rbtikmµk ñúg sul uysüúg twk 4...cmb ukti4 4-1 rbtikmµk ñúg sul uysüúg twk (reactions in...

CMB UkTI4

4-1

RRbbttiikkmmµµkkññ úúggssUUlluuyyssüüúúggTTwwkk (( RR ee aa cc tt ii oo nn ss ii nn AA qq uu ee oo uu ss SS oo ll uu tt ii oo nn ))

esckþIepþIm enA kñúgC MBUk enH e yIgn wgeR bIR ) as ;cMe NH dwg rb s ;e yIgB I sþÚGIusü Úm aR t (stoichiometry)

eTA kñú gka rsikS aGMB IR b tikmµ K ImI E dlekI tm an enA eBlE d lR b tikrR tUv) a nrM la yenA k ñú gTwk . m nusS PaK eR cInK it faT wk rk ) aned aymi nG s ;é fø B IeR BaH vaga y rk) an kñú gb rim a N K µan

E dnkM Nt; elI kE lgE tk ñú gG akas F a tus ¶Ü tE h gnig kñú gry³e Blr aMgeP øó gy UreB l E dlkR mitk ar eR bIR ) as ;rb s ;va eFIVeG aye yI gyl; y a:gc, as ;GM BIs a r³sM x an;rb s ; va BIeR BaH e yIg eR bIR ) as ;vas Mrab ; eK albMNgF mµ taC aeR cIn . eyIgp wkv a gU tv a da Msøe d ayeR bIv a. e yIgE h lk ñúgv a elg) a: ta Mg elIva(Skate) C iH sÁIel Iva e bIknav aqøg ka t;v a. e yIgG acT aj y kfam B lrb s ;v am keR bIR ) as ;. ebIK µan Twk e yI gminG a crs ;) aneT³ b r im a NTw km anR b E h l 6 0° énm a:s rb s ;x øÜ nm nu sS eyIg . mü a:geTo t Tw kK WC av tßúE d leR bI) anR K b ;ya :gT aMgG s ; ]T a h rN_ k arb eg áI tsUl uysü úg Twk eda yka rr Mla yG gÁF atu rwg e pS g² K ñaC aeR cI n nigG gÁF a tur avd éTe To t. eh tu kar N_E dl Twkm an G tßiP aBenA sI tu NðP aBF mµt a C aG gÁF at ur avK WG aR s½ ye TA nw glkç N³E bøkBIeK é nm :Ue lK u lrb s ;va . ebIeTaH bIC ab rim a NT wkm an 70°én épÞ rb s ;E pnd Ik¾e da y vak Mr rk) an Tw ksuT § enA kñúgF mµC at i Nas ;. R b PBTw kéR b nig Tw ks ab m anp Þúkn Uvs a rF a tux ni C E dlrla y n igF a tukx Vk;E dlm anR b PB BI]sS ah km µnigC I. ]T ah r N_ c MeBaH T wkE dl) anm kB I k,alm a :sIu n C aT UeTA v am an pÞúkn Uvs a rF a t u PøúyG rY ¬R t Uv) a neK b E nßm e dIm ,Ik at ;b nß yk arBu kpu yrb s ;eFµj ¦ E dlb E nßm e TA elI F atux n iC ¬C a sMx an;K W kør Y s‘ ulpa t D Ik abU Nat énsU dü Úm b :U tasü Úm kal;sü Úm nigm a :ej sü Úm ¦ nigG a cm an b E nßm kør ¬ edIm , IsMl ab ;) ak ;e trI ¦ ni gsMN ¬R b sinebIbMB g;Tw km anG ay uelIs B I 80 qñ aM¦. R b tikmµK ImIC a eR cInn iges ÞIrE tR K b ;dMe NIr ka rC Iv³T aMgG s ; R b R BwtþeTA enA k ñúg Tw k. kñú g C MBUk enH ey Ign wgBiP akS aGMBIR b ePTR b tikmµs Mx an ;² cMn YnbI E dlek IteL IgenA k ñúgs U luysü úg Tw k³ R b tikmµ b eg áI tkk r R b ti kmµ G asIu t-) as nigR b t ikmµG uk sIudU -e rdu kmµ. kñú gC MBU keR ka y² e yIgn wg sikS aGMB Ilk çN³ TMr g; nig l kçN³ rb s ;T wk E dlR tU v) ane hA fa :F atu rMl ays kl : ni gsUlu ysü úg rb s ;va.

Rb tikmµkñú gs Uluy s üú gTwk

4-2

1 lkçN³TUeTAénsUluysüúgTwk s Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úg KWC al,a ye sIµs ac ;¬GUm :UE s n¦ éns a rF a tuBI rr WeR cIn. F a t ur l ayF a t ur l ayF a t ur l ayF a t ur l ay K WC a s arF a tuE dlm anv tþm a nkñ úg b rim aN ti cC ag ni g F a tur M l a yF a tur M l a yF a tur M l a yF a tur M l a y K WC as arF at uE dlm anv tþm an kñú g b rim aNeR c InC ag . sU lu ysü úgG acC a]sµ½ n¬ dUcC ax ü l;¦ G g ÁF at ur wg¬ dUcC asM elah ³¦ b ¤ G gÁF at ura v¬] Tah rN_ Tw k s muR T¦. k ñúgE pñ kenH e yI gnwgB iPakS aE tGMB I s Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úg T wkT wkT wkT wk b :ueNÑaH E dlkñú genaH F a tu rla yC a dM bUg K WC aG gÁF a tu rav rWC aG g ÁF atu rwg n igF a tu rMl ayK WC aTw k . lkçN³eGLicRtUlIt

R K b ;F aturl ay Ta MgG s ;E dl rMla yk ñúg TwkR tUv eTA nw gR b ePTmYy énR b ePT TaM gBIr ³ eG L icR tUl It nigm inE m neG L icR tUl It. eeee G L icR tUl ItG L icR tUl ItG L icR tUl ItG L icR tUl It K WC as arF a tuE d lenA eBleK rMla yv aenA kñúg Twk lT§ plE dl TTY l) a nC asUlu ysü úgE dlG acc M lgcrn þG K Áis n I. m inE m neG Lm inE m neG Lm inE m neG Lm inE m neG L ii ii cR tUl ItcR tUl ItcR tUl ItcR tUl It C a s arF a tuE dlmi nG ac cMlg c rnþG K iÁs nIenA E dl eK rMl ay v akñú gT wk. r Ub 1 b gðaj GM BIvi FIs a®sþg ay R sYlkñúg ka rE b gE cknUv lkç N³x us E bøkK ña rva geG L icR tUl Itn igminE m neG L i cR tU lI t. K Uén eG L icR tU tni cl¬ Tg;E dgr W)ø aTI n¦R t Uv) anR C muC k ñúgE kve b E s‘E dlm anTw k. ed Im ,IbM PøWGMBU l crn þ G K Áis nIR t Uvr t;B IeG L icR t UtmY yeTA eG L i cR tU tmY yeTo t . Twksu T§ cMlg crn þG K Áis n Iex S ay Nas ;. eTaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y R b sinebIey Igb E nßm b ri m aNsUdü Úm kør Yb nþ ic¬NaCl¦ GMBUleP øIgn wgP ø W s en§A Pøam e nA eBlE dlGMb i lrla yk ñúg Twk . sUdü Úm kø rYr w g ¬NaCl¦ C as m as F a tuGI u y:u g E dlG ac bME b keTA C aGIu y:u g Na+nigCl- enA eBlE dlva rla yk ñú gTwk . GIu y: ug Na+ R tUv R sUb eTA x ag eG L icR tU tG viC ¢m an n igGIu y:u g Cl-R tUvR sUb e TA x ageG L icR tU tviC ¢m an. clna en H b egáIt) a nC a crnþG K Á is nIE d lesµI eTA nw glM hUréneG L i cR tu gt am E x S elah ³. eda ysU lu ysü úgsUdü Úm k ø r Y ¬NaCl¦ cMlg crn þG K Áis n Ie yIgG a cni ya y fa sU dü Úm kø rY ¬NaCl¦K WC a eG L icR t UlI t . Tw ksuT §m an pÞúkn UvGI uy :ug tic tY c dU ecñH v ami nG accM lgc rnþG K Á is nI) a ne T. kareR bo b eFo b PaBPøWrb s ;GM BUlePø IgsM rab ;b r im aNm :Ule sIµK ñaé ns a rF at uE dlr la y C Yy eyIg eG a ydw gGMBIl kç N³x u s E bøkK ñarv ageG L icR tUl It x øaMgn igeG L icR tUl Itex S ay . lkçN³ én eG L icR tUl Itx ø aMgK WF at url a yR tUv) ans n µt fa1 00°R tU v) anbME b keTA C aG Iu y:ug kñ úgsU luysü úg . ¬ka rbME b kenH e yIg cg; ni ya yf aC aka rbME b kéns m a s F atue TA C aka cug nigG aj :úg ¦. d Uec ñH eyIgG ac tags Udü Úm kø rYE d l rla ykñ úgT wk dUcx a geR kam ³ NaCl (S) Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

H2O

CMB UkTI4

4-3

s mIkare nH b Ba¢a k; fa sUdü Úm kø rYT aMgG s ;E dld ak ;cU leTA kñ úúgs Ulu ysü úgb egá It) anC a GIuy :ug Na+ nig Cl-. K µanÉ ktas Udü Úm k ørYE d lminR t Uv) a nbME b kkñúgs Ulu ysü úge naH e T.

r Ubr Ubr Ubr Ub 1 1 1 1 k ar ero b cMs Mr abk ar ero b cMs Mr abk ar ero b cMs Mr abk ar ero b cMs Mr ab ;; ;; E b gE c kr va geG L icR tUl ItE b gE c kr va geG L icR tUl ItE b gE c kr va geG L icR tUl ItE b gE c kr va geG L icR tUl It n igm inn igm inn igm inn igm in E m nE m nE m nE m n eG L icR tUl IteG L icR tUl IteG L icR tUl IteG L icR tUl It ....

l T §Pa BsUl uy sü úgl T §Pa BsUl uy sü úgl T §Pa BsUl uy sü úgl T §Pa BsUl uy sü úg kñúg k a rkñúg k a rkñúg k a rkñúg k a r c Ml gc rn þG K Ác Ml gc rn þG K Ác Ml gc rn þG K Ác Ml gc rn þG K Á ii ii s n IG aR s½y n wgc Mn Yn énG Iuys n IG aR s½y n wgc Mn Yn énG Iuys n IG aR s½y n wgc Mn Yn énG Iuys n IG aR s½y n wgc Mn Yn énG Iuy :: :: ug E d lv am a nug E d lv am a nug E d lv am a nug E d lv am a n .... (a) s Ul uy sü úgm inE m neG L icR t Ul It m inm anp Þúk G Iuys Ul uy sü úgm inE m neG L icR t Ul It m inm anp Þúk G Iuys Ul uy sü úgm inE m neG L icR t Ul It m inm anp Þúk G Iuys Ul uy sü úgm inE m neG L icR t Ul It m inm anp Þúk G Iuy :: :: ugugugug eh Iy GMB Ul eP øIg min P øWe Teh Iy GMB Ul eP øIg min P øWe Teh Iy GMB Ul eP øIg min P øWe Teh Iy GMB Ul eP øIg min P øWe T .... (b) s Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It ex S a ym a np Þúk cs Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It ex S a ym a np Þúk cs Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It ex S a ym a np Þúk cs Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It ex S a ym a np Þúk c Mn YnG IuyMn YnG IuyMn YnG IuyMn YnG Iuy :: :: ug t ic t Y cug t ic t Y cug t ic t Y cug t ic t Y c eh IyG MB Ul ePøIg m ins Uv PøWeh IyG MB Ul ePøIg m ins Uv PøWeh IyG MB Ul ePøIg m ins Uv PøWeh IyG MB Ul ePøIg m ins Uv PøW .... (c) s Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It x øa Mgm an pÞúk c Mn Yn GIuys Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It x øa Mgm an pÞúk c Mn Yn GIuys Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It x øa Mgm an pÞúk c Mn Yn GIuys Ul uy sü úg eG L ic R t Ul It x øa Mgm an pÞúk c Mn Yn GIuy :: :: ug e R c Inug e R c Inug e R c Inug e R c In eh IyG MB Ul ePøIg P øWE cg c aMgeh IyG MB Ul ePøIg P øWE cg c aMgeh IyG MB Ul ePøIg P øWE cg c aMgeh IyG MB Ul ePøIg P øWE cg c aMg ....

b rim aNmb rim aNmb rim aNmb rim aNm :: :: Ul é nUl é nUl é nUl é n F a t ur la yes µIK ña kñúg k r N IT aMg bIe nHF a t ur la yes µIK ña kñúg k r N IT aMg bIe nHF a t ur la yes µIK ña kñúg k r N IT aMg bIe nHF a t ur la yes µIK ña kñúg k r N IT aMg bIe nH .... t a r ag t a r ag t a r ag t a r ag 1 1 1 1 cMN a tcMN a tcMN a tcMN a t ;; ;; f ña kf ña kf ña kf ña k ;; ;; énF a tur l ay kñúg s Ul uy sü úg T wkénF a tur l ay kñúg s Ul uy sü úg T wkénF a tur l ay kñúg s Ul uy sü úg T wkénF a tur l ay kñúg s Ul uy sü úg T wk

e GL icR tUl It xøa Mge GL icR tUl It xøa Mge GL icR tUl It xøa Mge GL icR tUl It xøa Mg e GL icR tUl Ite xS aye GL icR tUl Ite xS aye GL icR tUl Ite xS aye GL icR tUl Ite xS ay m in Emn e GL im in Emn e GL im in Emn e GL im in Emn e GL i cRt Ul ItcRt Ul ItcRt Ul ItcRt Ul It HCl CH3COOH (NH2)2CO ¬G‘uy er ¦ HNO3 HF CH3OH ¬em t aNul¦ HClO4 HNO2 C2H5OH ¬eGt aNul¦ H2SO4

* NH3 C6H12O6 ¬Køúy kU s¦ NaOH H2O

+ C12H22O11 ¬sakarU:s¦

Ba(OH)2 s m as F atuG Iu y:ug * H2SO4 m anG Iuy :u g H+ B Ir Ed l Gacb MEb k) an. + Twk suT§ KW Cae GLic RtUl It ex S ay bMput .

tar ag1 C ab Baö I]T ah r N_én eG L icR tU lI tx øa Mg e G L icR tUl Itex S a y nigm i nE m n eG L icR tUl It. s m as F a tu GIuy :ug dUcC as Udü Úm k ørY (NaCl) b :Utasü Úm GIu y: UDY (KI) nigk al;sü Úm nIR ta t[Ca(NO3)2]KWC aeG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg . vaK Yre G ayc ab ;G arm µN_ kt ;sMK al ; fav tßú rav kñú gx øÜn m nusS ey Igm anp Þú keG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg nigex S a yC aeR c In .


4-4

TwkK WC aF at urM la yE dlm a nR b siT§Pa BNas ;sMr ab ;s m a s F atuGI uy :ug. e TaH bI TwkK WC a m :UelK ul NW tkñ úgk arc Mlg cr nþG K Áis n I b :uE n þvam an tMb n; viC ¢ m an¬G a tUmH¦ n ig tMb n;G vi C ¢m an¬G a tUm O¦ r W {b :Ul} viC ¢m ann igG viC ¢ m an. c MeBaH eh tupl enH e hIyE dlv aK WC aF a tu rMl ayb :U E l. enA eBl E dls m as F at uGIu y: ugd UcC a sUdü Úm kø rYr la ykñ úgT wk b Nþaj v im aR tbI énGIu y: ugk ñúg vtß úrw gR tUv) an bMpøaj . GIu y: ug Na+ n ig Cl- R tUv) anE j kecj B IK ña nigT TYl rg G IuR d a t kmµG IuR d a t kmµG IuR d a t kmµG IuR d a t kmµ E dlC adMe NIr ka r E dlkñú genaH GI uy :ugmY yR t Uv) anhu‘ ¿BT ½§e da ym :Ue lK ul TwkR tUv) a nero b kñ úgl kçN³ Bies s . GIuy :ug Na+nImY y² R tUv) anh‘u ¿B½ T§e da ym :Ue lK ulT wkC aeR c InE dl tMr g;T is b :UlG viC ¢m a n rb s ;vaeq < aH eTA r k kacu g. R s edo gK ñae nH E dr GIuy :ug Cl- nImYY y² R tU v) an h‘¿uB T½§ eda ym : UelK ul Tw kC aeR cInC amY yn wg b :UlviC ¢m anrb s ; va tMr g; Tis e q <aH eTA rkG aj :úg ¬r Ub 2 ¦. GIuR da tkmµC Y yeFI VeG a yGIu y:u gm ansß irP aB kñúgs Ulu ysü úg ni gC Yy ka rB ark acug kMu eG a ypSMK ñ aC amY y G aj :úg. G asIu tnig) as K WC a eG L icR tUl ItpgE dr. G asI utx øH ra b ;b Ba© ÚlT aMgG asIu tk ørIR T ic(HCl) nigG asI ut nIR T ic(HNO3) k¾ C aeG L icR tU lItx øaM g. G asIu tT aMge nH bME b kC aGIuy :ug Ta Mg R sugkñúg Tw k. ]Tah r N_ enA eBlE dl ]sµ½ n GIuR dUE s nk ørY rla yk ñúg Twk v a b egáI t) anC aGI uy :ug H+ nig Cl- edayr g GIuR da tkmµ dUcx a geR kam ³ HCl (g) H+

(aq) + Cl-(aq)

niy aymü a :geTo t m :UelK u lHCl E dlrla yT aMgG s ; E j keTA C aGIu y:u g H+ nig Cl- eday rg GIuR da tkmµ. dUe cñH eBlE d leyI gs res r HCl (aq) vaR tU v) aneK yl; fa vaK W C asUlu ysü úg énGIu y:u g H+

(aq) nigCl- (aq) b :ueN ÑaH n igK µa nvt þm anm :Uel K ul HCl rgGIuR d at kmµeT . pÞú ye TA vij G asIu tmYy cMn Ynd UcC aG as Iu t G aes Ti c (CH3COOH) E dleFIVeG a y Twkex µH m anrs C atiC U rminr g GIuy :ugkm µT aMgR sug eTn igC ae G L icR tUl Itex S a y. eyIg ta glM naMG Iu y:ug km µ¬b ME b kGIuy :ug ¦é n

G asIu tG aes T ic dUcx a geR ka m ³ CH3COOH (aq) ⇆ CH3COO- (aq) + H+

(aq)

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 2 2 2 2 G IuR dat kmµén GIuyG IuR dat kmµén GIuyG IuR dat kmµén GIuyG IuR dat kmµén GIuy :: :: ug ug ug ug Na+ n ig n ig n ig n ig Cl-

H2O

CMB UkTI4

4-5

E dl CH3COO- R tUv) an e hA faGIu y:u gG aes ta t. e yIgeR bIB akü GIu y: ugkmµ edIm , I BN’n aGMBI kar bME b kénG asIu tn ig) as e TA C aGIu y:u g. e da yka rs res r rUb m nþG as Iu tG aes T icC a CH3COOH eyIgG acb Ba ¢ak ;f a R bUtugE d lG acbME b kC aGIu y: ug) a nK We nA kñúgR k um COOH. GIuy :ugkm µénG as Iu tG aes Tic R tUv) ans res rC am YY yR BYj e TA m kedIm , Ib gðaj fa v aK WC a

R b tik mµR b tik mµR b tik mµR b tik mµ e TA m ke TA m ke TA m ke TA m k . dUcenH R b tikmµG acR b R Bwt þeTA k ñúg Tis TaM gBIr . C a dMbUgm :UelK u l G asIu tC aeR cIn bME b keTA C aGIu y:u g CH3COO- nig H+. b nÞab ;m kGIu y: u g CH3COO- nig H+ x øH ) anpSMK ñ aeL Ig vij eTA C am : UelK ul CH3COOH. T IbMpu ts Pa BmYy ekIt eL Ig E dl kñ úgen aH m :Ue lK ulG asI ut bME b kC aGIuy :ug ya :grh ½s dU c GIuy :ugpS MK ñav ij E dr. s PaB K ImIE b b enH R tUv) aneK ehA f a lMn wgK ImI. dUec ñH G asIu tG aes TicK WC aeG L icR tUl Itex S ay B IeR BaH k arb ME b kGIu y: ugrb s ; vak ñúg Twk K Wmins BV. pÞú yeTA v ij sUlu ysü úgG a sIut kør IR Dic G Iu y:u g H+ nig Cl- K µanT Men arpSMK ña n igb eg áI tC am :U elK ul HClvij eT. e yIg eR bIR ) as ;R BYj mYye dIm , It ageG a yk ar bME b kGIuy: ugs BV . 2 RbtikmµbegáItkkr R b ePTR b tikmµ TUe TA mYyE d lekI teL Ig kñú gsUlu ysü úg Twk K WC a R b t ikm µb eR b t ikm µb eR b t ikm µb eR b t ikm µb e gáIt k kgáIt k kgáIt k kgáIt k k rrrr E dl lT§pl TT Yl) a nC akM Npl i tplE dlmi nrl ay r Wkk r. k kr k kr k kr k kr KWC aG gÁF a tur wgmin rla yE dlE j k BIsUlu ysü úg. R b ti kmµ b egáI tkk rC aF mµt am an kar cU lrYm BIs m as F at uGIu y: ug. ]Tah r N _ enA eBlE dlsU lu ysü úgT wk énsMN nIR t at [Pb(NO3)2] R tUv) anb E nßm eTA k ñúg sUlu ysü úg Twké nsUdü Úm GI uy :U DY (NaI) k krBN ’elO gé nsM NG uI y:U DY (PbI2) R tUv) anb eg áIt eL Ig d U cx ageR kam ³ Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (S) + 2NaNO3(aq) sUdü Úm nIR t atm anenA k ñúgs U luysü úg . rUb 3 b gð aj BI dM eNIr ka rénR b ti kmµenH .

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 3 3 3 3 k MNk MNk MNk MN kkr kkr kkr kkr PbI2BN ’e lO ge nAe Bl Edlb En ßmBN ’e lO ge nAe Bl Edlb En ßmBN ’e lO ge nAe Bl Edlb En ßmBN ’e lO ge nAe Bl Edlb En ßm sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg Pb(NO3)2e TAe TAe TAe TA kñúg sUl uy sü úg kñúg sUl uy sü úg kñúg sUl uy sü úg kñúg sUl uy sü úg NaI....


4-6

kMritrlay etIe yI gG ac TsS n_ Ta yf aet I kkrn wgke kI ty a:g dUc emþc e nA eBlE dls m as F a tumY y R tUv ) anb E nßm eTA k ñúgsU lu ysü ú gmYyr WenA eB lE dlsUl uy sü úgBIrR t Uv) an la yb Ba© Úl K ña? v aG aR s½ y nwg k Mr itk Mr itk Mr itk Mr it r l a yr l a yr l a yr l a y énF atur la yE dlkM Nt ;y a:g c,as ;las ;C a b rim aNG tib rm a énF a tu rla yE dln wg rla ykñ úgb rim aN kMN t; én F atu rMl aye nA sIt uN ðPaBC a k;la k;. K ImI viT UsMe dA eTA e lIs arF at uE dl rla y rl a yti ct Yc rWmi nrla yk ñúgn ½yC aK uNP aB. s arF a tumY yE dl faC as a rF at url ay R b sinebIb rim a Nt ict Ycrb s ;vaG a cemIleX Ij rl aye n A eBlE dlvaR t Uv) a nb E nßm eT A kñúgT wk. R b sinebImind UecñH e T s arF atu enaH R tU v) anehA faC as ar F atu rla yt icr Wmin rla y. s m as F at u GIuy :ug TaM gG s ;K WC aeG L i cR tU lItx ø aMg b : uE nþv aminr la yesµ I K ñaeT. tar ag 2 E b gE cks m as F atuG Iu y:u gmYy cMn YnC as m as F atuE d lrl ay ni gminr l ay. b :uE nþcU rcg caM fa sUm , IE ts m a F atuE d lminr la yen aH k¾va rla yenA k Mri tN amY yE dr. rUb 4 b gða j BIkk rmYy cMn Yn. ]Tah r N_x a geR kam G n uvt þc ,ab ;kM ri trl ay kñú gt ara g 2.

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 1111 cUrE b gE cks m as F a tuGI uy :ug x ageR kam C as m as F a tu rla yrWm inrl a y³ (a) R ) ak ;s‘u lpa t (Ag2SO4) (b) ka l;sü Úm kab UN at (CaCO3) (c) sUdü Úm p UsVa t (Na3PO4).

c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy (a)e da yE pñke TA elI ta rag 2 Ag2SO4 K Wminrla y. (b) enH K WC akabU Na t nig Ca K WC aelah ³ R kum 2A. dUe cñH CaCO3 K Wminrla y. (c) sU dü Úm K WC a elah ³G al ;kaL aMg ¬R kum 1A¦ dU ecñH Na3PO4 KWrla y.

t a r agt a r agt a r agt a r ag 2 2 2 2 cccc ,,,, abababab ;; ;; K Mr it r l ayK Mr it r l ayK Mr it r l ayK Mr it r l ay sMr a bsMr a bsMr a bsMr a b ;; ;; s m as F at uGIuys m as F at uGIuys m as F at uGIuys m as F at uGIuy :: :: ug T Ue T A k ñúg T wke nA ug T Ue T A k ñúg T wke nA ug T Ue T A k ñúg T wke nA ug T Ue T A k ñúg T wke nA 250C

s ma s Fa t us ma s Fa t us ma s Fa t us ma s Fa t u rla yrla yrla yrla y ka r elIkE lgka r elIkE lgka r elIkE lgka r elIkE lg s ma s Fa tuE d lpÞúkGIuy :ugela h³ G a l;ka L aMg (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) ni gGIuy :ugG a m:Uj :Úm (NH4

+)

s ma s Fa tuE d lma npÞúkGIuy :ugnI R ta t(NO3-)

b‘Íka bUN a t(HCO3-) køra :t(ClO3

-)

s ma s Fa tuE d lpÞúkGIuy :ugG a LÚE s nY (Cl-, Br-, I-)

G a LÚE s nYé n Ag+, Hg22+, nig Pb2+

CMB UkTI4

4-7

s ma s Fa tuE d lpÞúkGIuy :ugs‘ul p a t(SO42-) s‘ulp a té n Sr2+, Ba2+, nig Pb2+. s‘ulp a té n Ag+, Ca2+

rla y tic

s ma s Fa t uE d lmin rla ys ma s Fa t uE d lmin rla ys ma s Fa t uE d lmin rla ys ma s Fa t uE d lmin rla y ka r elIkE lgka r elIkE lgka r elIkE lgka r elIkE lg s ma s Fa tuE d lpÞúkGIuy :ugka bU N a t(CO3

2-)

s‘ulPIt (SO32-) pUsVa t(PO4

3-) R kUma:t(CrO42-

) s‘ulPY(S2-)

-s ma s Fa tuE d lpÞúkGIuy :ugela h³ G a l;ka L aMg nigGIuy :ugG a m:Uj :Úm. -cMeBa H S2- C a mYy GIuy :ugela h³ G a l;ka lIN UE TrWu k¾rla y E d r.

s m as F atuE d lpÞ úkGIu y: ugGI uR duksI ut(OH-) s m as F atuE d lpÞ úkGIu y: uge lah ³G al; kaL a Mg

nigGIuy :ug Ca2+, Ba2+ , nig Sr2+

l Mh a tl Mh a tl Mh a tl Mh a t ;; ;; Gn uv t þnGn uv t þnGn uv t þnGn uv t þn __ __ cUrc at ;fñ ak ;s m as F a tuGIu y: ug x ageR kam C as m as F a tu rla yrWm inrl a y³

(a) CuS (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) Zn(NO3)2. smIkarm:UelKulnigsmIkarGIuy:ug s mIkarE d lBN ’naGM BIk arb egáI tkk réns MNGI uy :UD YenA T M B½r4-5 R tUv) aneK ehA f a s m Ik ars m Ik ars m Ik ars m Ik ar

mmmm :: :: Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Ue lK ul BIeR BaH rUb m n þ éns m as F at uR tU v) ans res rC aR b ePTm anG tßi PaBC am : Ue lK ulrWÉ kt a TaM gG s ;. s mIka rm :Ue lK u lm anR b eyaC n _eR BaH v asMK al;e rG ak ;TIb ¬kr NIe nH K WsMNnIR ta tni g sUdü Úm GIu y:U DY ¦. R b sineb Ie yIg cg;eFI VeG a yR b ti kmµenH e kIteL Igk ñúg TIBi es aF s mIk ar m :UelK ul nwg C as mIkarm YyE d lR tUv) ane K eR bIR ) as ;. b :uE nþs mIk arm : U elK ulmin) anBN ’na eG a yR twm R tU vGMBIG IV E dlC ak;E sþg kMB ugek Itm a ne nA kMri t tUc éR kE lgenaH e T.

e lO g T Mue lO g T Mue lO g T Mue lO g T Mu ex µAex µAex µAex µA éb t géb t géb t géb t g ssss


4-8

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 4 4 4 4 T id æPaBT id æPaBT id æPaBT id æPaB én k krmYy c Mn Ynén k krmYy c Mn Ynén k krmYy c Mn Ynén k krmYy c Mn Yn . . . . BIe q Vge TAs þaMBIe q Vge TAs þaMBIe q Vge TAs þaMBIe q Vge TAs þaM ³ ³ ³ ³ CdS , PbS , Ni(OH)2 , Al(OH)3

dUc) a nb gðaj BImun enH enA e Bls m as F at uGIu y: ugrl ay kñúg Twk vabME b kT aMgR su geTA C a s m as PaK kac ugn igG aj : úgr b s ;va. e dIm ,I eG ay ka n;E t R ) akd s mIk arK Y rE tb gð aj GMBIka rbME b k éns m as F at uGIu y: ugE dl rl aye TA C aGIu y: ug. dUec ñH R t L b ;eTA R b tikmµ rva gsUdü Úm GIuy :UD Yni gsMN nIR ta tvij ey IgR tU vs res r³ Pb2+

(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+

(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(S) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3

-(aq)

s mIkarx a gelI enH K WC a] Ta h rN_é n s mIk a rG Iuys mIk a rG Iuys mIk a rG Iuys mIk a rG Iuy :: :: ugugugug E dlb gðaj GMB IIR b ePTK Im IE dlr layC aG Iu y:u g es rI. s mIka rGIu y: ugmY yr Y m m an G IuyG IuyG IuyG Iuy :: :: ug T s S nug T s S nug T s S nug T s S n ikikikik(Spectator ions) rWGIuy :ugE d lmin ) ancUl rYm k ñúg R b tikmµT aMgm Ul E dl kñú gk rNIe nH K WC aGIu y: ugNa+ n ig NO3

-. GIu y:u gTsS n ikel c eL IgenA E pñk TaM gs gx agé ns mIka r nig minm ank arp øas ;b þÚr kñú gR b tik mµK ImI dUec ñH vaG a cR tUv eK lu b ecal) an . edIm ,Ie pþa te TA elIk arp øas ;bþÚr E dlekI teL Ig e yIgs res r s m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuy :: :: uu uu g s Mr Ylg s Mr Ylg s Mr Ylg s Mr Yl E dlb gða j E tR b ePT K ImINaE d lBi tC a) an cUl rYm kñúgR b t ikmµb : ueN ÑaH ³ Pb2+

(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(S)

eda yka remIl eTA el I]T ah r N_mY yepS ge To t ey IgeX I j faenA eB lE dlsUl uysü ú gT wk én) arü Úm k ørY(BaCl2)R tUv) an e K b E nßm eTA elIsUl uysü úg Tw kénsU dü Úm s‘ulp at(Na2SO4)kkrBN ’ s én) arü Úm s‘ ulpa t(BaSO4)R tUv) a nb egá IteL Ig¬ rUb 5 ¦. s mIkarm : UelK uls Mr ab ;R b ti kmµenH K W BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(S) + 2NaCl(aq)

s mIkarGI uy :ugs Mr ab ;R b tikm µe nH K W Ba2+

(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO4

2-(aq) BaSO4(S) + 2Na+

(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

karl ub GIu y:u gTsS n ike cal (Na+nigCl-)e nA s gx ag s mIkar) anpþ l;eG a ye yIg nU vs mIkars Mr Yl dUcx ag eR kam ³ Ba2+

(aq) + SO42-

(aq) BaSO4(S)

r Ubr Ubr Ubr Ub 5 5 5 5 kkkk MNMNMNMN k kr k kr k kr k kr CuSO4

CMB UkTI4

4-9

d MNakd MNakd MNakd MNak ;; ;; kal xage Rkams e g çb dMe NIr karsMrabkal xage Rkams e g çb dMe NIr karsMrabkal xage Rkams e g çb dMe NIr karsMrabkal xage Rkams e g çb dMe NIr karsMrab ;; ;; kars re s rs mIk arGIuykars re s rs mIk arGIuykars re s rs mIk arGIuykars re s rs mIk arGIuy :: :: ug n igGIuyug n igGIuyug n igGIuyug n igGIuy :: :: ug sMr Ylug sMr Ylug sMr Ylug sMr Yl • s res rs mIk arm : UelK ul lMn w gsMrab ;R b tikmµ . • s res rs mIk are naH eL Igv ij edIm ,Ib g ðaj GMB IGIu y: ugR t Uv) a nbME b kE dlkek Ite nA kñ úgsU luy

sü úg. cU rcgc aM faeG L i cR tUl Itx ø aMg Ta MgG s ; eB lrl a ykñ úgsUl uysü ú g R tU v) anbM E b k TaM gR sug¬s B V¦e TA C aka cug nigG aj : úg. d MeN Irk ar enH ) anpþl ;eG a ye yIg nUvs mIka r GIuy :ug.

• cUrr kG t þs BaØ aN nigl ub eca lGIuy :ug TsS ni kenA s gx a g s mIkare dIm , IQ ane TA dl; s mIkarGI uy :ugs MrY l.

dMN ak; ka rTa Mge nH R tUv) a nG nuvt þk ñúg] Tah rN_ 2. ]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 2222 cUr TsS n_ Ta ypli tpl énR b tikmµx a geR kam n igs res r s mIkarGI uy :ugs MrY lsMr ab ;R b tikmµ

K3PO4(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) ?

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy BIs mIka rmin Tan ;m an lMn wg eyIgeX Ij fas Ulu ys ü úgénb :U tasü Úm pUs Va tR tU v) a nla y

rWm anR b t ikmµC am YysU lu y sü úgkal;sü Úm n IR t at. G aR s½ye TA nwg ta rag 2 GIuy :ugk al ;sü Úm (Ca2+) nigGIu y: ugpUs Va t(PO4

3-)G acb egáI tC as m a s F atumi nrl ay K Wka l;sü Úm pUsV a t

[Ca3(PO4)2]. dUecñH enH K WC a R b tikmµb egá It kkr . pli tp lepS geTo t K Wb :U tasü Úm n IR ta t(KNO3)

C as m as F atu rl ay n igm an enA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg. s mI ka rm :UelK u lK W³ 2K3PO4(aq) + 3Ca(NO3)2 (aq) 6KNO3 (aq) + Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

nigs mIk arGI uy :ugK W³ 6K+

(aq) + 2PO43-

(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) + 6NO3

-(aq) 6K+(aq) + 6NO3

-(aq) +Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

karl ub GIu y:u gTsS n ik (K+ n i g NO3-) ey IgT TYl) ans mI karGI uy :ugs MrY l

3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO4

3-(aq) Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

cUrk t;s MK al; faB IeR BaH e yIg ) anfø wgs mIk arm : UelK ul BId MbU gehIy s mIk arGI uy :ugsM rYl m an lMnwg kñú gn½ yc MnY nG at Um enA m çag² nig cMn Ynb nÞ úkv iC ¢m an nigG viC ¢m anenA x a geqVgé d.

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ cUr TsS n_ Ta ykk rR tU v) anb e gáI teL Ige da yR b ti kmµx ageR kam nigs res rs mI karG Iu y:u g sMrYls Mrab ;R b tikmµx ageR ka m ³ Al(NO3)3(aq) + NaOH(aq) ?


4-10

G tßb TK ImIG n uv tþn _enA eR kam nWgBiP akS aGMBIb B aðaG nuv tþn _ mYycM nYnE d lT ak; Tgn wgR b tikmµ b egáI tkk r.

K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾ Rb tik mµb e gáIt k kr Edlmin cgRb tik mµb e gáIt k kr Edlmin cgRb tik mµb e gáIt k kr Edlmin cgRb tik mµb e gáIt k kr Edlmin cg ;; ;; )))) anananan

fµkM e) ar(CaCO3)nig dUL ÚmI t(CaCO3. MgCO3) E dlra yBas e Bj elI é pÞE pnd I eR cInE tc Ule TA kñú gka rpÁ t;p Ág; Twk. e da yE p¥ke TA elI ta ra g2 kal ;sü Úm kabU Na tK Wmi nrla yk ñúg Twk. b :uE nþe da ys a rvt þm an énkabU nDIG uksI ut rla y¬ BI b riy akas ¦ k al;sü Úm k a bUNa tR tUv) an bME bøgeTA C ak al;sü Úm b‘Í kabU NatE dlrl a y [Ca(HCO3)2]³ CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+

(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)

E dl HCO3- K WC aGIuy :ugb ‘Ík a bUNa t.

TwkE d lm anp ÞúkGI uy :ug Ca2+ nig¼ rW Mg2+ R tUv) aneK eh A faTw krw g nig Tw kE dlK µa nGIu y:u g TaM genH R tUv) aneK ehA f aTw k Tn;. Twk rwgmi nl¥s Mrab ;ka reR bIR ) as ;kñú gpÞH ni g]sS h kmµ x øH ² eT.

enA eBlT wkm an pÞú kGIu y: ug Ca2+ nig HCO3- R tUv) aneK du tkMe dA rW da MeG a yBuH sUl uy sü úg

R b tikmµR tL b ;e TA C ab egá It) ankk r CaCO3 ³ Ca2+

(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq) CaCO3 (S) + CO2(aq) + H2O (l)

ehIy]s µ½n kabUn DIGu ksIu t) a nPay³ CO2 (aq) CO2 (g) kal;sü Úm k abUN at rwg E dl ) anb egá IteL I gkñ úgl Mna MenH K WC as m as PaK cMb g énk krE dlR b mUlp þú M kñúgqñ aMg da MT wk eR K O gkMe dA Twk bMBg ; nig kMeso vT wk. R s Tab ;R kas ;é nkM Nkk k renH b nß yka r bþÚrk MedA ni geFIVeG ayR b si T§ PaBnig PaB fit efr énqñ aMg daM Twk bMBg ; nig ]b kr N_eR bIR ) as ;f ycuH . kñúgbM Bg; Twke kþA E dleR bIR ) a s ;kñú gpÞH vaG a cb nß yrW eFIVe G aysÞH lMh Ur Twk Ta MgR sug. viFIs am Ba Ø E dlR tUv) a neR bIR ) as ; eda yGñkC Ys C ulb M Bg;T wke dIm ,I ykk MN kkk rT aMgen aH ecj K WeR bIk ñúg b rim aN ti cénG as Iu tkø rIR Di cE dlm anR b t ikmµC amY y CaCO3 ³

CaCO3 (S) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

kñúg viFIenH CaCO3 R tUv) an bME bøgeTA C a CaCl2 E dlrlay. *************************************************** ******************

3 RbtikmµGasIut-)as G asIu tnig) as R tUv) aneK Fø a b ;s Áal; faC aG as <I rIn nig fñ aMb n S ab G asuI tkñ úgR kBH e TaH bIC am nusS C a eR cInmins Áal ;eQ µaH K ImI rb s ; va K WG asI utG aes T Ils al I sIuli c¬G as <Ir In ¦ nigm a:ej sü Úm GIuR duksI ut ¬fñ aMb nS ab G asuI tk ñúgR kBH ¦ k¾ed ay . b E nßm el IC amUl dæ a nénpl itpl »s f nigp li t pleR bIR ) as ;

CMB UkTI4

4-11

kñúgp ÞH C aeR cInK Im IG asI ut -) a s K WsMx an;k ñúg dMe NI rka r]sS ah kmµ n igc aM) a c;k ñúg karR T R Tg;ni rnþ rPaB énR b B½n§C Ivs a®sþ. mune B leyI gG acB iPa kS aGMB IR b ti kmµG asIu t -) as e yI gR tU vk ard wgeG a y) a n eR cInGMBIG asIu tn ig) as C amu nsin. lkçN³TUeTAénGasIutnig)as

eyIg) aneG a yn iym n ½yG a sIut faC as arF a tuE d lbME b kC aGIuy :ug kñú gTw ked Im ,Ib eg áI tC a GIuy :ugH+ n ig) as f aC as a r F atuE d lbME b kC aGIu y: ugkñ úg Twke dIm ,Ib e gáI tC aGI uy :ugOH-. niym n ½y TaM genH R tUv) an tak ;E tgeL I genA cugs tv tS TI1 9 e da yK I mIviT UC nC at is ‘u yE G t Svante Arrhenius1 edIm ,IeF IVc MN at; fñ ak;s arF a tuE dllk çN³rb s ;va kñú gsUlu ysü úgT wkR t Uv) an eK sÁal ; ya: gc,as ;. GasIut

• G asIu tm anrs C at iC Ur. ]T a h rN_ Twk ex µH m anPa BC Urrb s ;G asIu tG aes Tic ehI yR kU cqµar nigE pøR kU cdé Te To tm anp Þúk G asIu tsIuR T ic. • G asIu tb Nþ aleG a ym an ka r bþÚrBN ’l½x B N’ ruk çC at i. ] T ah rN _ vaG a cbþÚ rBN ’

TYN WsulB Iex o veTA R kh m . • G asIu tm anR b ti kmµC amY ye lah ³mYy cMn Yn d UcC as ½ gásI m a:ej sü Úm nigE d k

edIm ,Ib eg áI t]s ½ µnGI uR dUE s n. ]Tah r N_ R b t ikmµr vagG asIu tkø rIR Di c nigm a:ej sü Úm ³ 2HCl (aq) + Mg (S) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

• G asIu tm anR b ti kmµC amY yk a bUNa tni gb‘Ík abUN at dU c C a Na2CO3 CaCO3 nig NaHCO3 edIm ,Ib e gáI t]sµ ½n kabUn DIGuks Iu t¬ rUb 6 ¦. ] Tah r N_

2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (S) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

HCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (S) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

• sUlu ysü úgG asI utC as arF a tuc Mlgc rnþG K Á is nI.

)as • ) as m anrs C a til VIg . • ) as b :H eTA rGil. ]Tah r N_ s ab‘ UE dlm an) as b gð aj lkçN³ enH .

1 Svante August Arrhenius(1859-1927). KImIviTUCn Catis‘ uy E Gt . Arrhenius ) anrYm viP aKT an y a:gsMx an; kñú g karsikS a sIue nTicKIm I ni gs Uluy süú geG LicRtU lIt . Kat ;) an si kS apgEd rf aCIvit rs ;enA el IEp nd IKW m kB IB iP B epS g eTot Ed lCaRTw sþImYy Ed lb c© úb ,nñe nHRtUve KsÁa l;f aCa panspermia. Arrhenius ) anT TYlr gVan; NU Eb lKImIk ñúgq ña M 1903.


4-12

• ) as b Nþa leG a ym ank arbþ Ú rBN’ l½x BN ’ru kçC a ti. ]T a h rN_ vaG a cbþÚ rBN ’TY NWs u lBI R kh m eTA ex o v. • sUlu ysü úg) as C as a rF a tu cMlgc rnþG K Á is nI.

GasIutnig)as Brønsted

niym n ½yG asIu t-) as rb s; Arrhenius R tUv) ankM N t;G a cG nuv tþ) a nE tk ñúgs Ulu ysü úg Twkb : ueN ÑaH . ni ym n½ yT U lMTU la y) anes ñIe da yK ImIv iT U C nC ati da NWm : a eQ µaH Johannes

Brønsted2 kñú gqñaM1932. G a sIut G a sIut G a sIut G a sIut Brønsted K WC aG ñkpþ l;R bUtu g ni g )))) as as as as Brønsted K WC aGñk TTY ly kR bUtug . c Urk t;s M K al;f a n iym n ½y rb s ;BrønstedminR tUv ka reG a yG asI u tnig) as sßi t enA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg Twke T. G asIu tkø rIR Di cK WC aG as Iut Brønsted eda yeh t uf avap þl;R bUtug kúñ gTw k³ HCl (aq) H

+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

cUrk t;s MK al; faGI uy :ugH+K WC aG at Um GIuR d UE s nE dl) an) a t;b g; eG L icR tu grb s ;v a. e naH K W vaC aR bUt ugE dlm a nf tT Menr . TMhMénR bU tugK WR b E h l 10-15meRbo b eFo b eTA nwgG gá t;p© i t10-10m

sMrab ;G at Um rWGI uy :ugm Fü m . C aPaK l¥i tE dlm anb nÞúk tU céR kE lgE dlmi nG ac sßite nA C aF at u eda yE L kkú ñgsUl uysü úg Tw keT eda ys a rk arR sUb T aj ya: gx øa Mgrb s ;v ae TA b :UlG v iC ¢ m an ¬G at Um GuksIuE s n ¦kñ úgT wk. eh tu dUec ñH ehIy R bUtu gm ank ñúg TMrg ;E dl rgGIuR d at kmµd Ucb gðaj k ñúg rUb 7 . dUec ñH karbME b kC aG Iu y:u gén G asIu tkø rIR Di cK YrE tR tUv) ans res rd Ucx ag eR kam ³ HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O

+(aq)

+ Cl- (aq)

R bUtugE dl rgGIuR da tkmµ H3O+ R tUv) aneK ehA f a G IuyG IuyG IuyG Iuy :: :: ug G IuR dUjug G IuR dUjug G IuR dUjug G IuR dUj :: :: ÚmÚmÚmÚm . s mIkare nH b gða j GMBIR b tikm µ

E dlkñú genaH G as Iu t Brønsted (HCl) ) anp þl;R bU tug eTA eG ay) as Brønsted (H2O).

2 Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (1879-1947) CaKI mIviTUCn Catid aNWm :a. b En ßm eTA elIRTw sþI GasI ut ) asrb s;Kat; elak Brønsted ) aneF IVkarel IEpñ kET m U:D I Namic ni g karb MEb k) art eTA CaGIusUtUb rb s;v a.

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 6 6 6 6 d Is sr esr k þar exo nm Yy d MuE dl P a KeR cInd Is sr esr k þar exo nm Yy d MuE dl P a KeR cInd Is sr esr k þar exo nm Yy d MuE dl P a KeR cInd Is sr esr k þar exo nm Yy d MuE dl P a KeR cIn K WCa K WCa K WCa K WCa CaCO3 m a nR bt ik m µCam Yy Ga sIut k ør IR Dm a nR bt ik m µCam Yy Ga sIut k ør IR Dm a nR bt ik m µCam Yy Ga sIut k ør IR Dm a nR bt ik m µCam Yy Ga sIut k ør IR D icicicic

CMB UkTI4

4-13

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 7 7 7 7 karb MEb kG Iuykarb MEb kG Iuykarb MEb kG Iuykarb MEb kG Iuy :: :: ug én ug én ug én ug én HCl k ñúg T wke d Imk ñúg T wke d Imk ñúg T wke d Imk ñúg T wke d Im ,,,, Ib e g áIt CaG IuyIb e g áIt CaG IuyIb e g áIt CaG IuyIb e g áIt CaG Iuy :: :: ugG IuR d UjugG IuR d UjugG IuR d UjugG IuR d Uj :: :: Úm n igGIuyÚm n igGIuyÚm n igGIuyÚm n igGIuy :: :: ug k ør Yug k ør Yug k ør Yug k ør Y karB ies aF n _b gðaj fa G Iu y:u gGIuR dUj :Úm R tU vrgGI uR da tkmµ b nþ dU ecñH R bUt ugG acm anm :U e lK ul TwkmY yc MnY nR tUv) anpSMC amY yva. e da ys a rlk ç N³G asIu té nR bUtu gminm a n\ T§iB led ay kMr it GIuR da tkmµ e nA kñú gG tßb Ten H eyIgeR bIR ) as ;C a TUe TA H+

(aq) edIm ,Ita geG a yR bUtu grg GIuR da tkm µ. kark MN t;e nH K WsMr ab ;ka rg a yR sYl b : uE nþ H3O

+K WBitR ) a kdC ag. cU rcg caM fa ka rkM Nt; Ta MgBI rt ag eG ayR b ePTK Im IdE dl kñú gsU luysü úg Tw k. G asIu tR tUv) aneK eR bIeR cI nkñ ú gTIB ies aF r Ym m anG as Iu tkø rIR Dic(HCl) G asI ut nIR Ti c (HNO3)

G asIu tG aes T ic(CH3COOH) G asIu ts‘u lpY ric(H2SO4) nigG asIu tpUs Vri c(H3PO4). G asIu tbI dMbUgK WC a G as IutG as IutG as IutG as Iut mmmm :: :: UN UR b UT icUN UR b UT icUN UR b UT icUN UR b UT ic . m ann½ yf aÉkt an ImYy ² énG asIu tenH pþ l;GI uy :ugGI uR dUE s nmY yenA eBlrgGI uy :ug kmµ³

HCl (aq) H+(aq)

+ Cl-(aq)

HNO3 (aq) H+(aq) + NO3

-(aq)

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq)

+ H+(aq)

dUc) a nb Ba¢ ak ;BImun rYc ehI y BIeR BaH k arbME b kGIu y: ugé n G asIu tG aes T icmi ns BV ¬ sMK al; eda ys Ba ØaR BYj e TA m k¦ v aK WC aeG L icR t UlI tex S a y. cMeB aH eh tupl enH vaR tU v) aneK ehA f a G asIu tex S a y¬emI lt ara g1 ¦. mü a:g eTo tG asIu t HCl nig HNO3K WC aG as Iutx øaM g BIeR BaH BYk va K WC aeG L icR tU lI tx øa Mg dU ecñH BYkvab ME b kC aGIu y: ugs BVk ñúg sUlu ysü úg ¬sMK al;e da yk areR bIs Ba Øa R BYj mYy¦ . G asIu ts‘ul pYr ic (H2SO4) K WC a G asIutG asIutG asIutG asIut D IR bUT icD IR bUT icD IR bUT icD IR bUT ic BIeR BaH Ék tan ImYy² é nG asI ute nH ) anpþ l; GIuy :ug H+ BI rkñ úgd MN ak; ka r BIrepS gK ña³ H2SO4 (aq) H+

(aq) + HSO4-(aq)

HSO4-(aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + SO42-

(aq)


4-14

G asIu tH2SO4KWC aeG L icR t U lItx ø aMg rWG as Iu tx øaM g¬ dM Nak ; kar TI1 én ka rbME b kGIu y:u gK W s BV¦ b :uE nþ HSO4

- K WC aG as Iut e x S ayr WeG L icR t UlI tex S a y ehIye yI gR tUv ka reR bIs B aØaR BYj eTA m k edIm ,I ta geG a yka rbME b kGIu y:u gmins BV . G asIutG asIutG asIutG asIut R T IR bUT icR T IR bUT icR T IR bUT icR T IR bUT ic E dlpþl;GI uy :u g H+bIK Wm ancM nYn ti ct Ycb :u e NÑaH . G as Iu tR TIR bUT ic E dl eK sÁal; c,as ;C ageK bMpu tK W G asIu tpUsV ricE d lka rbME b k GIuy :ug rb s ;vaR b R Bwt þe TA dUcx ageR kam ³ H3PO4 (aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + H2PO4

-(aq)

H2PO4-(aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + HPO42-

(aq)

HPO42-

(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + PO4

3-(aq)

R b ePTK ImITa MgbIe nH(H3PO4 H2PO4- nig HPO4

2-)kñú g krN IenH K WC aG asI ut ex S ay e hIy eyIg eR bIs BaØ aR BYj eTA m k e dIm ,I tag eG ay dM Nak ;k albM E b kGIuy: ugn ImYy² . G aj : úg dUcC a H2PO4

-

nigHPO42-R tUv) anR b TH eX I j kñúgs Ulu ysü úgT wké npUsV a t dU cC aNaH2PO4 nig Na2HPO4.

tar ag 1 b gðaj fas Udü Úm GIuR duksI ut (NaOH) n ig) arü Úm GIuR duks Iu t [Ba(OH)2]K WC a eG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg . enH m an n½y faB Ykv aG acbME b kC aGI u y:u gs BVk ñúgs Ulu ysü úg³

NaOH (S) Na+(aq)

+ OH-(aq)

Ba(OH)2 (aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-

(aq)

GIuy :ug OH- G aT TYlR bU tug dU cx ageR kam ³ H+

(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O (l)

dUec ñH OH- K WC a) as Brønsted. G am :Uj : ak;R tUv) a nca t; fñ ak;C a ) as Brønsted B IeR BaH vaG a cTT Yly kGIu y: ug H+ ¬r Ub 8¦³ NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ NH4

+(aq) + OH-

(aq)

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 8 8 8 8 karbMEb kGIuykarbMEb kGIuykarbMEb kGIuykarbMEb kGIuy :: :: ug én Gamug én Gamug én Gamug én Gam :: :: Uj aUj aUj aUj a :: :: kkkk ;; ;; k ñúg T wke d Imk ñúg T wke d Imk ñúg T wke d Imk ñúg T wke d Im ,,,, Ib e gáIt C aG IuyIb e gáIt C aG IuyIb e gáIt C aG IuyIb e gáIt C aG Iuy :: :: ugugugug GamGamGamGam :: :: UjUjUjUj :: :: ÚmÚmÚmÚm nigG IuR d uksIu tnigG IuR d uksIu tnigG IuR d uksIu tnigG IuR d uksIu t

G am :Uj : ak;K WC aeG L icR t UlI te x S ay¬ nig dUec ñH C a) as ex S a y¦B IeR BaH m anE tm YyE pñ kt U cénm :U elK ul NH3E dlrla ym anR b t ikmµ C amYy Twke dIm ,Ib e gáI tC aGI uy :u g NH4

+ nig OH-.

H2O

H2O

CMB UkTI4

4-15

) as x øaMgE d lR tU v) aneK eR bIR ) as ;eR cInC ageK bMpu tk ñúg TIB i es aF K WsUdü Úm GI uR duks Iu t. va m antM éle fak nig rla yk ñúg Twk ¬ed ay Bit eTA GIuR duks Iut e lah ³G al; kaL a Mg TaM gG s ; suT§E t rla ykñúg Twk ¦. ) as ex S ayE d lR tUv) a neK eR bIR ) as ;eR cI nC ageK bMpu tK WsUl uysü ú gTw k G am :Uj : ak;E d l eBlx øH R tUv) a neK Pan ;R cL Me hA faG am :Uj Ú:m GIuR d uksI ut . K µanPs þú tagGI VE dlb gð a j fam anR b eP T K ImI NH4OHBi tenaH e T. F atuR kum2ATa MgG s ;b eg áI tGIuR d uksI utE b b M(OH)2 E dl M

C as BaØas MK al ;eG a yel ah ³G al;k alI NUE T rW. kñúg cMe Nam GIuR duks Iut Ta MgG s ;enH m anE t Ba(OH)2 b :ueN ÑaH E dlr la ykñ úgT wk. m a :ej sü Úm nig k al;sü Úm GIuR d uksI utR tUv) aneK eR bIR ) as ;kñú g E pñk»s f nig ]sS ah kmµ. GIuR duksI uté nel ah ³dé Te To t dUcC aAl(OH)3nigZn(OH)2 K Wmin rla ykñ úgT wkn igmins UvR t Uv) aneK eR bIR ) as ;e T. ]Tah r N_x a geR kam E b gE c ks arF a tuC aG asIu t Brønsted rWC a) as Brønsted.

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 3333 cUreFI VcM Na t; fña k;R b ePTK Im InI mYy² te TA enH C aG asI ut r WC a) as Brønsted³ (a) HBr ,

(b) NO2- , (c) HCO3

-. c Mec Mec Mec Me lIylIylIylIy

(a) HBr r la ykñ úg TwkeG a yplC aGI uy :ug H+ ni g Br-³ HBr (aq) H

+(aq)

+ Br-(aq)

dUec ñH HBr K WC aG asI ut Brønsted. (b)kñ úgsUl uysü ú gGIu y:u gnIR tWG a cTT YlR bUt ugmY ye dIm ,I b egáI tC aG asI ut nIR tW ³ NO2

-(aq) + H+

(aq) HNO2(aq)

lkçN³ enH eFIVeG ay NO2- C a) as Brønsted.

(c) GI uy :ugb‘ Íkab UNa tK WC aG a sIutBrønstedB IeR BaH vab ME b kC aGIu y:u gkñ úgsUl uysü ú gdU c x ageR kam ³ HCO3

-(aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + CO3

2-(aq)

vaK WC a) asBrønsted p gE dr BIeR B aH vaG ac TT Yl y kR bUtugmY Yy edIm , Ib egá ItC aG a sIut kabUn ic³ HCO3

-(aq) + H+

(aq) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)

karBn ülkarBn ülkarBn ülkarBn ül ;; ;; R b ePTK ImIHCO3-G acni ya yfam anl kçN³G MpUE TB IeR B aH vam anl kç N³G asI ut

pgnig) as pg. s Ba ØaR BYj e TA m kb gðaj fa R b ti kmµT aMg BIrG acR tL b ;) an.


4-16

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ cUreFI VcM Na t; fña k;R b ePTK Im Ix ageR kam C aG asIu tr W) as Brønsted³ (a)SO4

2- , (b)HI. RbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)as R b tik mµµµ µb nS abR b tik mµµµ µb nS abR b tik mµµµ µb nS abR b tik mµµµ µb nS ab KWC aR b tikmµ r vagG asI ut nig) as . C a TUe TA R b tikmµsU lu ysü úgG a sIut -) as b egáI t) anC aTw kni g G Mb ilG Mb ilG Mb ilG Mb il E dlC as m as F atu G Iuy :ugE dlG acb eg áI tC ak acu geR kA BIH+nig G aj :úgeR kA B I OH- r W O2- ³ G asIu t + ) as GMbil + Twk (acid) (base) (salt) (water)

GMbilTa MgG s ; K WC a eG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg. s arF a tuE dl e yIgs Áal ;C aGMbils møNaCl K WC a ]Tah r N_E d ley IgFø ab ;d wgr Y cm kehI y. vaK WC apli tp lénR b tikm µG asI ut -) as ³ HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

eTaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y e d ays a rT aMgG asIu tn ig) as K W C aeG L icR tU lItx øaM g BYk vaG ac bME b kC aGIuy :ug) ans BV kñú gsU luysü úg . s mIka rGIu y: ugK W³ H+

(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-

(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O (l)

dUec ñH s mIka renH G ac tag eda ys mIk arGIu y: ugsM rYl³ H+

(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O (l)

TaM g Na+ nig Cl- K WC aGI uy :ug E dlmincU lrYm R b t ikmµ. R b sinebIey Ig) an cab ;e pþIm R b tikmµx a gelI C amY yb r i m aNm :UE les µIK ñ aénG as Iu tni g) as enA cMnu cb Ba© b ;é nR b tikmµ e yIgR t UvE t TT Yl) anE tGMbil b :ueN ÑaH n igK µa ns l;G asIu t nig) as e T. enH K WC alkç N³énR b t ikmµb nS ab G asIu t -) as . x ageR kam enH K WC a] Tah rN_ énR b tikmµb nS ab G asI ut -) a s pgE dr E dl tage da ys mI kar m :UelK ul³ HF (aq) + KOH (aq) KF(aq) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l) HNO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)

s mIkar cugeR k ay emIle TA x us E bøkBIeK BIeR BaH v aminb g ð aj eG ay eX Ij T wkC ap li tp l. eTaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y R b sinebIe yIgb Ba ¢a k; NH3(aq) C a NH4

+(aq)

nig OH-(aq) dUcE dl) a n

BiPakS aBImu n b nÞab ;m ks mI kare nH nwgk øa yC a HNO3 (aq) + NH4

+(aq) + OH-

(aq) NH4NO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

4 RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ R b tikmµG asI ut -) as G a cR tU v ) ansMK al ;ed ay dMe NI rka rb enÞrR bU tug cME NkÉ fñ a k;én

R b tikmµE dlR t Uv) a nehA fa R b tik mµG uk sIud UR b tik mµG uk sIud UR b tik mµG uk sIud UR b tik mµG uk sIud U ---- e r d ukm µe r d ukm µe r d ukm µe r d ukm µ¬ e r duke r duke r duke r duk ¦¦¦¦ C aR b tikmµE dlR tUv ) anca t; Tuk f a

CMB UkTI4

4-17

C aR b tikmµb en ÞreG L i cR tug . R b tikmµGu ksIu dU -er dukmµ K W R b tikmµE dle kI tm ane nA R K b ;TIkE n øgenA C Muvij x ø Üne yIg. R b ti kmµT aM genaH m an ta MgBI kar du t\ n§ n³ pUsWlrh Ut dl;G MeBIé ns arF atu lasMG at eR bIR ) as ;kñú gpÞH . b E nßm elIe nH eTo t F at uelah ³ nigG e lah ³PaK eR cI nT TYl) a nBIE r:rb s ;v ae da y dMeN Ir kar énGuks Iu tkmµ rWe rdu kmµ. R b tikmµer du ksMx an ;² C aeR cIn ekIt eL Igk ñúg Tw k b :uE n þ minE m nR b tikmµe rdu kT aMgG s ;ekI t eL Igkñ úgsUl uysü ú gTw keT . cUr Bic ar NaGMB Ika rb egá I tka l;sü Úm GuksI ut(CaO)B I kal;sü Úm n ig GuksIuE s n³ 2Ca (S) + O2 (g) 2CaO (S)

kal;süÚmGuksIu t (CaO) KWCasmasFatuGIu y:u gEdlRtU v)anbegáI teLI gedayGIu y:u g Ca2+ nig O2-. kñúgR b t ikmµe nH G atUmCaB Ir) aneG a yr WepÞ reG L icR t ugbYn e TA eG ayG at Um GuksI uE s nBIr ¬kñ úg O2¦. sMrab ;C a ka rga yR sYl eyIgG acK i tGMBI dMe NI rka renH C ad MNa k; kalB Irx u s K ña. mYyC a dMN ak; ka r) at ;b g;bY neG L ic R tuged a yG at Um CaBIr n ig mYyeTo tC ad MN ak; kar cMe N j eG L icR tug eda ym :Ue lK ulO2³ 2Ca 2Ca2+ + 4e- O2 + 4e- 2O2-

dMN ak; ka rnImY y² T aMge nH R tU v) anehA fa B a kB a kB a kB a k ;; ;; k Nþa lR b t ikm µk Nþa lR b t ikm µk Nþa lR b t ikm µk Nþa lR b t ikm µ E dlb gðaj ya: gc,as ;GMB I eG L icR tugE d l) an cUl rYm kñ ú gR b tikmµe rd uk. k arbU kBa k;kN þa lR b tikmµ Ta MgBI r) an pþl;n UvR b ti - kmµTa MgmUl ³ 2Ca + O2 + 4e- 2Ca2+ + 2O2- + 4e-

rWe yIgG a club e caleG L i cR tugE d lelceL IgenA E pñk Ta M gs gx agéns mI ka r³ 2Ca + O2

2Ca2+ + 2O2-

cugb Ba© b; GI uy :ug Ca2+ nig O2- cUlpSMK ñaed Im ,Ib eg áI tC a CaO³ 2Ca2+ + 2O2- 2CaO

eda yka rs nµ t e yIgmi n) an b gðaj GMBIb nÞú kkñ úgr Ub m nþén s m as F atuG Iu y:ug dUe cñH ka l; sü Úm GuksIu t C aF mµtaR t Uv) a nt aged a y CaO l¥C ag Ca2+O2-. Bakü fa R b tik mµG uk sIut k m µR b tik mµG uk sIut k m µR b tik mµG uk sIut k m µR b tik mµG uk sIut k m µsMedA elI Bak ;kN þa lR b tikmµ E dlrYm T aMg kar) at ;b g;eG L ic-R tug. B Id MbUg K Im Ivi TUeR bIB ak ü {GuksIu tkmµ} ed Im ,IC as Ba Ø asMK al ;BIb nSM énF a tuC am Yy GuksIuE s n. eTaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y \ L ÚvenH vam an n½ yT Ula yC a g E dlrab ;b B a© ÚlT aMgR b ti kmµE dlmin Tak ;Tg nwgGu ksIuE s n. R b tik mµe r duk mR b tik mµe r duk mR b tik mµe r duk mR b tik mµe r duk m µ K WC aBa k;k NþalR b tikmµE dlT ak; Tgn w gkar cMe Nj eG L icR tug. kñ úgk arb eg áI tk al;sü Úm Guks Iu t ka l;sü Úm ) anrgG uksI utkm µ. eK G ac ni ya yf avaC a


4-18

P ña kP ña kP ña kP ña k ;; ;; g a re r duk mµg a re r duk mµg a re r duk mµg a re r duk mµ BIeR BaH va pþ l;eG L icR t uge TA eG ayG uk sIuE s n nigb Nþa leG a yGu ksIuE s nR tU vrg erdu kmµ. Gu ksIuE s n) anrg e rdu kmµ ni ged Ir tYC a P ña kP ña kP ña kP ña k ;; ;; g a rG uk sIut k mg a rG uk sIut k mg a rG uk sIut k mg a rG uk sIut k m µ BIeR BaH v aT TYl y keG L icR tu g BIkal ;sü Úm E dleFI VeG a yka l;sü Úm R tUv rgGuks Iu tkmµ. cUrk t; cM NaM fa TMhM én GuksIu tkmµ kñú g R b tikmµer du kR tUvE tesµ IeTA n w gTMhM éner du kmµ. m a nn½ yfa cMn YneG L icR tugE d l) at;b g ;ed a y Pñak ;ga rer dukmµR tUvE tesµI nwg cMnY neG L icR t ugE dl cMe Nj eda yPñ ak;g arG uksI utkm µ. kare kI teL Ign Uvb en ÞreG L i cR tugK weR c InE tb g ðaj eG aye X Ij kñúgR b t ikmµ erd ukx øH ² C a g R b tikmµd éT. enA eB le lah ³s ½gás IR tU v) anb E nßm e TA elIsU lu ysü úgmYyE dl m anpÞú kTg ;E dg (II) s ‘ulp at (CuSO4) e B lenaH s ½g ásIeFI Ver dukm µ Cu2+ eday ka rpþl ;eG L icR t ugBI re TA eG ay va³

Zn (S) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (S)

kúñge Bld MeN Irk ar sU lu ys ü úg) at;b g ;BN ’ex o vE dlb Ba ¢ ak;B IG vt þm ané nGIu y: ug Cu2+ ¬rUb 4> 9 ¦ ³ Zn (S) + Cu2+

(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu (S)

Bak; kNþ als mI karG uksI utk mµ niger du kmµK W Zn Zn2+ + 2e-

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu

R s edo gK ñaenH E dr el ah ³T g;E dgeFI Ver dukm µGIu y:u gR ) ak; kñú gsUlu ysü úgR ) ak ;nIR t at(AgNO3)³ Cu (S) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (S)

rW Cu (S) + 2Ag+ (aq) Cu2+

(aq) + 2Ag (S)

r Ubr Ubr Ubr Ub 9 9 9 9 B Ieq Vge TA s þa MB Ieq Vge TA s þa MB Ieq Vge TA s þa MB Ieq Vge TA s þa M ³ ³ ³ ³ e nA eBlE dl dMue l ahe nA eBlE dl dMue l ahe nA eBlE dl dMue l ahe nA eBlE dl dMue l ah ³³³³ Zn R tUvR tUvR tUvR tUv )))) an d akan d akan d akan d ak ;; ;; e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úge TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úge TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úge TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úg CuSO4 G atG atG atG at Um Um Um Um Znc Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úgC a GuIyc Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úgC a GuIyc Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úgC a GuIyc Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úgC a GuIy :: :: ugugugug Zn2+ ehIy G IuyehIy G IuyehIy G IuyehIy G Iuy :: :: ugugugugCu2+R tUv p øasR tUv p øasR tUv p øasR tUv p øas ;; ;; e TA C ae TA C ae TA C ae TA C aCurwg ¬ E kv T ImYy ¦rwg ¬ E kv T ImYy ¦rwg ¬ E kv T ImYy ¦rwg ¬ E kv T ImYy ¦ . . . .

k úñg e Ble n aHk úñg e Ble n aHk úñg e Ble n aHk úñg e Ble n aH B N’e x o vé ns Ul uy sü úgB N’e x o vé ns Ul uy sü úgB N’e x o vé ns Ul uy sü úgB N’e x o vé ns Ul uy sü úg CuSO4 )))) a nrl uba nrl uba nrl uba nrl ub )))) atatatat ;; ;; ¬E kv T IBIr ¦¬E kv T IBIr ¦¬E kv T IBIr ¦¬E kv T IBIr ¦ . . . . enA eBlenA eBlenA eBlenA eBl E dl d uMé nE x S E dl d uMé nE x S E dl d uMé nE x S E dl d uMé nE x S Cu R t UvR t UvR t UvR t Uv )))) an d akan d akan d akan d ak ;; ;; e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úge TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úge TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úge TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úg AgNO3 G a tUmG a tUmG a tUmG a tUm Cu c Ul e TA k ñúgc Ul e TA k ñúgc Ul e TA k ñúgc Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg k øa yC aGIuyk øa yC aGIuyk øa yC aGIuyk øa yC aGIuy :: :: ugugugug Cu2+ ehIy GehIy GehIy GehIy G IuyIuyIuyIuy :: :: ugugugug Ag+ )))) a np øa sa np øa sa np øa sa np øa s ;; ;; e TA C ae TA C ae TA C ae TA C a Ag rwg ¬E k v TIb I¦rwg ¬E k v TIb I¦rwg ¬E k v TIb I¦rwg ¬E k v TIb I¦ . . . . sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg )))) an køa yan køa yan køa yan køa y b nþi cm þgb nþi cm þgb nþi cm þgb nþi cm þg² e TA e TA e TA e TA

C am a nl kçNC am a nl kçNC am a nl kçNC am a nl kçN ³³³³ BBBB NNNN ’’ ’’ e x o vé nGIu ye x o vé nGIu ye x o vé nGIu ye x o vé nGIu y :: :: ugugugug Cu2+E dlm an Twk ¬E kv T IbYn ¦E dlm an Twk ¬E kv T IbYn ¦E dlm an Twk ¬E kv T IbYn ¦E dlm an Twk ¬E kv T IbYn ¦ ....

CMB UkTI4

4-19

cMnYnGuksIutkmµ (n.o)

niym n ½y énGuks Iu tkmµn ige rdu kmµ kñú gn½ y) a t;b g; nig cMe Nj eG L icR t ug G nuv tþ) a n cMeBaH karb eg áI ts m as F a tuGI uy :ug dU cC a CaO nige rd ukmµé nGIu y: u g Cu2+ eday Zn. b :uE n þni ym n½ yT aMg enH min) anb Ba ¢a k;lk çN³R tw m R tUvGMBI kM NGIuR d UE s nkør Y (HCl) nigs <a n;F½ rDIG uksI ut (SO2)eT³ H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)

S (g) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

BIeR BaH HCl n ig SO2 min E m nC as m as F atuGI uy :ug b :uE nþC as m as F a tum : UelK ul t a m Bite TA K µan eG L icR tugR tUv) a nepÞ rk ñúgk M Ns m as F at uT aMge nH dUcC akñú gkr NI én CaO. ya: g Nak ¾ed ayK Im I viTU rkeX Ij fa vag ayeF VIR b ti kmµTa Mgen aH C aR b tikm µGuksI u dU- erd ukmµ BIeR BaH rg Vas ;Bie s aF n_b gð aj fam an ka repÞ reG L icR t uge da yE pñk ¬ BI H e TA Cl kñúg HCl nigBI S eTA O kñ úg SO2¦ .

edIm ,I caM eG L icR tu g) an kñú gR b tikmµGu ksIu dU -er dukm µ v a m anR b eyaC n _R tUv kM Nt ;cMn Y nGuk- sIut kmµcM eBaH F a tuR b ti krn ig plitp l. c Mn Yn G uks Iut k mµc Mn Yn G uks Iut k mµc Mn Yn G uks Iut k mµc Mn Yn G uks Iut k mµrb s ;G at Um E dlR t Uv) an e K ehA pgE dr C a ssss PaB Guk sIut k m µPaB Guk sIut k m µPaB Guk sIut k m µPaB Guk sIut k m µR ) ab ;eG ay dwgGMB IcM nYnb n Þúk E dl G atUm e naH R tUvm ank ñúgm : Uel K ul¬r Ws m as F atuGI uy :ug ¦ R b sinebIeG L i cR tugR t Uv) a nepÞ rT aMgR sug. ]Tah r N_ e yIgG a cs res reL Igv ij G MB I s mIkarx a gelIs Mr ab ;ka rb egá I t HCl nig SO2 dUcx a geR ka m ³

H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)

S (S) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

elx E dlenA x agel Inim it þs BaØa rb s ;F a tuK WC a cMn YnGuks Iu tkmµ. k ñúgs m Ika rT aMgB Irb gðaj faK µa nb nÞú kenA el IG a tUm kñ úg m :UelK ulR b t ikr eT. d UecñH cMnY nGuksI ut kmµrb s ; vaK WsU n ü . eTaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y cMeB aH m :Ue lK ulpli tplv ij v aR tU v) ans nµ tf aka rep ÞreG L icR tu gTa MgR sug) a n ekIt eL Ig ehI y faG a tUm ) ancMe Nj r W) at ;b g;eG L i cR tug. cMn YnGuks Iu tkmµqø úH b Ba© aMgGMB IcM n Yn eG L icR tug { E dl) anep Þr } . cMnY nGuksI ut kmµG ac eG a ye yIg kMN t;G tþs B aØa NF a tu E dl) anrgGu ksIu tkmµ nig erdu km µ enA eBle yIgem Il. F at u E dlb gðaj k are kIn eL Igc MnY nGuksIu tkm µ K WGIuR dUE s n nigs < an;F½ rkñ úg ]Tah r N_x a gelI m ann ½y fav argGu ksIu tkmµ . kør nig GuksIuE s nr ger dukm µ dUe cñH cM nYnGuks Iu tk m µ rb s ;BYk vab gð aj ka rf yc uH BItM éle dIm . c Urk t; cMN aM fa cMnY nGuks Iut kmµs r ub én H nig Cl k ñúg HCl (+1 n ig –1)K Ws Unü . dUcK ñ aE drR b sineb Iey IgbUk b nÞúke lI S (+4) n igG a tUm GuksIuE s nB Ir

0 0 +1-1

0 0 +4-2


4-20

[2x(-2)] cMnYns r ub K WsUnü . eh tuplK W fam : UelK u l HCl nig SO2 K WC am :UelK u lNW t dU ecñH b nÞúkR t UvE tl ub eca l. e y Ig eR bIv iF a ne y Ig eR bIv iF a ne y Ig eR bIv iF a ne y Ig eR bIv iF a n x a gx a gx a gx a g eR kam ed ImeR kam ed ImeR kam ed ImeR kam ed Im ,,,, Ik MN tIk MN tIk MN tIk MN t ;; ;; c Mn YnG uk sIut k mµc Mn YnG uk sIut k mµc Mn YnG uk sIut k mµc Mn YnG uk sIut k mµ ³³³³ 1. kñúgF a tu es rI ¬m an n½ yfa s PaBminpS MK ña ¦G a tUm nIm Yy² m ancMn YnGu ksIu tkmµ esµIs Unü . dUe cñH

G atUm n ImY y² kñú gH2, Br2, Na, Be, K, O2 nig P4 m ancMnY nGuksI ut kmµd UcK ñ a³ sUnü . 2. cMeBaH GI uy :ugE dl pSMeL I gBIG atUm E tm Yy ¬m an n½ yfa GIu y:u gm :U NUG a tUm ¦ c MnY nGuksI u tkmµ K Wes µ I

nwgb nÞ úkE dle nA elIGI uy :ug en aH . dUec ñH Li+ m ancM nYnGu ksIu tkmµ +1 GI uy :ug Ba2+ m an +2

GIuy :ug Fe3+ m an +3 G Iu y:u g I- m an –1 GIu y: ug O2- m a n –2.l. el ah ³G al ;kaL aM gTa MgG s ; m ancMn YnGu ksIu tkmµ+1ni ge lah ³G al; kal IN UE Tr WuT aMg G s ;m ancM nYnGu ksIu tkm µ+2 kñúgs m as F atu rb s ;BYk va. G a lu ymI jÚ:m m anc MnY nGuksI ut kmµ +3 kñúgs m as F at uT aMgG s ; rb s ; va.

3. cMnY nGuksI ut kmµrb s ;G uksI uE s nkñúg esÞI rE tR K b ;s m as F a tu¬ ]T ah rN _ MgO n ig H2O¦K W -2

b :uE nþkñ úgGI uR dUE s nE BGuks Iu t (H2O2) nigGIuy :ugE BGu ksIu t (O2-2) vam ancM nYnGu ksIu tkmµ -1.

4. cMnY nGuksI ut kmµénG IuR dUE s n K W +1 elIkE lgE te nA eB lE dlvaR t Uvc gs m <½n §C amY y elah ³kñ úg s m as F atue TVF at u. kñ úgk r NIT aMg enH ¬] Tah r N_ LiH NaH CaH2¦cMn YnGu ksIu t kmµrb s ;v a K W –1.

5. PøúyG rm anc MnY nGuks Iu tkmµ -1kñú gs m as F a turb s ; va TaM g G s ;. G aL ÚE s nepS ge To t (Cl, Br

nigI) m anc MnY nGuks Iu tkmµG viC ¢m ane nA eBlE dlB Ykv aek I teL IgC aG Iu y:u gG aL ÚE s nY kñú gs m as - F atu rb s ;BYk va. enA eBlp SMC amYyG uksI uE s n ]T ah r N_ k ñúgGu ksUG as Iu tnigG uk sUG aj :úg ¬emIlE pñ k2.7¦m a nn½ yf aBY kvam a ncMn YnGu ksIu tkmµ viC ¢m an.

6. kñúgm : UelK u lNW tc MnY nGuksI u tkmµs r ub énG a tUm TaM gG s ;R tUvE t esµIs Unü . k ñúgGI uy :ug b :UlIG a t Um cMnY nGuksI ut kmµs r ub énF a tu TaM gG s ;kñ úgGIu y: uge naH R tUvE t esµInw gb nÞ úksM rYlé nGIu y: ugen aH . ]Tah r N_ k ñúgGI uy :ugG am :Uj : Ú m NH4

+ cMnYnGuksI ut kmµén N K W –3 nigcM nYGu ksIu tkmµ én H K W +1. dUe cñH cM nYnGu ksIu tkm µs rub K W –3 + 4(+1) = +1E dl esµIe TA nwgb n Þúks MrY lénGI uy :u g.

7. cMnY nGuksI ut kmµmin caM) ac;R tU vE tC aelx K t ;eT. ] Tah r N_cM nYnG uksI ut kmµén Okñú g GIuy :ug s‘ub E BGuksIu t O2

- K W –1/2. ]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 4444

cUrk MN t;c MnY nGuks Iut kmµc MeB aH F atu TaM gG s ;k ñúgs m as F a tu ni gGIu y: ugx ageR k am ³ (a) Li2O (b) HNO3 (c) Cr2O7

2-

CMB UkTI4

4-21

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy (a) tam viF an2 ey IgeX Ij fa lIcUm m a ncM nYnGu ksIu tkmµ +1(Li+) n igcM nYnG uksI utk mµrb s ; GuksIuE s nK W –2 (O2-).

(b) enH K WC arUb m n þsMr ab ;G a sIut nIR Ti cE dlp þl;C aGI u y:ug H+ nigGI uy :ug NO3-kñ úgsU luysü úg . B I

viF an4 e yI geX Ij f aHm a ncMn YnGuks Iu tkmµ+1. d Uec ñ H R kum mYyeTo t¬GI uy :ugn IR ta t¦R t UvE tm a n cMnY nGuksI ut kmµsM rYl–1. eda yeh t uf aGuksI uE s nm an cMnY nGuksI ut kmµ -2 c MnYn GuksIu tkmµ én G asUt ¬E dlt age da y x¦R tUv) a npþl ;ed a y -1 = x + 3(-2) r W x = +5

(c) BI viF a n 6 ey IgeX Ij fac M nYnGuks Iu tkmµs rub kñ úg Cr2O72- R tUvE tesµ I –2. ey Igd w gfac MnY n

GuksIu tkmµ én O K W –2 d Uec ñH GVIE dlenA s l ;K WkM Nt ;c MnYn GuksIu tkmµ én Cr E dle yIg ehA y. cMnY nGuksI ut kmµs r ub sMrab ;GIu y:u genaH K W -2 = 2(y) + 7(-2) rW y = +6

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ cUrk MN t;c MnY nGuks Iut kmµc MeB aH F atu TaM gG s ;k ñúgs m as F a tu ni gGIu y: ugx ageR k am ³

(a) PF3 (b) MnO4- .

rUb 1 0 b gðaj c MnY nGuksI ut k mµénF a tuE dle yI gFøab ;s Áal ; R tUv) an tM ero b G aR s½ye TA nw g

TIt aMg rb s ;v akñ úgt ar agx Yb . eyIgG acs eg çb m at ikaC at a ragd Ucx a geR kam ³ • F atuE d lC ael ah ³m anE t cM nYnGuks Iu tkmµv iC ¢m anE tb :ue NÑaH cME NkÉF at uG ela h ³G ac

m ancMn YnGu ksIu tkmµ viC ¢m a n rW G viC ¢m an. • cMnY nGuksI ut kmµE dlx <s ;C ag eK bMputé nF a tuE dlC a tM Na gG acm anK W elx R kum rb s ;v a kñúg

tar agx Yb . ]T ah rN _ BY kG aL ÚE s nK WenA k ñúgR k um7A dUe cñH cM nYnGu ksIu tkmµx <s ; bMput E dlG acm anK W 7.

• elah ³qøg ¬R kum 1B 3B – 8B¦C aF mµ taG acm an cMn Yn GuksIu tkmµmY yc MnY n.


4-22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 H +1 -1

2 He

3 Li +1

4 Be +2

5 B +3

6 C +4 +2 -4

7 N +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 -3

8 O +2 -1 -2

9 F -1

10 Ne

11 Na +1

12 Mg +2

13 Al +3

14 Si +4

15 P +5 +3 -3

16 S +6 +4 +2 -2

17 Cl +7 +6 +5 +4 +3 +1 -1

18 Ar

19 K +1

20 Ca +2

21 Sc +3

22 Ti +4 +3 +2

23 V +5 +4 +3 +2

24 Cr +6 +5 +4 +3 +2

25 Mn +7 +6 +4 +2 +2

26 Fe +3 +2

27 Co +3 +2

28 Ni +2

29 Cu +2 +1

30 Zn +2

31 Ga +3

32 Ge +4 -4

33 As +5 +3 -3

34 Se +6 +4 -2

35 Br +5 +3 +1 -1

36 Kr +4 +2

37 Rb +1

38 Sr +2

39 Y +3

40 Zr +4

41 Nb +5 +4

42 Mo +6 +4 +3

43 Tc +7 +6 +4

44 Ru +8 +6 +4 +3

45 Rh +4 +3 +2

46 Pd +4 +2

47 Ag +1

48 Cd +2

49 In +3

50 Sn +4 +2

51 Sb +5 +3 -3

52 Te +6 +4 +2

53 I +7 +5 +1 -1

54 Xe +6 +4 +2

55 Cs +1

56 Ba +2

57 La +3

72 Hf +4

73 Ta +5

74 W +6 +4

75 Re +7 +6 +4

76 Os +8 +4

77 Ir +4 +3

78 Pt +4 +2

79 Au +3 +1

80 Hg +2 +1

81 Tl +3 +1

82 Pb +4 +2

83 Bi +5 +3

84 Po +2

85 At -1

86 Rn

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 10 10 10 10 cMn Yn Guks Iut km µén F at uk ñúgs mas F at urcMn Yn Guks Iut km µén F at uk ñúgs mas F at urcMn Yn Guks Iut km µén F at uk ñúgs mas F at urcMn Yn Guks Iut km µén F at uk ñúgs mas F at ur b sb sb sb s ;; ;; B YkvaB YkvaB YkvaB Ykva . . . . c MnYn G uks Iut km µEdls ßirPaBc MnYn G uks Iut km µEdls ßirPaBc MnYn G uks Iut km µEdls ßirPaBc MnYn G uks Iut km µEdls ßirPaB K wG kS rK wG kS rK wG kS rK wG kS r e RT te RT te RT te RT t .... RbePTénRbtikmµerduk

m anR b ePTT UeTA énR b tikmµ e rdu kcMn YnbY n³ R b tikmµb nS M R b tikmµbME b k R b tikmµ C MnYs R b tikmµD IsµÚ tkmµ . R b tik mµC MnYs m an ka rG nuv tþ ya :gT U lMTU la ykñ úg]sS ah kmµ dUec ñH eyI gnw g sikS aGMB IR b tikm µT aMge nH ya : glMGi t.

CMB UkTI4

4-23

R btik m µb nS MR btik m µb nS MR btik m µb nS MR btik m µb nS M R b tikmµb nSMG act age da y A + B C R b sinebI A r W B K W C aF atum Yy

dUec ñH R b tikmµe nH K WC aR b ePT R b tikmµer du k. R b t ikm µb n SMR b t ikm µb n SMR b t ikm µb n SMR b t ikm µb n SMK WC aR b tikmµ E dlkñ úge n aH s arF a tuBI r rWeR cI npSMK ñ aed Im ,Ib egá ItC ap litp lmYy . rUb 1 1 b gða j BIR b tikmµb nS MF mµt amY ycM nYn. ]Tah r N_

S (S) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

3Mg (g) + N2 (g) Mg3N2 (S)

R btik m µb ME bkR btik m µb ME bkR btik m µb ME bkR btik m µb ME bk R b tikmµbME b kK WC ak arp Þú yK ña énR b tikmµb nS M. C aB ies s R b tik mµb ME b kR b tik mµb ME b kR b tik mµb ME b kR b tik mµb ME b k KwC akarb ME b kén

s m as F atumY ye TA s m as P aK BIr r WeR cIn . C A + B

R b sinebI A rW B K WC aF a tumY y dU ecñH R b tikm µenH K WC aR b e PTR b tikmµ erd uk ¬rUb 1 2¦. ]Tah r N_³ 2HgO (S) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

2KClO3 (S) 2KCl (S) + 3O2 (g)

2NaH (S) 2Na (S) + H2 (g)

0

0 +4-2 0

0 +2 -3

0 0

0 0

-1

+1-1

+2-2

0 +5-2


4-24

cUrk t; cMN aM fae yIgb g ðaj cMn Y nGuksIu tkm µsMr ab ;E tF a tuE d lrgGuks Iu tkmµ rWer du kmµE t b :ueN ÑaH . dU ecñH b :U tasü Úm mi n ) anpþl ;cM nYnGu ksIu tkm µeT kñú gR b tikmµbME b ké n KClO3.

r Ubr Ubr Ubr Ub 12 12 12 12 (a) e day ke day ke day ke day k ardut kMe d Aardut kMe d Aardut kMe d Aardut kMe d A )))) ar tar tar tar t(II)G uksIut G uksIut G uksIut G uksIut (HgO)b MEb ke dImb MEb ke dImb MEb ke dImb MEb ke dIm ,,,, Ib e g áIt CaIb e g áIt CaIb e g áIt CaIb e g áIt Ca )))) a rtn iga rtn iga rtn iga rtn ig G uksIuE s nG uksIuE s nG uksIuE s nG uksIuE s n . . . . (b)kard utk Me dAbkard utk Me dAbkard utk Me dAbkard utk Me dAb :: :: Ut asü ÚUt asü ÚUt asü ÚUt asü Ú mkmkmkmk øraøraøraøra :: :: tttt(KClO3)b e gáIt C aG uksIuE s n Edl CMn Yy dlb e gáIt C aG uksIuE s n Edl CMn Yy dlb e gáIt C aG uksIuE s n Edl CMn Yy dlb e gáIt C aG uksIuE s n Edl CMn Yy dl ;; ;; c Me hHén b n ÞHG usc Me hHén b n ÞHG usc Me hHén b n ÞHG usc Me hHén b n ÞHG us .... R btik m µC Mn YsR btik m µC Mn YsR btik m µC Mn YsR btik m µC Mn Ys

kñúg R b tik mµC Mn Ys R b tik mµC Mn Ys R b tik mµC Mn Ys R b tik mµC Mn Ys GIuy:u gmYy ¬r WG a tUm ¦ kñúgs m a s F atumY yR t Uv) anC M nYs e da yGIu y: ug ¬rWG atUm ¦énF at umYy eTo t³ A + BC AC + B

R b tikmµC Mn Ys PaK eR cI nR tUv e TA nwgR b ePTmY yé nR b ePTt U c² bI³ karC Mn Ys GIuR d UE s nkar C MnYs el ah ³ rWk arC M nYs G a L ÚE s n. 1. k ar C Mn Ys GIuR d UE s nk ar C Mn Ys GIuR d UE s nk ar C Mn Ys GIuR d UE s nk ar C Mn Ys GIuR d UE s n elah ³G al;k aL aMg Ta MgG s; ni gel ah ³G al; kal INUE TrW umYy cMn Y n(Ca, Sr

nig Ba)E dlC aF at uel ah ³ m anR b tikmµx øaM gkø abMpu t nw g C MnYs GIuR d UE s nBI TwkR tC ak; ¬ rUb 1 3¦³ 0 +1 +1 +1 0

2Na (S) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) 0 +1 +2 +1 0

Ca (S) + 2H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (S) + H2 (g)

elah ³E dlm a nR b tikm µK ImI ex S ayC ag d UcC aG a luymIj :Úm n igE dk m anGMeB IC amY y cMh a yTw ked Im ,Ip þl;]s µ½nG IuR dUE s n.

0 +1 +3 0

2Al (S) + 3H2O (g) Al 2O3 (S) + 3H2 (g) 0 +1 +3 0

2Fe(S) + 3H2O (g) Fe2O3 (S) + 3H2 (g)

CMB UkTI4

4-25

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 13 13 13 13 Rb tikm µRb tikm µRb tikm µRb tikm µ(a)s Udü Úm s Udü Úm s Udü Úm s Udü Úm (Na) n ig n ig n ig n ig (b) kalkalkalkal ;; ;; s üÚms üÚms üÚms üÚm(Ca) C am Yy Twk Rt CakC am Yy Twk Rt CakC am Yy Twk Rt CakC am Yy Twk Rt Cak ;; ;; . . . . c Ulc Ulc Ulc Ul ktktktkt ;; ;; c MNa Mc MNa Mc MNa Mc MNa M fafafafa Rb t ikm µe kIt man y aRb t ikm µe kIt man y aRb t ikm µe kIt man y aRb t ikm µe kIt man y a :: :: g xøa Mgg xøa Mgg xøa Mgg xøa Mg CamYy CamYy CamYy CamYy Na Ca gCam Yy Ca gCam Yy Ca gCam Yy Ca gCam Yy Ca....

elah ³C aeR cI n rab ;b Ba© Úl Ta M gelah ³E dlm inm anG MeBIC a mYyT wk G acC MnYs Gu IR dYE s n ) anBIG as Iu t. ] Tah rN_ s gá½s I(Zn)nigm a :ej :sü Úm(Mg)minm a nGMeBIC amYy Tw k eT b : uE nþBi tC a m anGMeBIC amYyG asIu tk ørIR Ti D dUcx ageR kam ³ 0 +1 +2 0

Zn (S) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) 0 +1 +2 0

Mg (S) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

s mIkarGI uy :ugK W 0 +1 +2 0

Zn (S) + 2H+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

0 +1 +2 0

Mg (S) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

rUb 1 4 b gð aj BIR b t ikmµ rva gG asIu tkø rIR T iD (HCl) n igE dk (Fe) s g á½sI (Zn) m a: ej sü Úm (Mg). R b tikmµ TaM genH R tU Uv ) aneR bIR ) as ;ed Im ,Ipl it ]sµ½ nGIuR dUE s nk ñúg TIB ies aF . e lah ³x øH dUcC a Tg;E dg (Cu) R ) ak; (Ag) nigm as (Au) minG acC Mn Y s GIuR dUE s n) an eT e nA eBl dak ;eG a ym an GMeBIC amY yG asI ut kør IR Ti D. 2. k ar C Mn Ys el ahk ar C Mn Ys el ahk ar C Mn Ys el ahk ar C Mn Ys el ah ³³³³ elah ³kñúgs m as F at umYyG acR tUvC M nYs e da yelah ³m Yye p S geTo tk ñúg

s PaBC aF a tu. e yI g) aneX I j ]Tah r N_ rYcm k ehI yGMBI s ½gásIC M nYs GIu y: ug Tg;E dg ni gTg;E d g C MnYs GIu y: ugR ) ak ;¬emI lrUb 9 ¦. ka rb ®Ba© as tY naT Ién e lah ³T aMge nH nwgK µ anR b ti k mµekI teL Ig eT. d Uec ñH elah ³T g;E dg nwgminG acC Mn Ys GIu y: ugs ½g ásI BIs½gás Is‘u lpa t ni gelah ³R ) ak;m in G acC MnYs GI uy :ug Tg;E dgBI Tg; E dgnIR t at) aneT . viFIE dlga ye dIm ,I TsS n_ Ta yf a etIR b t ikm µ C MnYs el ah ³rWGI uR dUE s nB itC aekI tm an K WR tU vE p¥ke TA elI eseseses ‘r Is kmµP a B‘r Is kmµP a B‘r Is kmµP a B‘r Is kmµP a B ¬eBlx øH R tUv) aneK ehA fa e s ‘r IeG L icR t UK Im Ie s ‘r IeG L icR t UK Im Ie s ‘r IeG L icR t UK Im Ie s ‘r IeG L icR t UK Im I¦E dlm anb gð aj kñ úgr Ub 1 5. C amUldæ ansMx an;es ‘rIs kmµP aBK WC ak ar


4-26

s egçb y a:gg ayR sY lénl T§ pl R b tikmµC Mn Ys E dl G acekI tm a nC aeR cInR s e do g K ñaeTA n wg R b tikmµC Mn Ys E dl) an B iPa k S arYc ehI y.

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 14 14 14 14 BIe q Vge TAs þaMBIe q Vge TAs þaMBIe q Vge TAs þaMBIe q Vge TAs þaM ³ ³ ³ ³ Rb t ikm µén E dk Rb t ikm µén E dk Rb t ikm µén E dk Rb t ikm µén E dk (Fe) s g á½s I s g á½s I s g á½s I s g á½s I (Zn) n igman igman igman igma :: :: e je je je j s üÚm s üÚm s üÚm s üÚm (Mg)Cam Yy GasIutCam Yy GasIutCam Yy GasIutCam Yy GasIut k ør IRT iDk ør IRT iDk ør IRT iDk ør IRT iD e dIme dIme dIme dIm ,,,, Ib e gáIt C aIb e gáIt C aIb e gáIt C aIb e gáIt C a ]]]] sµ½n G IuR dUE s n nige l ahsµ½n G IuR dUE s n nige l ahsµ½n G IuR dUE s n nige l ahsµ½n G IuR dUE s n nige l ah ³³³³ kør Y kør Y kør Y kør Y (FeCl2, ZnCl2, MgCl2). . . . k Mr itRb tikmµ k Mr itRb tikmµ k Mr itRb tikmµ k Mr itRb tikmµ én e lahén e lahén e lahén e lah ³³³³ Ta Mge n HRt Uvq øúH b Ba© a Mge day eTa Mge n HRt Uvq øúH b Ba© a Mge day eTa Mge n HRt Uvq øúH b Ba© a Mge day eTa Mge n HRt Uvq øúH b Ba© a Mge day e llll ,,,, Ón én kar ERb Rb YlCa lMdabÓn én kar ERb Rb YlCa lMdabÓn én kar ERb Rb YlCa lMdabÓn én kar ERb Rb YlCa lMdab ;; ;; énénénén ]]]] sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n GIuR d UEs nGIuR d UEs nGIuR d UEs nGIuR d UEs n EdlEdlEdlEdl yWt Ca ge KbMp ut cMe Ba He lahyWt Ca ge KbMp ut cMe Ba He lahyWt Ca ge KbMp ut cMe Ba He lahyWt Ca ge KbMp ut cMe Ba He lah ³³³³ Edlm an Rb t ikm µK ImIe xSEdlm an Rb t ikm µK ImIe xSEdlm an Rb t ikm µK ImIe xSEdlm an Rb t ikm µK ImIe xS ay Ca ge KbMp ut ay Ca ge KbMp ut ay Ca ge KbMp ut ay Ca ge KbMp ut KWKWKWKWFe n ige lO n Cage Kn ige lO n Cage Kn ige lO n Cage Kn ige lO n Cage K bMp ut cMe Ba He lahbMp ut cMe Ba He lahbMp ut cMe Ba He lahbMp ut cMe Ba He lah ³³³³ Edlman Rb tikm µK Im Ix øaMgb MputEdlman Rb tikm µK Im Ix øaMgb MputEdlman Rb tikm µK Im Ix øaMgb MputEdlman Rb tikm µK Im Ix øaMgb Mput K WK WK WK W Mg....

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 15 15 15 15 e s‘r Is kmµPaBs Mrabe s‘r Is kmµPaBs Mrabe s‘r Is kmµPaBs Mrabe s‘r Is kmµPaBs Mrab ;; ;; e lahe lahe lahe lah ³³³³ .... e lahe lahe lahe lah ³³³³ Rt UvRt UvRt UvRt Uv )))) an e roban e roban e roban e rob tam lMdabtam lMdabtam lMdabtam lMdab ;; ;; GaRs ½y e TAn wglT §PaBrb sGaRs ½y e TAn wglT §PaBrb sGaRs ½y e TAn wglT §PaBrb sGaRs ½y e TAn wglT §PaBrb s ;; ;; B Ykvae d ImB Ykvae d ImB Ykvae d ImB Ykvae d Im ,,,, IC Mn YsIC Mn YsIC Mn YsIC Mn Ys G IuR dUE s n BIGasIut r WT wkG IuR dUE s n BIGasIut r WT wkG IuR dUE s n BIGasIut r WT wkG IuR dUE s n BIGasIut r WT wk . . . . Li ¬l IcUm¦ Cae lah¬l IcUm¦ Cae lah¬l IcUm¦ Cae lah¬l IcUm¦ Cae lah ³³³³ EdlmanEdlmanEdlmanEdlman Rb tik mµK Im Ix øaMgb Mp ut n igRb tik mµK Im Ix øaMgb Mp ut n igRb tik mµK Im Ix øaMgb Mp ut n igRb tik mµK Im Ix øaMgb Mp ut n ig Au ¬ mas ¦Cae lah¬ mas ¦Cae lah¬ mas ¦Cae lah¬ mas ¦Cae lah ³³³³ EdlmanEdlmanEdlmanEdlman Rb tik mµK Im Ie xS ay bMp utRb tik mµK Im Ie xS ay bMp utRb tik mµK Im Ie xS ay bMp utRb tik mµK Im Ie xS ay bMp ut ....

G aR s½ye TA nwges ‘rI enH elah ³NaE d lenA x agelIG IuR dUE s n nwgG a cC Mn Ys vaBI Twk rWB I G asIu t ) a nb :uE nþ elah ³ Na E dlenA x ageR k am GIuR dUE s n nwgminG acm anR b t ikmµC am Y yTw kr WG asI ut eT. tam B ite TA R b ePTK ImIN aE dl) a ncuH k úñges ‘ rIenH nw gG acm a nR b tikm µC amY yR b ePTK Im I

B BuHB BuHB BuHB BuH ]]]] sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n H2 t ict ict ict ic B BuHB BuHB BuHB BuH ]]]] sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n H2 eR c IneR c IneR c IneR c In

B BuHB BuHB BuHB BuH ]]]] sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n H2 eR c Inb MputeR c Inb MputeR c Inb MputeR c Inb Mput

CMB UkTI4

4-27

¬kñ úgs m as F a tu mY y¦ enA x ageR kam v a. ] Tah r N_ Zn enA x agel I Cu dUe cñH el a h ³s ½gásIG a c C MnYs GIu y: ugT g;E dgB ITg ;E dg s‘ulpa t) a n. R b tikmµC Mn Ys elah ³ eX Ij m anka rG nu vt þnC aeR cI nkñ úgd Me NIr kar elah km µkñ úgeK al bMNged Im ,IE j k ykel ah ³ suT§B IE r:rb s ;BYk va. ] Tah r N_v a:N adü Úm R t UvT TYl) ane d ayk ar dak ; eG ayv a: Nadü Úm (V)Gu ksIu t m anGMeBIC amYy elah ³ kal ; sü Úm ³ V2O5 (S) + 5Ca (l) 2V(l) + 5CaO (S)

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 16 16 16 16 (a) s Ul uy süúg Twk s Ul uy süúg Twk s Ul uy süúg Twk s Ul uy süúg Twk KBr. . . . (b) b nÞabb nÞabb nÞabb nÞab ;; ;; BIBIBIBI ]]]] s µ½n k ørR tUvs µ½n k ørR tUvs µ½n k ørR tUvs µ½n k ørR tUv )))) an b e gáIt C aBBuH k ñúgsUl uy sü úgan b e gáIt C aBBuH k ñúgsUl uy sü úgan b e gáIt C aBBuH k ñúgsUl uy sü úgan b e gáIt C aBBuH k ñúgsUl uy sü úg G IuyG IuyG IuyG Iuy :: :: ug RbUmPa Ke Rc In R tUvp øug RbUmPa Ke Rc In R tUvp øug RbUmPa Ke Rc In R tUvp øug RbUmPa Ke Rc In R tUvp ø asasasas ;; ;; e TA Cae TA Cae TA Cae TA Ca ¬rgG uksIut km µ¦T wk RbUmE dlrlay t ic¬rgG uksIut km µ¦T wk RbUmE dlrlay t ic¬rgG uksIut km µ¦T wk RbUmE dlrlay t ic¬rgG uksIut km µ¦T wk RbUmE dlrlay t ic t Yck ñúgT wkt Yck ñúgT wkt Yck ñúgT wkt Yck ñúgT wk ....

R s edo gK ñaenH E dr TI tanR t Uv TTY l) anB ITI ta n (IV) k ørY ta m s mIkar dUcx a geR kam ³ TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (l) Ti (S) + 2MgCl2 (l)

kñúg krN Inim Yy² el ah ³E d ledI rt YC aPñ ak; gar erd ukmµe nA x agelIe lah ³E dl rger du k mµ ¬m ann ½y fa Ca e nA x agelI V nig Mg enA x a gelI Ti¦kñ ú ges‘rIs kmµPa B. ey Ign wg) aneX Ij ]Tah r N_b E nßm e To tGMB IR b ePTR b tikm µenH . 3. k ar C Mn Ys GaL ÚE s nk ar C Mn Ys GaL ÚE s nk ar C Mn Ys GaL ÚE s nk ar C Mn Ys GaL ÚE s n es‘rIs km µPaBmY ye To ts eg ç b GMBIlkç N³rb s ;G aL ÚE s n kñúgR b t ikm µ

C MnYs G aL ÚE s n³ F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 GMNac én F a tuT aMg enH C aPñ a k;ga rGuks Iu tkmµ f yc uH enA e BlE dley Igr Mk ilcuH eR k am R kum 7A

BIkø reTA GI uy :Ut dUe cñH m :Ue lK u lPøú yG rG acC MnYs GI uy :ug kør R bUm nigGIu y:U tk ñúgsU lu ysü ú g. tam B it

K µa n B’NK µa n B’NK µa n B’NK µa n B’N B ’N elO gB ’N elO gB ’N elO gB ’N elO g


4-28

m :UelK ulP øú yG rK Wm a nR b tik mµK ImIx øaM g E dlvaG a cR b tikmµ eTA el ITw kpgE d r. dUec ñH R b tik m µ TaM genH minG a cG nuv tþ) aneT kñúgs Ulu ysü úgT wk. mü a: geTo t m :U elK ul kørG acC M nYs GIu y: ugR bUm nigGIu y: Ut kñú gsUl uysü úg Twk dUcb gð aj k ñúg rUb 1 6 .

s mIkarC M nYs K W ³ Cl2 (g) + 2KBr (aq) 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (l)

Cl2 (g) + 2NaI (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + I2 (S)

s mIkarGI uy :ugK W³ Cl2 (g) + 2Br- (aq) 2Cl- (aq) + Br2 (l)

Cl2 (g) + 2I- (aq) 2Cl- (aq) + I2 (S

R tL b ;m kvij m :U elK ulR bUm G acC MnYs GI uy :ugG Iu y:U tk ñúgs U luysü úg³

Br2 (l) + 2I- (aq) 2Br- (aq) + I2 (S)

karb ®B a© as t Yna TIé nG aL ÚE s nK µanR b ti kmµe kIt eL Ige T. dUec ñH R bUm minG acC Mn Ys GIu y: u gkør nigGIu y: Utm inG acC MnYs GI uy :ug R bUm nigkø r) ane T. R b tikmµC Mn Ys G aL ÚE s nm an karG n uvt þkñ úgE pñ k]sS ah k mµeda ypÞ al; . G aL ÚE s nC aR kum G elah ³E dlm anR b t ikmµK I mIx øaMgbM pu t. vaK WC a Pña k;g a rGuksI utkm µx øa MgT aMgG s ; . dUec ñH BYkv a R tUv) an eK eX Ij kñ úgs Pa BC a b nSMkñú gF mµC at i¬C amYy ela h ³¦C aG aL ÚE s nY n igminE dlenA C aF a t u es rIe T. k ñúg cMe Nam F a tu TaM gbYnenH k ørK WC aF at uK ImIsM x an;bMpu tk ñúg ]sS ah kmµ . kñúgqñ aM 1995

b rim aN kørR tUv) a neK pli tK W 25 Ban; lane panE d leFIV e G ayk ørK WC aF atuK ImI ]sS a h kmµsßi tkñ úg cMN at ;fñ ak; TI1 0. pli tp lR bUm R b caMqñaMK Wm anE tmY y PaK ry (1%) eFo b eTA nw g plitp lrb s ; køre nA x N³eBlen aH E dr b ri m aNPø úyG r nigGI uy :U tR tU v) a neK pli tka n;E t ticC ageTA e To t. karb ®B a© as G aL ÚE s nBIG a L ÚE s nYrb s ;BY kvaR tUv kar dMe NIr karG uksI utkm µE dl tage da y 2X- X2 + 2e-

E dl X tageG a yF a tuG aL ÚE s n. Twks muR Tnig Tw kGMbilF mµC a ti ¬]T ah rN _ Twk eR kam dIb :H C amY yR s T ab ;E r: GMbil¦K WC aR b PBE dls MbUr GIuy :ug Cl-,

Br- nig I-. s arF a tux n iC dUcC aP øú yG rY(CaF2)n igR K Iy :U lIt(Na3AlF6)R tU v) aneK eR bIedIm ,Ib e gáI tPø úyG r. e da ys arE tPøú y G rK WC aPña k;g arGu ksIu tkmµx øaM gbMputE dlR tU v) aneK sÁ al; K µanv iFIN an wgG acp øas ;bþÚr GIuy :ug F-eT A C aF2eda ym eFü a) a yK ImIe T . m anv iFIE tmY yK t ;ed Im ,IG nuvt þGuks Iu tkmµK We da ym eFü a) ayG K Á is n I viPaK . k ñúgv is½ y]sS ah kmµ kørk ¾dU cC aPø úyG rE drR t Uvb e gáI teL Ig tam l Mna MG K ÁIs n IviP a K . R bUm R tUv) anb eg áI tt am E b b ]sS ah kmµed ayG uksI ut kmµ GIuy :ug Br- C am Yy kørE d lC a

0 -1 -1 0

0 -1 -1 0

0 -1 0 -1

0 -1 -1 0

0 0 -1 -1

CMB UkTI4

4-29

Pñak ;ga rGuksI ut kmµx øa MgR K b ;R K an;ed Im ,IeFI VGuks Iu tkmµGI uy :u g Br- b :uE n þminE m nT wke T³ 2Br-(aq) Br2 (l) + 2e-

R b PBE dlsMbUrC ageK mY yé nGIuy :ug Br- K Ws muR Tm r N³ (Dead Sea) m anR b E h l 4000

E pñkkñ úgmY yla n (ppm) é n m a:s s arF atuE dlrl ay Ta M gG s ;kúñ gs muR Tm r N³K WC aBr. t am lMn aM GuksIu tkmµ énGIu y: ugBr-R bUm R tUv) an pþa c;ecj BIsUl uysü ú geda ypø úMx ü l;B IelIs Ulu ys ü úgenaH n ig b nÞab ;m kl, a yx ü l;-R bUm R tUvb B a© úH sItu NðP aBe dIm ,IeG a ykø ay eTA C ad MN k;R bUm ¬r Ub 1 7¦. GIuy :U tR tUv) anpl itB IT wks mu R TnigT wkGMb ilF mµC at ie da y GuksIu tkmµGI uy :ug I- C am Yy kør. eda ys arG Iu y:u g Br- n ig I- m an vt þm anminE R b R bYlkñ ú gR b PBdUcK ñ a BYk va TaM gBI rr gGuksIu tkm µ eda ykø r. e TaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y v aga yR sYlK Y rs m kñúg karE j k yk Br2 BI I2 BIeR BaH GIu y:U t K WC aG gÁF a tur wgE dl rla yT aM gR sugkñú gT wk. l Mna Mpø úMx ü l;enH nwgp þac ;y kR bUm PaK e R cInE dl) an b egáI teL Ig b : uE nþnw gminm a np lb :H Bal;e TA nwg vt þm anGI uy :U teT.

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 17171717 karplit Eb bkarplit Eb bkarplit Eb bkarplit Eb b ]]]] sSahkm µén T wksSahkm µén T wksSahkm µén T wksSahkm µén T wk Rb Ume day kare FIVG uk sIut km µsUl uy süúgRb Ume day kare FIVG uk sIut km µsUl uy süúgRb Ume day kare FIVG uk sIut km µsUl uy süúgRb Ume day kare FIVG uk sIut km µsUl uy süúg T wk Edlman pÞúk G IuyT wk Edlman pÞúk G IuyT wk Edlman pÞúk G IuyT wk Edlman pÞúk G Iuy :: :: ug ug ug ug Br- C amYyC amYyC amYyC amYy ]]]] sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n k ørk ørk ørk ør ....

RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ R b ePTBies s énR b t ikmµe rd u kK WC aR b tikm µDIs µÚ tkmµ. k ñúg R b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµR b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµR b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµR b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµ F atum Yy kñú g s PaBGuksI ut kmµmY yrgGu k sIut kmµni grge rd ukmµk ñúg eBl dMN alK ñ a. F a tuR b t ikrmY ykñ úgR b ti km µ DIsµÚ tkmµC ani c© kalm anpÞ úk F atumY yE dl ya :geh a cN a s ;m ans PaBG uksI utkm µbI. F atu R b t ikr x øÜnvaK Wsßi tenA k ñúgs P aBGuk sIut kmµE dlC aF atu kN þal m ann½ yf aT aMgs P aBGuk sIut kmµx <s ;n ig Tab suT §E tm a nsMr ab ;F a tue na H . karb ME b kGuIR dUE s nE B GuksIu tK WC a] Tah rN_m Yyé n R b tikm µ DIsµÚ tkmµ ³ 2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

-1 -2 0


4-30

enA TIenH c MnY nGuksI ut kmµén GuksIuE s nk ñúg ÁF a tuR b ti kr (-1) E dlek IneL Ig eTA dl ;sUn ü kñúg O2 ni gf ycuH e TA dl; -2 kñúg H2O. ] Tah rN_m Yye pS geTo tK WR b t ikmµ rva gm :Ue lK ulkø rnig sUlu ysü úg NaOH³ Cl2 (g) + 2OH-

(aq) ClO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O (l)

R b tikmµenH B N’n aGMBI kMN Pñ ak;g arl agsMG ateR bIR ) as ; kñ ú gpÞH sMrab ;va K W GIu y:u gGIu b :Ukø r Wu (ClO-) E dleFIVGu ksIu tkmµ e lIs arF at uE dlm anB N’ kñú g sñam R b L ak; eda ybME lg va eTA C as m as F atuK µ anB N’. TIb Ba© b ;v aK YreG ay cab ;G a rmµ N_k ñúgk areR bo b eFo b R b tikmµerd ukn igR b tikm µG asI ut -) a s . vaR s edo gK ñaK W kñú gR b tikm µG a sIut -) as m a nka repÞ rR bUt ug cME nkR b ti kmµer du km ank ar eG L icR tug. eTaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da yenA x N³eBlE dlR b ti kmµG as Iu t-) as ga yR sYlkñ úgk ars M K al; ¬ed ay eh tuf av aC a ni c© kal Ta k;T geTA nwgG asIu tn ig) as ¦b :uE nþ K µanlM na Ms am Ba ØN asMr ab ; kar k MN t ; G tþs Ba Øa NdM eNI rk arR b ti k mµerd uke T. viFIc, as ;l a s ;E tmYyK t;K WeR bo b eFo b cMnYnGuks Iu tkm µ énF at uT aMgG s ; kñú gF at uR b ti krni gpli tpl. k arpø as ;bþ Ú rcMn YnGuks Iu tkmµF a na faR b ti kmµenaH K WC a R b ePTR b tikmµe rdu k. cMN at ;fñ ak; énR b ePTR b t ik mµerd ukepS g² K ñ aR tU v) anc g¥ú lb gðaj k ñúg ]Tah rN _x ag eR kam .

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 5555 cUreFI VcM Na t; fña k;R b t ikmµe rdu kx ageR kam ni gcg¥ úlb gð a j GMBIka rpø as ;bþ Úrc MnYnG uksI u tkm µ

énF at uT aMge naH pg³ (a) 2N2O (g) 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)

(b) 6Li (S) + N2 (g) 2Li3N (S)

(c) Ni (S) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) Pb (S) + Ni(NO3)2 (aq)

(d) 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) HNO2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq)

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy (a) enH K WC aR b t ikmµbM E b keday eh tu faR b eP TR b tik rmYyR tUv) anbME bøge TA C a R b ePT

plitp lBI rx us K ña. cM nYnGu ksIu tkmµé n N pøas ;bþÚ rBI +1 e TA 0 enA x N³e BlE dlcM nYnG u k sIut kmµén O b þÚrB I –2 eTA 0.

(b) enH K WC aR b ti kmµb nSM ¬R b tikr BIrb e gáI t) anC apli tp lE tmYy ¦. cM nYnGu ksIu tk mµrb s ; Li pø as ;B I 0 eTA +1 e nA x N ³eBlE dlc MnYnG uksI ut kmµr b s; N bþÚrBI 0 eTA –3.

0 + -1

CMB UkTI4

4-31

(c) enH K WC aR b tikm µC MnYs . elah ³ Ni C MnYs ¬eFI Ver duk mµ¦GIu y: ug Pb2+. cMnY nGuk sIut km µ rb s; Ni ekIn eL IgBI 0 eTA +2 enA x N³eBlE d lcM nYn r b s; Pb fycuH BI +2 eTA 0.

(d) c MnYnG uksI ut kmµrb s; N K W +4 kñú g NO2 +3 k ñúg HNO2 nig +5 kñ úgHNO3. eda y eh tuf ac MnYnG uksI ut kmµek Ine L Igpgni gf ycuH pg e nH K WC aR b tikmµ DIsµ Út kmµ.

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ cUrk MN t;G tþs Ba Øa NR b ePT R b tikmµer du kx ageR k am ³

(a) Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

(b) S + 3F SF6

(c) 2CuCl Cu + CuCl2

(d) 2Ag + PtCL2 2AgCl + Pt kñúgG tßb T K Im IG nuv tþn ¾enA eR kam B’ NnaGM BIf ae tIc, ab ;b gç i tb gçMb e gáI tk ar eR bIR ) as ;R b tikmµe rd uked Im ,I cab ;) anG ñkebI kb rE dlR s vw gR s a.

K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾ ]]]] b krNb krNb krNb krN __ __ v iPa Kde gðImv iPa Kde gðImv iPa Kde gðImv iPa Kde gðIm

C aero gra l;qñ aMk ñúgs h r dæm an m nusS R b E h l 25000na k;R tU v) ansM lab; nig eR cIn C ag 500000nak; rgrb Ys ed ays ark arebI kb rE dlR s vw gR s a . eTaH bIC am an karx itx MR bwgE R b gG b ;rM dl;s aF arNC nGMBI kar eR K aH fñak; énk arebI kb renA x N³ e BlE dlR s vwgR s a nige Ta s b BaØt þi ya: g mWugm a: t;s Mrab ;b Tel µIs k are bIkb renA eBlR s v wgR s ak¾ ed ay TIPñ ak; garG nuv tþc, ab ;R t UvE te FVIka rga rC aeR cI ned Im ,IbM) a t; GñkebIkb rE d lR s vwgR s aB Id gpøÚv enA G aem ric.

b :UlIs eR c IneR bI]b r kN_mü a : gehA fa ]b k rN_ viPaK degð I m edIm ,IeFI Ve tsþGñk ebIkb r N a E dlC ab ;s gS½ yf aR s vwgR s a. mUl dæa nK ImIén ]b kr N_e nH K WR b tikmµer du k. PaK sM Naké nk ard k degð Im rb s ;]b k rN _R tUvb Wtb Ba© Úle TA kñú g]b kr N_v iPaK d e gðIm E dle nA TIe naH va rgR b R Bwtþi kmµC a mYysUl uysü úgG asIu té nb :U tasü Úm DIR k Um a: t. G a l;kul ¬eG ta Nul ¦kñ úgd egðI m R tUv) anbME b øg eTA C aG asI utG a es Ti cdU cb gð aj kñú gs mIk arx ag eR kam ³

3CH3CH3OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3

+ 2K2SO4 + 11H2O

eG ta Nul b :Ut asü Úm DIR kUm a: t ¬elO g TwkR k Uc¦

G asIu ts‘ul pYr ic G asIu tG aes T ic R kUm (III) s ‘ul pa t ¬éb tg ¦

b :Ut asü Úm s‘ulp at


4-32

kñúgR b t ikmµe nH eG t aNu l rgGuksI ut kmµe TA C aG asIu tG aes Ti c n igR kUm(VI) k ñúgG Iu y:u g DIR kUm a :tB N’e lO grg erd ukmµ eTA C aGIu y: ugR kUm (III) B N’ é b tg¬emI lrUb 22 ¦. kM ri t G al;k ulkñ úg Q am rb s ;GñkebI kb rG acR tU v) ankM N t;C aeR s ce da yk ar vas ;k Mri té nka rpø as ;bþÚ rBN ’e nH ¬G anBI naL ik am aR t dæa nenA el I]b k rN_ ¦. cM NuH G al ;ku l kñúgQ am E d lb c© úb ,nñ c,ab ; kM Nt; enA s h rdæG a em ri cK W 0,1PaK r yK i t C am a:s . ebIe lIs BIe nH R tUv) anca t; Tu kfaR s v wg.

5 kMhab;sUluysüúg edIm ,Is ikS as ÞWsü Úem R TI énsU luysü úg ey IgR tU vE td wgf ae tIm anF at uR b tik rb :u nµa nE dl

m anenA kñ úgsU lu ysü úg ni grebo b R tYtB ini tü b rim a Nr b s ;F atuR b t ikrE d lR tU veR bIe dIm ,IeFI VeG a y R b tikmµek Itm ank ñúgsU lu y sü úgTwk. k Mh a bk Mh a bk Mh a bk Mh a b ;; ;; sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg K Wb rim aNé nvt þm anF a tu rl ay kñ úg b rim aNF a tu rMl ay rWs Ulu y sü úgE dl) aneR bI. ¬ cMeBaH k arB iPakS aenH e yIg nw gs nµt faF a t u rla yK WC aG gÁF at ura vrWG g ÁF a tur wg nigF a tu rMl ayK WC a G gÁF at ura v.¦ kMh ab ;sU luysü úgG ac b Ba¢ak ;t am viFIx us ² K ñaC aeR cI n. enA TIe nH eyI gnw gBic ar NaGMB Ix ña tmY yE dlR tU v) an eR bIR ) as ; eR cInbMpu tk ñúgK Im I K W mmmm :: :: UL a rIe t UL a rIe t UL a rIe t UL a rIe t (M) rW k Mh abk Mh abk Mh abk Mh ab ;; ;; mmmm :: :: UE lUE lUE lUE l E dlK WC acMn Ynm :U l énF at u rla ykñ úg 1

lIR téns Ulu ysü úg. m : UL ar I etR tU v) aneG ay ni ym n½ yed ays mI karx ageR kam . M = m :UL a rIe t = (1)

dUec ñH sUlu ysü úgK øú yk Us (C6H12O6)1,46m :UE lR tUv) a n s res r C6H12O6 1,46 M

E dlm an1,46m :U l énF a tu r lay (C6H12O6) kñúg 1lIR ténsU lu ysü úg. sUlu ysü úgG‘u yer [(NH2)2CO] 0,52m :UE lR tUv) ans res r [(NH2)2CO] 0,52 M

E dlm an 0,52 m :U lénF a tu r lay [(NH2)2CO] kñúg 1lI R ténsUl uysü úg .l. C akarB it e yIgm ineFI Vka r garr al; eBlC amY ysU lu ysü úgcMN uH1lIR t(1L)K t ;enaH e T.

enH minE m nC ab Bað aeT d rab Nae yIg caM faR t UvbME bøgs Ulu ysü úgeTA C a lIR t. dUec ñH sUlu y sü úg 500mLE dlm a n C6H12O6 0,730m :Ulk¾m ank Mh ab; 1,46M pgE dr³

M = m :UL a rIe t = = 1,46 mol/L = 1,46 M

m aDsUl uysü úg ¬lIR t¦

0,730 mol

0,500L

m :Ulén ÁF at url a y

CMB UkTI4

4-33

dUcGñ kG acem IleX Ij eh Iy x ñaté nkMh ab ;m :UL a rIe tK W m :Ulkñ úgl IR t d UecñH sU lu y sü úg 500mLE dlm a n C6H12O6 0,730m :UlK Wm an kMh ab ; 1,46mol/L rW1,46M. cUr kt ;cM NaM fak Mh ab ; k¾d UcC ad g;sI uetE dr K Wm an lkçN³R b BlP aBd UecñH tMé lrb s ;vam inG aR s½ ynw gb ri m aNéns Ulu y sü úg E dlm anv tþm a nenaH e T.

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 Te gVIs Ul uy süTe gVIs Ul uy süTe gVIs Ul uy süTe gVIs Ul uy sü úgE dlmúgE dlmúgE dlmúgE dlm :: :: UL ar Ie tUL ar Ie tUL ar Ie tUL ar Ie t R t UvR t UvR t UvR t Uv )))) an d wgan d wgan d wgan d wg . . . . (a) b rimaNF a tur layb rimaNF a tur layb rimaNF a tur layb rimaNF a tur lay Rt UvRt UvRt UvRt Uv )))) an dwgénan dwgénan dwgénan dwgén Gg ÁF at urwg Rt UvGg ÁF at urwg Rt UvGg ÁF at urwg Rt UvGg ÁF at urwg Rt Uv )))) an dakan dakan dakan dak ;; ;; c Ulec Ulec Ulec Ule T Ak ñúg EkvvasT Ak ñúg EkvvasT Ak ñúg EkvvasT Ak ñúg Ekvvas ;; ;; maDmaDmaDmaD . . . . b nÞabb nÞabb nÞabb nÞab ;; ;; m kb Enßmm kb Enßmm kb Enßmm kb Enßm Twke dayTwke dayTwke dayTwke day e RbILave RbILave RbILave RbILav . . . . (b)

Gg ÁF at urwg Rt UvGg ÁF at urwg Rt UvGg ÁF at urwg Rt UvGg ÁF at urwg Rt Uv )))) an rlay yWtan rlay yWtan rlay yWtan rlay yWt ²²²² e day kar RkL úkE kve n aHe day kar RkL úkE kve n aHe day kar RkL úkE kve n aHe day kar RkL úkE kve n aH . . . . (c) b n Þabb n Þabb n Þabb n Þab ;; ;; m kGg ÁF at urwgm kGg ÁF at urwgm kGg ÁF at urwgm kGg ÁF at urwg )))) anananan rlay Ta Mg Rsug b En ßmT wkrlay Ta Mg Rsug b En ßmT wkrlay Ta Mg Rsug b En ßmT wkrlay Ta Mg Rsug b En ßmT wk rh Utd lrh Utd lrh Utd lrh Utd l ;; ;; k Mr itrb sk Mr itrb sk Mr itrb sk Mr itrb s ;; ;; Twk e sµIn wg K MnUTwk e sµIn wg K MnUTwk e sµIn wg K MnUTwk e sµIn wg K MnU ssss R kiR kiR kiR ki tttt . . . . e day kare day kare day kare day kar d wgd wgd wgd wg rb srb srb srb s ;; ;; sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg nigb r imaN én Gg ÁF at urlay Edlnigb r imaN én Gg ÁF at urlay Edlnigb r imaN én Gg ÁF at urlay Edlnigb r imaN én Gg ÁF at urlay Edl )))) an rlay k ñúge n a H e yIgGac KNn aman rlay k ñúge n a H e yIgGac KNn aman rlay k ñúge n a H e yIgGac KNn aman rlay k ñúge n a H e yIgGac KNn am :: :: ULa rIe tULa rIe tULa rIe tULa rIe t én s Uluy sü úg Edle yIge FIVén s Uluy sü úg Edle yIge FIVén s Uluy sü úg Edle yIge FIVén s Uluy sü úg Edle yIge FIV )))) anananan ....

cUrc gca Mfam :UL a rIe tsMe dA E t elIb rim aNé nF at url ayE d l) anrl ay kñ úgT wkBI dMbU g b :ueN ÑaH nigm inK i tGMBI dMe NI r karb n þb nÞab ;eT dUcC aka rE j kGMbil r Wka rbME b kC aGIu y: u gén G asI ut. TaM gK øú ykUs nigGu ‘y erK Wmin cM lgcrn þG K Áis n IeT dUec ñH sUlu ysü úgG‘u yer 1,00M m an 1molénm :UelK ulG ‘u yer kñúg 1L énsUl uysü ú g. b : uE nþcU r Bica rN aGMBIGI VE dl) a nek Ite L IgenA eBl E dlPaK sMN akb : Ut asü Úm kø rY (KCl) E d lC aeG L icR tU lItx ø aMgR tUv) a nrM la ykñ úgb r i m aNT wk R K b ; R K an;edIm , Ib egá It) anC asU lu ysü úg 1M. KCl (S) K

+(aq)

+ Cl-(aq) H2O


4-34

eda y KCl K WC aeG L icR tU lItx ø aMg v arg karb ME b kTa Mg R sugkñúgs Ulu ysü úg. d Uec ñ H sUluysü úg KCl 1M m an 1mol énGIu y:u g K+ nig 1mol énG Iu y:u g Cl- nigK µanÉ kt a KCl enA s l;eT . kMh ab ;é nGIu y: ugG acR tUv) an b gðaj ed ay [K+] = 1M nig [Cl-] = 1M EdlX ñab [ ]

b Ba¢ak ;f akMh ab ;R tU v) anb g ða j C am :UL ar Iet . R s edo g K ñaenH E dr kñú gsUlu ysü ú g) arü :Úm n IR ta t [Ba(NO3)2] 1M³

Ba(NO3)2 (S) Ba2+

(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

eyIgm an [Ba2+] = 1M nig [NO3-] = 2M nigK µans l;É kta Ba(NO3)2 eT.

dMeN Ir kars Mrab ;Te gIVs Ulu y sü úgE dleK sÁal ;kMh ab ;m :U L arIe tK Wd Ucx ag eR kam ³ dMbUg F a tu rla yR t Uv) an føw g ya: gC ak ;la k; ni gepÞ reTA k ñú gE kvvas ;m aDe da yeR bIL av ¬rUb 1 8¦. b nÞab ;m k b E nßm Twke TA kñ úgE kve naH rY cR tUvR K E lgedIm ,I rMl ayG g ÁF at ur w g. b nÞab ;B I G gÁF at urw gTa MgG s ; rla y b E nßm Twk yW t² edIm , IeFIVe G ayk Mri tsUl uysü ú gesµI nwg K MnUs R ki tm aD . eda yka rd wgc MNuH é nsUlu y sü úgkñúgE k venaH ni gb ri m aNéns m as F at u¬c MnY nm :U l¦E dlr la y eyIgG acK Nn ak Mh ab ;m : UL a rIe ténsU lu ysü úged ay eR bIs mIkar(1). cUr kt ;cM NaM fa dMeN Ir kar enH minR tUv kar dwgb rim a NT wkb E nßm enaH e T dr ab Na cM NuH én sUlu ysü úgcu geR ka yR tU v) a ndwg. ]Tah r N_ 6 cg ¥úlb g ðaj GM BIviFIeF VIsUl uysü ú gE dleK sÁal;m :UL a rIe t.

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 6666 etIeK R t Uvk arb : Ut asü Úm DIR kUm a:t (K2Cr2O7) b :unµ anR ka m edIm ,I TegI VsUl uysü úg 250mL

E dlm ank Mh ab; 2,16 M? c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy dMN ak; kal TImY yK WR t Uvk MN t;c MnY nm :Ul én K2Cr2O7kñúg sUlu ysü úg 250mL E d lm an

kMh ab; 2,16 M³ cMnY nm :Ul K2Cr2O7 = 250mL x

= 0,540 mol

m a:s m :Ue lK ulén K2Cr2O7 K W 294,2 g d Uec ñH eyI gs res r cMnY nR kam K2Cr2O7E dlR tUvkar = 0,540 mol x

= 159 g

H2O

2,16 mol

1000mL

294,2 g

1mol

CMB UkTI4

4-35

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ etIm : UL ar Iet énsU lu ysü úge G taN ul (C2H5OH) 85,0 mL E dlm a n 1,77 g én

eG ta Nules µIn wgb :u nµa n? karBRgavsUluysüúg

sUlu ysü úgx ab ;eR cI nE tR t Uv ) aneK rkS aT ukk ñúgb n Þb ;sþú kkñ ú gTIB ies aF sM rab ; kar eR bIR ) as ; enA eBlR tU vka r. C ajw kj ab ;ey IgE tgE tBR gavs Ulu y sü úgE dlm ansþ úkT uke nH mun nwgy kva eTA eR bIR ) as ;. k a r BR ga vk a r BR ga vk a r BR ga vk a r BR ga v KWC adMeN Ir kars Mrab ;Te gIVs Ulu y sü úgE dlm ank Mh ab ; tUcC ag BIsUlu ysü úg E dlm ank Mh ab ;FMC a g. ]b m afae yI gcg; eFVIsU lu y sü úg KMnO4 0,400 M cMnY n 1L BIs Ulu ysü úg KMnO4

E dlm ank Mh ab ; 1,00 M. sMrab ;eK albMN genH e yIgR tUv kar KMnO4 0,400 mol. eda yeh t u fam an 1,00 mol én KMnO4 kñúg 1L rW 1000mL éns U luysü úg KMnO4 1,00 M dUec ñH m an

0,400mol én KMnO4 kñúg 0,400 x 1000mL r W 400mL é nsUl uysü úg dE dl ³ =

dUec ñH eyI gR tUv ka rTaj yk 400mL BIs Ulu ysü úg KMnO4E dlm ankMh ab ; 1,00 M nig BR gavva eTA C a 1000mL ed a yka rb E nßm T wk ¬ kñúgE k vva s ;m aD 1L¦ . viFIe nH ) anpþ l; eG ay eyIg 1L énsUl uysü ú g KMnO4 0,400 M E dleyIgR tUv kar. kñúg karG nuv tþ dMe NIr kar BR ga v vam anR b ey aC n_R t Uv cgca Mfa ka rb E nßm F at urM la y eTA elIb rim aNé nsUlu ysü úgs úþ kE dl) aneR bI) anpø as ;bþ Úr ¬ b nßy ¦ kMh ab ; énsUl uys ü úgeda yK µa n karp øas ;b þÚr cMn Ynm :U lénG g ÁF atu rla yE dlm anv tþm a nkñ úg sUlu ysü úgen aH eT ¬r Ub 1 9 ¦. ni ya y mü a:g eTo t cMnY nm :Ul énF a tur la ymunBR gav = c MnY nm :Ul énF a tu rla yeR ka yeBl BR gav. eda yeh t uf am :UL a rIe tR t Uv) a nkMN t;C am :Ul kñú gmYY ylIR té nsUlu ysü úg ey IgeX Ij f acMn Ynm : Ulén F atu rla yR tU v) anp þl; eda y

x m aDsUlu ysü úg (L) = m :Ulé nF a turl a y

1,00 mol

1000mL

0,400 mol

400mL

m :UlénF atu rl ay

(L) éns Ulu ysü úg

M V


4-36

rW M V = cMn Ynm : UlénF at url a y eda ys arF at url ay Ta MgG s ;) anm kB IsUlu ysü úgsþ úke dIm ey IgG acs nñi dæ anf a M i V i = Mf Vf (2)

m :UlénF atu rl ay m :UlénF atu rl ay muneBlBR ga v eR kaye BlBR gav

E dl M i nig M f K WC akMh a b ;edIm n igb Ba© b ;é nsUlu ysü ú gK itC am : UL ar Iet n ig V i n ig Vf K WC am aD edIm ni gb Ba© b ;éns Ulu ysü úg tam ero g. Bi tehI yx ñ at én V i nig Vf R tUvE t dU cK ña (mL rW L) edIm ,IeG ay ka rK Nna dMe NI r kar) a neFIV ka rga r. edIm , Ie pÞó gpÞa t;P aBs m eh t uplé n lT§pl rb s ; GñkR tUvR ) a kdf a M i > Mf nig Vf > Vi . eyIgG nuv tþs mI kar (2) k ñúg] Tah r N_x ag eR kam .

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 19 19 19 19 ka rBRgavs Uluy sü úgE dlman kMhabka rBRgavs Uluy sü úgE dlman kMhabka rBRgavs Uluy sü úgE dlman kMhabka rBRgavs Uluy sü úgE dlman kMhab ;; ;; FMC ag FMC ag FMC ag FMC ag (a) e T ACasUl uy sü úge T ACasUl uy sü úge T ACasUl uy sü úge T ACasUl uy sü úg Edlman k MhabEdlman k MhabEdlman k MhabEdlman k Mhab ;; ;; t Uc Cag t Uc Cag t Uc Cag t Uc Cag (b) min p øasmin p øasmin p øasmin p øas ;; ;; bþÚr c MnYn mbþÚr c MnYn mbþÚr c MnYn mbþÚr c MnYn m :: :: Uls r ub én Gg ÁF atur lay e TUls r ub én Gg ÁF atur lay e TUls r ub én Gg ÁF atur lay e TUls r ub én Gg ÁF atur lay e T .... ]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 7777 cUrB ’Nn aGMBI rebo b E dlGñkR tUveF VI 5,00 x 102 mL é nsUlu ysü úg H2SO4 1,75 M

eda yka rc ab ;epþ Im BIsU lu y sü úgsþúké n H2SO4 8,61 M. c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy eda yeh t uf akMh ab ;éns Ulu ysü úgb Ba© b ; tUcC a gkMh ab ;é nsUlu ysü úge dIm dU ecñH enH K WC a

dMeN Ir karBR g avsU lu ysü úg . eyIg ero b cMsM rab ; ka rK N naed ay ero b cMC a ta rag Tin ñn½ y ³ M i = 8,61 M Mf = 1,75 M Vi = ? Vf = 5,00 x 102mL

eda yka rC Mn Ys kñ úgs mIk ar (2)

(8,61 M) (Vi) = (1,75 M) (5,00 x 102mL)

CMB UkTI4

4-37

Vi =

= 102 mL

dUec ñH ey IgR tU vBR gav 102 mL é nsUlu ysü úg H2SO4 8,61 M C amY yT wkR K b ;R K an;ed Im ,IeG a y ) anm aDb B a© b; 5,00 x 102mL k ñúgE k vvas ;m aD500 mL e dIm ,I TTY l) an kMh ab ;E d le yI gR tUvk ar.

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ etIGñ kR tU veFVI 2,00 x 102 mL énsU lu ysü úg NaOH 0,866 M edayka rcab ;e pþIm B I sUlu ysü úgsþú k 5,07 M dU c emþc? \ L ÚvenH eda ye yIg) anBiP a kS aGMBI kMh ab ;nig ka rBR gav sUlu ysü úg ey IgG acR tYt Bini tü GMBIT idæP aBb r im aN énR b tik mµkñúgs Ulu ysü úg Twk rWs Þ Wsü Ú em R TIsUlu ysü úg. E pñ k6 - 8 epþa teTA elIb ec© ke Ts BI ry a:gs Mrab ; sikS aGMB Is ÞWsü Ú em R TIsUl uy sü úg³ ka rviP aK R kavIm aR t nigG R ta kmµ. b ec© keTs T aMg enH K WC a]b k r N_c aM) a c;én k a r v iP aK b r im aNk a r v iP aK b r im aNk a r v iP aK b r im aNk a r v iP aK b r im aN E dlC akark MN t;r kb rim aN rW kMh ab ; éns arF atu kñ úgPaK sM Na k. 6 karviPaKRkavImaRt

k a rv iP aKk a rv iP aKk a rv iP aKk a rv iP aK R ka vIm aR tR ka vIm aR tR ka vIm aR tR ka vIm aR tK WC ab ec© keTs v iPaK E dlE p¥ keTA el I karv as ;m a :s . ka rBies aF viPaK R kavIm aR tmYyR b eP TTa k; T geTA nwg kM N ka rE j k nig kark MN t;m a:s én kkr . C a TUe TA dMe NIr ka r enH R tUvG nu vt þcMe BaH s m as F atuG Iu y:u g. C adMb Ugs a rF at u PaK sMNa kéns m as PaB E dlminsÁ a l ; R tUv) an rMl ay kú ñgT wk ni gTu k eG ayv am anR b t ikmµC am Yy s arF a tumY yepS ge To t e dIm ,Ib egáI tk kr. b nÞab ;m kk krR t Uv) a neR caH sMgYt ni gfø wg. e da y karsÁ al;m a:s n igr Ub m nþK ImIé nkkrE d l) an b egáI teL Ige yI gG acK N na m a:s éns m as P aK K ImIN amY y ¬m a nn½ yf a G aj : úg rW k acug ¦ énP aK sMNa ked Im . TIb Ba© b; B I m a:s éns m as P aK enaH ni gm a:s énP aK sMN ake dIm e yIgG a ckM N t ; s m as PaBC aPaK ryK i tC a m a:s éns m as P aK enaH k ñúg s m as F atue dIm . R b tikmµmY yE dlR t Uv) an eK sikS ajw kj ab ; kñú gka rviP aK R kavIm aR ted a ys arF atuR b ti kr G acR tUv) anT TY lkñ úgs N æan suT§ K W AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (S)

s mIkarGI uy :ugs MrY lK W Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (S)

kkrE dl TT Yl) anK WC aR ) ak; kørY ¬emI lt ara g2 ¦. C a] Tah r N_ c UrG n uBa Øa teG a y ey Ig niy ay fae yI gcg; kM Nt ;PaK rye da yka rBi es aF K itC am a: s én Cl kñú g NaCl. C adM bUgey IgR tU v

(1,75 M) (5,00 x 102mL)

8,61 M


4-38

føwgm a:s PaK sM Na k NaCl eG ay) a nC ak ;la k; n igrM lay vak ñúg Twk . b nÞab ;m ke yIgR t Uvb E nßm sUlu ysü úg AgNO3 R K b ;R K an;eTA e lIsU lu ysü úg NaCl edIm ,Ib egáI teG a ym a nk krén Cl- T aMg G s; E dlm an vt þm an kñúgs U luysü úg eTA C a AgCl. kñ ú gdMe NIr ka renH NaCl K WC aerG ak; TIb k MN t ; níg AgNO3 C aerG ak ;T Ib elI s . kkr AgCl R tUv) anE j kecj BIs Ulu ysü úge da yka reR caH sMg Yt nigf øwg. BIm a:s AgCl E dl) anf øwg ey IgG a cK Nna m a:s én Cl E dl) aneR bIC a PaK ryK i tC a m a:s Cl kñú g AgCl. ed ay eh tuf a b r im aN Cl dE dle nH m anvt þm ank ñúgP aK sMN a k NaCl ed Im eyIgG acK Nn aPaK ryK i t C am a:s Cl kñ úg NaCl. rU b 20b gðaj GM BIr ebo b E dldMeN Ir kar enH R b R BwtþeTA .

r Ubr Ubr Ubr Ub 2 02 02 02 0 dMN akdMN akdMN akdMN ak ;; ;; karm Uldæan sMr abkarm Uldæan sMr abkarm Uldæan sMr abkarm Uldæan sMr ab ;; ;; kar viPa Kkar viPa Kkar viPa Kkar viPa K R kavIma RtR kavIma RtR kavIma RtR kavIma Rt . . . . (a) s Ul uy süúg mYy Ed lman b rim aNs Ul uy süúg mYy Ed lman b rim aNs Ul uy süúg mYy Ed lman b rim aNs Ul uy süúg mYy Ed lman b rim aN d wgénd wgénd wgénd wgén NaCl kñúg E kve b Es‘kñúg E kve b Es‘kñúg E kve b Es‘kñúg E kve b Es‘ m Yym Yym Yym Yy . . . . (b) ka rb e gáIt kkr ka rb e gáIt kkr ka rb e gáIt kkr ka rb e gáIt kkr AgCl e daye daye daye day karb En ßmsUl uy sü úg karb En ßmsUl uy sü úg karb En ßmsUl uy sü úg karb En ßmsUl uy sü úg AgNO3 B IsuIL aMg RkB IsuIL aMg RkB IsuIL aMg RkB IsuIL aMg Rk itititit ssss MrabMrabMrabMrab ;; ;; v asv asv asv as ;; ;; . . . . k ñúg Rb t ikm µe n H k ñúg Rb t ikm µe n H k ñúg Rb t ikm µe n H k ñúg Rb t ikm µe n H AgNO3 Cae rGa kCae rGa kCae rGa kCae rGa k ;; ;; T IbT IbT IbT Ib e lIse lIse lIse lIs n ig n ig n ig n ig NaCl CaCaCaCa

e rGake rGake rGake rGak ;; ;; T Ib k MNtT Ib k MNtT Ib k MNtT Ib k MNt ;; ;; . . . . (c)s Uluys Uluys Uluys Uluy sü úg Edlman kkrsü úg Edlman kkrsü úg Edlman kkrsü úg Edlman kkrAgClR t UvR t UvR t UvR t Uv )))) an e R caHda kan e R caHda kan e R caHda kan e R caHda k ;; ;; e T Ak ñúg can sMge T Ak ñúg can sMge T Ak ñúg can sMge T Ak ñúg can sMg YtYtYtYt E dlE dlE dlE dl )))) an f øwgm un nwg Tuk e Gayan f øwgm un nwg Tuk e Gayan f øwgm un nwg Tuk e Gayan f øwgm un nwg Tuk e Gay Gg ÁF atur av ¬bGg ÁF atur av ¬bGg ÁF atur av ¬bGg ÁF atur av ¬b :: :: uE n þmin Emn kk ruE n þmin Emn kk ruE n þmin Emn kk ruE n þmin Emn kk r e T¦ e T¦ e T¦ e T¦ qøgka tqøgka tqøgka tqøgka t ;; ;; . . . . b n Þb n Þb n Þb n Þ abababab ;; ;; m kcan sMg Ytm kcan sMg Ytm kcan sMg Ytm kcan sMg Yt e n aH Rt Uve n aH Rt Uve n aH Rt Uve n aH Rt Uv )))) an y ke cj B Ian y ke cj B Ian y ke cj B Ian y ke cj B I ]]]] b kr Nb kr Nb kr Nb kr N __ __ e h Iy sMgYt k ñúg LkMe dAe h Iy sMgYt k ñúg LkMe dAe h Iy sMgYt k ñúg LkMe dAe h Iy sMgYt k ñúg LkMe dA n igf øwg mþge T on igf øwg mþge T on igf øwg mþge T on igf øwg mþge T o tttt . . . . PaBx us K ñarvagPaBx us K ñarvagPaBx us K ñarvagPaBx us K ñarvag mamamama :: :: s e n H n igmas e n H n igmas e n H n igmas e n H n igma :: :: ssss rb srb srb srb s ;; ;; can sMg Yt Te Tcan sMg Yt Te Tcan sMg Yt Te Tcan sMg Yt Te T )))) an p þlan p þlan p þlan p þl ;; ;; mamamama :: :: s én kkr s én kkr s én kkr s én kkr AgCl....

karv iPaK R ka vIm aR tK WC ab ec© keTs E dlm anPaBC ak; la k;x <s; eda yeh tuf am a :s é nPaK sMNa kG acR t Uv) a nvas ; y a:g C ak;l ak;. e TaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y dMe NI rka renH G ac G nuvt þ) anE t cMeBaH R b ti kmµE dlR b R Bwt þeT A eday cb ;s BVR K b ;r Wm an Tin ñp lswgE tmY yr yPaK r yb : ue NÑaH . d UecñH

CMB UkTI4

4-39

R b sinebI AgCl rla yt i ctY cC Ys eG a yka rmin rla y vij vami nG acm a nlT §PaB e dIm ,Ip þac ;y k GIuy :ug Cl-T aMgG s ;B IsUl uy sü úg NaCl nigk arK N nab nþb nÞab ;eTo tk¾x us E d r.

]Tah r N_x a geR kam b g ðaj GMBIka rK Nn aE dl) a ncU lrY m kñúgk arB ies aF R ka vIm aR t. ]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 8888 PaK sMNa kéns m as F at uGIu y:u g 0,5662 g E dlm anGI u y:u gkø rY n igel ah ³E dlmi n sÁal ;

R tUv) an rMl ay kñ úgT wk n igeG aym a nGMeBIC amYy AgNO3 elIs . R b sinebI 1,0882 g énk kr AgCl ke kIt eL Ig e tIm a n Cl b :unµa nPaK r yK i tC am a:s kñú gs m as F at ued Im ?

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy m a:s Cl kñúg AgCl ¬ehI ynwg enA kñ úgs m as F a tue dIm ¦R tUv) ank MN t;e da yka rK u Nm a:s AgCl ni gPaK r yC am a :s én Cl kñúg AgCl ³ m a:s Cl = 1,0882 g AgCl x x x

= 0,2690 g Cl

b nÞab ;m ke yI gK Nna PaK r yK itC am a:s é n Cl kñúgP aK sMNa kE dlmins Áal ;dU cx ag eR kam ³ % Cl C am a:s = x 100%

= x 100% = 47,51 %

karBn ülkarBn ülkarBn ülkarBn ül ;; ;; C akar eR bo b eFo b cUrK Nn a PaK ryC am a:s é n Cl kñúg KCl. l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ PaK sMNa k 0,3220 g én s m as F atuG Iu y:ugE dlm anG Iu y:u gR bUmY (Br-) R tUv) anr Mla ykñ úg

Twk ni geG a ym anG MeBIC am Y y AgNO3 elIs . R b sinebIm a:s é nkk r AgBr E d lkekI teL I gK W 0,6964 g e tIP aK ryC am a:s én Br kñú gs m as F a tue dIm e sµInw gb :un µan ? cUrk t; cMN aM fa kar viPaK R k avIm aR tmin) a nb egáI tG tþs B aØa Nkmµ Ta MgmUlé ns arF at uE dl minsÁal ;en aH eT. dU ecñH kñú g]Tah rN _ 8 eyIgenA E t minsÁal ;va et IvaK WC aka cugGI Ve T. e TaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y k ar dwgP a K ryC am a :s énClC Yye yI ge R cInNas ;kñ úgk arE sVg rkk acu g. eR BaH E t K µans m as F a tuB IrE dlp Þú kG aj :úgE tmYy ¬r Wka cug ¦ m ans m as PaBPaK r yC am a:s kar eR bo b eFob

1mol AgCl

143,4 g AgCl 1mol AgCl

1 mol Cl

35,45 g Cl

1 mol Cl

m a:s Cl

m a:s PaK sM Nak 0,2690 g

0,5662 g


4-40

PaK ryC am a:s E dl TT Yl) a nBIk arvi PaK R kav Im aR tC am Y yen aH ) anK Nn aénes ‘r I s m as F atuE d l sÁal;G acb gð aj G tþs B aØ aN s m as F atuE d lminsÁ al; . 7 GRtakmµGasIut-)as karsi kS ab r im aN énR b ti kmµ b nS ab G asIu t-) as ga yR sY lG nuv tþbMp ute da yk areR bIR ) as; b ec© keTs R t Uv) ans Áal ;f aC a G R takmµ. k ñúg G R t akm µ G R t akm µ G R t akm µ G R t akm µ sUluysü úgE d lsÁa l;k Mh ab ;C ak;l ak; ehA fa s Ul uy sü úgs þgs Ul uy sü úgs þgs Ul uy sü úgs þgs Ul uy sü úgs þg ;; ;; d ad ad ad a R tUv) anb E nßm b nþi cmþg² e TA elI sUlu ysü úgmYy eTo tE dlmi nsÁal ;kMh ab ; rhUt Tal ;E tR b ti kmµK ImI rvag sUlu ysü úgT aMgB IrR t Uv) an c b ;s BVR K b ;. R b sinebIe yIg sÁal;m aDé n sUlu ysü úgsþg ;da nigs Ulu y sü úgE dlkMh ab ;minsÁ al;R tU v) aneR bIkñ úgG R t akmµe naH C amYynw g kMh ab ;é nsUl uysü úgs þg; da eyIgG acK Nn ak Mh ab ;é nsU luysü úgE d lminsÁ al; enaH ) an.

sUdü Úm GIuR d uksI utK WC a) as mY yE dlR t Uv) an eK eR bIR ) as ; ya: geR cIn kñú gT IiBi es aF . e TaH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y vaBi) akn wg TTY l) ansU dü Úm GIuR d uksI ut rw gkñúgs Næ ansu T§ BIeR BaH v am anT Mena rR sUb ykT wkB Ix ü l; nigs Ulu ys ü úgrb s ;vam anR b ti kmµC amY y kabUn DIGuks Iu t. ed ay eh tupl Ta MgenH sUlu ysü úgsUdü Úm GI uR du ksIu tR tUvE teFIVs þg; dakm µmunv aR tU v) any keTA eR bIR ) as ; kñú gka r garv iPaK C ak;l ak;. e yIgG aceFIV sþg;d akmµs Ulu ysü úgsU dü Úm GIuR duks Iu ted ay karG R takmµ vaC amY yn w g sUlu ysü úgG asI utE d lsÁa l;kMh ab ;C ak ;la k;. G asIu t E dleR cInE tR tUv) a neR C Is er I s sMrab ; kar gar enH K WC aG asIu tm : UNUR bU Tw cehA fab :U tasü Úm GI uR dUE s np þaL a t(KHP) E dlm an rU b m nþm :UelK u l KHC8H4O4. KHP K WC aG gÁF at urw gBN ’s rl ayk ñúg TwkE d lG acr kT ij ) ane nA TI pS ark úñgs Næa n suT§x <s ;. R b tikmµ rv ag KHP nigsUdü Úm GI uR duks Iu tK W KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

nigs mIk arGI uy :ugs MrY lK W HC8H4O4

- (aq) + OH- (aq) C8H4O4

2- (aq) + H2O (l)

dMeN Ir kars Mrab ;G R takm µR tU v ) anb gðaj kñú grUb 21 . d MbU gb rim aN KHP E dls Áa l;R tUv ) anepÞ reTA k ñúgE k vE G‘kE L n nigT wkbi tx øH R tUv) anb E nß m edIm ,Ib eg áI tC asUl uysü úg . b nÞab ;m k sUlu ysü úg NaOH R tU v ) anb E nßm y a:gR bugR b y ½t ñeT A kñúgsU lu ysü úg KHP BI bMBg;bu‘ yE r: t rhUt Tal ;E te yIg TT Yl) a n c M n uc s m mUlc M n uc s m mUlc M n uc s m mUlc M n uc s m mUl m ann½ yf a C acMn ucE dlG asIu tm anR b t ik mµcb ;s BVR K b ; C amYyr WR tU v) anb nS ab ed ay ) as . cMn ucs m mUlC aF mµ tab gð aj C as Ba ØaeG ay dwg e da yka rpø as ; bþÚrBN ’ ya: g x øaMgé nG gÁF a tu cg¥úl BN’ kñú gsUl uysü úgG a sIut. k ñúgG R t akmµG asIu t- ) as G g ÁF a t uG g ÁF a t uG g ÁF a t uG g ÁF a t u

c g¥úl B Nc g¥úl B Nc g¥úl B Nc g¥úl B N ’’ ’’ K WC as arF at uE d lm anBN ’x us K ña ya :gx ø aMgk ñú gm C ÄdæanG asIu tni g) as . G gÁF at ucg¥ úl

CMB UkTI4

4-41

BN’mY y E dlR t Uv) an eK eR bIR ) as ;C aTUe TA K Wep Nulp þae l GIunE dlv aK µa nBN ’kñ úgsUl u ysü úgG asI ut nigN Wt b : uE nþv am anB N’p áa Q UkR kh m kñúgs Ulu ysü úg) as . enA cM nucs m mUl vt þ m an KHP

TaM gG s ;R tUv) anb nS ab eda yNaOHE dl) anb E nßm ehI ysUl uysü úge nA E tK µa nB N’. eT aH bIC a ya: gN ak¾e da y R b sin ebI eyIgb E nßm s Ulu ysü úg NaOH E tmYy dM Nk; eTo tB I bMBg;b‘u yE r: t sUlu ysü úgnw gE R b eTA C aBN’pá aQ UkP øam BIeR B aH sUlu ysü úg\ L ÚvenH K WC a) as .

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 (a)]]]] b kr Nb kr Nb kr Nb kr N __ __ s Mrabs Mrabs Mrabs Mrab ;; ;; G Rta kmµG Rta kmµG Rta kmµG Rta kmµ . . . . sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg NaOH R t UvR t UvR t UvR t Uv )))) an b En ßmBIan b En ßmBIan b En ßmBIan b En ßmBI bMBgbMBgbMBgbMBg ;; ;; b‘uy Erb‘uy Erb‘uy Erb‘uy Er :: :: tttt e T Ae lIe T Ae lIe T Ae lIe T Ae lI s Uluy sü úg s Uluy sü úg s Uluy sü úg s Uluy sü úg KHP k ñúg Ek vEG ‘kE Lnk ñúg Ek vEG ‘kE Lnk ñúg Ek vEG ‘kE Lnk ñúg Ek vEG ‘kE Ln . . . . (b) BBBB NNNN ’’ ’’ p áaQUk Rkhmb g ðaje nAe Blp áaQUk Rkhmb g ðaje nAe Blp áaQUk Rkhmb g ðaje nAe Blp áaQUk Rkhmb g ðaje nAe Bl mkmkmkmk dldldldl ;; ;; cMn ucs mmUlcMn ucs mmUlcMn ucs mmUlcMn ucs mmUl . . . . e nA TIe n H BNe nA TIe n H BNe nA TIe n H BNe nA TIe n H BN ’e k In e L Igx øaMg’e k In e L Igx øaMg’e k In e L Igx øaMg’e k In e L Igx øaMg s Mrabs Mrabs Mrabs Mrab ;; ;; k arb g ðaj e Gay e XIjk arb g ðaj e Gay e XIjk arb g ðaj e Gay e XIjk arb g ðaj e Gay e XIj ....

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 9999 kñúgB ies aF n _G R ta kmµ n isSi tmña k;r keX Ij f a 0,5468 g én KHP R tUvk ar edIm , Ib nS ab

eG ay) a ns BV 23,48 mL énsU lu ysü úg NaOH. etIk Mh ab; ¬C am :UL a rIe t¦ é nsUlu ysü úg NaOH es µIb :u nµ an?

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy s mIkar lMn wgsM rab ;R b ti kmµ enH R tUv) anb g ðaj x a gelI . dMbUge yI gK Nn acM nYnm : U lén KHP E dlR tUveR bI kñúgG R ta kmµ³ cMnY nm :Ul én KHP = 0,5468 g KHP x

1mol KHP

204,2 g KHP

B ’NpáaQ Uk RkhmB ’NpáaQ Uk RkhmB ’NpáaQ Uk RkhmB ’NpáaQ Uk Rkhm


4-42

= 2,678 x 10-3 mol KHP

eda yeh t uf a 1mol KHP R tUv kar 1mol NaOH v aR tUvE tm an 2,678 x 10-3 mol én NaOH k ñúg sUlu ysü úg NaOH 23,48 mL. T Ib Ba© b; e yIgK N nam : U L arIe tén NaOH duu Ucx ag eR kam ³ m :UL ar Iet énsUl uysü ú g NaOH = x

= 0,1141 M

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ etIeK R t Uvk ar KHP b : unµ anR k am edIm , Ib nS ab 18,64 mL é nsUlu ysü úg NaOH 0,1004 M? R b tikmµb nS ab rvag NaOH nig KHP K WC aR b eP Ts am BaØbMp utm Yyé nR b tikm µb n S ab G asIu t-) as E d ley IgFø ab ; sÁal;. ]b m a fa kñú gR b tik mµenaH C Ys eG a y KHP e yIg cg;eR bIR ) as ; G asIu tDIR bU Tic dUcC a H2SO4 sMrab ;G R t akmµ. R b t ikmµe nH tage da y 2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

eda yeh t uf a 2mol NaOH R tUvk ar 1mol H2SO4 eyIgR tUvk ar NaOH e TV dge dIm ,Im anR b ti km µ s BVC amYys Ulu ysü úg H2SO4 E dlm ankMh ab ;m :UE lni gm aDesµ IK ñaC as Ulu ysü úg KHP. mü a :g eTo t ey IgR tU vka rb rim aN G asIu t HCl eTV dge dIm ,Ib n S ab sUlu ysü úg Ba(OH)2 e bIeR bo b eFo b eTA nwgs Ulu ysü úg NaOH E dlm ank Mh ab ;n igm aD esµIK ñ a BIeR BaH 1mol Ba(OH)2 ) anpþl ; 2mol

énGIu y:u g OH- ³ 2HCl (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) BaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

kñúg karK NnaE d lT ak; Tge T A nwgG R takm µG asI ut -) as eday\ tK itG MBIG as Iu trW) as E dlcU lrYm kñúgR b t ikmµe T c Urc aM fac MnYn m :Uls rub énGIu y: ug H+ E d l) aneFI VR b tikmµ enA cM nucs m mUlR tUvE te s µI eTA nwg cMn Ynm :U ls rub é nGIu y: u g OH- E dl) a neFIVR b t ikmµ . cMnY nm :Ul énG asI ut kñú gm a DC ak;l ak ;R tUv ) anpþl ;ed ay cMnY nm :Ul énG asI ut = m :UL a rIe t (mol/L) x m aD (L)

= M V

E dl M K WC am : UL ar Iet nigVK WC am aDK i tC alIR t. kenS am R s edo gK ñ aenH G acR tUv) a ns res r sMrab ;) as . ]Tah r N_x a geR kam b g ðaj GMBIG R ta kmµéns Ulu ysü úg NaOH C amY yG as Iu tDIR bU Ti c.

2,678 x 10-3 mol NaOH

23,48 mL sUl uysü úg 1000mL sUl u> 1 L sU lu>

CMB UkTI4

4-43

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 10101010 etIeK R tUv kars Ulu ysü ú g NaOH 0,610 M b : unµ anmI lIlIR t (mL) ed Im ,Ib nS ab s BV 20,0 mL

énsUlu ysü úg H2SO4 0,245 M? c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy s mIkars Mrab ;R b tikmµb n S ab R tUv) anb g ðaj e nA TMB ½rmu n. C adMd Uge yIgK Nna cMn Ynm : Ul én H2SO4 kñúgsUl uysü úg 20,0 mL³ cMnY nm :Ul H2SO4 = x x 20,0 mL sUl u> = 4,90 x 10-3 mol H2SO4

BIs ÞWsü Úem R T IenH eyI geX I j fa 1mol H2SO4 R tUv kar 2mol NaOH . dU ecñH cMnY nm :Ul NaOHE dl eFIVR b ti kmµR t UvE t 2 x 4,90 x 10-3 mol rW 9,80 x 10-3 mol. BIniym n½ ym :UL a rIe t [ emIls mIka r (1)] ey Igm a n

m aDsUl uysü úg =

rw m aD NaOH =

= 0,0161 L rW 16,1 mL l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; Gnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þnGnuv t þn __ __ etIeK R t Uvk arsU lu ysü úgH2SO41,28Mb:unµ anmIl IlIR te dIm ,Ib nS ab60,2mLén

sUlu ysü úg KOH 0,427 M?

8 GRtakmµerduk dUc) a nb gáaj BImun rYc ehI y R b tikmµ erd uk Tak ;Tg eTA nw gkar epÞr eG L icR t ug nigR b tikm µ

G asIu t-) as Ta k;T geTA n wgk arep ÞrR bUt ug. d UcC aG asIu t G aceFVIG R t akmµC am Yy) as E dre yIgG ac eFVIG R ta kmµPñ ak; garG uksI utk mµC amYyP ñak ;ga rer du kmµ ed a yeR bIR ) as ;d MeN Irk arR s edo gK ña. ]Tah r N_ e yI gG acb E nß m sUluysü úg y a:gR bugR b y ½ tñE dlm anPñ ak; garG uksI ut k mµeTA elIsUl uysü úgE dlm anP ñak ; gare rdu kmµ. c Mnu cs m mU l) anQ anm k dl; enA eBl Pñak ;ga rer dukm µ rgGuksI ut kmµT aMgR su ged ay Pñak ;ga rGuksI ut kmµ.

0,245 mol H2SO4

1 L sU lu> 1 L sU lu> 1000 mL sUl u>

cMnY nm :Ul énF a tur la y m :UL ar Iet

9,80 x 10-3 mol NaOH

0,610 mol/L


4-44

dUcC aG R t akmµG asIu t-) as E dr C aF mµt aG R ta kmµer du k R tUvk arG gÁF at ucg¥ úlB N’ E dl bþÚrBN ’ ya: gc,as ;las ;. k ñú gvtþm anb rim aN ya :geR cI né nPñak ;ga rer du kmµBN ’énG g Á F atuc g¥ú lBN ’ b gðaj lk çN³é ns Næ an rge rdu kmµrb s ;v a. G gÁF a tu cg¥úl BN’s nµ tC amun nUvB N’ éns Næ anr g GuksIu tkmµ rb s ;va enA eBlv a m anvt þm an kñú gm C Ä dæa nGuk sIut kmµ. enA r WE k,r cMn uc s m mUlkarbþ Úr BN’ ya: gx øa Mgrb s ;G g ÁF at uc g¥úlB N’n wgek Itm aneL I genA eBlE dlv abþÚr BIs N æanm Yye TA s Næa n mYyeTo t dUe cñH cM nucs m mU lG acga yR sYls MK al;x ø aMg Nas ;.

r Ub r Ub r Ub r Ub 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 BIe q Vge T AsþaMBIe q Vge T AsþaMBIe q Vge T AsþaMBIe q Vge T AsþaM ³³³³ sUl uy sü úgEdlm an GIuysUl uy sü úgEdlm an GIuysUl uy sü úgEdlm an GIuysUl uy sü úgEdlm an GIuy :: :: ug ug ug ug MnO4- Mn2+ Cr2O7

2- nignignignigCr3+

Pñak ;ga rGuksI ut kmµF mµt aBI r K Wb :Ut asü Úm DIR kUm a: t (K2Cr2O7) nigb :U tasü Úm E Bm :g ;ka Nat (KMnO4). dUcm anb gð aj kñúg rUb 2 2 BN ’énG aj :úg DIR kUm a: t ni gE Bm :g;k aN atK Wx u s K ñay a:gx ø aMgB I BN’énR b eP TK ImIE dl rger du kmµ³ Cr2O7

2- Cr+3

elO gTwkR kUc éb tg MnO4

- Mn2+

BN ’sVa y páaQ UkR s al dUec ñH Pñak ;ga rGuks Iu tkmµ TaM g enH G acR tUv) aneR bIC aG g Á F atuc g¥ú lBN ’x agk ñúg énG R takm µ erdu k BIeR BaH B Ykv am anB N’x u s K ñay a:gx ø aMg kñú gs Næ anr g GuksIu tkmµ nig rger dukm µ. G R takmµe rdu kR tU vka rR b ePT K Nnad UcK ñ a ¬E p¥k elIv iFIs a ®sþm :Ul ¦ dU cC aR b ti kmµb nS a b G asIu t-) as E d r. PaBx u s K ñaK Wfas m Ika rni gs ÞWsü Úem R TIm an TMen are TA rkP aBsµ úK sµaj C asM ra b ; R b tikmµer du k. x ageR k am en H K WC a]Tah r N_é nG R ta kmµe rdu k.

]]]] Tah rNTah rNTah rNTah rN _ _ _ _ 11111111 m aD 16,42 mL énsUl uys ü úg KMnO4 0,1327 M R tUvkare dIm ,I eFIVGu ksIu tkmµ elIm a D

B’NsVa y elO gTwkR k Uc páaQ UkR s a l éb tg

CMB UkTI4

4-45

20,00 mL éns Ulu ysü úg FeSO4 kñúgm C Ä d æanG asIu t. etIsU lu ysü úg FeSO4 m ankMh ab ;b : unµ an ? s mIkarGI uy :ugs MrY lK W 5Fe2+ + MnO4

- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy cMnY nm :Ul én KMnO4 kñúgs U luysü úg 16,42 mL K W

cMnY nm :Ul KMnO4 = 16,42 mL x x

= 2,179 x 10-3 mol KMnO4

BIs mIka renH e yIgeX Ij fa 5 mol Fe2+ R tUvka r 1 mol MnO4- . dUecñH c MnY nm :U lén

FeSO4 E dl) anr gGuks Iut k mµK W cMnY nm :Ul FeSO4 = 2,179 x 10-3 mol KMnO4 x

= 1,090 x 10-2 mol FeSO4

kMh ab ;é nsUl uysü úg FeSO4 KitC am : Ulk ñúgl IR tK W

[FeSO4] = x = 0,5450 M

l Mhatl Mhatl Mhatl Mhat ;; ;; GnuvGnuvGnuvGnuv t þnt þnt þnt þn __ __ etIeK R t Uvk arsU lu ysü úg HI 0,206 M b :un µanm IlIl IR t edIm ,IeF IVe rdu kmµe TA elI 22,5 mL

énsUlu ysü úg KMnO4 0,374 M eda yE p¥ke TA elIs mI karx a geR kam ³ 10 HI + 2 KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 5I2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

G tßb TK ImIG n uv tþn _enA T MB½ r 4-48 BN ’naG MBI dMe NI rka r]sS ah km µE dlT ak ;Tg eTA nwg R b ePTR b tikmµE dl) anBi Pa kS akñ úgC MB UkenH . segçbsmIkarKnøwH m :UL ar Iet (M) = (1) sMr ab ;k arK N nam : UL ar Ie t Mi Vi = Mf Vf (2) sMrab ; kar BR gavsU lu ysü úg

0,1327 mol KMnO4 1 L sU lu>

1 L sU lu> 1000 mL sUl u>

5 mol FeSO4

1 mol KMnO4

1,090 x 10-2 mol FeSO4

20,00 mL sUl u> 1000 mL sUl u>

1 L sU lu>

cMnY nm :Ul énF a tur la y m aDsUl uysü úg (L)


4-46

segçbehtukarN_nigbBaØtþi 1. sUlu ysü úgT wkcM lgc rnþG K Á i s nI R b sinebIF at url ayK WC aeG L icR t UlI t. R b sinebIF atu rla y

minE m nC aeG L icR t UlI t sU luysü úg enaH min cMlg crn þ G K Áis nIe T. 2. R b tikmµK ImIs Mx an;² bIR b ePT E dlekI tm aneL Igkñ úgsU luysü úg Tw k K WR b tikmµ b egáI tkk r

R b tikmµG asI ut -) as n igR b tikmµG uksI udU -e rdu kmµ. 3. tam c, ab ;T UeTA GMB IkM ri trl a yéns m as F atuG uI y:U nic e yIgG a cTsS n _T ay) anf a kkrn wgG a c

kekI tm aneL Igk ñúgR b t ikmµK I mIb¤eT. 4. G asIu tG aerj Ús (Arrhenius) bME b kC aGIuy: ugk ñúg Tw k[ GIuy :ug H+ ni g) as G aerjÚs

(Arrhenius) bME b kC aGIuy :u gkñúg Tw k[ GIu y:u g OH-. G a sIuteR ) a nsÞI t (Brönsted) pþl;R bUt ug nig) as eR ) a nsÞI t (Brönsted) TT Yly kR bUtu g.

5. R b tikmµr vagG as Iu tni g) as R tUv) a nehA faC aR b tikmµb nS ab . 6. kñúgR b t ikmµe rd uk Guks Iu tk mµ nige rdu kmµek IteL Igd MN a lK ña. Guks Iu tkmµm a nlk ç N³sMK al ;

eda yka r) a t;b g; eG L icR t ug erdu kmµm an lkç N³sMK a l;e d ayk arc Me Nj eG L icR t ug. 7. cMnY nGuksI ut kmµC Y ydl ;ey Ig kñúg kar kM Nt ;BIr) ayb n Þúk nigC Y ykñ úgk ark MN t;b n Þú kelIG a t Um

TaM gG s ;E dlm a nkñ úgs m as F atub¤m ank ñúgGI uy :ug eTA ta m eK alka rN_E dl) an kMN t; . Guks I ut kmµG acR t Uv) ans MK al ;ed ay kMeN Iné ncMn YnGu ksIu tkmµ . cME Nke rdu kmµG acR tUv ) ansMK al ; eda yka rf yc uH éncM nYnGu k sIut kmµ.

8. R b tikmµer du kC aeR cI nG acR t Uv ) aneK E b gE ckC afñ ak ;tU c² dUcC aR b ti kmµb nSMR b tikmµb ME b k R b tikmµC Mn Ys b¤R b tikm µDIs µÚ t kmµ.

9. kMh ab ;sU lu ysü úgK WC ab r im a NénF a tu rla yE dlm a nv tþ m ankñ úgb rim aNsU lu ysü úg mYy. m :UL ar Ietb B a¢a k;B IkMh ab ;cM nYn m :UlénF atu rl ayk ñúg 1 L é nsUlu ysü úg.

10. karb E nßm F a tu rMl aye TA kñ úg sUlu ysü úgmYy E dlC adM e NIr karm YyR t Uv) a neK sÁa l; fa ka r BR gaveFIV eG ay f ycuH nU vkMh ab ;¬m : UL ar Iet ¦éns Ulu ysü ú g b :uE nþm ineFV IeG a ym an k arpø as ;bþ Úr cMnY nm :Uls rub énF at url ay E dlm anv tþm a nkñ úgsUl uys ü úgenaH eT .

11. viFIviP aK R kav Im aR t K WC ab ec© keTs v iPaK mY ys R m ab ;k M Nt;G tþs B aØ aNé ns m as F atum Yy nig b¤s R m ab ;k MN t;k Mh ab ; sUlu ysü úgt am r y³ka rkM Nt; rkm a :s rb s ;v a. Bi es a F n_R kavIm aR t C ajwkj ab ; Ta k;T geTA n wgR b tikmµb e gáI tk kr.

CMB UkTI4

4-47

12. kñúgG R t akmµG asIu t-) as sUlu ysü úgE dlsÁ al; kMh a b ;¬G acn iy a yfaC a) as ¦ R tUv) a n b E nßm b nþicmþg² e TA kñ úgsUl u ysü úgE dlmi nsÁa l;k Mh ab; ¬G acni y ay faC aG asIu t¦ kñúgeK a l bMNgk MN t;r kkMh ab ;E dlmi nsÁal ;enaH . cMn ucE dlR b tikmµ kñú gG R takm µcb ;s BVR K b ;R tUv) a n eK ehA facM nucs m mUl.

13. G R takmµe rdu kK WR s edo gK ñ anw gG R takmµG asIu t-) as E dr. cMnucE dlR b t ikmµ Guks Iu tkmµ -erdu kmµcb ;s B VR K b ;R tUv) a neK ehA facM nucs m mUl .

K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾K Im IG nuv t þn ¾

e lahe lahe lahe lah ³³³³ )))) an B IT wks muR Tan B IT wks muR Tan B IT wks muR Tan B IT wks muR T m a:ej sü Úm K WC ael ah ³m an t émøTM gn;R s alE dlR tU v) aneR bIC arUb F a tur cnam :Ud k¾ dUcC a kñú gsMelah ³ k ñúgG aK uy ¬f µBi l¦ nig kñ úgka rvi PaK K ImI. eTaH b IC am a :ej sü Úm sMbUr kñúgs Mb kE pnd I k¾ed ay k¾v am an tMé lef akc Me BaH :k ar ykE r: :e lah ³BI Tw ks muR TE dr. m a:ej sü Úm C akac ugsMbU r bMpute lx 2k ñúgs muR T ¬b nÞ a b ;BIsUdü Úm ¦. m anR b E h l 1,3 g énm a:ej sü Úm k ñúgmY yK IL ÚR kam é n Twks muR T . d MeN Irk arsM rab ;k ar TTY l) anm a:ej sü Úm BITw ks muR TeR bIR ) as ;R b t ik mµTaM gbIR b ePT E dl) anBiP akS akñ úgC MB UkenH ³ R b tikmµb egá It kkr G as Iu t -) as nig erd uk. dMN ak; ka rTIm Yy kñú gka rT aj ykm a :ej sü Úm fµkM e) ar(CaCO3)R tUvdu tkM edA enA sI tu Nð PaB x <s ;edIm , Ib egá ItC a kMe) arrs ; rW kal;sü Úm Gu ksIu t (CaO) ³ CaCO3 (S) CaO (S) + CO2 (g)

enA eBlka l;sü Úm Guks Iu tm a nGMeBIC am Yy Twks muR T vab e gáI t) anC a kal ;sü Úm GuIR du ksIu t [Ca(OH)2] E dlrlay tic tYc n igbME b kC aGI uy :ug Ca2+ nig OH- ³ CaO (S) + H2O (l) Ca2+

(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

GIuy :ugGI uR du ksIu tel Is b gáeG a ym anm a :ej sü Úm GIuR d uksI ut E dlrla y tic tYc eTA C ak kr ³

Mg2+

(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Mg(OH)2 (S)

m a:ej sü Úm GIuR d uksI utr wgR t Uv ) aneR caH ni grgR b t ikmµC amY yG asI utk ør IR Dice dIm , Ib egáI t) anC a m a:ej sü Úm kø rY (MgCl2)³

Ma(OH)2 (S) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)


4-48

b nÞab ;BI Tw khY t m a: ej sü Úm kørY rwg k¾r la ykñ úgBi leFIVB IE dkE fb . m a :ej sü Úm kø rYE dl rla ypÞ úkT aMgG Iu y:u g Mg2+ nig Cl- . kñ úgd MeN Irk are hA faG K iÁs nI viPaK crn þG K Áis nIR tUvq øgk at ; tam Bi led Im ,Ie TA eFIVe rdu kmµGIu y:u g Mg2+ nigeFI VGuksI ut kmµ GIuy :ug Cl-. s mIkarB ak ;kN þalR b t ikmµ K W

Mg2+ + 2e- Mg 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

s mIkar Ta MgmUlK W

MgCl2 (l) Mg (l) + Cl2 (g) enH K WC arebo b E dlelah ³m a:ej sü Úm R tU v) anpl it . ] sµ½nk ørE dl) anb egá It eL Ig G ac bME bøgeTA C aG asI ut kør IR Dic ni gekI tm aneL Igvij tam ry³ dMeN Ir kar enH .

ma: ejsüÚmGIuRdu ksIu tRtU v)anTTY lBI Tw ksmuRTedaykarbegáI tRsHTw kenAÉ Dow Chemical

Company k ñúg Freeport r dæ Texas . BaküKnwøH

es ‘r Is kmµP a B es ‘r Is kmµP a B es ‘r Is kmµP a B es ‘r Is kmµP a B Activity series 4-26

s Ul uy sü úg T wks Ul uy sü úg T wks Ul uy sü úg T wks Ul uy sü úg T wk Aqueous solution 4-2

G asIuG asIuG asIuG asIu t t t t Brønsted Brønsted acid 4-13

)))) as as as as Brønsted Brønsted base 4-13

R b tik mµb nSMR b tik mµb nSMR b tik mµb nSMR b tik mµb nSM Combination reaction 4-23

k Mh abk Mh abk Mh abk Mh ab ;; ;; s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg Concentration of solution 4-33

R b tik mµb ME b k R b tik mµb ME b k R b tik mµb ME b k R b tik mµb ME b k Decomposition reaction 4-24

k a rBR g av k a rBR g av k a rBR g av k a rBR g av Dilution 4-36

G asIutG asIutG asIutG asIut D IR bUT ic D IR bUT ic D IR bUT ic D IR bUT ic Diprotic acid 4-14

R b tik mµC Mn Ys R b tik mµC Mn Ys R b tik mµC Mn Ys R b tik mµC Mn Ys Displacement reaction 4-24

R b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµR b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµR b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµR b tik mµD Is µÚt k mµ Disproportionation reaction 4-30

eG L icR t Ul It eG L icR t Ul It eG L icR t Ul It eG L icR t Ul It Electrolyte 4-2

c Mn uc s m mUl c Mn uc s m mUl c Mn uc s m mUl c Mn uc s m mUl Equivalence point 4-41

k a rv iP aKk a rv iP aKk a rv iP aKk a rv iP aK R ka vIm aR tR ka vIm aR tR ka vIm aR tR ka vIm aR t Gravimetric analysis 4-38

B akB akB akB ak ;; ;; k N þa lR b t ikm µ k N þa lR b t ikm µ k N þa lR b t ikm µ k N þa lR b t ikm µ Half-reaction 4-18

CMB UkTI4

4-49

G IuR daG IuR daG IuR daG IuR da tkm µ tkm µ tkm µ tkm µ Hydration 4-4

G IuyG IuyG IuyG Iuy :: :: ug G IuR d Ujug G IuR d Ujug G IuR d Ujug G IuR d Uj :: :: Úm Úm Úm Úm Hydronium ion 4-13

G g ÁF at uc g¥úl B NG g ÁF at uc g¥úl B NG g ÁF at uc g¥úl B NG g ÁF at uc g¥úl B N ’’ ’’ Indicator 4-41

s m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuy :: :: ug ug ug ug Ionic equation 4-8

k Mh abk Mh abk Mh abk Mh ab ;; ;; mmmm :: :: UE lUE lUE lUE l Molar concentration 4-33

mmmm :: :: UL ar Ie t UL ar Ie t UL ar Ie t UL ar Ie t (M) Molarity (M) 4-33

s m Ik arms m Ik arms m Ik arms m Ik arm :: :: Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Molecular equation 4-7

G asIutG asIutG asIutG asIut mmmm :: :: UN UR bUUN UR bUUN UR bUUN UR bU T ic T ic T ic T ic Monoprotic acid 4-14

s m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuys m Ik arG Iuy :: :: ug s Mr Yl ug s Mr Yl ug s Mr Yl ug s Mr Yl Net ionic equation 4-8

R b tik mµb nS ab R b tik mµb nS ab R b tik mµb nS ab R b tik mµb nS ab Neutralization reaction 4-16

m inE m n eG L ic R t Ul It m inE m n eG L ic R t Ul It m inE m n eG L ic R t Ul It m inE m n eG L ic R t Ul It Nonelectrolyte 4-2

c Mn YnG uk sIut k m µ c Mn YnG uk sIut k m µ c Mn YnG uk sIut k m µ c Mn YnG uk sIut k m µ Oxidation number 4-19

R b tik mµG uks Iut k mµ R b tik mµG uks Iut k mµ R b tik mµG uks Iut k mµ R b tik mµG uks Iut k mµ Oxidation reaction 4-18

P aBG uks Iut k mµ P aBG uks Iut k mµ P aBG uks Iut k mµ P aBG uks Iut k mµ Oxidation state 4-19

R b tik mµG uks Iud UR b tik mµG uks Iud UR b tik mµG uks Iud UR b tik mµG uks Iud U ---- e r duk m µ e r duk m µ e r duk m µ e r duk m µ Oxidation-reduction reaction 4-16

P ña kP ña kP ña kP ña k ;; ;; g a rG uks Iut k mµ g a rG uks Iut k mµ g a rG uks Iut k mµ g a rG uks Iut k mµ Oxidizing agent 4-18

k k r k k r k k r k k r Precipitate 4-5

R b tik mµb egáIt k k rR b tik mµb egáIt k k rR b tik mµb egáIt k k rR b tik mµb egáIt k k r Precipitation reaction 4-5

k a rv iP aK b r im a Nk a rv iP aK b r im a Nk a rv iP aK b r im a Nk a rv iP aK b r im a N Quantitative analysis 4-38

R b tik mµe r duk R b tik mµe r duk R b tik mµe r duk R b tik mµe r duk Redox reaction 4-17

P ña kP ña kP ña kP ña k ;; ;; g a re r duk mµ g a re r duk mµ g a re r duk mµ g a re r duk mµ Reducing agent 4-18

R b tik mµe r duk mµ R b tik mµe r duk mµ R b tik mµe r duk mµ R b tik mµe r duk mµ Reduction reaction 4-18

R b tik mµe TA m k R b tik mµe TA m k R b tik mµe TA m k R b tik mµe TA m k Reversible reaction 4-5

G Mbil G Mbil G Mbil G Mbil Salt 4-17

kkkk Mr it r l ay Mr it r l ay Mr it r l ay Mr it r l ay Solubility 4-6

F at ur la y F at ur la y F at ur la y F at ur la y Solute 4-2

s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg Solution 4-2

F at ur Ml a y F at ur Ml a y F at ur Ml a y F at ur Ml a y Solvent 4-2


4-50

G IuyG IuyG IuyG Iuy :: :: uu uu g T sS nik g T sS nik g T sS nik g T sS nik Spectator ion 4-8

s Ul uy sü úgs þgs Ul uy sü úgs þgs Ul uy sü úgs þgs Ul uy sü úgs þg ;; ;; d a d a d a d a Standard solution 4-41

G R ta kmµ G R ta kmµ G R ta kmµ G R ta kmµ Titration 4-41

G asIutG asIutG asIutG asIut R T IR bUT ic R T IR bUT ic R T IR bUT ic R T IR bUT ic Triprotic acid 4-14

sMnYrniglMhat; lkçN³énsUluysüúgTwk

s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 1. cUreG a yn iym n½ yénB akü F atu rla y r Mla y n igsU luysü úg eda yB iBN ’naGM BI kar rMl a y

G gÁF at urw gkñ úgG gÁF a tu rav pg . 2. etIm a nPaBx us K ñ a ya: gdU cemþ crva gminE m neG L icR tUlI t nigeG L icR tUl It ? rv ageG L icR tUl It

ex S ayn igeG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg ? 3. cUrB ’Nn aGMBIG IuR d atkm µ. etIT wkm an lkç N³GIVE dlG aceG aym :UelK u lrb s ; vaeFIVG n þr km µ

C amYyGI uy :ugk ñúgs Ulu ysü úg ?

4. etIm a nPaBx us K ñ a ya: gdU cemþ crva gnimi tþs B aØ akñ úgs mIk ar K ImI³ → nig ⇌ ? 5. TwkK WC a eG L icR t UlI tex S a y x øaMg Nas; dU ecñH ehI yv amin G accMl gcr nþG K Áis n I) an eT . et Ieh t u

GIV ey IgeR c InE tR t Uv) an eK E Nna MmineG a yeR bIeR K O gE d leR b Icrn þG K Áis nI enA eBlE d lédrb s ; eyIg esIm ?

6. lIcUm Pø ú yG rY (LiF) K WC a eG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg . et Im anv tþ m anR b ePTK ImIGI Vx øH kñú g LiF (aq)? l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 7. cUrr kG t þs BaØ aNs arF a tu nI mYy² x ageR k am faC a eG L ic R tUlI tx øa Mg eG L icR t U lItex S ay

rWminE m neG L icR tUl It³ (a) H2O, (b) KCl, (c) HNO3, (d) CH3COOH, (e) C12H22O11. 8. cUrr kG t þs BaØ aNs arF a tu nI mYy² x ageR k am faC a eG L ic R tUlI tx øa Mg eG L icR t U lItex S ay

rWminE m neG L icR tUl It³ (a) Ba(NO3)2, (b) Ne, (c) NH3, (d) NaOH. 9. karqø gka t;é ncr nþG K ÁIs nI ta m sUluysü úg eG L icR t UlI tR tUv) a nb egá IteL Ige da ycl naén

(a) eG L i cR tug (b) ka cug (c) G aj :úg (d) Ta Mgk acu gni gG aj :úg . 10. cUr TsS n_ Ta yni gBnü l;e tIR b B½n§x ageR k am N ax øH E dlcM lgcrn þG K ÁIs n I ³ (a) NaCl rwg

(b) NaCl r av (c) sUlu ys ü úgTwk én NaCl.

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11. GñkR tUv) aneK pþ l;eG a ys m as F at uE dlrl a ykñ úgT wk X cU rBN ’n aGMBI rebo b E dlGñk R tUvk MN t;f ae tIv aC aeG L icR tUl It rWmi nE m nC aeG L icR tUl It. R b sinebIv aC aeG L icR tUl It etIGñ kR tU vkM Nt ;fa et IvaC a eG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg rWex S a y ya: g dUcemþ c?

12. cUrBnü l ;et Ieh t uGIVs Ulu ys ü úgén HCl kñ úgb g;E s nmi ncMlg crn þG K Áis n I b : uE nþk ñúg Twkv a cMlg.

RbtikmµbegáItkkr s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 13. etIm a nPaBx us K ñ a ya: gNa rv ags mIk arGIu y: ugn igs mIk ar m :UelK ul ? 14. etIk ars res rs mI karG Iu y:u g sMrYlm anplR b ey aC n_GI V?

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 15. cUrk MN t;l kç N³s m as F a tu x ageR kam f aC as m as F a tu r lay rWmi nrl ay kñúg Tw k³

(a) Ca3(PO4)2, (b) Mn(OH)2, (c) AgClO3, (d) K2S. 16. cUrk MN t;l kç N³s m as F a tu x ageR kam f aC as m as F a tu r lay rWmi nrl ay kñúg Tw k³

(a) CaCO3, (b) ZnSO4, (c) Hg(NO3)2, (d) HgSO4 , (e) NH4ClO4. 17. cUrs r es rs mIk arGI uy :ug nig GIuy :ugsM rYls Mr ab ;R b tikm µx a geR kam ³

(a) 2AgNO3 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) (b) BaCl2 (aq) + ZnSO4 (aq)

(c) (NH4)2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) 18. cUrs r es rs mIk arGI uy :ug nig GIuy :ugsM rYls Mr ab ;R b tikm µx a geR kam ³

(a) Na2S (aq) + ZnCl2 (aq) (b) 2K3PO4 (aq) + 3Sr(NO3)2 (aq)

(c) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)

19. etI dMe NIr ka rx ageR kam Nax ø H nwgG acC al T§p lR b tikm µb egáI tkk r?

(a) k arl ays Ulu ysü úg NaNO3 C amYysUl uysü ú g CuSO4. (b) ka rla ysU lu ysü úg BaCl2 C amYysUl uysü ú g K2SO4. cUrs r es rs mIk arGI uy :ugs MrY lsMrab ;R b tikmµb e gáI tk kr.

20. eda ye yage TA elI ta rag 2 cUrp þl;n Uvv iFIE dlGñ kR b E h lC aG acE j k³ (a) K+ ecj BI Ag+ (b) Ag+ ecj BI Pb2+ (c) NH4

+ ecj BI Ca2+

(d) Ba2+ecj BI Cu2+.


4-52

kacu gT aMgG s ;R tUv) a ns nµ t fasß ite nA kµú gsUlu ysü úg Twk nigG aj :úgF mµ ta K WC a GIuy :ug nIR ta t.

RbtikmµGasIut-)as s Mn Yr r Mr wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Mr wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Mr wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Mr wk em er o n 21. cUrb eg áI tC at ar agGMBI lkç N³ TUe TA énG asI ut nig) as . 22. cUrp þl;n iym n ½ yénG as Iu tni g) as rb s; Arrhenius ni g Bronsted. e tIeh tuGI V) anC a

niym n ½y rb s; Bronsted m ans ar³R b e yaC n _eR cInC agkñ ú gkarB N’ naGMB Ilk çN³G as Iu t) as ? 23. cUrp þl;] Tah rN_ énG as Iu tm :U NUR bUTi c G asIu tD IR bUTi c G asIu tR TIR bUT ic. 24. etIR b t ikmµb nS ab G asIu t-) a s m anlkç N³sMK a l; ya: gdU cemþc? 25. etIm a nk tþaG IVx øH E dlG a ckM Nt; fas m as F at umYyC aGM bil? c Urb Ba ¢ak ;f as m a s F at u

x ageR kam N ax øH C aGMbil³ CH4, NaF, NaOH, CaO, BaSO4, HNO3, NH3, KBr?

26. cUrk MN t;G tþs Ba Øa Ns m as F atux a geR kam C aG as Iu tex S a yrWx ø aM g C a) as ex S ay rW x øaMg³

(a)NH3, (b)H3PO4, (c) LiOH, (d) HCOOHc ¬ G asIu tpmic ¦, (e) H2SO4, (f) HF,

(g)Ba(OH)2. l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 27. cUrk MN t;G tþs Ba Øa NR b ePT K ImInImY y² x ageR k am C aG a sIut ) asBrønsted rWT aMgB Ir³

(a)HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-, (d) HSO4

-.

28. cUrk MN t;G tþs Ba Øa NR b ePT K ImInimY y² x ageR k am C a G a sIut ) as Brønsted rW TaM gBIr³

(a) PO43-

, (b) ClO2-, (c) NH4

+, (d) HCO3-.

29. cUrf øwgs m Ika rx ageR k am ni gs res rs mIk arG Iu y:ug nigG Iu y:u gsMr YlE dlR t UvK ñ a ¬R b sineb I s m R s b ¦³ (a) HBr (aq) + NH3 (aq) →

( HBr K WC aG asI utx ø aM g ) (b) Ba(OH)2 (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → (c) HClO4 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (S) →

30. cUrf øwgs m Ika rx ageR k am ni gs res rs mIk arG Iu y:ug nigG Iu y:u gsMr YlE dlR t UvK ñ a ¬R b sineb I s m R s b ¦³

(a) CH3COOH (aq) + KOH (aq) →

(b) H2CO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) →

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(c) HNO3 (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) →

RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 31. cUrp þl;] Tah rN_G MBIR b t ikmµ erdu kE dlC aR b t ikmµb nS M R b tikmµ erd ukE dlC aR b tikm µbME b k

nigR b ti kmµer dukE dlC aR b ti kmµC MnYs . 32. R b tikmµc Meh H Ta MgG s ;K WC aR b tikmµe rd uk. Bi t r WminB it ? cUrBnü l; . 33. etIc MnY nGuks Iut kmµK WC aG IV? etIeK eR bIv ae dIm ,Ik MN t; G tþs Ba Øa Nrb s ;R b ti kmµe rdu kya :g

dUcemþ c? cUr Bnü l;f aeh t uGIV ) anC acM nYnG uksI utkm µminm a ns ar³sMx an;é nlk çN³ rUb e lIkE l g cMeBaH s m as F a tuG Iu y:ug .

34. (a) e da yminE p¥ keTA el IrUb 1 0 cUrp þl; cMn YnGuks Iu tkmµé nelah ³G a l;k aL aM g ni ge lah ³ G al;k alI NUE T rWu kñú gs m as F atu rb s ;v a. (b) c Urpþ l;c M nYnGuks Iu tkmµx <s ;bMpu tE dl F atuR k um 3A-7A G acm an.

35. etIes ‘rIs kmµPaBR tUv) aneK b egáI teL Ig ya :gd Ucemþ c? e tIv aR tUv) aneK eR bIk ñúg kars ik S aén R b tikmµer du ky a:g dUc emþc ?

36. cUreR bIR b ti kmµx ag eR kam ed I m ,IeG ay ni ym n½ yGMBIR b t ik mµerd uk B ak; kN þalR b tikm µ Pñak ;ga rGuksI ut kmµ ni gPña k; gare rdu kmµ³

4Na (S) + O2 (g) 2Na2O (S)

37. etIv aG acm anR b ti kmµmY yE d lkñúg enaH Gu ksIu tkmµe kI te L Ig nig erd ukmµmi nek It eL Ig?

cUrBnü l ;.

38. etIv aR tU vka rGIV cMeB aH F at umYy edIm ,IeG ay va TTY lrgR b t ik mµDIsµ Útkm µ? cUreG ay e Q µaH

F atuF mµ tac MnY nR ) aME dl TM ng C acUlr Ym kñ úgR b ti kmµE b b enH .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 39. cMeBaH R b ti kmµer du ks BVE dl ) anpþl ;eG a yx ageR k am ³ (i) cUrbME b kR b ti kmµnIm Yy² e TA C a

Bak; kNþ alR b ti kmµrb s ; va (ii) kMN t;G t þs Ba Øa NPña k;g ar GuksIu tkmµ (iii) P ñak ;ga rer du kmµ³ (a) 2Sr + O2 2SrO (b) 2Li + H2 2LiH (c) 2Cs + Br2 2CsBr

(d) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2

40. cMeBaH R b ti kmµer du ks BVE dl ) anpþl ;eG a yx ageR k am ³ cU rs res rB ak; kN þalR b t ikmµ nig

kMN t;G tþs Ba Øa NPñ ak;g arGu ksIu tkmµ n igPñ ak; gar erd ukmµ .


4-54

(a) 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

(b) Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2

(c) Si + 2F2 SiF4

(d) H2 + Cl2 2HCl

41. cUre ro b lMd ab ;R b ePTK ImI teT A enH tam ka rek IneL I génc MnY nGuksIu tkm µrb s ;G a tUm s < an; F½r³

(a) H2S, (b) S8, (c) H2SO4, (d) S2-, (e) HS-, (f) SO2, (g) SO3 .

42. pUsV½ rb egáI tC aGu ksUG as Iu tC a eR cIn. c Urc g¥ú lb gða j GMBIcM nYnGu ksIu tkmµ énp UsV½ rkñú g

G asIu tnimY y² x ageR k am ³ (a) H3PO3 (b) H3PO2 (c) H3PO3 (d) H3PO4 (e) H4P2O7

(f) H5P3O10 .

43. cUrp þl;c MnY nGuks Iut kmµé nG a tUm E dl) a nK Us b nÞ at ;BIeR k a m kñúgm : UelK ul nigGI uy :ug nI mYy² teTA enH ³ (a) ClF, (b) IF7, (c) CH4, (d) C2H2, (e) C2H4, (f) K2CrO4, (g)K2Cr2O7, (h)KMnO4, (i) NaHCO3, (j) Li 2, (k) NaIO3, (l) KO2, (m) PF6

-, (n) KAuCl4.

44. cUrp þl;c MnY nGuks Iut kmµsM rab ; R b ePTK ImIte TA enH ³ H2, Se8, P4, O, U, As4, B12

45. cUrp þl;c MnY nGuks Iut kmµsM rab ; G atUm E dl) anK Us b nÞ at ;BIeR kam kñ úgm :U elK uln igGI uy :ug nImYy² te TA enH ³ (a) Cs2O, (b) CaI2, (c) Al2O3, (d) H3AsO3, (e) TiO2, (f) MoO4

2,

(g) PtCl42-, (h) PtCl6

2- , (i) SnF2 , (j) ClF3, (k) SbF6

- .

46. cUrp þl;c MnY nGuks Iut kmµé nG a tUm E dl) a nK Us b nÞ at ;BIeR k a m kñúgm : UelK ul nigGI uy :ug nImY y² teTA enH ³ (a) Mg3N2, (b) CsO2, (c) CaC2, (d) CO3

2-, (e) C2O42-, (f) ZnO2

2-, (g)

NaBH4, (h) WO42-.

47. G asIu tnIR T icK WC aP ñak ;ga rGuk sIut kmµx øa Mg. cU rb Ba¢ ak ;f aet IR b ePTK ImIx ag eR kam N a mYy

E dlm anl T§Pa Bt icC ageK R tUv) a nb egá IteL IgenA eB lG a sIut nIR Ti cm anR b t ikmµC amY y Pñak ;ga rerdu kmµx øa Mg d UcC ae lah ³s ½ gásI ni gcU rBnü l; faeh tuGI V³ N2O, NO, NO2, N2O4, N2O5, NH4

+

48. etIe lah ³t eTA enH N aG acm anR b tikm µC amY yTw k? (a) Au, (b) Li, (c) Hg, (d) Ca,

(e) Pt.

49. E p¥kelImU ldæ ané nka rK i tGMBI cMnY nGuksI ut kmµ Guks Iu tte TA enH mYyn wgminR b t ikmµC a mYy m :UelK ulG uksIuE s n eT³ NO, N2O, SO2, SO3, P4O6 . etI vaK WC aGu ksIu t NamY y? eh tuGIV ?

50. cUr TsS n_ Ta ylT §plr MBw gTu kénR b ti kmµE dl tage da y s mIkarx a geR kam e da yk ar

eR bIR ) as ;es‘rIs kmµPa B nig føwgs mI ka rT aMge nH pg.

(a) Cu (S) + HCl (aq) → (b) I2 (S) + NaBr (aq) → (c) Mg (S) + CuSO4 (aq) →

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(d) Cl2 (g) + KBr (aq) →

51. cUreFI VcM Na t; fña k;R b t ikmµe rdu kx ageR kam ³

(a) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

(b) Mg + AgNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag (c) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O (d) H2 + Br2 2HBr

52. cUreFI VcM Na t; fña k;R b t ikmµe rdu kx ageR kam ³ (a) P4 + 10Cl2 4PCl5

(b) 2NO N2 + O2 (c) Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 (d) 3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO

kMhab;sUluysüúg s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 53. cUrs r es rs mIk arsM rab ; ka rK Nnam : UL ar Ie t. etI eh tu GIV) anC am :UL a rIe tK WC ax ñ atk M h ab ;

E dlga yR sYlkñ úgK ImI ? 54. cUrB N’n aGMBI dM Nak ;k arE dl Tak ;Tge nA kñ úgTe gIVs Ulu ys ü úgE dlsÁal ;k Mh ab ;m : UE l

eda yka reR bIR ) as ;E kv vas ;m aD. l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 55. cUrK N nam a :s énKI C aR kam E dlR tUvk are dIm , IeFVI I5,00x102 mLéns Ulu ysü úg2,80 M. 56. b rim aN 5,25g én NaNO3 R tUv) anrM la ykñ úgb r im aNR K b ;R K an;énT wke dIm ,Ib e gáI t) a nC a

sUlu ysü úgBi tR ) akd 1 L . etIm : UL ar Ie ténsU lu ysü úg esµIb :u nµa n? 57. etIm a n MgCl2 b :unµ anm : UlE d lm anv tþm an kñ úg60,0 mLé nsUlu ysü úg MgCl20,100 M? 58. etIm a n KOH b : unµ anR kam E d lm anv tþm an kñ úg 35,0 mL énsUlu ysü úg 5,50 M? 59. cUrK N nam : UL ar Iet énsUl uy sü úgnImY y² x ageR kam ³

(a) 29,0 g é neG t aNu l (C2H5OH) kñ úg 545 mL énsU lu ysü úg. (b) 15,4 g é ns ‘u yR kUs (C12H22O11) kñúg 74,0 mL énsU lu ysü úg. (c) 9,00 g é nsUdü Úm k ør Y (NaCl) kñúg 86,4 mL é nsUlu ysü ú g.

60. cUrK N nam : UL ar Iet énsUl uy sü úgnImY y² x ageR kam ³ (a) 6,57 g é nem t aNu l (CH3OH) kñ úg 1,50 x 102 mL é nsUlu ysü úg. (b) 10,4 g é nka l;sü Úm kø rY (CaCl2) kñúg 2,20 x 102 mL é nsUlu ysü úg. (c) 7,82 g é nNab ;t aE L n (C10H8) kñúg 85,2 mL é nsUl u ysü úgb g;E s n.


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61. cUrK N nam a DC a mL é n sUlu ysü úgE dlR t Uvk arc aM) ac;e dIm ,I pþl; eG a y) anb r im a NdU c x ageR kam ³

(a) 2,14 g é nlU dü Úm kør YBIs Ulu y sü úg 0,270 M. (b) 4,30 g é neG t aNu lBIsU lu ysü úg 1,50 M. (c) 0,85 g é nG asIu tG a es Ti c (CH3COOH) BIsUlu ysü úg 0,30 M.

62. cUrk MN t; fae tIeK R t Uvk arF a tu rla ynIm Yy² x ageR k am b :un µa nR kam ed Im ,IeFVI VeG a y) a n 2,50

x 102 mL é nsUl uysü úg 0,100 M³ (a) es sü Úm GIuy: UD Y (CsI) (b) G asI uts‘ ulp Yri c (H2SO4)

(c) sU dü Úm kabU Na t (Na2CO3) (d) b :U tasü Úm D IR kUm a :t (K2Cr2O7)

(e) b :Ut asü Úm E Bm :g;k aNa t (KMnO4)

karBRgavsUluysüúg s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 63. cUrB N’n aGMBI dM Nak ;k arsMx a n;² E dlT ak; Tgk ñúg kar BR gav sUlu ysü úgE dlsÁ al; kMh a b ;. 64. cUrs r es rs mIk arE dlG ace G aye yIgK Nna kMh ab ; énsU luysü úg rav . c Urp þl;x ñ at sMra b ;

Bakü Ta MgG s ;. l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 65. cUrB N’n aGMBI rebo b eFVI 1L énsUlu ysü úg HCl 0,646 ME dlcab ; epþIm B IsUl uy sü úg

HCl 2,00 M. 66. eK b E nßm Twke TA kñú g 25,0 mL énsUl uysü úg KNO3 0,866 M rhUt Ta l;E tm aDé n

sUlu ysü úgBi tR ) akdK W 500 mL. e tIk Mh ab ;é nsUl uys ü úgcugeR k aye nH esµIn wgb : unµ an ? 67. etIGñ kR tU veFVI 60,0 mL é n HNO3 0,200 M BIsUlu y sü úgsþúké n HNO3 4,00 M ya :g

dUcemþ c? 68. Gñkm an 505 mL éns Ulu ysü úg HCl 0,125 M ehI yGñkc g;BR ga vva eG ay) an kMh ab ;

BitR ) ak d 0,100 M. et IGñ kR tUvE fm Twkb : unµ an ? 69. eK lay 35,2 mL énsUl u ysü úg KMnO4 1,66 M C amYy 16,7 mL é nsUl uy sü úg

KMnO4 0,892 M . cUrK Nnak Mh ab ; énsUl uysü ú gcu geR kay .

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70. eK lay 46,2 mL én sUlu ysü úgka l;sü Úm nIR ta t [Ca(NO3)2]0,568M C am Yy 80,5mL é nsUlu ysü úg k al;sü Úm nIR ta t1,396 M. cUrK N nak Mh ab ;é nsUl u ysü úgcu g eR kay.

karviPaKRkavImaRt s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 71. cUrB N’n aGMBI dM Nak ;k arsMx a n;² E dlT ak; Tgk ñúg kar viP aK R kavIm aR t. et IdM eNI renH C Yy

eyIg edIm , IkM Nt ;G t þs BaØ aN éns m as F at ur WPaBs uT§ éns m as F atu ya :gd Ucem þc R b sinebIey Ig sÁal; rUb m nþ rb s ;va ?

72. Twkbi tR t Uv) an eK eR bIkñú gka rvi PaK R kavIm aR tén kør Y. eh t u GIV? l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 73. R b sinebIeK b E nßm 30,0 mL én CaCl2 0,150 M e TA kñúg 15,0 mL én AgNO3

0,100M etIm a :s C aR kam é n kkr AgCl esµIn wgb : unµ an? 74. PaK sMNa k 0,6760 g é n s m as F atumi nsÁ al;E dlm a npÞúkG Iu y:u g) arü Úm (Ba2+) R tUv) a n

eK rMla yk ñúg Twk n igeG a ym anGM eBIC amY yNa2SO4elIs . R b sineb Im a:s é n kkr) a rü Úm s‘ulpa t(BaSO4)E dlR t Uvb egáI teL IgK W 0,4105 g etI P aK ryC am a:s én Ba kñ úgs m as F at u edIm E dlmi nsÁa l;k Mh ab ;e na H esµInwgb : unµ an ?

75. etIeK R t Uvk ar NaCl b :unµ anR kam ed Im ,Ib egá It kkrC amYyG Iuy :ug Ag+ eG ay) a neR cInb M putB I 2,50 x 102 mL é nsUlu y sü úg AgNO3 0,0113 M? cUrs res rs mI karG Iu y:u gsM rYlsM ra b ; R b tikmµenH .

76. kMh ab ;é nGIu y: ug Cu2+ kñúgTwk ¬E dlpÞ úkGI uy :ugs ‘ulp a tpgE dr ¦E dlR tUv) a nb gðÚ re cj B I erag cR k]sS ah km µmYyR tUv ) ankM Nt ;ed ay ka rb E nßm sU luysü úgs Udü Úm s‘ ulPY(Na2S) elIs eTA kñú g 0,800 L én Twk . s mIkarm :UelK u lK W

Na2S (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CuS (s)

cUrs r es rs mIk arGI uy :ugs MrY l nigK Nn akMh ab ;m :UE lé n Cu2+ kñúgPaK sMN akT wk R b sinebI 0,0177 g é nG gÁF a tu rwg CuS R tUv) anb eg áI teL Ig.

GRtakmµGasIut-)as s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n


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77. cUrB N’n aGMBI dM Nak ;k arsMx a n;² E dlT ak; Tgk ñúgG R t akmµ G asIu t-) as . eh tuGIV) anC a b ec© keTs enH m a ntM élG nu v tþn _y a:gx ø aMg ?

78. etIG g ÁF at ucg ¥úlB N’G as Iu t- ) as dMe NIr ka ry a:g dUc emþc ? l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 79. cUrK N nam a DC a mL énsU luysü úg NaOH 1,420 M E dlR tUv ka rca M) ac ;ed Im ,I G R ta

sUlu ysü úgnImY y² x ageR k a m ³ (a) 25,00 mL éns Ulu ysü úg HCl 2,430 M

(b) 25,00 mL éns Ulu ysü úg H2SO4 4,500 M

(c) 25,00 mL éns Ulu ysü úg H3PO4 1,500 M

80. etIeK R t Uvk arm a DsUl uysü úg HCl 0,50M b :unµane dIm , I b nS ab sUlu ysü úgn ImYy² x ag eR kam eG a y) ans B V³

(a) 10,0 mL éns Ulu ysü úg NaOH 0,30 M

(b) 10,0 mL éns Ulu ysü úg Ba(OH)2 0,20 M

GRtakmµerduk s Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o ns Mn Yr r Ml wk em er o n 81. etIm a nPaB dUcK ña ni gPaBx u s K ñaGIVx øH rv agG R t akmµG as Iu t-) as nigG R t akmµe rd uk? 82. cUrBnü l ;fa eh tuG IVb : Ut asü Úm E Bm :g;ka Na t (KMnO4) n i gb :Ut asü Úm DIR k Um a: t (K2Cr2O7)

G aceR bIsMr ab ;C aG gÁF at ucg¥ ú lBN’x a gkñ úgénG R t akmµ er duk. l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 83. E dk (II) G a crgG uksI utkm µ eda ysUl uysü úg K2Cr2O7 kúñúgm C Ä dæ anG as Iu tt am s mIkar

GIuy :ugsM rYlx ageR kam ³ Cr2O7

2- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O

R b sinebIvaR t UveR bIG s; 26,0 mL é nsUl uysü úgK2Cr2O7 0,0250M edIm ,IeFI VG R ta kmµ25,0

mL éns Ulu ysü úgE dl pÞú k Fe2+ etIkMh ab ;m :UE l rb s; Fe2+ esµInwgb : unµ an ?

84. vtþm a n SO2 kñúgb ri ya kas e R cInE tC ae dIm eh t usM rab ;) a tu PUteP øó gG asIu t. k Mh ab ; rb s ;v a G acR tUv kM Nt ;ed ay kar eFIVG R takmµC am Yys Ulu ysü úgE B m :g;k aNa tsþ g;d ad Ucx ageR k am ³

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5SO2 + 2MnO4- + 2H2O → 5SO4

2- + 2Mn2+ + 4H+

cUrK N nab r im aNC aR k am én SO2 kñúgPaK sM Nak énx ü l; R b sinebI 7,37 mL énsU luysü úg KMnO4 0,00800 M R tUvka rcaM) ac;s Mr ab ;G R ta kmµs BV.

85. PaK sMNa kE r:E d kE dlm an m a:s 0,2792 g R tUv) ane K rMla ykñ úgsU lu ysü úgG asI u tra v

ehIy Fe(II) TaM gG s ;R tU v) a nbME bøgeTA C aGI uy :ug Fe (III). sUlu ysü úgenH R t Uvk ar 23,30mL

énsUlu ysü úg K2Cr2O7 0,0194 M sMrab ;G R takmµ s BV. cU rK Nn aPaK r yC am a:s énE d k kñúgE r :E dk. ¬sUm emIl lMh a t; 83 sM rab ;s mI kar lMn wg¦.

86. kMh ab ;é nsUl uysü úgG IuR dUE s nE BGuksIu tG acR tUv) a nkM Nt; y a:gg ayR sY led ay

G R takmµC amY ysU lu ysü úg b :Ut asü Úm E Bm :g;k aNa tE dl ) aneFIVs þg; dakm µkñ úgm C Ä dæ an

G asIu tt am s mIka rx ageR k a m ³

2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+

→ 5O2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

R b sinebIeK R tUvk ar caM) ac;36,44mL énsUl uysü ú g KMnO4 0,01652M edIm ,IeFIVGu ksIu tk m µ s BVC amYy 25,00 mL é nsU luysü úg H2O2 cUrK N nam : U L arIe téns Ulu ysü úg H2O2.

87. GIuy :ugGI uy :U da t(IO3-)eF IVGuk sIut kmµel ISO3

2-kñúgsUlu y sü úgG asIu t. Bak ;k Nþa lR b tik m µ sMrab ;Gu ksIu tkm µK W

SO32- + H2O → SO4

2- + 2H+ + 2e-

sUlu ysü úgPaK sM Nak 100,0 mL E dlpÞ úk 1,390 g én KIO3 m anR b tikm µC amY y 32,5

mL én NaSO3 0,500 M. etIs P aBGu ksIu tkmµ ¬c MnY n GuksIu tkmµ ¦ é nGIu y: Utes µIb : unµ anb nÞ ab ; BIR b tikmµ ekI teL Ig cb ;s BVR K b;?

88. G asIu tGuks a lic (H2C2O4) m anv tþm an kñ úgr ukçC a ti nigb E nøC aeR cIn. R b sineb IeK R tUv kar 24,0 mL énsU lu ysü úg KMnO4 0,0100 M ed Im ,IeFI V G R takmµC amY y 1,00 g é n H2C2O4

eTA dl; cMn ucs m mUl et IPa K ryC am a :s én H2C2O4 kñúgP aK sMN akes µIn wgb :u nµa n ? s mIk ar GIuy :ugsM rYlK W

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O4

2- →

2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

89. eK eFIVG R takm µb rim a N 25,0 mL é nsUlu ysü úgmY yE dlpÞ úkT aMgG Iu y:u g Fe2+ nigFe3+

C amYy 23,0mL én KMnO4 0,0200M ¬kñúgG asIu ts‘ u lpYri cr av¦. C al T§pl Fe2+ TaMgG s ; ) anrgGu ksIu tkmµ eTA C aGI uy :u gFe3+. b nÞab ;m ksUlu ysü úgR tU v) an dak ;eG a ym a nR b tik m µ C amYyel ah ³Zn ed Im ,IbME bø gGIuy :ug Fe3+ TaMgG s ; eTA C aGIuy :ug Fe2+. TIb Ba© b ;sU luysü úg enaH E dlpÞ úkE tGI uy :ug Fe2+ R tUv kar 40,0 mL énsUl uy sü úg KMnO4 dE dlsMr ab ; GuksIu tk m µ


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eTA C aGIu y: ug Fe3+ . cUrK Nnak Mh ab ;m :UE lén Fe2+ ni g Fe3+ kñúgs Ulu ysü úge dIm . s mIkar GIuy :ugsM rYlK W

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+

→ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

90. kal;sü Úm Gu ks aL a t (CaC2O4) minrl ay kñú gT wke T . cMeB aH eh tu plenH v aR tUv ) an

eK eR bIR ) as ;edIm ,I kM Nt ;b rim a NénGI uy :ug Ca2+ kñúgv tß úra vdUcC aQ am . k al;sü Úm Gu ks aL a t E dl) anE j kecj B IQ am R tU vrMl ay kñú gG asIu t ni geFIVG R takmµC am Yys Ulu ysü úg KMnO4

E dl) aneFI Vsþg; da kmµd Ucb gð a j kñúgl Mh a t;88. kñ úgk ar eFIVets þmY y eK eX Ij fak a l;sü Úm - Guks aL a t E dlE j k) anB I PaK sMNa kQ am 10,0 mL R tUvka r 24,2 mL én KMnO4 9,56

x 10-4 M sMrab ;G R takm µ. cUrK N nab r im aNC am IlIR k a m (mg) é nka l;sü Úm kñ úgmY ymIlI lIR t (mL) énQ am .

lMhat;bEnßm 91. cUreFI VcM Na t; fña k;R b t ikmµx a geR kam eTA tam R b ePTR b ti kmµE dl) an BiPa kS ak ñúgC MBUk enH (a) Cl2 + 2OH-

→ Cl- + ClO- + H2O

(b) Ca2+ + CO32-

→ CaCO3

(c) NH3 + H+ →

NH4+

(d) 2CCl4 + CrO42- → 2COCl2

+ CrO2Cl2 + 2Cl- (e) Ca + F2 → CaF2

(f) 2Li + H2 → 2LiH (g) Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → 2NaNO3 + BaSO4

(h) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O (i) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

(j) 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3

92. GukE s n (O2) nigk abUn DI GuksIu t (CO2) K WC a]sµ½ n K µanBN ’ni gK µan kø in. cU rR ) a b ;GMBI etsþK ImI cMn YnBI rE dlG a ceG a yGñk dwgn Uvl kçN³x us E bøk K ñarv ag]sµ ½n TaM gBIr enH .

93. etIsU lu ysü úgT wkx ag eR kam NamY y E dlG ñkr MBwg fac M lgcrn þG K Áis n I) anl ¥C ageK bMput enA 25 0C ? cUrBnü l;GMB IcM e lIy rb s ;Gñk.

(a) NaCl 0,20 M (b) CH3COOH 0,60 M (c) HCl 0,25 M (d) Mg(NO3)2 0,20 M

94. PaK sMNa k 5,00 x 102 mL éns Ulu ysü úgG as Iut HCl 2,00 MR tUv) aneK da k;e G ay

m anGMeBIC amYy 4,47 g é n m :aej sü Úm . cU rK Nn akMh a b ;énsUl uysü úgG asIu tb nÞ a b ;BIelah ³ TaM gG s ;) an cUlr Ym R b tikm µ. s nµtf am aD enA s l;mi npø a s ;bþÚr.

95. cUrK N nam a DénsU lu ysü úgCuSO4 0,156 ME dlG acm anR b tikmµC amYys ½gÁs I 7,89g

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96. sUdü Úm kabU Na t (Na2CO3) G acr k) anC as Næ ansu T§ l¥ nigG acR t Uv) an eK eR bIedI m ,Ie F IV sþg;d akmµs Ulu ysü úgG as Iut . etIk Mh ab ;m : UL ar Iet énsUl u ysü úg HCl esµInw gb :un µan R b sineb I eK R tUvk arm a DsUlu ysü úg 28,3 mL e dIm ,Im a nR b tikm µC a mYy Na2CO3 0,256 g?

97. PaK sMNa k 3,664 g énm :U NUR bUt ugG asI utR tUv) a neK rM lay kñú gTw k. e dIm ,Ib nS ab G asIu t enH eK R tUveR bIG s; 20,27 mL é nsUlu ysü úg NaOH 0,1578 M. cUrK Nnam :a s m :UelK ul énG asIu te nH .

98. G asIu tG aes T ic (CH3COOH) K WC aeR K O gpSM y: agsMx an;é nTw kex µH . eK eFIVG R t ak mµPaK sMNa k 50,0 mL énT wke x µH TIpS a rC amY ysUlu ysü úg NaOH 1,00 M. etIk M h ab ; (M)

énG asIu tG a es Ti cesµI nwgb : unµ anE dlm a nvt þm an kñú gTw kex µ H R b sinebIeK R tUvk ar) a s5,75mL

sMrab ;G R t akmµe nH .

99. sUlu ysü úgb :U tasü Úm n IR ta t (KNO3) 15,00 mL R tU v) aneK BR gav eTA C a 125,0 mL

ehIysU lu ysü úgenH 25 mL R tUv) a neK BR gavb n þeTo te TA C a 1,000 x 103 mL . kMh ab ;é n sUlu ysü úgcu geR ka yK W 0,00383 M. cUrK Nn ak Mh ab ;é nsUlu ysü úge dIm .

100. enA eBleK d ak;b n ÞH s ½gÁsI 2,50 g eTA kñ úgsU lu ysü úg AgNO3 eK eX Ij m anel ah ³R ) ak ; kekI teL Ig elIé pÞénb n ÞH s½gÁ sI. b nÞ ab ;m k eK ykb nÞH s½gÁsIe naH ecj B IsUlu ysü ú g eh I y sMgYt nig føw g. R b sinebIm : a s énb nÞH s½gÁs IK W 3,37g c U rK Nnam :as én elah ³ Ag nig Zn

E dlm anv tþm a n.

101. cUrK N nam : as énk krE dl k ekIt eL Ige nA eBleK la y 2,27 L én Ba(OH)2 0,0820 M C amYy 3,06 L é n Na2SO4 0,0664 M.

102. cUrK N nak Mh ab ;é nG asI ut ¬rW ) as ¦E dle nA s l;kñ úgsU lu ysü úgenA eBl eK b E nßm 10,7mL

én HNO3 0,211 M eTA kñ úg 16,3 mL én NaOH 0,258 M.

103. “ Tw ked aH eK a” é nm :aej sü Úm GuksIu tC ak krm : aej sü Úm GIuR duksI ut [Mg(OH)2]

kñúg TwkE dlR tU v) aneR bIe dIm ,I b nS ab G asIu tkñ úgR kBH . c Ur K Nnam a DénsU lu ysü úgG a sIut HCl

0,035 M ¬kMh ab ;G asI ut tY y:a gkñ úgR kBH ¦ E dl R t Uvk ared Im ,Im a nR b tikm µC amY yBIr søab R B a ¬R b E h l 10 mL ¦én Tw ked aH eK am :aej sü Úm Guks Iu t [m an 0,080 g Mg(OH)2/ mL].

104. eK b E nßm PaK sMNa k 1,00 g én elah ³ X ¬eK dw gfa va G acb egáI tC aGI uy :ug X2+¦e T A kñúg 0,100 L én H2SO4 0,500 M. b nÞab ;BIel ah ³T aM gG s ;m anR b ti kmµG asI utE d lenA s l ;


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eK R tUvk ar 0,0334 L éns U luysü úg NaOH 0,500 M edIm ,Ib nS ab . cU rK Nn am :a s m :UelK ul énelah ³e naH ni grkG tþs B aØa Nfé nF at uen aH .

105. niym n ½yb rim a Nénk Mr it rl ayK WC a cMn YnR kam é nF a turl a yE dln wgrl a ykñ úgm aD én Twk NamY yenA sI tu NðP aBC ak ; lak;. c UrB N’n aGMBI ka r Bies aF E dlGñ kG ac kMN t; kM rit rla yé n s m as F atu rla ymY y) an .

106. eK lay 60,0 mL énsU lu ysü úgK øú yk Us (C6H12O6) 0,513 M C amYy 120,0 mL

énsUlu ysü úgK ø úy kUs 2,33 M . et IkMh ab ;sUl uysü ú g cugeR ka yes µIn wgb :u nµa n? s nµ tfam aD ekIneL Igesµ Inwgm aDE dl) an b E nßm .

107. s m aF atuG Iu y:u gXrl ay ti c tYcb : ueN ÑaH k ñúg Twk. e tIGñkR tUv eR bIetsþG VIe dIm ,Ib g ð aj fa s m as F atue naH Bi tC ar la y kñúg Twk kñú gkM ri tN amYy .

108. nisSi tmñak ;R tU v) aneK p þl;eG a ynU vs m as F at umins Áal ;mY y E dlG acC aE dk (II) s ‘u lpat rWE dk(III) s‘u lpa t. cU rR ) ab ;GMBI dMe NI rka rK ImIsM rab ; ka rkM Nt;G tþs B aØ aNrb s ;va ¬s m as F atuE d kT aMgB IrenH r la ykñ ú gTwk ¦.

109. GñkR tUv) aneK pþ l;eG a yn UvG gÁF at ur avK µa nBN ’mYy . cUrB N’n aGMBI etsþK ImIcM nYnbIE dl GñkG aceFI VeTA e lIG gÁF at ura v enaH edIm , Ib gð aj fa vaK WC a Tw k .

110. eda yka reR bIR ) as ;]b k rN _E dl) anb g ðaj k ñúg rUb 1 nis S itmñ ak;) anr keX Ij f a sUlu y-sü úgG asIu ts‘u lpYr ic) a nb Nþal eG a yGMBU lePøW gPø WE cg caMg. b : uE nþb nÞ ab ;BIb E nßm b rim a N mYycM nYn énsUl uysü ú g) arü Ú m GIuR duksI ut[Ba(OH)2] GMBUleP øIgc ab ;ep þIm G n;P øW e bIeTaH bIC a Ba(OH)2 K WC aeG L icR tUlI t x øaMg. c UrB nü l;.

111. GñkR tUv) aneK pþ l;eG a yn Uvs m as F atu rla yE dlm insÁ a l;rUb m n þm :Ue lK ulrb s ; va.

(a) cUrB N’n aGMBI etsþ cMn YnbIE d lG acb gð aj fas m as F at ue naH K WC aG asI ut. (b) enA eBlGñk dwg fas m as F a tuen aH K WC aG asI ut c UrB N’n a fae tIGñ kR tUv kM Nt;m :as

m :UelK ul rb s ;va y: ag dUcem þc eda yka reR bIsUl uysü úg NaOH E dlsÁ al; kMh ab ;. ¬s nµ tf avaK WC aG a sIutm : UN UR bUTi c¦.

(c) etIGñ kR tU veFIV y: agd Ucemþ ced I m ,IeG ay dwg fav aK WC aG as Iu te x S ayr Wx øaM g? Gñ kR tUv ) aneK pþl ;eG a ynU vPaK sM N ak NaCl ni g]b kr N_ dUcE d l) anb gaj kñúg rUb 1 sMrab ; kar eR bo b eFo b .

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112. GñkR tUv) aneK pþ l;eG a yn UvsU luysü úgK µ anB N’B Ir sU luysü úgm Yyp ÞúkNaCl nig mYyeTo tK WC as ‘ uyR k Us(C12H22O11). cUrR ) ab ;GMB Iet sþlkç N³rUb nigK ImIE dlG ac eG ayG ñ k dwgn Uvlk çN³x us E bøkK ñar va gsUlu ysü úgT aMg BIre nH .

113. kMh ab ;é nGIu y: ugsM N(Pb2+)kñúgP aK sMN aké nTw kkx V k;E dlpÞ úkn UvGIu y: ugn IR ta t (NO3-)

pgE drR tU v) aneK kMN t; eda yka rb E nßm sUdü Úm s ‘ulp at rw g (Na2SO4) eTA kñúg 500 mL

énTw ken aH . (a) c Urs r es rs mIk arm : UelK u l nigGI uy :ugsM rYls Mr ab ;R b ti kmµenH . (b) cU rK Nn akMh ab ;m :UE lé n Pb2+ R b sinebIeK R tUv kar 0,00450 g é n Na2SO4

sMrab ; karb e gáI tC ak krs B Vé nGIuy :ug Pb2+ eTA C a PbSO4. 114. G asIu tkø rIR Ti DminE m nC aP ñak ; garGu ksIu tkmµ eTk ñúg krN Im anv tþm an énG as Iuts ‘ul pYr ic nig

G asIu tnIR T ic. cU rBnü l;eh tuGI V) anC aGI uy :ug kø rYminE m nC aPña k;g arGu ksIu tkmµx ø aMg dU c SO42- nig

NO3- .

115. cUrBnü l ;GMBI rebo b E dlGñkR tUveF VIb :U tasü Úm GI uy :UD Y (KI) e da ym eFü a) ay³ (a) R b tikmµG asI ut -) as (b) R b tikmµr vagG as Iu tC amY ynw gs m as F at ukabU Na t.

116. sUdü Úm m anR b ti kmµC amY yT w kb egáI t) anC a]sµ ½nGIuR d UE s n . etIeh tuGI V) anC aR b t ik mµenH minR tUv) aneK eR bIkñ úg TegI V]sµ ½ nGIuR dUE s nk ñúg TIB ies aF ?

117. cUrB N’n aGMBI rebo b E dlGñk G aceFVI Vs m as F a tux ag eR ka m enH ³ (a) Mg(OH)2, (b) AgI , (c) Ba3(PO4)2

118. eK eFIVeG a ykM Bb ;G asI uts ‘ul pYri cx ab ;el IkM ral\ dæénm nÞI r Bies aF K ImI. e dIm ,Ib nS ab G asIu t enaH e tIeK K Y rca k;sUl uysü ú gsUdü Úm GIuR d uksI utx ab ; rWer a ysUdü Úm b‘ Íkab UN atr wgel IG asIu ten aH ? cUrBnü l ;GMBIC M erIs rb s ;Gñk nigmUl dæ anK ImIsM rab ; ka reR bIe nH .

119. cUrB N’n aGMBI rebo b kñúg kr NI nImYy² E d lGñkG a cE j kka cug rWG aj :ú gkñ úgsUl uysü ú g Twk

(a) NaNO3 nig Ba(NO3)2 (b) Mg(NO3)2 nig KNO3

(c) KBr n ig KNO3 (d) K3PO4 nig KNO3 (e) Na2CO3 nig NaNO3

120. x ageR kam enH K WC as m as F a tuE dleR c IneR bIk ñúgp ÞH ³ GMbils mø (NaCl) sárs ¬s ‘u yR kUs ¦ T wkex µH ¬pÞ úk G asIu tG aes T ic ¦ sU das¶ Üt (NaHCO3) sUd aesIm (Na2CO3 .

10H2O) G asIu tb r ic (H3BO3 eR bIkñúgk arl agE Pñk ¦ GMbilm½r (MgSO4 . 7H2O) sU dü Úm


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GIuR duks Iu t¬eR bIk ñúgb MBg; Twk s ÞúH ¦ G am :Uj : ak ; m :aej sü Úm GIuR duks Iu t [Mg(OH)2] kal;sü Úm ka b U Nat . E p¥k eTA GIVE d l) ansikS akñ úgC MB UkenH cUr BN’n aGMBI etsþE dlGñkG ac kMN t;G t þ s BaØa Ns m as F a tun ImY y² ) an.

121. s‘ulPI t ¬s m as F a tuE d lpÞú kGIu y:ug SO32-¦R tUv) a neK eR bIC as arF a tu rkS aK uNP aBE pø eQ I

nigb E nøs¶ Üt nig kñú gka rp litR s a. kñ úgk arBi es aF eFVIets þrk vt þm an s ‘ulP I tkñ úgE pøeQ I C adMbUg nisSi tmñ ak;) anR ta Mapricots¶Ü tkñ úgT wkmY yyb ; ni g b nÞab ;m k eR caH yks Ulu ysü úg . b nÞab ;m kn isSi ten aH ) and ak; sUlu ysü úgen aH eG aym an GMeBIC amY y GI uR dUE s nE BGuksIu t (H2O2) edIm ,IeF IVGuks Iu t kmµGIu y:u gs‘u lPI teTA C aGI uy :u gs‘ulp at. TIb B a© b ;GIu y: u gs‘ulp at ) anrgC a kkr eda yk ar dak ; sUlu ysü úgen aH eG aym an GMeBIC amY ysUl uysü ú g) arü Ú m kørY (BaCl2) BIrbI dM Nk; . cUrs r es rs mIka rm an lMn wgsMr ab ; dMN ak; ka rnImY y² x age lI.

122. PaK sMNa k 0,8870 g é n l,ay NaCl ni g KCl R tU v) aneK rM la ykñ úg Twk eh Iy b nÞab ; m ksUlu ysü úgen aH R tUv) a ne K dak; eG aym anGMeB IC amY y AgNO3 elIs eK T TYl) an AgCl

1,913 g. c UrK N naP aK ry C am :as éns m as F at unImY y ² kñúgl, ay .

123. kørG a cb egá ItGu ksIu t) anC ae R cInE dlm an cMn YnGu ksIu tk mµdUc te TA enH +1, +3, +4, +6,

nig +7. cU rs res rrUb m n þsM rab ;s m as F a tu nImY y² .

124. karG n uvt þm ans ar³R b ey aC n_énG as Iu tGuks alic K W kar pþac ;y kE R cH(Fe2O3) BIG a gTwk (bathtub) t am s mIka rd Ucx a geR kam ³

Fe2O3 (S) + 6H2C2O4 (aq) → 2Fe(C2O4)33-

(aq) + 3H2O + 6H+ (aq)

cUrK N nam : as C aR kam énE R c H E dlG acR tUv) anpþ ac; ed ay 5,00 x 102 mL éns Ulu ys ü úg G asIu tGuks a lic 0,100 M.

125. G asIu tG aes T Ils a lIsI uli c(C9H8O4)K WC aG asIu tm :U NUR bUTic E dlC a TUe TA R tUv) aneK

sÁal;C a{G as <I rI n}. b :uE nþR K ab ;fñ aMG as <I rInp Þúkb rim a N tic tYc énG as Iu tb :ue NÑ aH . kñú gka r Bies aF ed Im ,Ik MN t; rks m as PaK rb s ;va eK k inR K ab ;f ñaM G as <Ir InehI yr Mla yv akñ úg Twk . edIm , I b nS ab sUlu ysü úgenH eK R t Uv eR bIG s ; 12,25 mL én sUlu ysü úg NaOH 0,1466 M. cUrK N nac MnY n R K ab ;tU c² én fña MG as < IrI nkñ úgR K ab ;f ñaM ( 1 R K ab ;t Uc = 0,0648 g)

126. eK rMla yl, ay 0,9257 g é n CaBr2 nig NaBr k ñúg Twk ehIyb n Þab ;m keK b E nßm AgNO3

eTA kñú gsUl uysü úg enaH ed Im ,I b egáI tC akk rAgBr. R b sin ebIeK TT Yl) anm :as én kk r 1,6930 g

etIP aK ryC am :as é n NaBr kñúgl ,a yed Im esµI nwgb : unµ an ?

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127. Bies aF n_ {vd þén Tg;E dg }te T A enH R tUv) aneK eFI Vk ñúgm n ÞIrB ie s aF K ImImYy cMn Yn. e s‘rIé n R b tikmµc ab ;epþ Im eL IgC am Yy Tg;E dg nigb B a© b ;C amYy el ah ³Tg;E dg. dM Na k;k aré nR b tik m µ m andU cte TA (1) kM Na t;é ns rés Tg ;E dgE d lsÁal ;m :a s R tUv) an eK da k;v aeG a ym a nR b tik m µ C amYyG as Iu tnIR T icx ab; ¬p litp lK WC aT g;E dg(II) nIR t a t G as Ut DIGuks Iu t nig Twk ¦. (2)

Tg;E dg(II) nIR t a tR tUv) aneK dak ;eG a ym anGM eBIC amY ysU luysü úgs Udü Úm GIuR d u ksIu ted Im , I b egáI tC akk rTg ;E dg(II) G IuR du ksIu t. (3) ed ay ka rdu tk Me dA Tg;E dg (II) GIuR d uksI ut bME b keTA C aTg;E d g(II) Guks Iu t. (4) Tg;E d g(II) Guks Iu tR tUv) an eK dak ;eG a ym anR b t ikmµC a mYyG as I ut s‘ulpY ricx ab ;ed Im ,I TTY l) an Tg;E dg (II) s‘ul pa t. (5) Tg;E d g (II) s‘u lpa tR tU v ) aneK da k ; eG aym a nGMeBIC amY yelah ³s½gÁsIe lIs e dIm ,Ib eg áI tC ae lah ³Tg ;E dg. (6)el ah ³ s½gÁsIE d l enA s l;R tU v) anp þac ;ecj e da yeK da k;v aeG a ym anG MeBIC a mYyG asI ut k ør IR TiD eh I yelah ³ Tg;E dgR tUv) aneK eR caH sMg Y t nig føw g.

(a) cUrs r es rs mIk arm a nlM nwg sMrab ; dM Nak ;ka rnIm Yy² n ige FIVcM Na t;f ña k;R b ti kmµT aMg ena H pg.

(b) eda ys nµ tf anisS it) anc ab ; epþIm C amY yT g;E dg 65,6 g cUrK N naT inñ plt am R Twsþ Ien A dMN ak; ka rnImY y² .

(c) eda yBic ar Nae TA elI dM Nak ; karn ImY y² cUrB nü l;f a eh tuGI V) anC aeK G a cT aj ) anm kvij nUvb rim aN Tg;E d gesÞI rE t TaM gG s ;E dleK ) aneR bI kñúg dM N ak;k ar cab ;ep þIm .

128. PaK sMNa k 325 mL énsU luysü úgm Yyp Þúk CaCl2 25,3 g . (a) cUrK N nak Mh ab ;m : UE lén Cl- kñúgs Ulu ysü úgenH . (b) etIm a n Cl- b :unµa nR kam k ñúg 0,100 L é nsUl uysü úge nH ?

129. GIuR dUE s nG aL ÚE s n Y ( HF, HCl, HBr, HI ) K WC as m as F at us kmµx ø aMg Nas ;E d l m an kareR bIR ) as ; kñú g]sS ah kmµ nigT IBies aF C aeR cIn . (a) kñúg TIB ies aF HFnigHCl G acR tUv) aneK b egá It eL Ige d ayR b ti kmµr vag CaF2ni g NaCl

C amYyG as Iu ts‘ul pYr icx ab ;. cUrs r es rs mIk ars m R s b sMrab ;R b t ikmµ TaM genH ¬mi nE m nC a R b tikmµer du keT ¦.

(b) etIeh tuGI V) anC a eK minG ac eFVI HBrn igHI t am rebo b dUc K ñaK Wed ay R b t ikmµ rva gCaF2nig NaCl C amYyG as Iu ts‘u lpYr i cx ab;? (H2SO4KWC aPña k;g ar GuksIu tkm µx ø aMgC a g Br2 nig I2).


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(c) HBrG acR tU v) aneF VIeL I ged a yR b tikm µrv agpUs VrR T IR bUmY(PBr3)C amYy Twk . cUrs r es rs mIk arsM rab ;R b t i kmµenH .

130. eda ye yage TA elI K Im IG nuv tþn ¾TM B½r 4-48 cU reqøI ysMn Yrx ageR kam e nH ³ (a) cUrk MN t;G tþs Ba Øa Nén dMe NIr karb e gáI tk kr G asI ut -) as nige rdu k. (b) eda yka rC Mn Ys ka l;sü Úm Guk sIut e tIeh tuGI V) anC a ey I gminG acb E nßm sU dü Úm GIuR d uk sIut

eTA elI Twks muR Ted Im ,Ib egá It C akkrm : aej sü Úm GIuR d uksI ut ? (c) eBlx øH s arF a tux n iC R tUv) a n eK ehA fa d UL ÚmI t ¬l ,a y énCaCO3 nig MgCO3¦ R tUv

) aneK eR bIC MnYs fµk Me) a red Im ,I b egáI tkk rm :aej sü Úm GI uR duk sIut. etIm anplR b e yaC n _ énka reR bIdUL ÚmIt ?

131. G asIu tpUsV ric(H3PO4)K WC as arF a tuK ImI ]sS ah kmµ caM) a c;E dlR t Uv) an eK eR bIkúñ gC I s arF a tuC MrH E k¥ l n ig]sS a h kmµmðÚb G arh ar. vaR tUv ) aneK pli tt am viFIx us K ña BIr y:a g . kñúg viFIR bIL G K Áis n IeK du tF a tupUs V½ r(P4)kñúgx ü l; ed Im ,Ib egáI tP4O14 E dlb nÞab ; m kvam an R b tikmµC amY yT wke dIm ,Ib e gáI tC aH3PO4. cMe BaH viFIT Mrg ;ka resIm eK dak ;fµ pUsVa tx n iC [Ca5(PO4)3F] eG aym anR b tikmµC am YyG asIu ts‘u lpY ri cedIm , Ib egáI t ) anC a H3PO4 ( nigHF

ehIyn igCaSO4). cUrs r es rs mIka rsMr ab ; dMe NIr kar TaM genH nigeFI VcM Na t; fña k; dMN ak; ka r nImYy² C aR b t ikmµb eg áI tkk r G asIut -) as r Wer duk .

132. G am :Uj : Úm nIR t at (NH4NO3) K WC aC IpÞúkG asU tsMx an ;bMpu tC ageK . PaBsu T§ rb s ;va G ac R tUv) an eK viPaK e da yk areFV I G R takmµsU lu ysü úg NH4NO3 C amYysU lu ysü úg NaOH sþg;d a. kñúg Bies aF n_mY yP aK sMNa k 0,2041g én NH4NO3 eK R tUvka r 24,42mL én NaOH 0,1023 M sM rab ; ka rb nS ab .

(a) cUrs r es rs mIk arGI uy :ugs MrY lsMrab ;R b tikmµ enH . (b) etIP aBsu T§én PaK sMN ake n H esµInwgb : unµ anP aK ry ?

133. etIR b t ikmµx ag eR kam enH C aR b tikmµe rd ukb¤e T? c UrB nü l; . 3O2 (g) 2O3 (g)

134. etIc MnY nGuks Iut kmµé n O esµI nwgb :u nµa nkñ úg HFO? 135. cUreR bIK M rUm :U elK ul dUc kñú grUb 3> 7 nig 3> 8 e dIm ,I tagR b tikmµG asIu t-) as x ageR k am ³ (a) OH- + H3O

+ 2H2O (b) NH4

+ + NH2- 2NH3

cUrk MN t;G tþs Ba Øa NG asI ut nig) as Brönsted kñú gkr NI nIimY y² .

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14. b rim aNG al;k ulm a nkñ úgPa K sMNak10,0 g é nQ am GñkebIkb rm ñak ;R tU vka r 4,23 mL

én K2Cr2O7 0,07654 M sMrab ;G R t akmµs B V. e tIb :U lI s K YrykG ñkebI kb ren aH m kkat ;eT as sMrab ; kar ebIkb rE d lR s vwgR s aE drb¤e T? (emIl K ImIG n uv tþn ¾TM B½r 32 ) .

15. G asIu tnIR T icx ab ;E R b eTA C aB N’elO g y: ag yW t² . cUrB n ü l;.¬G asI ut nIR T icbME b ky W t² . G asUtGu ksIu tC a]s µ½nm anB N’¦.

136. cUrB N’n aGMBI Teg VIk ñúg TIB ies a F sMrab ;]s µ½n dUc te TA ³ (a) GIuR dUE s n (b) Guks IuE s n (c) k abU nDIGu ksIu t (d) G as Ut . cUrc g¥ú lb gðaj s P aBr Ub énF atuR b t ikr nigpl itp lkñ úgk rNI nIim Yy ² . [G asUtG acR t UveK T TY l) aned a yka rdu tk MedA G am :U j :Úm nIR t a t (NH4NO3)].

137. cUrp þl;k arB nü l;t am K ImIsM ra b ;krN InIm Yy² x ageR k am ³ (a) eK b E nßm elah ³ka l;sü Úm e TA kñúgs Ulu ysü úgG as Iu ts‘u lpYri c. eK T TYl) a n]sµ ½ nGIuR dU -

E s n. BIrbI na TIeR k aym kR b tikmµR b R Bwt þeTA yW t² n ig Q b ;eTaH bIC aK µa nF a tuR b ti k rNa mYyG s ;enA eL Iy k¾e da y. cUrBnü l ;.

(b) kñúges ‘r Is kmµPa B G a luymIj :Úm enA x a gelIGI uR dUE s n b :uE nþ vah a k;d UcC a G s km µ ¬minm anR b tikmµ ¦c MeBaH c Mh ay Twk n igG as Iu tkø rIR Ti D. e h tuGIV ?

(c) sUdü Úm ni gb :U tasü Úm sß ite nA x agelI Tg;E d gkñ úges‘ rIs kmµPaB. cU rBnü l; faeh tuGI V) a n C aGIuy :ug Cu2+ kñúgsUlu y sü úg CuSO4 minG acR tUv ) anbME lgeTA C a elah ³ Tg;E dg) a n enA eBl E dleK b E nßm el a h ³TaMg enH cUl .

(d) elah ³Mm anR b t ikmµ yW tC amYy cMh a yT wk. K µ a nkar pøas ;bþÚ rGIVe TenA eB leK dak ;v a eTA kñú gsUl uysü úgE d k (II) s‘ulp a tBN’ éb tgR BE l t . et Iey IgK Y rda k;e lah ³ M enA kE nøgN akñ úges ‘rIs kmµPaB ?

(e) munnwg eK TT Yl) an elah ³G a luymIj :Úm e da yG K Áis n IviP a K vaR tUv) aneK pl iteL Ige da y kareFI Ver du kmµGMbil kør Y (AlCl 3) rb s ;vaC amY yelah ³ s kmµ. e tIGñkG aceR bIel a h ³GIVx øH edIm ,Ip li tG alu ymIj :Úm kñ úg viFIenH ?

138. Bakü E x VgGMBIe lah ³ ni ges‘ rI s kmµPaB. 1. karC M nYs R ) ak;b :uE nþmi nE m n sMN. 2. elah ³m an tM élkñ úgk ME N E R b C aeR cInénes‘r Is kmµP aB . 3. elah ³G s kmµ GMbil rb s ;vaR t Uv) an eK eR bIedIm , IeFIVe t sþGIu y:ug kø rY.


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4. elah ³qøgsMb UrbMp ute nA kñúgs Mb kE pnd I. 5. elah ³enH b egá It) anC an IR ta tE dlBi) akn wgbME b k. 6. elah ³E dleR bIk ñúg ka rka rBarE d kBI kar eL IgeR cH . 7.s m aC ikTIm Yy énF a tuR kum 1A . 8. elah ³enH minm anR b ti k mµC amYy Twk eT b :uE n þm anR b t i kmµC amY yG asIu t.

¬cU rbMeBj C aP as aG g; eK øs ¦ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_ 1. (a) min rl ay (b) minr la y (c) r la y 2. Al 3+

(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Al(OH)3 (S)

3. (a) ) as Brønsted (b) G asIu t Brønsted 4. (a) P : +3 , F : -1 (b) Mn : +7 , O : -2

5. (a) R b ti kmµC Mn Ys GIuR d UE s n(b) R b ti kmµb nSM (c)R b ti k mµDIsµ Útkm µ(d) R b t ikmµC M nYs elah ³ 6. 0,452 M 7. BR gav 34,2 mL éns Ulu ysü úgsþ úke TA C a 200 mL 8. 92,02 %

9. 0,3822 g 10. 10.0 mL 11. 204 mL

cMelIy 8. (a) eG licR tUl Itx ø aMg (b) minE m neG licR tU lI t (c) eG licR tUl It ex S ay (d) e G licR tU lIt x øaMg 10. (b) n ig (c) 12. HCl minb egá ItC aGIu y: ugkñ úg b g;E s n 16. (a) m inr la y (b) rla y (c) rla y (d) min rla y (e) rl a y 20. (a) b E nßm GIuy :ugk ør (b) b E nßm GIu y: ug su‘lpa t (c)

b E nßm GIuy: ugk abUN at (d) b E nßm GIuy: ugsu ‘lp at 28. (a) ) as Brønsted (b) ) a s Brønsted

(c) G asI ut Brønsted (d) G asIu t nig) as Brønsted 30. (a) CH3COOH + K+ + OH →

K+ + CH3COO- + H2O , CH3COOH + OH- → CH3COO- + H2O (b) H2CO3 +

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2Na+ + 2OH- → 2Na+ + CO32- + H2O , H2CO3 + 2OH- → CO3

2- + H2O (c) 2H+ + 2NO3

- + Ba2+ + 2OH- → Ba2+ + 2NO3- + 2H2O , 2H+ + 2OH- → 2H2O

40. (a) Fe → Fe3+ + 3e- , O2 + 4e- → 2O2- Pñak ;ga rGuksI ut kmµ : O2 Pña k;ga rer dukm µ : Fe2+

(b) 2Br- → Br2 + 2e-, Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl- Pña k; garGu ksIu tkmµ : Cl2 Pñak ;ga rerd ukmµ : Br-

(c) Si → Si4+ + 4e-, F2 + 2e- → 2F- Pña k;ga rGuks Iu tkmµ : F2 Pña k;g arer du kmµ : Si

(d) H2 → 2H+ + 2e- , Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl- Pñ ak ; garGu ksIu tkmµ : Cl2 Pñak; ga rerd ukmµ : H2

42. (a) +5 (b) +1 (c) +3 (d) +5 (e) +5 (f) +5 44. T aMgG s ;sU nü 46. (a) -3 (b) -1/2 (c) -1

(d) +4 (e) +3 (f) -2 (g) +3 (h) +6 48. Li nig Ca 50. (a) K µanR b tikmµ (b) K µanR b tikm µ (c) Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu (d) Cl2 + 2KBr → Br2 + 2KCl 52. (a) b nS M (b) bME b k (c) C Mn Ys (d) DIsµÚ tkmµ 56. 0,0618M 58. 10,8g 60. (a) 1,37M (b) 0,426M

(c) 0,716M 62. (a) 6,50g (b) 2,45g (c) 2,65g (d) 7,36g (e) 3,95g 66. 0,0433M 68. 126ml 70. 1,09M 74. 35,72% 76. 2,3 x 10-4M 80. (a) 6,0ml (b) 8ml 84. 9,3 x 10-3 g

86. 0,06020M 88. 5,40% 90. 0,231mg 92. (i) m anE tGuksIE s nE dl pþ l;cMeh H (ii)

m anE t CO2 R b tikmµC amY y Ca(OH)2 edIm ,Ib e gáI t CaCO3 ¬kkrB N’s ¦ 94. 1,26M 96.

0,171M 98. 0,115M 100. Ag: 1,25g Zn: 2,12g 102. 0,0722M NaOH 104.

24,0g/mol Mg 106 1,73M 108. m anE t Fe(II) R tUv) anr gGuksI tkm µed a ysul uysü úg KMnO4 ehIyva) anbþÚ rB N’BIs Va yeTA K µ anB N’ 110. ) at;b g;GI y: uge da yb egI á tkk r BaSO4

112. (i) ets þPaB cMlg (ii) m anE t NaCl E dlR b tikmµC amYy AgNO3 ed Im ,I b egáI tkk rs AgCl 114. GIuy :ug Cl- minG acT TYl eG L icR t ug 116. R b tikmµx øaM gkø aN as ; 118. eR bIsUdü Úm b‘ÍkabU Na t NaHCO3 : HCO3

- + H+ → H2O + CO2 minG aceR bI NaOH eR BaH vaC a s arF a tusI urw ka t; dUc ecñH min suvtß iPaB eT 120. (a) P aB cMlg³ R b t ikmµC am Yy AgNO3 edIm ,Ib eg áI t AgCl (b) k Mri tr la ykñ úg TWk³ minE m neG L i cR tUl It (c) ka rka n;k ab ;lk çN³ é nG as uI t (d)

rla ykñ úgT Wk ³ R b tikmµC a mYyG as u It e dIm ,Ib e gáI t CO2 (e) rla ykñ úgT wk³ eG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg R b tikmµC amY yG asu It ed Im ,I b egáI t CO2 (f) eG L icR tUL I tex S a y n igG asI utex S ay (g) rl ay kñ úg Twk³ R b t ikmµC amYy NaOH ed Im ,Ib egá It kkr Mg(OH)2 (h) eG L i cR tUl Itx øaM gni g) as x øaM g (i)

lkçN³ énk øin³ eG L icR t UlI tex S a ynig) as ex S a y (j) minrla yk ñúg Tw k³ R b ti kmµ C amYyG as Iu t (k) minr la ykñ úg Twk³ R b t i kmµC amY yG asIu t e dIm ,Ib eg áI t CO2 122. NaCl : 43,97% KCl :

56,03% 124. 1,33g 126. 55,80% 128. (a) 1,40M (b) 4,96g 130. (a)

karb eg áI tkk r ³ Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2 G asIut -) as ³ Mg(OH)2 +2HCl →

MgCl2 + 2H2O er du kk mµ MgCl2 → Mg + Cl2 (b) NaOH é føC a g CaO (c) d UL ÚmI t


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) anpþl ; Mg b E nßm 132. 97,99% 134. sUnü 136. 0,224% 138. (a) Zn + H2SO4 →

ZnSO4 + H2 (b) 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 (c) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl +

CO2 + H2O (d) NH4NO2 → N2 + 2H2O 140. b BaÄ r ³ Chromium

rbtikmµk ñúg sul uysüúg twk 4...cmb ukti4 4-1 rbtikmµk ñúg sul uysüúg twk (reactions in...

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