raymond cattell 1905 - 1998. biography born in straffordshire, england, in 1905 unusually serious...
DESCRIPTION
Biography Eight years later, given opportunity to work in field of psychology Went to work for Clark University then onto Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Hawaii. Married with 4 children. Wrote more than 500 articles and 43 books Died in HonoluluTRANSCRIPT
Raymond Cattell
1905 - 1998
Theory
Credited with developing one of the first comprehensive trait theories of personality that relied strictly on the assessment and quantification of traits
Theory
Personality summarizes a persons traits“A trait may be defined as that which defines what a person will do when faced with a defined situation”
TheoryResult of both nature and nurture
Constitutional factors– Genetically determined (nervous system arousal)
Environmental-mold factors– Based on environment and experience (values)
Three Classifications of Traits
Stability and permanence traits Common and unique traitsAbility, temperament, and dynamic traits
Stability and Permanence TraitsSurface Traits
Observable behavior that is most visible evidence of a traitManifestation of several source traits which cluster togetherMay be unstable, impermanentLess important in describing behavior and personality (but is what is used in factor analysis to determine ones source tratis)
Source TraitsUnderlying causes of our consistent behavior and basic factor of personality and which accounts for the uniqueness and diversity of each persons personalitySingle, stable, permanent All have same source traits in differing degrees16 in all
Stability and Permanence Traits
Common and Unique TraitsCommon Traits
Possessed by everyone to some degree (similar to Allport’s idea)Ex. Intelligence , Anxiety, Self Concept
Unique TraitsDistinguish us from others
Specific to one person
Particularly apparent in our interests, attitudes, and beliefs
Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
Ability TraitsSkills and abilities in dealing with complex problem solving situations (ex. insightfulness, creativity)How effectively we work toward our goals Intelligence is most important
Fluid Intelligence (general)Crystallized Intelligence (learned)
Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
Temperament TraitsEmotions and feelingsThe general tone and emotional style of our behaviors
Easy going Intense
Help determine our interactions with others and reactions to situations
Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
Dynamic TraitsDriving force (motivation) of behavior
Provides energy and direction of behavior– Are you driven to learn or an underachiever
Define motivations, interests, and ambitions
Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
Dynamic TraitsTwo kinds
Ergs (from Greek term for energy ergon)– Innate (constitutional) energy source or driving force for all behaviors – Permanent– Basic units of motivation that direct us toward specific goals– Needs, instincts or drives– Creates: (hunger)
• Selective perception• Emotional response• Goal directed behavior• Consummatory response
Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
Ergs– 11 identified
• Anger Appeal Protection
• Curiosity Disgust Security
• Gregariousness Hunger Self-assertion
• Self-submission Sex
Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
Dynamic TraitsTwo kinds
Meta-ergs (Sentiments)– Learned patterns of behavior (environmental-mold) that focus on
important aspects of life– Energy from ergs channeled through these – Can be unlearned and disappear– Divided into:
• Sentiments - Areas of importance to us• Attitudes - Specific tendencies and responses toward situations revolving
around our sentiments
Personality DevelopmentInfancy (Birth to age 6)
Major formative period for personalityInfluenced by:
Parents and siblingsExperiences of weaning and toilet training
Personality DevelopmentInfancy:
Development of :Social attitudesEgo and SuperegoSecurity and InsecurityAttitudes toward authorityPossible tendency toward neuroticism
Personality DevelopmentChildhood (age 6 to 14)
Independence from parentsIdentification with peersFew psychological problems
Adolescence (age 14 to 23)More troublesome and stressful Conflicts center on drive for independence, self assertion, and sexEmotional disorders and delinquency may result
Personality DevelopmentMaturity (age 23 – 50)
Satisfaction with career, marriage and familyPersonality becomes less flexible yet more emotional stablity
Late Maturity (age 50 - 65)Personality changes in response to physical ,social, and psychological changes Reexamine values and search for a new self
Personality DevelopmentOld Age (age 65+)
Adjustment to loss of friends, spouses, and careerLoss of status in a culture that worships youthPervasive sense of loneliness and insecurity