component. The major field

crops are rice, sugarcane. In animal husbandry component

FACILITATORS: PARTICIPANTS:

1st Group (RAWE 2013-14) Prahalad budhia

Sukru majhi

Meghanad budhia

Biswamber biswal

SL

NO.

PROBLEM PROPOSED ACTIVITY LINKAGE TO BE CARRIED

OUT BY

YEAR

FOR RICEACTION PLAN

1 SEVERE INCIDENCE

OF BLAST AND

BLIGHT

TRAINING/ DEMONSTRATION ON

IDM

KVK KVK/DDA/DOA 1ST

2 HIGH INCIDENCE OF

PESTS LIKE STEM

BORER AND BPH IN

RICE

TRAINING/DEMONSTRATION IPM KVK KVK/ DDA 1ST

3 MONO CROPPING

OF PADDY

TRAINING ON DIVERSIFICATION

WITH VEGETABLES

DEMONSTRATION ON CROP

DIVERSIFICATION

KVK OFT/ FLT/

TRAINING

1ST

4 INDISCRIMINATE

USE OF

FERTILISERS

TRAINING ON SOIL TEST BASED

FERTILISER APPLICATION

KVK KVK/DOA(Under

RKVY)

2ND

5 LESS APPLICATION

OF ORGANIC

MANURES

TRAINING ON GREEN MANURE,

DEMONSTRATION ON

PREPARATION OF NADEP

COMPOST

KVK/DDA KVK/DDA 2ND

6 SEVERE WEED

INFESTATION IN

MEDIUM LAND

FLD AND TRAINING ON IWM KVK KVK 3RD

7 USE OF FARMER’S

OWN SAVED SEEDS

TRAINING OR DEMONSTRATION ON

SEED PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

KVK/

ATMA

AICCIP/KVK 3RD

FOR SUGARCANE

8 SEVERE PEST

INFESTATION IN

SUGARCANE

TRAINING ON IPM KVK KVK/DDA 1st

9 SEVERE WEED

INFESTATION IN

SUGARCANE

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON IWM

KVK KVK 1st

10 RED ROT IN

SUGARCANE

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON IDM/KVK

KVK/ DDA 1st

11 IMPROPER WATER

MANAGEMENT DUE

TO DRYING OF

CANAL

TRAINING ON USE OF

SUPPLIMENTAL IRRIGATION

SOURCES(DRIP IRRIGATION)

DDA KVK/DDA/DOA 2nd

12

LODGING AND

BREAKING OF

SUGARCANE DUE

TRAINING ON WRAPPING AND

PROPPING OPERATION

KVK KVK/DDA 2nd

TO WIND

13 LOW YIELD IN

SUGARCANE

RATOON

-TRAINING ON PROPER RATOON

MANAGEMENT

-TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON SSI SYSTEM

DDA/KVK KVK/FLT 3rd

14 REDUCTION IN SOIL

FERTILITY

TRAININNG SOIL TEST SAVED

NUTRIENT

KVK KVK/DDA 3rd

15 INSUFFICIENT

KNOWLEDGE

ABOUT HERBICIDES

AND ITS

APPLICATION

DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING

ON IWM IN SUGARCANE

DDA/KVK KVK/DDA/ATMA 3rd

FOR BANANA

16 UNAVAILLABILITY

OF QUALITY

PLANTING

MATERIAL IN

BANANA

TRAINING DEMONSTRATION ON

PROPER MANAGEMENT OF

BANANA SUCKER

DDA/KVK ATMA/KVK/DDA/

NHM

1st

17 SEVERE INCIDENCE

OF BUNCHY TOP

DISEASE IN

BANANA

DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING

ON MANAGEMENT OF INSECTS

VECTOR

KVK KVK/NHM/DDA/

ATMA

1st

18 LODGING OF

BANANA PLANT

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON MANAGEMENT OF BANNANA

ORCHARD DURING EXTREME

CONDITION

DDA KVK/DDA/ATMA/

NHM

2nd

19 HIGH INITIALLY

WEEDING COST

DUE TO MANUAL

WEEDING

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

INTERCROPPING WITH SHORT

DURATION VEGETABLES AND

FLOWERS LIKE MARIEGOLD AND

TUBEROSE

KVK KVK/DDA/ATMA/

DOA/GKM

3rd

2o IMPROPER

NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT

TRAINING ON INM IN BANANA KVK/

DDA/DDH

KVK/DOA/ATMA/

GKM

3rd

FOR VEGETABLES

21 LOW YIELD OF

OKRA DUE TO YMV

INFESTATION

TRAINING ON IPM KVK NHM/KVK/ 1st

22 LOW YIELD OF

OKRA DUE TO

FRUIT BORER

INFESTATION

TRAINING ON IPM AND RESISTANT

VARIETY

KVK NHM/KVK/ATMA 2nd

23 LOW YIELD OF

BRINJAL DUE TO

TRAINING ON IPM IN BRINJAL KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 1st

FRUIT AND SHOOT

BORER

24 LOW YIELD OF

BRINJAL DUE TO

MILD DISEASE

TRAINING ON`IDM KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 2nd

25 LOW YIELD OF

TOMATO DUE TO

LEAF CURL

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON MANAGEMENT OF SUCKING

PESTS IN TOMATO

KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 2nd

26 LOW YIELD OF

TOMATO DUE TO

FRUIT BORER

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON BORER IN TOMATO

KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 1st

27 LOSSES DUE TO

IMPROPER

STORAGE

STRUCTURE

CONSTRUCTION OF STORAGE

STRUCTURE AND ZECC

NHM/

DDH

DOA/DDA/NHM

1st

FOR ANIMAL & BIRD

28 UNAVAILLABILTY OF

CATTLE FEED

FODDER CULTIVATION IN

WASTELAND

KVK DOV 1st

29 LOW YIELD OF MILK

BY DESI COW

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION DOV DOV 1st

30 ANIMAL AND BIRD

DISEASE

VACCINATION CDOV DOV/KVK 2nd

FOR PISCICULTURE

31 LACK OF

TECHNICAL

KNOWLEDGE

ABOUT

PISCICULTURE

TRAINING ON PISCICULTURE KVK/DOF KVK/DOF 1st

32 UNAVAILABILITY OF

FINGER

LINGS/YEAR LINGS

IN PROPER TIME

DEMONSTRATION ON FINGER LING

PRODUCTION

DOF KVK/DOF 1t

33 HIGH COST OF FISH

FEEDING

DEMONSTRATION ON LOW COST

FISH FEED PRODUCTION,IFS

KVK/

DOF/DDA

KVK/DOF/DDA 2nd

DRUDGERY & UNEMLOYMENT

34 DRUDGERY IN

FARM WOMEN

-TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

ON MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

-POULTRY IN BACKYARD OF HOME

KVK/DIC/DOA/

SHG/ATMA

1st

35 UNEMPLOYMENT

OF RURAL YOUTH

-ESTABLISHMENT OF

AGROSERVICE CENTRE FOR FARM

MECHANISATION

-OFF SEASON VEGETABLE

SEEDLING CULTIVATION

-MUSSHROOM CULTIVATION

-MAKING OF HANDICRAFTS

POULTRY,GOATERY,HONEYBEE

REARING,DEVELOPMENT OF

IMPROVED

COMPOST,VERMICOMPOSTING

KVK KVK/DOA/NHM/

DIC

1st

ABBRIVIATION:-

ATMA:- Agricultural Technology management Agency

DIC:- District Industry Center

AICCIP:- All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project

DOA:- Department of Agriculture

DOSC:- Department of Soil Conservation

DOV:-Department of Veterinary

DOF:- Department of fishery

FLD:- Front line Demonstration

GKM:- Gramena Krishaka Manch

KVK:- Krishi Vigyana Kendra

NFSM:- National Food security mission

NHM:- National Horticultural Mission

OFT:-On Farming Testing

RRTTS:- Regional Research & Technology Transfer Station

RKVY:- Rastriya Krishi Vikash Yojana

PHOTO GALLERY OF VILLAGE TOOLS

TRANSECT WALK IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

TRANSPLANTER USED BY VILLAGE FARMER VILLAGE- MAHABANDHA ( KATTA)

DRAWING OF SOCIO RESOURCE MAP BY VILLAGERS WITH STUDENTS

PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT TOOLS IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT TOOLS IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

VISIT TO FARMER FIELD IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

TRAINING

AND

DEMONSTRATIONS

1(A)-TRAINING ON CULTIVATION OF

SUMMER RICE

The main objective of summer rice is to increase the fertility of soil & production of rice after

kharif paddy. Generally, the field remains fallow after kharif rice, so the field should be properly

used so that the production, fertility of soil, and income can be increased.

SEED:-Depending on the soil type, climatic condition, insects &pests attack, thesuitable variety

should be selected. About 30kg seed is required for 1acre of land.

EARLY VARIETY MEDIUM VARIETY LATE VARIETY

Parijata(90 Days) Lalat (125Days) Swarna(140Days)

Khandagiri Konarka Padmini

Udayagiri Surendra

To remove the chaffy materials from the seed, 165gm salt solution is made in 1.0 lt of

water. The floating seed and chaffy material is removed from the solution & then seed should be

cleaned properly with fresh water. Then the seed is soaked in hot water for the 2 hours & put in the

polythene or wet gunny bag, so that the seeds can be germinate quickly

NURSERY BED PREPARATION:-400m2 is required to raise the seedling for 1acre of land. The

nursery area should be properly cleaned& the soil should be ploughed to afine tilth. For

400m2nursery bed, about 40 basket FYM, 12kg SSP, 2kg MOP should be applied during

preparation of field & mixed properly. Then the pre germinated seed is sown in the nursery.

CARE OF NURSERY BED:-The nursery should be kept wet after initial period of sowing. When

the seedlings germinate to a height of 2inches, the field should be provided with standing water.

After 15 Days 4Kg urea should be applied in 400m2 area. To prevent from insect pest, the nursery

should be applied with 120gm Carbofuran & 600gm Phorate before 1 week of transplanting.

FIELD PREPARATION- The land should be properly labeled. Puddling should be done before 2-3

weeks of transplanting. About 2tonnes of FYM, 23 kg P2O5, 15 kg K2O and 12kg N should be

applied in soil and labeled properly.

TRANSPLANTING-Transplanting should be completed within 2nd week of January. Seedlings

having 4-5 leaves aregood for transplanting.

INTERCULTURAL OPERATION:-2-3 weeding can be done in broadcasting method and 2

weeding in transplanting method respectively. About 24 kg of N should be applied after weeding.

Again about 12 kg of N should be applied after 2weeks of previous application.

IRRIGATION-Though rice needs more water, about 80-140 cm watering should be done. The

critical stages for irrigation in summer rice are tillering, panicle initiation and milking stage. At these

stages irrigation should be done.

PESTS AND DISEASES-The important pests are stem borer, black headed caterpillar, sucking

pests like hoppers, leaf folders and gall midge. The important diseases are blast, sheath rot, BLB,

BLS, tungro, white tip, ufra.

Control-about 12 kg Carbofuran can be applied for control of stem borer, for control of sucking

pests and hoppers about 400ml

Chloropyriphos and800ml

Carbaryl can be applied.For

control of fungal diseases like

blast, sheath rot about 300g

Carbendazim can be applied.

HARVESTING:-Harvesting

should be done when 80% of

panicle areripened.For storage

the grains should be dried under

sunlight to keep grain moisture at

about less than 12%. So that it

remains out of pest attack and

the germinating power will not hampered.

YIELD:-About 25-30 q of rice can be obtained from an acre of land

1(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON INSTALLATION OF

PHEROMONE TRAP

What is a pheromone trap?

“A pheromone trapis a device used to attract opposite sex of organisms particularly the

lepidopteran insect moths. In pheromone trap pheromone lure is used to attract the male moths.

A pheromone trap consists of:

A Funnel with cover

Funnel having a handle,one ring and long plasticbag.

Below the cover there is place to fix the lure.

Cover can easily fit into the funnel.

The funnel is attached with a long polythene bag with opening at the other end.

After fixing the lure the trap unit is installed with the help of a 8-10 ft long straight bamboo pole

inside the crop field.

The open end of the polythene tied with either by rubber band thread.

The lures should be changed in every 20 days interval.

The pheromone trap is installed for monitoring of the insect activity as well as for mass trapping of

the male moths.

When and how to use pheromone trap?

Pheromone trap installation in the field should be initiated depending upon the infestation of

different insect species at different growth stagesof crops.

Pheromone lures are host specific i.e, only a particular species is attracted to the lure used in the

trap.

The traps should be placed in the field 5m inside the border row and 40m apart.

For oneacrethere is requirement of 2 pheromone traps for monitoring and at least 8 traps for mass

trapping .

The height of pheromone trap should 30 cm above the height of plant.The height should be

increased according to the growth of the plant.

ADVANTAGE:

Pheromones are species specific have no hazard to non-target population and natural enemies.

Minute quantities are needed to attract and kill large number of insects ,so they are

economical(0.01 microgram attract 1 billion males)

They are non-pollutant and ecologically acceptable.

Easy means to monitor the buildup of pest population.

DISADVANTAGE:

Pheromones for the entire pest are not yet know.

Pheromones can attract one sex,the other sex could still be there to do the damage.

Quick results cannot be obtained with pheromones and hence they are not suitable as short term

control measures.

Female sex pheromone identified in the insects:

SL NO. NAME OF THE INSECT PHEROMONE

1 Silkworm, Bombyx mori Bombykol

2 Gypsy moth, Porthesia dispar Gyplure, disparlure

3 Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Gossyplure

4 Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Looplure

5 Tabbaco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Spodolure, litlure

6 Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Helilure

7 Honey bee queen, Apis spp Queen’s substance

8 Cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Grandlure

Delivered By:-

SARITA PRADHAN (3B/10)

PRAMOD KUMAR SABAR (4B/10)

SHITIKANTHA DAS (5B/10)

TEJASWINI NAYAK (6B/10)

2(A)-TRAINING ON KITCHEN GARDEN

INTRODUCTION:

It is a type of garden where the vegetables and short duration fruit crops are grown in backyard

of the residential building to meet the requirement of family round the year.

For a human being per capita consumption of vegetables per day is 400gm.In Odisha although

many peoples take fish and meat in their diet they should take at least 250-300gm fresh

vegetables. So to meet quality fresh vegetables it is advised to grow vegetables in the backyard of

their buildings. This practice is known as kitchen garden.

IMPORTANCE:

It helps in supply fresh vegetables.

BY working in garden their health remains good.

It helps in lowering down the vegetable cost of the family.

It provides more or less continuous supply of vegetables throughout the year according to their

season.

It provides family daily with fresh vegetable rich in nutrient and energy.

Vegetables grown in the kitchen garden are free from insecticides and pesticides pollution.

The unused materials viz. kitchen left over and water can be efficiently used.

PROCEDURE:

The people who should grow the garden have a good knowledge about the garden otherwise they

should gain some knowledge about that. They must have knowledge about Seasonal cropping,

mixed cropping, cropping pattern, crop calendar, seed sowing, seed transplanting, irrigation,

fertilizer and application of insecticides and harvesting.

The size of the kitchen garden depends upon the availability of land, the no of person for whom

vegetables to be grow. For maintaining the demand of a 5-6 members of a family 200mm2 area is

sufficient. For protecting the garden from cattles, goats and sheeps. So fencing is best for this

purpose.

Following rules to be obeyed for good kitchen garden:

For gardening the larger plot should be divided in to small plots. The plot should be of 3.5-

2.5m.Drainage channel should be designed between each 2 plot for irrigation.

The field does not remain fallow in any time of the year.

Short duration crops like guava, pappya, drumstick are planted in backyard of the house.

Crops like pumpkin, ridge gourd, cucumber are grown in corner of the garden.

Mostly used vegetables are given more emphasis.

Vegetables are grown in line and the distance should less than general growing pattern .

Vegetables are grown in succession cropping.

Cropping pattern should be maintained.

Due to intensive farming fertilizer requirement is more.

In kitchen garden different types of vegetables mostly hybrid seeds are used.

The waste materials of the house should be composted in a compost pit. Vermicomposting also

done.

Generally organic practices are followed.

2(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON LAYOUT OF KITCHEN

GARDEN

AREA CALCULATION OF KITCHEN

(a) Let the total area required for vegetable= 140 sq.m

(b) Total area required for fruits=43 sq.m

(c) Area required for channels, ridges, path, compost pit etc=77 sq.m

Total= 260 sq.m

DIMENSION OF KITCHEN GARDEN

The total area required for kitchen garden for a family of 5 adult is 260 sq.m

Though 260 sq.m = 13m x 20 m

Therefore, let length of kitchen garden will be 20 m and 30 m respectively

CROP ROTATION TO BE FOLLOWED

There are all together 10 nos of plots of size 4mx3m are available in garden.

The crop rotations to be followed in the kitchen garden are given below:

1. Brinjal (July - February) + Okra (March- June)

2. Chilli ( February- June ) + cucumber ( July - October) + Radish ( Nov-January)

3. Onion(October- February) + Brinjal (March- September)

4. Potato(October-January)+ Cowpea( Feb- may)+ Cauliflower (Early) (July- September)

5. French Bean (July-Sep) + Tomato (Sep. - Dec.)+Radish(Jan.-Feb) +Cowpea (March-June)

6. Cabbage (Sep.- Dec.)+ Bottle Gourd( Jan.-April)+ Amaranthus (April-June)+ Basella ( July-Aug)

7. Sweet Potato ( Aug. – Dec.)+ Cucumber (Jan- April)+ Amaranthus (May-June)

+ Basella (June-July)

8. Spinach (October- December)+ Brinjal (Jan.-June)+ okra(June-September)

9. Guar (July- Oct.)+ Carrot ( Nov- Feb)+ Pumpkin( Feb - June)

10. Tomato (July- Oct.)+ Pea( Nov.- Jan.) + Bitter Gourd (February -June)

YIELD OF DIFFERENT CROPS IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN

PLOT NO. VEGETABLES YIELD

1 Brinjal 20kg

Okra 6kg

2 Chilli 6kg

Cucumber 15kg

Radish 20kg

3 Onion 25kg

Brinjal 20kg

4 Potato 20kg

Cowpea 7kg

Cauliflower(early) 12kg

5 French bean 7kg

Tomato 20kg

Radish 20kg

Cowpea 7kg

6 Cabbage 20kg

Bottle gourd 24kg

Amaranths 7kg

Basella 12kg

7 Sweet potato 20kg

Cucumber 15kg

Amaranths 7kg

Basella 12kg

8 Spinach 10kg

Brinjal 20kg

Okra 6kg

9 Guar 6kg

Carrot 16kg

Pumpkin 24kg

10 Tomato 20kg

Pea 5kg

Bitter gourd 24kg

Sub-total 453kg

Perennial plot(vegetables)

1.Yam-5 plants 15kg

2.Ridge gourd-4 hills 12kg

3.Drumstick-4 plants 40kg

4.Curry leaf-1 plant -

SUB-TOTAL 67kg

GRAND TOTAL 520kg

Perennial plot(Fruits)

1.Papaya-4 plants 160kg

2.Banana(Ripe)-3plants 51kg

3.Lemon-2 plants 8kg

TOTAL 219Kg

Delivered By:-

HARIPRIYA BAGH (7B/10)

SUGYANI SETHI (8B/10)

JNYANA RANJAN DIGAL(9B/10)

3(A)-TRAINING ON RODENT CONTROL

Rodents (rats) possess a great problem for the farmers either in field or store house. They are

the threat to the household properties, crops as well as to the human health. They transmit plague,

jaundice like diseases. They accounts for about 33% losses of food grains.

Generally, 2 types of rats are seen. They are

1. House rat (Rattus rattus) –seen in house

2. Field rat-(Bandicota benghalensis) – seen in field.

(HOUSE RAT) (FIELD RAT)

Rodent control

Generally 2 methods are used for controlling the rodents.

1- Non-chemical method

2- Chemical method

1-Non chemical method

A.Physical method

a. Construction of rat proof store house

-The store house should be far from the rat habitat.

-It should have sufficient plinth.

-There should not be water logging condition near the store house.

-The floor of store house should be cement concreted.

-The widows should be well bounded by wire net (24 gauge).

b. Creating unfavourable condition for rodents.

Two things are generally essential for multiplication of rats.

1. Food 2.Habitat

In the absence of any of these they are not able to multiply properly. In order to check their

population,

-The rat repellents can be used for this.

-The foods should be kept in a safety place.

B. Mechanical method:

-Use of ultrasonic sound.

-Rat traps like wood box trap, banana leaf trap, metallic trap, bamboo trap etc.

-Glued ribbon can be used.

C. Cultural method:

-Deep ploughing of field to destroy the rat holes.

-Proper cleaning of the store house.

-Flooding irrigation.

D. Biological control:-Salmonella biocontrol agent is used.

2-Chemical method-

Rat poisons are of three types

a. Single dose poison-Zn-phosphide, Berium carbonate, Attu etc.

b. Multi dose poison-Warfarin, Cumachlor, Paival, Difasion, Fumarin, P.S.P, Rhodofairin, Ratafin,

Bromadiolan, Bodyfax etc.

c. Fumigants-Al phosphide, TEPA, METEPA etc. it creates sterility in male rats.

(MOVEMENT OF RAT) (TYPE OF RATS)

(RAT TRAPS)

3(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON APPLICATION OF

MULTIDOSE POISON

Poison bait preparation

Zn phosphide- 6g

Cereal powder – 92g

Edible oil- 2

Total- 100g

1 ST DAY - Add 2g edible oil with 92g cereal powder and divide it into 5 parts. Keep each part on the

way of rat; so as the rat can easily eat it.

2 ND DAY - Again the bait is given without adding poison in it, as because the rat may not eat it by

doubt.

3 RD DAY - After giving 2 pre-baiting at the 3rd day the poison bait is given. The Zn phosphide poison is

prepared; it is made into a no. of balls and kept at different places.

4 TH DAY - The remaining poison is made underground and the dead rat is collected and dug

underground.

5 TH DAY - Again the poison less bait is repeated.

6 TH DAY - If the rats eat the bait, then again poison less bait is given.

7 TH AND 8 TH DAY -The poison bait is applied at night and the dead rat with remaining poison baits are

dug underground.

PRECAUTION-

1. The children should be kept away from the poison baits.

2. Use globe on hand at the time of application.

3. After application of poison bait, the hand should be washed properly.

Delivered By:-

SUBHASHREE MALLIK (10B/10)

DEBA PRASAD PANDA (11B/10)

SAMEER RANJAN MISHRA (12B/10)

4 (A)-TRAINING ON INTER CULTURE OPERATION IN

RICE

Paddy is one of the important cereal crops of India. Maximum production depends on paddy.

The production and productivity of paddy declines upto 44-47% due to weed infestation.To control

weeds a good intercultural operation method should be adopted.The major weeds of paddy field

are:-

Echinochloa crusgalli

E.glaberescens

E.colona

Eleusine indica

Ischaemum rugosum

Cyperus rotundus

Initial 50 DAS is the main period for critical crop weed competition.

Echinochloa colona

In upland:-Initial 40 DAS is critical period for crop weed competition. Generally paddy is sown by

broadcasting method. Apply N2 at 15-20 DAS. Manual weeding can also be done. Hoeing should

be done at 40 day after seedling

emergence. In upland apply alachloror machet

@ 4.5t/ha as pre-emergence herbicide. At

medium and lowland if broadcasting is done

the weed infestation will be more. If proper

control measures aren’t adopted yield

reduction was upto 50-70%. In upland 30% in

irrigated land and 20-27% in transplanted rice

field. Mechanical weeding should be done at

35-45 DAS. Beushaning and khelua

operation practiced at 30 DAS. Top dressing of ½ N2 should be done at that time. Propanil @3kg

a.i/ha or MCPA@0.8kg ai/ha should be applied.

A INTERCULTURE IN SRI:-Hand weeding, cono weeder , Mandua weeder is used for weed

control operation. Weeding should be done at 10-12 DAT for 1st time and subsequent weeding

should be done at 10-12 days interval.

B.INTERCULTURE IN HYBRID RICE:- 2 weeding at 21 DAT and 35 DAT should be done.Top

dressing of rest 30 kg N2 should be done at that time.Chemical weedicide should be applied.

C. INTERCULTURE IN IMPROVED METHOD:-2 weeding at 3 week after transplanting and

5weeks after transplanting.Apply butachlor 1lt at 4DAT or pretilachlor 600 ml in 20kg

sand/acre.Top dressing of rest N2 should be done at that time. Weed control can be done by 3

methods:-

1.Preventive Method:-Weeds can be controlled by proper crop management practices.By sowing

more seeds weed infestation can be less. Clean cultivation should be practiced.

2.Mechanical Method:-Weeds can be controlled by summer

ploughing, hoeing ,earthing up ,manual weeding, flooding,

smoother crops.Different weeder are now available.

CONO WEEDER

3.Chemical method:-In upland 800 ml butachlor/acre or 250 ml ronstar or 500 ml goal in 400 lt

water should be applied as pre emergence.

1. In medium land 1lt satern/acre or 1330 ml stomp or 500 ml erosion in 400 lit water should be

sprayed.In lowland 1500ml stomp or 1200ml satern in 400 lt water should be sprayed.The can

also be broadcasted with 20 kg sand with little standing water in the field.

4 (B)-DEMONSTRATION ON HERBICIDE APPLICATION

IN RICE

Pre-emergence application of herbicide is applied in case of

Direct sown is 0-3 DAS and in

Transplanted condition:-10 DAT

After 4 weeks physical weeding is done. Sometimes safener is used.

APPLICATION TECHNIQUE:- In transplanted condition butachlor @ 1-1.5kg/ha was applied.

Applied as granular-form and broadcasted in flooded condition , settles in soil cuts on germinating

weed. Echinochloa and some broadleaved weeds can be controlled by this.

UPLAND PADDY:-Aqueous spray develop tolerant to bacterial leaf blight. For weed sedges,

application of oxadiargyl and anilphos was done. Oxidizon (500-750g/ha) is a wide spectrum

herbicide in direct sown rice. Combination of 2-3 herbicide , supplement with 1-2 hard inter row

tillage.

NURSERY:- Pyrazosulfuron - 15-20 g/ha

Thiobencarb - 1-1.5 kg/ha

Butachlor - 1-1.5 kg/ha

Butachlor , pretilachlor , suitable safener was mixed in the tank and was applied to germinating

seedling. Pyrazosulfuron and sand was mixed and applied after seeding is effective in nursery.

Delivered By:-

SUJAN KUMAR NARENDRA (13B/10)

ASUTOSH PANIGRAHI (14B/10)

ANJALEE PANDA (15B/10

5(A)- TRAINING ON SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION OF BANANA

Banana is one of the most important Indian fruit. It contains more amount of vitamins (vit a,

B complex, D), carbohydrates (27%), protein (1-2%), phosphorous, calcium and iron then most of

the fruits and vegetables. Raw fruit of banana is eaten as vegetable and ripe fruit is eaten as such.

banana is also used in many of religious events i.e. marriages, festivals etc. banana fruit can be

processed to produce jam, biscuits, chips, ice-creams, cold drinks and many other processed

products. Pseudo stem and male inflorescence of banana can be eaten by making its curry.

Banana leaf is used as plates for eating in many times. Stem of banana can be processed to make

tissue paper and paper. Banana flour is used to prepare many baby foods.2 dozens of banana

each of 100g is sufficient to provide energy (2400 calorie) to a common people.

Soil and climate: banana can be cultivated in all types of soil but organic matter rich deep

alluvial, lateritic soil with good drainage are most suitable for commercial cultivation of banana. It

performs better in soil with pH 5.5-7.0. As banana is a shallow rooted crop it cannot withstand

water stagnation for long time , as it affects the yield of the crop.

Banana is a warm and humid tropical fruit. It needs sufficient rainfall year round. Optimum

temperature for banana cultivation is 20-36°C. it can tolerate a temperature up to 1-40°C but high

wind speed during cool winters and hot summer are enemy of banana plant. An annual rainfall of

1200mm is sufficient for the crop. To prevent the plant from the wind break can be provided.

Variety: in Odisha mainly two types of banana are cultivated.

1. For ripe fruit

a. Yellow fruited

b. Green fruited

2. For raw fruit

Yellow fruited variety: These types of fruit are useful and most preferred by the peoples.

1. Champa, Chakrakeli: plant is tall, can be grown in areas with less rainfall. Resistant to wilt,

bunchy top disease. Bunch weight: 15kg.

2. Rasthali( patakpura silk): it is most preferred variety. Due to more plant height it cannot

tolerate high wind speed. After ripening the fruit attains yellow colour. Fruit is fleshy, sweet

with pleasnt aroma and have good keeping quality hence this variety is most preferred by

the farmers. Bunch weight-10 to 15 kg. This variety is susceptible to wilt disease.

Green fruited variety: these varieties are become popular day by day because these are dwarf

varieties. Eg: robusta (harichhal), Dwarf Cavendish (basrai). These varieties are short heighted

and tolerate high wind speed. These are resistant to wilt but are susceptible to sigatoka and

bunchy to disease. Bunch weight 14-20 kg. Fruits are sweet, tasty with pleasant aroma.

In hills hill banana (birupakshi) can be cultivated suitably.

Propagation: banana is generally propagated by vegetative method. Banana generally consists of

two type of sucker.

1. Sword sucker: Stem is narrower towards the tip and leaves are sword like. These types of

sucker are suitable for commercial propagation of the plant.

2. Water sucker: These suckers are uniformly thick throughout the length and leaves are

wide. This sucker cannot grow properly and are not suitable for commercial method of

propagation.

For commercial plantation of banana tissue culture banana are most suitable. These plant doesn’t

give more yield then the plant propagated by the suckers but are more resistant to disease pest

and matures at a time hence easy to harvest and transport to distant market.

Land preparation: the land is ploughed 2-3 times and medium and tall variety are planted at a

spacing of 2×2m and dwarf variety at 1.5×1.5m by trench or pit method of planting.

Time of planting: tall variety- June, Dwarf variety- Feb.-march. Banana is a fruit which is available

throughout the year. Hence in commercial planting plants are planted 3 times phase by phase

throughout the yr give year round yield.

Sucker treatment: treat the suckers with carbendazim (1g/l) and carbofuran (2g/l) before planting.

Preparation of pit before planting: pit size of 2’×2’×2’ are dug and a mixture of FYM + top soil

+250g biofertiliser+ 250g SSP is filled in the pit. 5-7 weeks after the filling of pit suckers are planted

in pit.

Nutrient management: banana is a heavy feeder crop. Tissue culture banana grow rapidly but it

needs20% more nutrients then banana planted by suckers.

First year: 300g N+ 100g P2O5 + 300 K2O per plant = 650g urea + 625g SSP + 500g MOP

150g after 2 month, 250g after 4 month, 250 after 6 month of planting

At the time of planting

250g after 2month, 250 g after 6 month of planting.

Second year/ after first harvest: 650g urea + 300g SSP + 500g MOP per plant

Split of urea: 150g after harvest, 250g after 2 month, 250 after 4 month of planting, SSP should be

applied after harvesting 250 g after harvest and 4 months after first application of MOP.

Water management: no need of irrigation in rainy season. In off season it needs 15-20 l of

water/plant. Winter crop should be irrigated in 8-10 days interval while summer crop in 4-5 days

interval. Irrigation of the crop with drip system save 25% of water and give 20-25% more yield.

Intercultural operation and after care:

1. Intercropping: initial 304 months are suitable to grow short duration vegetables i.e.

coriander, radish, chilli, flowers like marigold, tuberose etc. This prevents weeds in the field.

2. Mulching: mulching maintains optimum temperature of the soil as well as conserves

moisture. Besides this mulching decreases weed problem and also increases yield.

Suitable mulching materials are sugarcane baggase, banana leaves, straw, coconut

leaves, dried grasses etc.

3. Desuckering: repeated emergence of sucker is a important problem in banana. Hence

there is a need of periodic removal of the suckers. All other sucker are cut and killed by

applying kerosene except one. During first harvest the sucker should be 3 month old.

4. Removal of the dried leaves timely is necessary

5. Stacking: as bunch comes out plant is lodged due to bunch weight hence should be

stacked with bamboo or any stick of suitable diameter and length.

6. Care of bunch: when the bunch is completely comes out it should be covered with jute bag

or banana leaf properly to prevent the bunch from the scorching sun and pests.

a. Denavelling: removal of male flowers after coming out of female flowers completely

b. 2-3% spray of urea in bunch

c. To prevent the plant from hot wind and scorching sun plant can be sprayed with

water.

7. After harvesting the pseudo stem should be cut layer wise in 10-15 days interval 2-3 times.

8. Earthing up should be done during rainy season to prevent water logging in root zone, and

also provide anchorage to the plant.

Plant protection: Sigatoka leafspot, wilt and bunchy top are important diseases in banana.

Important pest banana stem weevil.

Yield: dwarf variety yield after 8-9 months and tall varieties yield after 11-12 month of planting.

Generally banana takes 90-150 days to mature after emergence of the bunch depending on the

variety. Cool temperature during ripening delays the process of fruit ripening while warm season

hasten the process. For local market bunch should be harvest when it changes colour and for

distant market bunch should be harvested at 75-80% maturity. Depending on the variety banana

gives 50-60 tons per ha.

5(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON PESTICIDE APPLICATION

Introduction

Pesticide application plays an important role in pest management by directly killing or supressing the pest population like insects, mites, fungus, bacteria, etc.

Pesticide includes fungicide, insecticide, weedicide, rodenticide, etc. Most of pesticides are applied in liquid formulation (sprays). The main purpose is to cover the target species and safety to non-target organism and the

environment.

For liquid application,the desired forms are:

Concentrated liquid Emulsifiable concentrate Suspension Solution Wettable powder Water soluble powder Foam Mist Fog Aerosols

METHODS

The different methods of liquid application are:

HIGH VOLUME SPRAY(HVS) LOW VOLUME SPRAY(LVS) ULTRA LOW VOLUME SPRAY(ULVS) AERIAL SPRAYING

PROCEDURE

For liquid application, various spraying equipments are used.

Different procedure are followed for different methods of spraying fluids, these are

1.HIGH VOLUME SPRAY(HVS)

Pesticide diluted with water. Droplet size :- 300-500 micron. Requirement :-500-1000 lt/ha

2.LOW VOLUME SPRAY(LVS)

It is 8-25 times more concentrated than HVS Droplet size :- 70-150 micron

Requirement :- 12-125 lt/ha

3.ULTRA LOW VOLUME SPRAY(ULVS)

It is available with special nozzles. Droplet size :- 20-70 micron Requirement :- 0.6-5.6 lt/ha

4.AERIAL SPRAYING

It is done at low height. Done in early hours of day.

PRECAUTION DURING FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE APPLICATION

1. Do not travel along with the food materials.2. Check whether the chemical is original or duplicate and then purchase it.3. Before using the chemical try to know about the product and method of its application.4. Wearing of mask and gloves are a compulsory.5. Add the appropriate quantity of chemical to water.6. With the help of a long stick stir the chemical so that it gets mixed up with water.7. Use funnel while pouring chemical into the sprayer.8. Spray the chemical along the direction of wind.9. Do not blow the nozzle with mouth.10. After using the chemical wash your body with soap.11. Avoid contact with the wounded portion.12. Keep away children while applying the pesticides.13. Keep the food material at a safe distance from pesticides.14. In case of illness or drowsiness go through primary treatment like mouth to mouth

respiration and immediately consult a doctor.15. Give the accurate detail of the chemical to the doctor.16. Destroy the packing material of the chemical.

Delivered By:-

SOURAV PANIGRAHI (16B/10)

TANMAYA MISHRA (17B/10)

GEETIKRISHNA NAIK (19B/10)

6 (A)- TRAINING ON DISEASE PROBLEMS IN KHARIF RICE

1.Blast of rice-

This is the most destructive disease in rainfed upland and irrigated rices caused by the

fungus Pyricularia grisea. The fungus produces lesions on leaves, nodes, neck and grains.

Symptoms:

Spindle-shaped lesions with brown margin and grayish/ashy centre tapering

towards both ends.

Black necrotic lesions on the node and around the base of the panicles may occur

resulting in breakdown of panicles and formation of chaffy grains.

Management of Rice Blast:

• Use healthy seeds collected from disease free crops.

• Avoid raising seedlings in upland.

• Apply moderate levels of nitrogenous fertilizer in 3-4 splits (80 kg N/ha).

• Weed out other hosts viz; Cynodron sp and Paspalmn sp.

• Grow resistant/tolerant varieties.

• Give need based spray of some effective fungicides or plant products-Carbendazim

50WP (Bavistin) 2g/l of water,Bael leaf extract (25g fresh leaves/1lit. water),Tulsi

leaf extract (25gm fresh young leaves/1lit. water), Neem leaf extract (200g fresh

leaves/1lit. water)

2.Bacterial blight:

It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Symptoms:

Water soaked lesions move from tip downwards on the edges of leaves.

Gradually symptoms turn into yellow and straw coloured stripes with wavy margins.

In early morning in humid areas yellowish, opaque, turbid drops of bacterial ooze

may be seen.

In Kresek (wilt) phase, leaves roll completely, droop and plants die completely.

Management of Bacterial blight:

Use disease free seeds.

Apply moderate level of Nitrogen (80 kg N/ha) in 3 splits.

Potash application, alternate drying and flooding in the field help in reducing

infection.

Seed treatment by soaking 10kg seeds x 20 liters’ of water containing 1.5gm

Streptocycline + 20 gm Captan for 8-10 hours.

Hot water treatment by soaking the seed for 12 hours in hot water at 530 c for 30

minutes.

Dip roots of the seedlings in solution of plantomycin (0.1%) or Streptocycline

(0.01%) for 30 minutes.

Spray fresh cow dung extracts (1kg cow dung in 5 liter water).

3.Sheath Blight:

It is caused by the soil borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani.

Symptom:

Irregular lesions with brownish margin or sheaths at the base of culms, usually near

water level.

Lesions gradually coalesce together and extend to leaf blades and give the

appearance of snake scales.

At times white sclerotia of mustard seed size found on infected sheaths.

Management of Sheath blight:

Use healthy seeds collected from disease free crops.

Adopt deep summer ploughing so that sclerotia remaining inside the soil are

brought to hot sunlight.

Grow sheath blight tolerant varieties in endemic areas.

Give need based spray of effective fungicides- Carbendazim 50 WP (Bavistin 2.5

g/l of water)

4.Brown spot:

It is caused by the fungus Helminthosporium oryzae.

Symptoms:

Typically ellipsoidal, oval to circular brown colour lesions appear on the coleoptiles,

leaf blade, leaf sheath and glume.

Management of Brown spot:

Apply balanced macronutrients NPK .

Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram @ 3g/kg seed.

Spray the crop with 0.4% Mancozeb or 0.25% Ziram or 0.2% Carbendazim.

5.Sheathrot:

The disease is caused by the fungus Sarocladium oryzae.

Symptoms:

from sheath prevents panicle exsertion and in severe infection total panicle become

Infection occurs on the upper most leaf sheath generally at late booting stage.

Spots are oblong to irregular with gray centre and brown margins.

Severe infection causes poor exertion of panicles and grains.

Management of Sheathrot:

Treat the seeds with Bavistin @ 2g/kg seed.

Spray twice at 10 days interval starting from boot leaf stage with Carbendazim or

0.25 Mopsin-M 70 WP

6.False smut:

It is caused by the fungus is Ustilaginoidea virence.

Symptoms:

The disease is found on the ear heads only.

Individual grains are transformed initially into large velvety green masses which

later on become black in colour.

Management of False smut

Use healthy seeds collected from disease free crop.

Avoid applying Furadon granules in False smut endemic areas.

Spray 0.15% Carbendazim or 0.25% Captafol or 0.4% Mancozeb or 0.2% Saff

twice at seven days interval at boot leaf stage.

6 (B)-DEMONSTRATION ON PROCESS OF SEED TREATMENT

STEP-1 - Collect a pot of appropriate size according to the amount of seeds.

STEP-2 -Seeds are taken in this pot according to the need.

STEP-3- After that seeds are treated with proper chemicals.

STEP-4- Spray little amount of water on the seeds.

STEP-5- Mix properly with the help of a stick.

STEP-6- Mixture was left constantly for 20-30minutes in shade place.

STEP-7 -At last coated seeds are sown in the field.

Delivered By:-

CHANDAN KUMAR PANIGRAHI (22B/10)

ASHIS DAS (23B/10)

ADYASHA DAS (24B/10)

7 (A)-TRAINING ON

CULTIVATION OF BRINJAL BY SCIENTIFIC METHODS

INTRODUCTION:-

Brinjal is an important and staple crop in our state.

It is used as curry and other delicious items along with other vegetables.

If we consider about its medicinal properties, white brinjal is beneficial for

diabetic patients.

Its leaves have Vit-C as main constituent and it is helpful for liver disorders.

SOIL & CLIMATE:-

Sandy or sandy loam or loam soils are proved to be suitable for brinjal cultivation giving

higher yield.

pH = 5.5-7.

Warm & humid climates are suitable. Temperature = 13-21oC.

LAND PREPARATION:-

For better growth and yield, 2-4 ploughings are to be done, followed by harrowing.

2-5 tonns of well decomposed FYM are mixed with soil.

NURSERY BED PREPARATION:-

Brinjal can be cultivated throughout the year i.e. Spring (Aug.-Sept.), Summer

(Dec.-Jan.) & Rainy (April-May).

SEED RATE:-

For 1 acre of land,

Common variety = 100-150g.

Hybrid variety = 60-80g.

It takes 3 weeks for the seedlings to be ready for transplanting.

Then hardening is done and planted in main field.

The size of the seed bed should be 5m. x 1.2m. x 15cm.

For 1 hecatre of land, 12 seed beds are required.

TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS:-

For Spring season, it is done in Aug.-Sept.

For summer season, it is done in Jan- Feb.

For Rainy season, it is done in May- June.

SPACING:-

60 cm. x 45 cm. is the recommended spacing for getting an optimum plant

population with better intercropping operations.

VARIETIES:-

The recommended higher yielding varieties are Pusa purple long, Pusa samrat,

Pusa purple round, Akrasheel, Arka Kusumkar, Arka siris (green type), Utkal madhuri,

Swarnamani, Swarnashree, Pusa kranti, Blue star, Annamallai (Aphid resistance)

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT:-

For getting better yield, the application of FYM should be 80-100 q per acre of land.

The RDF should be, Urea = 87kgs., SSP = 120 kgs. and MOP = 40kgs. applied per

acre.

1/3rd of Urea and full dose of SSP & MOP should be applied as basal.

Rest Urea is applied in 2 splits i.e. 30 DAP and 60 DAP.

Boron and Molybdenum should be applied as micro nutrients for better quality fruit.

For better flowering and fruiting, Planofix hormone should be applied.

IRRIGATION:-

Irrigation should be applied right after planting with the help of Rose cane.

In winter season water should be applied in 10-12 days interval and in summer, it is

5-6 days.

The critical stages of irrigation are Flowering and Fruiting stages.

Drip irrigation has the higher efficiency.

WEED MANAGEMENT:-

The critical stages of weed infestation are 40-50 DAP.

Manual weeding should be done 2 times i.e. 30 DAP and 50 DAP.

For effective weed control, Fluchloralin and NItrofen should be applied as pre-

emergence @1-1.5kg/ha. And for post-emergence, 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg. a.i. /ha.

DISEASES AND PESTS:-

The important pests are Shoot and fruit borer, Epilachna beetle, Jassids, Aphids,

White fly , Mealy bug etc.

For controlling sucking pests, systemic insecticides like Phosphamidon,

Imidacloprid, Metasystox, Systox, Rogor should be applied.

The important diseases are Damping off, Phomopsis blight, Bacterial wilt, Little leaf.

For controlling damping off, seed treatment should be done with Thiram,

Captan ,Bavistin should be done @ 2-3g./kg. of seed.

For controlling Phomopsis blight, seed treatment should be done with Thiram,

Captan ,Bavistin should be done @ 2-3g./kg. of seed. Blitox-50 should be applied

as foliar spray.

For controlling bacterial wilt, Streptocyclin applied @500ml./lit.

HARVESTING & YIELD:-

Brinjal should be harvested as per the market demand.

It should be picked as fresh and firm.

Harvesting should be done after 18-20 days of fruit set.

Any delay in harvesting results in toughening and discolouring.

Harvesting should be done 40-60 DAP.

Yield :

Common variety = 100-200q / acre

Hybrid variety = 200-250 q/acre.

(TRAINING PROGRAMME IN VILLAGE)

7 (B)-DEMONSTRATION ON

NURSERY RAISING AND APPLICATION OF BIO-AGENTS IN BRINJAL

NURSERY:-

A vegetable nursery is a place or an establishment for raising or handling of young

vegetable seedlings until they are ready for more permanent planting.

NURSERY RAISING:-

• A net area of about 225 sq. meter is required to raised seedlings of one

hectare land.

• Generally the nursery bed is prepared in 7.5 m long, 1 m width and 10-15 cm

height.

• Well decomposed FYM is properly mixed to top soil of the bed @3 kg per sq. meter.

• A fertilizer mixture of 0.5 kg NPK of 15:15:15 per bed should be mixed in the soil at

least 10 days before sowing the seeds.

• Normally 400-500 gm seeds for open pollinated variety & 125-150 gm for hybrids

respectively are required for planting of one ha of land.

• For raising good and healthy seedlings treatments of the seeds in the fungicide

Captan, Thiram, Saaf @ 2 gm/kg of seeds is essential.

• Similarly the seed beds are also to be treated with steam or ½ liter of 40%

Formalin per sq. meter of land. Soon after fumigation the beds are covered with

polythene for 24 hours.

• If the fumigation is not done in the nursery bed, solarisation should be done to

minimize the attack of insect pest with the help of transparent polythene.

• The seeds are sown in rows at a distance of 5 cm. and the depth is 1cm. After the

sowing the rows are covered with a thin layer of FYM.

• Thereafter, the beds are irrigated with a rose cane, light watering is required daily

in the evening.

• For controlling termites, soil should be drenched with Chloropyriphos @2ml./lit.

water.

• Watering should be stopped 5-6 days before the lifting of seedlings, for better

establishment of the seedlings in the main field. It is known as HARDENING OF

SEEDLINGS.

APPLICATION OF BIO-AGENTS:-

Why ?

Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides results in

toxicity of fruits.

Application of bio-agents is eco-friendly and very cheap method of

controlling pests and diseases effectively.

It should be applied at the appropriate stages.

For controlling Fruit and shoot borer, Trichogramma chilonis ( Egg parasite ) should

be applied @20,000 per acre.

Larval parasitoid like Bracon harvour should be applied.

Trichoderma viride should be applied @ 20ml./lit. for controlling causal fungus of

damping off.

Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens should be done as alternative for wilting.

Use of Bt @ 400-450g./acre effectively controls the Fruit and shoot borer, which is

the major pest of brinjal.

For controlling fruit and shoot borer, Beauveria bassiana should be applied.

(DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME IN VILLAGE) ( Tricho card )

( Bt ) ( Trichoderma viride )

( TRAINING& DEMONSTRATION ON BRINJAL )

Delivered By:-

ASHOK KUMAR PAIKARAY (18B/10)

ASUTOSH SARANGI (20B/10)

RASHMI RANJAN MAHARANA (22B/10)

EXPOSURE

VISITS

VISIT TO SOIL

TESTING

LABORATORY

SOIL TESTING LABORATORY

District level soil testing laboratory was established in 1976-77 in kalahandi. From that

period the laboratory done soil testing for 18 blocks that is for both Kalahandi and Nuapada. After

Nuapada is a new district now the lab works for 13 blocks of kalahandi. DDA,Kalahandi is the head

of the laboratory. Total no. of post 22, 14 offcial members of the lab are

One soil chemist-Sri Birendranath Mishra

TwoAAO- Sasmita Mishra, Narendra Panda

Three JRA( Junior research assistants), three lab assistant

Collection of soil sample from rural farmer:-

Samples come for testing by two way either through govt. Office(Block level) or through NGOs

Sample collected by farmers, are taken by VAW(Both in Kharif & rabi season)

Each Panchayat has 1 VAWs.

Then all the sample are collected from VAWs, than submitted in Block office are coded. (When

farmer collected their sample they pack 150gm of sample in a thick polythene bag with their name

in a paper in side polythene with soil.)

From block office sample are bringing to laboratory.

Then drying hammering and sieving are done and powdered samples are taken in with a cups with

code no. and then testing is progress.

Instrument in soil testing laboratory :-

1. pH meter:- It is used to know the pH of soil i.e., acidic / alkaline soil. It is done by making a solution

of 10gm soil+20ml of Distilled water and set in machine and result is obtained.

2. Conductive meter:- It is used to measuresalt concentration.

3. Spectrphotometer:- It is used to measure organic matter and P-concentration in soil.

Price taken for soil testing:-

Test Sample through Govt. Price Sample through NGOs

pH, EC, OC, NPK Rs 5/- per sample Rs15/- Per Sample

Secondary Mineral(Ca, Mg, S) Rs10/- per Sample Rs 50/- Per sample

Micronutrient(Fe, Cu, Zn, B,Mo, Rs150/- Per sample Rs150/- Sample

Time taken for soil testing:-

For pH testing:- Result can be given within 30 minute.

For other test like EC, OC, NPK, Secondary mineral, Micronutrient:- Result can be given within

3days.

At last the soil health card is provided to the farmer through the block office.

In Kalahandi, Kesingha, and sadar block dominated with black cotton soil.

Block like Th.Rampur, Lanjigarh, Jayapatna dominated with red soil.

VISIT TO SEED

PROCESSING

PLANT

SEED PROCESSING PLANT

It provide quality seeds to farmers in right time and quantity state government of odisha

with collaboration of state seed corporation and state seed certification agency. Various seed

processing plants are working in different districts of odisha.

Seed processing plant in Kalahandi working only for paddy processing.

The capacity of plant is 20000 quintal/year having processing capacity of 4 TPH.

There is no storage facility inside the plant so the processed seed bags shifted to nearby FCI

godown.

Efficiency of the machine 25-30%.

The seeds are taken from registered farmer and processed in plant.

The fee taken by plant officials RS.15/quintal from farmers.

The farmers have to pay the transfer, unloading and downloading costs.

The plant also help for seed marketing. The odisha govt. purchase the processed seed from the

plant.

For 1 quintal of certified seed farmer can get Rs.1850 in 2 phases

1st phase-1200/-

2nd phase-650/-

For 1 quintal of foundation seed 2000/-

The paddy varieties processed inside the plant are Khandagiri, MTU-1001, MTU-7029(Swarna),

Konark, Lalat, Pratikhya, Pooja.

After processing seeds are bagged.

Bags are given by seed testing laboratory, Bargarh.

Tags are given by seed certification officer, Balangir.

ABOUT SEED PROCESSING MACHINE-

The machine is air screen cleaner with feeder, elevator, blower and 3 screens.

The screens are working based on sieving mechanism according to particle size like pebbles,

chaffs and grains.

The pure grains,chaffs and pebbles are collected in 3 outlets.

VISIT TO

GANAPATI

BIOTECH

VISIT TO GANPATI BIOTECH

It aims at developing the quality planting material production through tissue culture

techniques.

Protocols for production of tissue culture banana –

Method- Micro-propagation

1 lakh sterility should be maintained.

Maximum permissible limit is 5%.

The tissue culture is divided into 2 parts i.e. sterilized area and non-sterilized area.

In non-sterilized area the taps for hand and leg washing are present.

Media preparation room-The MS media is prepared

After the media preparation room we entered into the tissue culture lab for which we have

to pass through the sterilizer providing air blow pressure of 115-120/sq. inch pressure.

Then we wear aprons and gloves.

Then we went to the inoculation chamber which is sterilized by UV light.

After this we visited the chemical storage room where stock solution is prepared and other

chemicals are stored. Then bottles are transfer to multiplication room.

Multiplication room – here 23-250 C is maintained

Then the bottles are taken to growth room having capacity of 10000 bottles.

Then they are taken to the grading room and graded to 4 groups like group A-4cm height,

group B-3cm height, group C-1 cm height(rejected)

Then they are taken to poly house and kept for 21-30 days called as primary hardening.

They are taken to net house and kept for 21-30 days called secondary hardening.

In poly house they are kept in pro tray filled with media containing coco peat, sand and soil

in 1:1:1 ratio.

In net house they are kept in polythene bags and ready for marketing.

Total capacity is 12-15 lakhs but now they are producing 50000 seedlings/year.

They are mostly producing G-9 variety of banana for which they are collecting the meristem

tip from Gujurat.

G-9 variety has identification mark containing brown spots on leaves.

VISIT TO GRAM

VIKASH

TH.RAMPUR

GRAM VIKAS

To provide the villagers improved life style.

To include 100% household under water and clean program.

It is started in 1979 and first work on tribal development.

Biogas plants are taken to hand in 10 districts through this program.

Gender development and SHG formation.

Social forestry work.

Rural Health Environment Project(RHEP)

Integrated Tribal Development Project(ITDP), girl child education and school opening.

Gram vikash is supervised by OTELP

5 Projects in Th.rampur

Livelihood project-Agriculture and horticulture development-drip irrigation

system,kantabanjhi and ghutiguda-hydrolic ram,mantiguda and ghutiguda

Agriculture development-polyhouse, vermicompost, yellow pot, biofertilizer use,SRI, line

sowing,intercropping system

Support to- ICRISAT,Hyderabad-for pulses and oil seeds

DPI(dipped pipe irrigation) system-5 villages(mandiguda,kantabanjhi,paladumer,

melkundel,pindapadar)

Microhydro project-electricity from water and irrigation-5 villages(karlapat,

purneaguma,aonthaguda,karnibel,bijapadar)

300 acre-WARDY-mango and litchi plantation

Backyard kitchen garden-827 families

GRAM VIKASH

VISIT TO OTELP

(Orissa Tribal Empowerment &

Livelihood Programme)

OTELP

(Orissa Tribal Empowerment & Livelihood Programme)

Programme focuses on empowering the tribal and enabling them to enhance their food

security, increase their incomes and improve their overall quality of life through more efficient

natural resource management based on the principles of improved watershed management and

more productive environmentally sound agricultural practices and through off-farm/non-farm

enterprise development.

Programme Goal

Empowering the tribal and enabling them to enhance their food security, to increase their income

and improve overall quality of their livelihood.

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES

Building capacity of the communities

Enhance access & productivity of land, water & Forests

Encourage off farm enterprise

Ensure food security

Strengthen institutional capacity of Govt. agencies & others.

Build on indigenous knowledge and blend with technological innovations

Encourage development of pro-tribal environment

Strategy

The overall strategy of the Programme focuses on empowering the tribals and enabling them to

enhance their food security, increase their incomes and improve their overall quality of life through

more efficient natural resource management based on the principles of improved watershed

management and more productive environmentally sound agricultural practices and through off-

farm/non-farm enterprise development. A strong emphasis is placed on promoting participatory

processes, building community institutions, fostering self-reliance, and respecting the indigenous

knowledge and values of tribals. The Programme would adopt a flexible, non-prescriptive, process-

oriented approach to enable the stakeholders to determine the scope of Programme activities, their

timing, pace and sequencing

Programme area

The programme area consists of 30 blocks in eight districts and has a total rural population

of 1.4 million belonging to over 390 000 households. Some 61% of the total population is tribal,

and 12% are scheduled castes. In this light, the programme will adopt an ‘inclusive approach’,

targeting all households living in the participating villages and hamlets in the selected micro-

watersheds. To be eligible, a watershed will have to have a population comprising at least 60%

tribals and scheduled castes. Within this framework, the programme will seek to develop

mechanisms to ensure that special attention is paid to marginalized groups, namely women,

children, underemployed youth, primitive tribal groups, hill cultivators, landless and marginal

farmers and scheduled castes. Extensive participatory rural appraisal (PRA) exercises for poverty

mapping, the identification of self-targeted activities and intensive sensitization programmes are

some of the tools that will be used to achieve this goal

Objective

To achieve this, the programme will: (i) build the capacity of marginal groups (landless and

marginal farmers, women), working either with individuals or their grass-roots institutions, so that

they are better able to plan, implement and manage their own development and to negotiate

improved entitlements; (ii) enhance poor tribal people’s access to land, water and forests and

increase the productivity of these resources in environmentally sustainable and socially equitable

ways; (iii) encourage and facilitate off-farm enterprise development focused on the needs of poor

tribal households; (iv) monitor the basic food entitlements of tribal households and ensure their

access to public food supplies; (v) strengthen the institutional capacity of government

organizations, panchayat raj institutions (PRIs – local self government institutions), NGOs, etc.; (vi)

build on indigenous knowledge and values and blend these with technological innovations to

speed up development; and (vii) encourage the development of an enabling, pro-tribal policy

environment.

Components

Capacity-building for empowerment

The main objectives of this component are to: (i) create effective mechanisms for fostering real

community-level decision-making; (ii) strengthen the capabilities of communities and special

interest groups so that they can handle the launching and management of their own development

and even assist other communities to do the same; and(iii) strengthen the capabilities of the

support agencies, both government and non governmental, responsible for assisting the

communities in their development effort

Livelihood enhancement. This component will consist in the following sub-components:

(i) land and water management; (ii) participatory forest management; (iii) production systems

enhancement; and (iv) community infrastructure. The programme will establish a land and water

management fund that will finance watershed development works selected by the communities

with the guidance of technical experts

Agricultural/horticultural development will be promoted through training and demonstrations in

improved cultural practices, improved varieties, changes in cropping sequences and rotation, and

through conversion of shifting cultivation (podu) to settled cultivation on podu sites through mixed

tree and annual crops

Support for policy initiatives. Since the identification of the programme, the government of

Orissa has taken some important steps to address a number of key policy issues. Through its

support for policy initiatives component, therefore, the programme will support the

operationalization of these initiatives by: (i) providing a legal defence fund to assist tribals and

NGOs in pursuit of land alienation/restoration cases; (ii) establishing mobile squads for detection of

cases and enforcement of land restoration; and (iii) funding land surveying.

Development initiatives fund (DIF). The programme makes provision for a DIF to provide the

flexibility to move additional funds to areas of demand as expressed by communities through a

participatory planning process. It will also permit the implementation of other relevant activities that

may become feasible and attractive in the course of programme implementation.

Programme management. Under this component, the programme will finance (i) operating

expenses for the programme support unit at the state level and the ITDAs; (ii) staff training costs;

(iii) orientation and annual review workshops, including stakeholder workshops; (iv) setting-up of a

monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system including process documentation; (v) development of

appropriate communications methodologies taking account of local languages and folklore; and (vi)

documentation of indigenous knowledge, focusing particularly on natural resource management.

Food handling. This component will cover the cost of transport, storage and distribution of the

World Food Programme (WFP) food assistance and the monitoring of its use.

Organization and Management and M&E

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA) at the central level and the Scheduled Tribes and

Scheduled Castes Development Department (ST/SCDD) at the state level will be nodal agencies

forthe programme.

At the state level, the programme will have a three-tier management structure as follows: (i)

the SHGs and VDCs as the main implementing agencies at the grass-roots level; (ii) the ITDAs at

the district level; and (iii) a PSU within the ST/SCDD at the state level. Each block will generally be

assigned to a facilitating NGO charged with providing support to SHGs and VDCs for capacity-

building, micro-planning and supervision.

At the community level, the palli sabha (village assembly) at the natural village level will

generally be the basic unit for planning, implementing and monitoring programme activities. Two

thirds of the members of the VDC will be drawn from the office bearers of the SHGs/use

groups/committees, with the remainder selected by the palli sabha to include two members of

PRIs.

In some watersheds, there may be a need for cross-community committees to manage

shared resources or collective activities. A team of village volunteers will provide technical services

to community members and will interface with the support agencies.

At the district level, existing ITDAs, one per programme district, will be strengthened to

coordinate implementation of the programme. Their operational flexibility and autonomy as

registered societies will be restored and their management broadened by including non-

governmental members on the managing body. The restoration of ITDA autonomy will include

empowering the ITDAs to operate bank accounts, establish their own financial and personnel

rules, and enter into contracts with NGOs and other service providers. ITDAs will contract NGOs to

assist the programme villages in social mobilization, capacity-building and participatory planning.

NGOs will engage village animators. The responsibilities of the facilitating NGO will be spelled out

in a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to be entered into between the ITDA and NGO, in a

form and substance approved by IFAD/DFID. In the event that ITDA and the PSU determine that

competent facilitating

NGOs are not available to act as programme partners for social mobilization, the PSU will

submit a proposal to IFAD/DFID for approval to allow the ITDA to be directly involved in initiating

community empowerment and capacity-building activities. The facilitating NGOs will be supported

by resource NGOs, other private-sector providers and/or the line departments for training and

technical and other support.

At the state level, a programme steering committee (PSC) will be established, chaired by

the chief secretary (or alternate) with representation of the KBK administrator,8 key line

departments, the Watershed Mission, independent development experts, the National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development, the Small Industries Development Bank of India, NGOs and

research institutes, with the commissioner (ST/SC), as member secretary, to provide overall policy

guidance to the programme. Similarly, the PSU within ST/SCDD will be headed by a full-time

programme director, responsible to the commissioner/secretary, ST/SC. The PSU will have a small

team of full-time professional staff.

The programme will be monitored and evaluated from the perspective of input, output and

impact. A specialist M&E agency will be contracted to design the management information system.

Emphasis will be placed on participatory M&E to assist the communities in monitoring their

own progress, evaluating performance and identifying implementation issues. Similarly, qualified

service providers will be recruited to carry out periodic impact assessments, thematic and

diagnostic studies, nutrition surveys and environmental monitoring.

The Orissa tribal empowerment & livelihood programme

Is being implemented by Scheduled tribe and scheduled caste development department of govt of

Orissa with financial assistance from the DFID, IFAD &WFP.

Programme cost and sources of fund

Sl no Sources of fund percentage

1 IFAD loan 22

2 DFID assistance 44

3 WFP(by way of food assistance) 14

4 State Govt 11

We have visited the following villages of thualmul Rampur block by the guidance of SMS

(agriculture), ITDA, Kalahandi on 13/12/2013

1) Semelpadar-taken by prayash cooperative(women SHGs) .vegetable nursery and chilli,field pea

radish crops fields were seen

2)Mantriguda-tubere crops and turmeric and hydram for irrigation.

3)Dakakota-WADI,Drip irrigation and intercropping

4)Mardiguda-Origin of Indrabati and vegetable crops

5)Kumadobahal Gram Vikash Campus-Spices and vegetable crops

Also in the above villages other components are taken for over all developments like

i. Land and water management

ii. Agriculture and Horticulture development

iii. Livestock and Aqua-culture development

iv. Rural Finance Services(RFS)

v. Community Infrastructure Fund(CIF)

vi. Development Initiative Fund(DIF)

vii. Participatory Forest Management(PFM)

viii. Capacity Building(CB)

ix. Support for policy initiatives

EXPOSURE VISIT TO TH. RAMPUR

WELCOME TO

EXPERIENTIAL

LEARNING

PROGRAMME

GROUP-I MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Mushroom is a conspicuous umbrella shaped Basidiomycetesfungi belongs to the order

Agaricales .

It consists of a variety of fungus some are edible and some are not.

Out of edible mushroom paddy straw mushroom, button mushroom, oyster mushroom,

white milky mushroom are commercially cultivated.

We have done the cultivation of oyster/dhingri mushroom during our ELP programme.

General information about dhingri/ oyster mushroom:

It is a wood fungus belongs to the genus Pleuratus.

Fruiting body : Distinctly shell, fan or spatula shaped with different sets of white, cream, grey

or light brown colour depending on the species.

Different cultivated spp:

Pleuratus florida

P. sapidus,

P. sojarkaju( most cultivated spp)

P. ostreatus,

P. flabellatus.

Substrate used for its cultivation:

Commonly used substrates are paddy straw, wheat straw, cotton wastes, corn cobs.

Also cultivated in banana pseudo stem, rice husk, saw dust, coconut wastes, sugarcane

baggage, sunflower stalks etc.

Materials required: (FOR ONE BED)

Clean chopped straw-2Kg

Spawn bottle-1 no.(200 gm)

Polythene bag-1 no.(55 cm x 35 cm)

Wheat seed-200 gm.

Lime and fungicide (sixer)

Thread

Rose cane

Rakes

Dark room

Criteria of an ideal dark room

Dark room should be well ventilated and care should be taken that there is minimum light

penetration during day time.

Proper sanitation should be maintained in the room during the growing period.

Steps in mushroom bed preparation

Collection of required amount of straw.

Collection of straw cutter.

Proper cleaning of the straw, panicle portion of the straw should be removed.

The straw was cut into small pieces of size 2-4”.

Fill the soaking tank with clean water.

Mixing of lime1kg/100l and Carbendazim@ 1g/l to the water

Wash cutted straw in clean water and soak for 12-14 hrs in water.

After 12 hrs soaked straw should shade dried to a suitable moisture content(65 %).

200 gm. of wheat seed boiled for 15 minutes in clean water and dried under shade for

draining the water for 15 minutes.

Holes are made previously in polythene to drain out the excess water, for aeration and

diffusion of heat, generated inside.

The spawn and boiled wheat grains are divided into 4 parts.

Layering of bed/ preparation of bed

1st layer: 5-6” straw+ 1st part of spawn + 1st part of boiled wheat

2nd layer: 3-4” straw+ 2nd part of spawn + 2nd part of boiled wheat

3rd layer: 3-4” straw+ 3rd part of spawn + 3rd part of boiled wheat

4th layer: 3-4” straw+ 4th part of spawn + 4th part of boiled wheat

5th layer: only 2” of straw covered over the fourth layer

Keep the beds in dark and cool place for 15 days and then see whether the mycellial

development has completed or not.

If mycelium development is completed then remove the polythene bag. By this period the

mass of straw is converted to a cake. Keep the whole cake in racks in mushroom house.

Then after light spraying of water is done over the beds .Sprouting will come out within a

week to 15 days which is harvested after proper development of the fruits.

Nearly 500 gm. of mushroom can be harvested from a bed at a time. After harvest keep the

bed undisturbed and spray water every day.

Again after 10-13 days another flush will come out which may be harvested, likewise 3-4 harvest

are done. A bed can yield more than 1.5 Kg of mushroom

PRECAUTION:-

1. Sterilization of mushroom chambers for commercial cultivation ,by spraying formalin water(50 part

water and 1 part Formalin)

2. Hands should be washed thoroughly while working.

3. Do not take shoes inside the mushroom house.

4. Before bed making the straw may also be sterilized by dipping the straw in a solution of Bavistin or

Palantomycin @ 1 gm/ltr.of water.

5. Boiling or steaming of straw is also a good practice for killing the contaminants.

6. To maintain humidity in room 2-3 inch sand layers should be given on the floor. Optimum

temperature required is 25-280C with relative humidity more than 80 %.This mushroom can even

grow better in 16-23 0 C. To lower down the temp. and to keep the room humid gunny bags or

straw seeds may be hanged on walls over which water is sprinkled to provide humidity and cooling

effect.

7. Harvesting is done with a clean hand smoothly or can be cut with a blade so that the mycellial mat

will not be disturbed.

8. Everything should be done in neat and clean manner so that the contamination can be checked.

COST OF CULTIVATION PER BED:

SL NO. ITEM QUANTITY COST(RS)

1 PADDY STRAW 2KG 6.00

2 SPAWN (1 BOTTTLE) 2OO g 15.00

3 POLYETHENE BAG 1NO 3.00

4 LABOUR CHARGES 8.00

5 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS

EXPENDITURE

5.00

TOTAL 37.00

BENEFIT COST RATIO (per bed)

RETURN

COST OF CULTIVATION: Rs. 37.00

YIELD PER BED: 1.5kg

COST OF TOTAL PRODUCE @ RS 80/kg = Rs. 120.00

GROSS RETURN: Rs:120.00

PROFIT: 120-37= 83

B.C. RATIO= GROSS RETURN/COST OF CULTIVATION

=120/37=3.24:1

VALUE ADDITION IN MUSHROOM

Mushroom is a highly perishable product and it is eaten by people after processing/

cooking.

Mushroom is a delicious food item and it can be eaten after frying, by making its curry or as

mushroom pakoda.

Dhingri mushroom is mostly preferred by people as its pakoda.

For long term storage mushroom can be converted to pickle or can be stored as dried

mushroom flakes.

( ACTIVITIES DURING ELP )

GROUP-IINURSERY MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION OF

VEGETABLE SEEDSLINGS

INTRODUCTION

Nursery is a place where plants are reared until they are ready for final transplanting in the

field. Almost all vegetables crops are propagated by seeds, except a few like sweet potatoes,

asparagus, garlic, potato, which does better if propagated vegetatively. Among the vegetable crops

which are propagated by seeds, most of them like cucurbits, beans, peas, radish, turnip, carrots

and leafy vegetables are sown directly in the fields. Other vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower,

tomato, onion, chilli etc. are first sown in nursery-beds where seedlings are raised and then

transplanted.

What is a nursery?

A nursery could be considered as a location where plants are cared for during the early

stages of growth, providing optimum conditions for germination and subsequent growth, until they

are strong enough to be planted out in their permanent place.

TYPES OF NURSERY: It is of two types temporary and permanent.

Temporary Type nursery: Temporary type of nursery is raised in open especially under shelter

position of tree or even in totally open condition in which no provision of permanently walled-bed is

made.

Permanent Type Nursery: These type nurseries are generally permanently walled and often

provided with overhead covering against rain and frost. In this nursery bed there is permanent

provision of disinfection or sterilization of soil.

TYPES OF NURSERY BED:

There are three types of nursery bed: 1) Flat nursery bed

2) Raised bed

3) Sunken bed

1) Flat nursery bed:

It is prepared: 1) During spring – summer when there is no fear of rain 2) In the area where

the soil is light sandy to sandy loam where there is no problem of water stagnation.

The field is divided into small size plots. Ridges are prepared around each bed which

facilitates the cultural practices. In between two rows of beds, central irrigation channel is

prepared which each bed is connected.

2) Raised nursery bed:

This type of nursery bed is common in

practice which is specially useful for

raising seedlings during rainy season

when stagnation of water becomes

problematic and causes damping-off

diseases.

Raised bed of 10 to 15 cm height from

ground level is prepared.

In between two rows, a space of 50 to 60

cm is left so as to carry out cultural

practices easily.

3) Sunken nursery bed:

This type of bed is useful and prepared mostly during winter season.

This type of nursery is prepared 10 to 15 cm downward from the soil surface.

The air blows across the soil and the seedling in sunken nursery is not hit by the cool

breeze of air.

Furthermore, covering of sunken bed with polythelyne sheets becomes easy which

required for protecting the seedlings from cool air.

BENEFITS OF RAISING NURSERY:

The area being small and compact, it is convenient and easy to grow large number of

seedlings as per unit area,

Managing favourable growing conditions become easy and feasible.

In small area, it becomes easy to manipulate growing conditions towards optimum

even when outdoor raising of plant is not possible.

Ensure easy and cheap availability of plants.

It is the only way to obtain desirable type of plants.

Nursery provides an opportunity to select healthy, uniform and proper seedling and, in

those vegetables which respond to transplanting.

Helps in better utilization of land.

The area being easily managed management of diseases and pests become easy.

By raising seedlings prior to their normal season, off-season cultivation of vegetable is

possible.

Ensures optimum utilization of labour, water, nutrients and other inputs.

RAISED BED

As there is better germination due to properly managed conditions, nursery raising

helps in calculating seed requirement.

COMPONENTS OF A NURSERY

1. SELECTION OF LOCATION & SITE :

The following considerations are made while selecting location and site for

successful raising of nursery plants:

Select the site under open and protected condition.

Avoid the site near and under influence of buildings.

Shady site are not ideal for nursery raising.

Raised area is preferred for nursery as it facilitates drainage of water and

avoids water stagnation.

Select the site near the source of irrigation.

The location should be well connected with roads to have an easy access to

market.

2.SEED AND SOWING :

Seed is the backbone of a good crop.

It should be sound, healthy, true to the type & high yielding.

Seed should be purchased from agencies like NSC, SSC, farms & nursery of Govt,

SAU.

BED PREPARATION:

Bed preparation facilitates the ease in the cultivation operations like sowing and

transplanting and later in the intercultural operations.

The width of a bed should not be more than 1m and the length 3 m. This width facilitates

weeding and watering without trampling the bed.

The bed is kept raised about 15 cm high so as to provide proper drainage of excess water

and the level of the bed surface is also made slightly raised in the centre with a little slope

on the two sides.

SEED TREATMENT: Three types of seed treatment are used to control diseases :

Disinfection: Disinfectants eliminate organisms within the seed itself. Treatments of this

kind include hot water, formaldehyde and aerated steam. For hot water treatments, dry

seeds are immersed in hot water at 490C to 570 C temperatures for 15 to 30 minutes. E.g.

– Hot water treatments is effective for seed borne diseases of vegetables like black leg and

black rot of cabbage, alternaria blight of Cole crops and onion. In aerated steam treatment

seeds are treated in special machines in which steam and air are mixed and seeds are

treated at 460C to 570 C temperatures for 10 to 30 minutes.

Disinfestations: Disinfectants are the chemicals which eliminate organism presents on the

surface of the seed. The filtrates containing 2% calcium hypochlorite is used for the seed

disinfestations. The time of contact of seed and hypochlorite solution is usually 5 to 30

minutes depending upon tolerance of seed.

Seed Protection: Protectants are chemicals applied to the seeds to protect from soil living

pathogenic fungi. These are also applied as soil drenching chemicals .E.g. - Thiram,

Captan, Bavistin, Vitavax, and Agrosan @ 2-3 g per kg of seed.

SEED TREATMENT WITH FUNGICIDE

SEED TREATMENT METHODS: Two method of seed treatments: Dry/dust method and Slurry

method.

Dry method: In this method, the seeds are taken in a drum. The required quantity of dust is added

in the drum and the drum is rotated vigorously until the dust is adhered over surface of seeds.

Slurry method: In this method, the seeds are immersed in suspension of seed treating chemicals

or combination of insecticides and fungicides.

SOIL TREATMENT

Soil may contain weed seeds, nematodes, fungi and bacteria that may be harmful for plants. To

get rid of these types of harmful micro-organism, treatment of the soil is must. This can be done

through heat, fumigation or soil drenching.

Heat Treatment:

Treating the soil with high temperature in order to kill all possible harmful micro-organisms

is referred as soil sterilization.

Pasteurization treatment which kills most of harmful micro-organisms is more preferred

The moist heat is used for soil heat treatment. It can be directly injected into the soil in

covered bins or benches from perforated pipes placed 15 to 20 cm below the surface.

In heating the soil, which should be moist but not wet, a temperature of 820C for 30 minutes is

provided.

Fumigation:

o Fumigation is generally done by Formaldehyde and Vapam.

Formaldehyde is a good fungicide used for fumigating the soil which is effective in killing

micro-organisms and weed seeds. A mixture of 3.8 litre of commercial formalin 38% with

190 litre of water is applied @ 21 to 42 litres per square metre.

The treated soil should be covered immediately with polythene sheet or any similar material

for 24 hours .After 24 hours, the covering material is removed and the soil is left exposed

for about 2 weeks.

The soil is well dried and aerated to have a complete freeness of odour of formalin. After

complete disappearance of fumes, the soil is

used for seed sowing or planting.

Vapam is a water soluble fumigant .It kills weeds,

germinating weed seeds most soil fungi and

nematodes. It is applied by sprinkling on the soil

surface, through irrigation system.

1) Soil Drenching:

Wetting of soil particles till full saturation of

soil constituents is called as soil drenching. It

is done to inhibit the growth of soil borne fungi.

Drenching using Thiram, Captan, etc is very effective.

SOWING:

The common practice is to broadcast seeds in the nursery-bed but line sowing is

preferred so as to check proper germination and to facilitate weeding, hoeing and plant

protection operations.

The rows are usually about 5 cm apart. Small seeds are sown mixed with a little sand

and covered with soil. The soil covering should be lighter in heavy soils.

General rule for sowing seeds is to sow seeds 2-3 times their own thickness deep. If

seeds are sown too deep nutrient reserves will be exhausted before the plant emerges

or emerging plants will be weak or liable to

die, if sown too shallow then it is likely to be

eaten by birds or washed away by water.

Spacing allows for seed losses. However if

you think the seed losses will be higher

than normal then test the seed viability

beforehand (see germination test above).

A week before transplanting, the seedlings

may be exposed to full sunshine and

moisture stress to make the seedlings sufficiently hardened for field settings.

REQUIREMENT OF LAND:

The size of the nursery vary with type of vegetables to be sown .For example 500 sq m.

of land is required to provide seedlings for one hectare.

The width of nursery should not be exceeding 2 m. The length of nursery bed is kept as

per convenience and requirement.

TIME OF NURSERY RAISING:

Generally, in India, there are two distinct season of vegetable cultivation: Autumn-Winter

and Spring- Summer .The raising of nursery vary accordingly. For autumn-winter crop , the

nursery is raised during June-July and that for spring-summer crop, it is raised during

November-January

.ESSENTIAL OPERATION IN NURSERY RAISING:

1) MULCHING: It is a extraneous layer of farm waste, residues, wood- chips, saw dust, ash,

polythene or similar material applied on the surface to conserve moisture in the soil. After

sowing seed, about 5 cm thick layer of mulch is applied over the bed. When seed

germinates, the layer of mulch is removed. Mulching helps in:

Maintaining the surface moisture essential for germination of seed.

Prevention of damage by birds.

Minimizing splash damage by water and thus, avoid flow of seed.

Suppression of weed growth in the bed.

Maintain congenial temperature in rhizosphere.

(PADDY STRAW MULCHING) (POLYTHENE MULCHING)

2)THINNING: The seeds of majority of the vegetables being small , it becomes difficult to sow

them properly distributed. It results in the over-crowding of seedlings. The practice of removal of

excess seedling to facilitate aeration and better development is termed as thinning.

3) PRICKING: The transferring of young seedling into another bed, pan or tray is termed as

pricking. The operation of pricking is practiced at the stage when the seedling becomes large

enough to handle. It is done with objective of fast and vigorous development of seedling and

minimizing transplantable time.

HARDENING

It is the harsh treatment given to the plant before planting out in the field. The mortality of

seedlings after transplanting is corrected by hardening off treatment. This is a practice of exposing

the plants to full sunlight and withholding irrigation for about 7to 10 days before transplanting so as

to make the plant able to tolerate external growing condition.

Hardening of seedling is nothing but withholding of water from the nursery beds for a few days

before removing them for transplanting.

This is a practice of exposing the plants to full sunlight and withholding the irrigation for

about 5-6 days before transplanting so as to make the plant able to tolerate external growing

condition.

Techniques of Hardening

A hardening off seedling is done by the following ways:

By withholding the watering 5-6 days before transplanting.

Lowering the temperature also retards the growth and adds to the hardening process.

By application of 4000 ppm of NaCl solution with irrigation water.

By spraying of 2000 ppm of CYCOCEL.

Importance of Hardening

Hardening improves the quality and modifies the nature of colloid in the plant cells enabling

them to resist the loss of water.

Hardening increases the percentage of dry matter and retards the plants but decreases the

transpiration per unit area of leaf.

Hardened plant can withstand better against unfavorable conditions like hot dry winds or

low temperature.

Hardening of the plants increases of waxy covering on the leaves of cabbage.

ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES USED IN VEGETABLE NURSERY RAISING:

1) Thatch roof

Beds are raised or basin prepared after the soil is brought to a fine tilth. Over the

basins/beds thatch roof is constructed.

The thatch roof raises the temperature; protect the seedlings from frost damage (modified

environment).

2) Green house

Depending upon the species, a night temperature of 130C 150C is maintained under

greenhouse. A green house in the real sense is a transparent roofed glass or plastic

house.

i) Poly-tunnel

Raised beds are covered with plastic

material supported by a small sticks

or bamboo splits to form a tunnel.

This structure raises the

temperature, protect from frost

damage and conserve moisture. It is

more efficient than the thatch roof.

ii) Glass house

House is constructed out of glass frames

fitted with glass or plastic. Such structures

are provided with adequate ventilation and

may even have temperature-controlling

facilities.

Seedlings are raised inside the house on

raised beds or plots. Most congenial

conditions can be created for the growth

and development of seedlings.

3) Lath house:

It is a structure erected primarily to create

shade to raise tender plants and to

protect the plants from high temperature

and light intensity. By controlling light

intensities, the lath house reduces

moisture stress and decreases the water

requirement of plants.

NURSERY RAISING IN ASSIGNED PLOT:-

Seeds are sown in finely prepared raised

nursery bed(15cm ht.) of 1 m width and 3 m length.

A sufficient amount of fine and fully decomposed FYM was well mixed in the nursery soil

before sowing @2kg/m2.

Before sowing, the nursery bed was thoroughly drenched with chloropyriphos @2ml/lit to

avoid mite attack.

Straw mulching materials were used to cover the soil after sowing till occurrence of seed

germination.

200-300 g seed is sufficient to cover one hectare of land with 30,000-45,000 seedlings. In

our assigned plot, seed rate @20-30gm/bed.

Similarly the seed beds were also to be treated with SAAF @ 3gm/kg of seed.

The seeds were sown in rows at a distance of 5 cm. After the sowing the rows were

covered with a thin layer of FYM.

Thereafter, the beds were irrigated with a rose cane, light watering is required.

PLOT NO-1

CROP- Tomato

VARIETY- Pusa Ruby

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 830

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 18cm

GIRTH – 0.4cm

GERMINATION TIME- 6-7 DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 12DAS

PLOT NO- 2

CROP- Brinjal

VARIETY- Navkiran

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 625

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 12-15cm

GIRTH – 0.47cm

GERMINATION TIME- 7-8 DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 14 DAS

PLOT NO-3

CROP- Chilli

VARIETY- IndamKranti

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 636

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 13-14cm

GIRTH – 0.28cm

GERMINATION TIME- 10 DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 18DAS

PLOT NO-4

CROP- Tomato

VARIETY- Damini 131

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 689

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 15-17cm

GIRTH – 0.4cm

GERMINATION TIME- 6-7 DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 12DAS

PLOT NO-5

CROP- Brinjal

VARIETY- Tarini

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 627

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 12-14cm

GIRTH – 0.43cm

GERMINATION TIME- 7-8 DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 14DAS

PLOT NO-6

CROP- Chilli

VARIETY- VNR 305

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 685

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 12-14cm

GIRTH – 0.26cm

GERMINATION TIME- 11-13 DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 22 DAS

PLOT NO-7

CROP- Tomato

VARIETY- BT-10 (UtkalKumari)

PLANT DENSITY/m2- 625

PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 15-16cm

GIRTH – 0.38cm

GERMINATION TIME- 6-7DAS

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 13DAS

CALENDER OF OPERATION FOR TOMATO:-

CALENDER OF OPERATION FOR BRINJAL:-

CALENDER OF OPERATION FOR CHILLI:-

OPERATION DATE

DATE OPERATION

7/11/2013 Allotment of Nursery Bed

9/11/2013 Bed Preparation

Drenching of bed with Chloropyriphos

10/11/2013 Seed treatment with Saaf

Levelling of bed & making of lines

Sowing of seeds in bed

Mulching with polyethylene sheet

16/11/2013 Removal of mulching material

18/11/20132

nd phase seed sowing

20/11/2013 Application of Bavistin for prevention of damping off

01/12/2013 Hardening of seedlings

06/12/2013 Selling of seedlings

DATE OPERATION

7/11/2013 Allotment of Nursery Bed

9/11/2013 Bed Preparation,

Drenching of bed with Chloropyriphos

10/11/2013 Seed treatment with SAAF,

Labelling of bed & making of lines,

Sowing of seeds in bed

11/11/2013 Straw Mulching

16/11/2013 Removal of mulching material

18/11/2013 2

nd phase seed sowing

20/11/2013 Application of bavistin for prevention of damping off

26/11/2013 Hardening of seedlings

29/11/2013 &

onwards

Selling of seedlings

PLOT ALLOTMENT 07/11/13

FIELD PREPARATION & CHLOROPYRIPHOS DRENCHING 09/11/13

1ST

SOWING & MULCHING 10/11/13

GERMINATION & REMOVAL OF MULCHING 20/11/13

2ND

SOWING & MULCHING 21/11/13

GERMINATION OF 2ND

SOWING & REMOVAL OF MULCHING 03/12/13

DRENCHING WITH CARBENDAZIM 27/11/13 &

05/12/13

MARKETING 10/12/13

GROUP-III VERMITECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

The Dollar price has risen from Rs 1 during 1948 to Rs 61 in 2013.There are various reasons

behind it. One of them is G.O.I is spending Rs 12000 crore as subsidy to price of fertiliser for

farmers. So to reduce this amount some action plans are needed viz.

Development of suitable indigenous /low cost technology to reduce fertiliser

consumption.

Development of location specific nutrient management practices

Exploring new techniques for sustainability in agriproduction

Vermitechnology isan organically decomposed manure with very low cost that will be cost

effective. It will reduce chemical fertiliser consumption to some extent & will help to enhance

national economy.Out of 2000 species, only 3 species are mainly cultured. They are

Eiseniafoetida, Eudrillus euginae, Perionyx excavatus.

Vermitechnology include mainly 3 options i.e.

Vermicompost

Vermiwash

Vermiculture

WHAT IS VERMICOMPOST?

Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using earthworms to create a

heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials & vermicast.

VERMIWASH

Secretion from earthworm bodies is collected as vermiwash. Vermiwash contains growth

hormones, nutrients, which is used as insecticide, biofertilizer ecofriendly.

MATERIALS:

1. Plastic barrel-3 no.s

2. Broken bricks

3. Sand

4. Paddy straw

5. Earthworm (Eisenia foetida)

6. Decomposedvermicompost

PROCEDURE:

Round plastic barrels of diameter 1.5 feet and height 3 feet is taken.The bottoms of barrel are

fitted with tap.Broken bricks are filled in lower 3 inches of the barrel then sand is filled upto 9

inches.All the layers are saturated with water.Then after decomposed vermicompost is filled 8

inches above which the paddy straws are covered.Nearly 200 earthworms are released in the

vermicompost layer.Water is taken in another barrel and hanged over this barrel.Water is allowed

to fall drop by drop on this barrel.The vermiwash is collected after 7 days when the color is like

petrol.

USES OF VERMIWASH:

1. 1 liter vermiwash diluted to 10 litre and spread over tomato plant, which increases the

number of flower 25% higher than the normal plant.

2. Vermiwash spread against mites of chilli, the mites population is reduced to below ETL.

3. The height of tomato plant increased by 10% than that of the normal plant.

We have conducted an experiment by taking 30 tomato plants. Among them 15 seedlings were

sprayed with vermiwash & other 15 were raised without application of vermiwash. It was

observed that the plants sprayed with vermiwash have height of average 15.63cm where as

normal plants have height of 14.06cm.

VERMICULTURE

MATERIALS:

1. Cemented tank

2. Broken bricks

3. Sand

4. PVC pipes

5. Decomposed cow dung

6. Earthworm species

PROCEDURE:

6 ft X 9 ft X 4 ft vermihatchery tanks are taken.The bottom layer is filled with broken bricks

3 inches followed by 3 inches sand layer and saturated with water.The bottom of tank is sloppy

towards one end and PVC pipe was attached to collect excess water outside the tank.Above the

sand layer 10 inches of half decomposed cow dung is spread evenly and moistened with

water.The earthworm species Eisenia foetida is released @ 2 kg/ 50 C.ft in the evening hour.Then

it is covered with gunny bags and sprinkled with water.All the tanks are asbestos roof to protect the

earthworm from sun and rain.After 45 days the earthworm are harvested and found to be multiplied

by 3 times.

SEPARATION TECHNIQUE:

The earthworm along with vermicompost made a cone shape heap on a cemented floor on open

space. When sun rays fall on this heap, the earthwoms move to the bottom layer of the cone.

Therefore half of the vermicompost is kept aside on a gunny bag. The rest of earthworm along with

vermicompost make another heap and process repeated in the next day. In the evening verms in

lower layer of cone collected and stored in earthen pot and given to the farmer.

APPLICATION :

1. Vermicompost @ 2 ton/ha to tomato crop at the time of planting.

2. The tomatoes are with good keeping quality and taste than the plant grown in normal way.

ECONOMICS:

A.Fixed cost-

a) Construction of tank (6 ft X 9 ft X 4 ft) = 5000/-

b) Cost of earthworm (2 kg) = 1000/-

c) Cost of buckets (2 no’s) = 200/-

Total = 6200/-

B.Variable cost-

a) Cow dung (1/2 tractor) = 500/-

b) Gunny bags (12 no’s) = 100/-

c) Labour charge (For filling, watering

and separation)- 10 labour days =1260/-

Total =1860/-

Grand Total= Cost A + Cost B = 6200 + 1860 =8060/-

RETURN:

After 2 months earthworm 6 kg = 3000/-

Vermicompost (2 quintal) = 1000/-

4000/-

For 1 year 6 cycles = 4000 X 6 = 24000/-

PROFIT:

Profit = Total return- Total cost

= Total return – fixed cost- variable cost

= 24000- 6200- (6 X 1860)

= 24000- 6200- 11160

= 6740/- (For 1st year)

2nd year onwards-

24000- 11160 = 12840/-

PROBLEMS IN VERMICULTURE:

1. Rat and red ant are enemies of earthworm.

2. Availability of cow dung scarce during planting season.

3. Negative attitude and less interest of people towards these activities.

CASE STUDY

We have done some extension activities in Dumal & Ballijore village which includes

1. Training to farmers in Dumal village.

2. Rally in Dumal village.

3. Road show in Ballijore village.

In Dumal village, we found that most of the farmers practised organic farming in vegetable & field

crops. Villagers are provided with green polythene sheet by Government,they utilised it for

preparing vermicompost. We also noticed that some farmers in amaranthus crops not only use

organic manure but also apply NSKE to control insect pests. Our group students conducted a

training programme about vermitechnology. Teachers helped us in clarifying the doubts of farmers.

Then we visited the field of farmers & their vermibeds. We watched crops like cabbage,

cauliflower, raddish, amaranthus, and paddy at harvested stage.

Then rally in Dumal village, which attracts many people & beneficial for those who are unable to

attain the training programme.

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