re-creating the big bang experiments at the large hadron collider dr cormac o’ raifeartaigh (wit)...
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Re-creating the Big BangExperiments at the Large Hadron Collider
Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)
Albert Einstein
Ernest Walton
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Overview
I What
II Why
III How
IV A brief history of atoms
V Expectations
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I The Large Hadron Collider
A particle accelerator
‘Atom smasher’
Particles created
Detected
LHC at CERN, Geneva
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How
High speed proton beams
Opposite directions - collisions
Huge energy of collision
Create short-lived particles
Detection and measurement E = mc2
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HOW
27 km
Energy: 14 TeV
Low temp: 1.6 K
Ultra high vacuum
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Why
Explore fundamental constituents of matter
Investigate forces that hold matter together
Glimpse of early universeHighest energy since BB
Are the forces of the universe related ?
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•Gravity caused by sun’s mass
Newton (1642-1727)
•Planet orbits due to gravity
Newton’s gravity
2r
MmGF
•Terrestrial gravity due to earth’s mass
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Four forces of nature Force of gravityHolds cosmos togetherLong range
Electromagnetic force Holds atoms together
Strong nuclear force: holds nucleus together
Weak nuclear force: radioactivity
The atom
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A brief history of atoms
Democritus (600 BC): matter made of atoms
Dalton (19th ct): Mendeleev (19th ct):
chemical reactions
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A brief history of atoms
Maxwell (19th ct): atomic theory of gases
Einstein: (1905): Brownian motion due to atoms?
Perrin (1908): verified
Brownian motionEinstein Perrin
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The atomic nucleus
•Most projectiles through
•A few deflected backwards
•Atom has nucleus
•Electrons outside
Rutherford (1911)
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Nuclear model of the atom
nNu
•Nucleus (+ve): •Electrons (-ve): orbiting •Force: electromagnetic
•Protons (1909)•Nucleus (1911)•Neutrons (1932)?
Atom
Nucleus
Nuclear force: stronger than electromagnetic?
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Splitting the nucleus
Cockcroft and Walton: particle accelerator
Particles used to split the nucleus (1932)
Nobel prize (1956)
H + Li = He + He
Verified mass-energy (E= mc2)Verified quantum tunnelling
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Nuclear fission
Meitner, Hahn: nuclear fission
Energy released
•Chain reaction•Nuclear bomb
•Nuclear power•Nuclear power stations
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New particles
Cosmic rays New particle accelerators
cyclotron
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Particle Zoo
Over 100 particles
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The quark model
New periodic tableNew fundamental particle
Proton not fundamental Inner structure
Symmetry argumentsQuarks
Murray Gellmann
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Quarks and leptons
Six different quarks(u,d,s,c,t,b)
Six leptons
(e, μ, τ, υe, υμ, υτ)
Particles of matter: fermions
Two extra generations
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The Standard Model
Matter: leptons and quarks
Force carriers: bosons
EM + weak = electroweak
Strong force = quark force
Higgs fieldParticle massesHiggs boson
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LHC: expectations
Higgs boson
120-180 GeV
Set by mass of top quark, Z boson
Explain masses for other particles
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Beyond the standard model
Unification of 3 forces
Grand unified theory
Supersymmetry
Supersymmetric particles?
Unification of 4 forces
Theory of everything
String theory
Extra dimensions
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LHC and cosmology
√ 1. Exotic particles
√ 2. Unification of forces
3. Nature of dark matter?
4. Missing antimatter?
LHC = photo of early U
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3. Summary
Higgs bosonClose chapter on SM
Supersymmetric particlesOpen chapter on unification
WIMPSExplain Dark Matter
Unexpected particlesRevise theory
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Epilogue: CERN
World centre for particle physics
20 member states
10 associate states
Ireland not a member
No particle physics in Ireland
Organization for Nuclear research