re-development of muthurwa market - urban planning · redevelopment of muthurwa market by: maina...

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REDEVELOPMENT OF MUTHURWA MARKET

BY:

MAINA ERIC WANJOHI

REG. NO: B65/0609/2010

A PLANNING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE

IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

JUNE 2014

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DECLARATION

This Planning Development Project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree

in any other university

Signed…………………………… Date…………………………………

Maina Eric Wanjohi

B65/0609/2010

(Candidate)

This Planning Development Project has been submitted for examination with our approval as the

University Supervisors

Signed………………………………… Date………………………………..

Mrs Margaret Ng’ayu

(Supervisor)

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DEDICATION

To my beloved mother; Lydia Muthoni Maina, this I dedicate.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My first acknowledgement goes to the Almighty God who constantly showered me with insight,

strength and peace throughout this project, He remained a constant friend.

I would also like to extend my honest gratitude to Mrs M. Ng’ayu (my Supervisors) for the

guidance she has given me while seeing me through the whole work. God bless her.

Great gratitude also goes to the project coordinators, Mr. Zacharia Maleche and Mr. Charles

Karisa for the insightful guidance that they offered. The whole fraternity of the Department of

Urban and Regional Planning and the City Council of Nairobi are some of the entities that

cannot be forgotten for the continuous support they gave during the project.

I also thank my family and friends. They were important pillars in various ways and definitely

without them, the project wouldn’t be effectively undertaken.

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ABSTRACT

Effective space use in urban markets is a key element in their success as it directly or indirectly

influences the cost of operation therein. Muthurwa market has continued to experience space use

conflict with incidences of people operating in areas not specified for trade, especially on market

paths. This development project wishes to address the problem of space use to ensure effective

functionality of the market, it intends to devise a model of solving conflict in space use by

exploring design, circulation and management interventions.

Well-designed spaces accrue many benefits such as security, higher economic returns, better

legibility and reduced congestion hence better market functionality.

The project made use of both primary and secondary data. It employed use of questionnaires,

interviews, mapping, photography, observation and conduction of literature review as methods of

data collection. The data was analyzed by use of SPSS, AutoCAD, GIS and MS Excel softwares

after which it was present in different forms including tables, maps, photos and descriptions.

The development project outlines possible courses of action that can be taken to address the

space use problem, from this, the best alternative is chosen depending on the pros and cons of

each alternative as weighed against the desired goals, proposals detailing the best alternative are

eventually made. The project concludes with an implementation framework of the proposed

market improvement programmes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF MAPS ............................................................................................................................ xii

LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................................ xii

LIST OF GRAPHS ....................................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xii

ACRONYMS AND BBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the development project title: Redevelopment of muthurwa market .................. 1

1.3 Summary of the main findings .................................................................................................. 1

1.4 Summary of the planning recommendations ............................................................................ 2

1.41 Design recommendations .................................................................................................... 3

1.411Re-designing of the market Stalls ................................................................................... 3

1.42 Infrastructural and circulation recommendations ................................................................ 3

1.421Functional separation of different market blocks........................................................... 3

1.422 Improved market infrastructure..................................................................................... 3

1.43 Market management recommendations .............................................................................. 4

1.5 Development project title: Redevelopment of muthurwa market ............................................. 4

1.51 Facilitation ........................................................................................................................... 5

1.511Market blocks redesigning–............................................................................................ 5

1.512 Market stalls redesigning and classification – .............................................................. 5

1.52 Restriction ........................................................................................................................... 6

1.6 Justification of the development project ................................................................................... 6

1.7 Location and area of coverage of the development project ...................................................... 7

1.8 Objectives of the development project ..................................................................................... 7

1.9 Assumptions of the development project .................................................................................. 7

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1.10 Scope of the development project ........................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE AND POLICY REVIEW.................................................. 9

2.0 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS ........................................................................................ 9

2.11 By physical and spatial characteristics. ............................................................................... 9

2.12 By time of operation (and services that are offered) ........................................................... 9

2.2 FUNCTIONS OF MARKETS ................................................................................................ 10

2.3 POLICY FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 10

2.31Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................ 10

2.32 Agenda 21 ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.33 Kenya vision 2030 ............................................................................................................. 11

2.34 National land policy 2007 ................................................................................................. 11

2.35 Kenya National Trade policy ............................................................................................ 12

2.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................ 12

2.41The constitution of Kenya 2010 ......................................................................................... 12

2.42 The county government Act 2012 ..................................................................................... 13

2.43 The Physical planning Act 1996 ....................................................................................... 13

2.44 The Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011 .............................................................................. 14

2.45 The National Land Commission Act ................................................................................. 14

2.46 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 ................................ 15

2.5 REGULATORY GUIDELINES, PLANNING AND DESIGN STANDARDS .................... 16

2.51 The physical planning Handbook Market construction standards .................................... 16

2.511 Infrastructure design and space standards ................................................................... 16

2.512 Roads and parking space standards ............................................................................. 17

2.513 Public health space standards ...................................................................................... 18

2.52 Standards for Public Utilities Provision ............................................................................ 18

2.521 Water supply ................................................................................................................ 18

2.522 Garbage Collection and Disposal ................................................................................ 19

2.523 Storm water Drainage .................................................................................................. 19

2.524 Electricity Cables ......................................................................................................... 19

2.53 Planning standards for Hawking ....................................................................................... 20

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2.531Commercial developments along highways ................................................................. 20

2.54 The building code standards .............................................................................................. 20

2.541Design requirements ..................................................................................................... 20

2.542 Building materials........................................................................................................ 21

2.6 THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES.............................................................................................. 21

2.61City improvement districts/ retail improvement districts ................................................... 21

2.62Abstract versus social spaces ............................................................................................. 22

2.63 Elements of an urban center, objectives of urban design and Gentrification .................... 23

2.7 Case studies ............................................................................................................................. 25

2.71 Case study 1: Brook Street Durban ................................................................................... 25

2.711 Location ....................................................................................................................... 25

2.712 Concept ........................................................................................................................ 25

2.713 Features ........................................................................................................................ 27

The following features came out really strong in the brook street case; ............................... 27

2.714 Challenges ................................................................................................................... 28

2.715 Inferences ..................................................................................................................... 28

2.72 Case study 2: Kerk Street .................................................................................................. 29

2.721 Location ....................................................................................................................... 29

2.722 Concept............................................................................................................................ 29

2.723 Features ........................................................................................................................ 30

2.724 Inferences ..................................................................................................................... 30

2.725 Challenge ..................................................................................................................... 31

2.8 Development framework ........................................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 33

3.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 33

3.2 Data Needs and Requirements ................................................................................................ 33

3.3 Data Sources ........................................................................................................................... 33

3.4Methods of Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 34

3.41 Methods of primary data collection .................................................................................. 34

3.411 Interviews .................................................................................................................... 34

3.412 Photography ................................................................................................................. 34

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3.413 Field Sketching ............................................................................................................ 34

3.414 Observation .................................................................................................................. 34

3.41 Methods of secondary data collection ............................................................................ 34

3.5 Methods of Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 35

3.6 Methods of Data Presentation ................................................................................................. 35

3.7 Methodology Limitations........................................................................................................ 35

3.8 Data Needs Matrix .................................................................................................................. 36

CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT AREA ................... 38

4.21 Regional Context ............................................................................................................... 38

4.22 Local Context .................................................................................................................... 38

4.3HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA............................................... 40

4.31 Historical Development of Nairobi ................................................................................... 40

4.32 Historic development of muthurwa Area .......................................................................... 40

4.4 SITE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 42

4.41 Topography and slope characteristics ............................................................................... 42

4.42 Geology and soils .............................................................................................................. 42

4.43 Hydrology.......................................................................................................................... 42

4.44 Climatic conditions ........................................................................................................... 43

4.45 Rainfall .............................................................................................................................. 43

4.46 Temperature ...................................................................................................................... 43

4.461 Effect of afternoon sun on market buildings ................................................................ 44

4.47 Winds ................................................................................................................................ 45

4.5 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS .......................................... 45

4.51 Population.......................................................................................................................... 45

4.52 Demographic characteristics of the project area ............................................................... 46

4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................ 46

4.61 Land use Analysis of project area ..................................................................................... 47

4.62 Environment and Pollution................................................................................................ 48

4.7 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 48

CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT PLANNING DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ............ 49

5.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 49

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5.2 Planning and Design of the Project ......................................................................................... 49

5.2.1 Expected Outputs and Outcomes of the Development Projects ....................................... 49

5.22 Development of a spatial plan and design alternatives ..................................................... 50

5.221 Site Planning and Design Process Stages .................................................................... 50

5.23 Planning design alternatives .............................................................................................. 52

5.231 Minimal intervention ................................................................................................... 52

5.232 Replacement ................................................................................................................ 53

5.232 Redevelopment ............................................................................................................ 55

5.3 Site plan and market blocks classification .............................................................................. 57

5.31 Site plan ............................................................................................................................. 57

5.32 Market block classification ............................................................................................... 58

5.4 Sales space design and classifications .................................................................................... 58

5.42 Traders selling from the aisle ............................................................................................ 59

5.5 Stall layouts ............................................................................................................................. 60

5.51Alternative Stall layout plans ............................................................................................. 61

5.511 Free Flow Design......................................................................................................... 61

5.512 Grid Layouts ................................................................................................................ 61

5.513 Circular spine layout .................................................................................................... 63

5.52 Proposed stall layout plan for fixed stalls ......................................................................... 64

5.53 Building materials ............................................................................................................. 66

5.6 Perimeter Walls ....................................................................................................................... 67

5.62 Proposed action plans ........................................................................................................ 67

5.7 Market bridges ........................................................................................................................ 68

5.72 Proposed action plans; ....................................................................................................... 68

5.8 Implementation strategies ....................................................................................................... 69

5.81 Indicative Project Implementation Matrix ........................................................................ 70

5.82 implementation schedule ................................................................................................... 71

CHAPTER SIX: MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................ 73

6.0 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 73

6.1 Monitoring and evaluation stages in the implementation of project....................................... 73

6.2 Guidelines for the Implementation Process ............................................................................ 73

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6.3 Site/ Environmental management plan ................................................................................... 74

6.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 76

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 77

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: schematic layout of proposed stalls, ................................................................................ 5

Figure 2: Development framework, .............................................................................................. 32

Above shows Figure 3: The case of skewed customer distribution in the market, ....................... 53

Figure 4: Section through the proposed alternative high rise market model, ............................... 54

Figure 5: Conceptual diagram illustrating the redevelopment alternative in muthurwa market, . 56

Figure 6: A cross-sectional view of the market block showing proposed trestle tables, .............. 58

Figure 7: showing the Part plan, end elevation, and front views of proposed trestle tables to be

put under the trees in the market, .................................................................................................. 59

Figure 8: caption of proposed trestle tables in the market, ........................................................... 59

Figure 9: Proposed look and dimensions of new fixed stall in the market, .................................. 60

Figure 10: Flee flow design model of space allocation in markets and retail outlets, .................. 61

Figure 11: Show the grid layout design model ............................................................................. 62

Figure 12: Show an illustration of the circular spine layout design model of space allocationnin

markets and retail outlets , source; Piggly wiggly, retail design layouts; 2001 ............................ 63

Figure 13:Show Circular spine layout design model of space allocation in markets and retail

outletss, source; piggly wiggly, retail design layout; 2001 ........................................................... 63

Figure 14: proposed stall layout plan for fixed stalls ................................................................ 64

Figure 15: A three dimension perspective view of the proposed market stall in market block

along the breath source; Author 2014 ........................................................................................... 65

Figure 16: A three dimension perspective view of the proposed market stalls in the market blocks

along the horizontal,...................................................................................................................... 65

Figure 17: Show an aerial view of the proposed market stall layouts in the market block, ......... 66

Figure 18: Showing A cross sectional layout of the proposed wall for repair of the broken

parts of the perimeter wall, ........................................................................................................... 67

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Figure 19: Show renovated market bridge proposed in muthurwa market, illustrating street light

provisions with removal of opaque advertising billboards that cause inadequate lighting, ......... 69

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: Locational context of muthurwa in relation to Nairobi, ................................................... 39

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: An aerial view of Durban street market showing a section of the cemetery, .................. 26

Plate 2; a section of brook street market showing the covered and uncovered market activities, 26

Plate 3: street level activities and circulation in brook street market, .......................................... 27

Plate 4: Space organization in kerk street market, ........................................................................ 29

Plate 5: selling spaces in kerk street market, ................................................................................ 30

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph 1: Temperature variance in the study area, ........................................................................ 44

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Building and stall standards, ........................................................................................... 17

Table 2: Road and parking standards, ........................................................................................... 18

Table 3; Market Public health standard, ....................................................................................... 18

Table 4; storm water drainage provisions, .................................................................................... 19

Table 5; way leaves for electricity provision standards, ............................................................... 20

Table 6: Data needs matrix, .......................................................................................................... 37

Table 7: Demographic characteristics of the study area, .............................................................. 46

Table 8: Land uses in the project area, ......................................................................................... 47

Table 9: Expected outputs and outcomes of the development project, ......................................... 50

Table 10: Project design programme, ........................................................................................... 51

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Table 11: Showing building material for the proposed market stalls, .......................................... 66

Table 12: Show an indicative project implementation matrix, ..................................................... 70

Table 13: Show projects implementation schedule, ..................................................................... 72

Table 14: Environmental management plan, ................................................................................ 75

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ACRONYMS AND BBREVIATIONS

CBD Central Business District

CCN City Council of Nairobi

EMCA Environmental Management Authority

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Geographic Position System

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

NEMA National Environmental Management Authority

NCBD Nairobi Central Business District

PPA Physical Planning Act

UN United Nations

KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers

GoK Government of Kenya

KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance

KNCCI Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Planning development project

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

This chapter gives a summary of the panning research project and the recommendations. It also

justifies a planning development project from the recommendations and outlines the locations

and assumptions of the project.

1.2 Statement of the development project title: Redevelopment of muthurwa market

Planning research project title: An examination into the Space use conflicts among informal

sector operators: A case of muthurwa market.

1.3 Summary of the main findings

In view of the objectives and research purpose of the study, the following issues manifested

themselves from the research findings.

Space use conflict exist in the market with a majority of the traders extending their businesses

into paths - this encroachment cause congestion whilst some parts of the various blocks remain

unused since customers hardly reach these points.

Uneven customer flow/ distribution in the market – There is an uneven customer flow in the

market with some market blocks hardly having any customers e.g. some parts of block 5, while

other have very many customers especially block1 and those close to the gate.

The space allocated to the various traders is not enough – Majority of the traders experience

space constrains in their businesses, this pushes them to extend their businesses to the paths to

get utility of their monies.

Encroachment into the market paths causes congestion and immobility within the market as it

takes longer to sail from one corner of the market to the other due to the many obstacles on the

way.


Some parts of the market are more viable for conducting business compared to others – The main

preference for traders to locate their businesses in the main market path that runs straight from

gate one to the bus terminus. Other areas remain less favored depending on their accessibility by

customers or the human traffic that pass by them.

Presence of alterations from the main design in the market – There are various issues that has

changed since the initial design of the market, the initial operational flyover bridges in the

market are no longer operational due to their deplorable condition. The perimeter walls have

been interfered; many entrances are being created than was initially intended, this is partly due to

the non-operational bridges or the inaccessibility of stall that are in these areas prompting traders

to break their own gates to make their businesses accessible by customers through landhies road.

There is a mix up in roles and functions of the various blocks and stalls, with no defined use

allocated to a particular market block – this causes lack of clarity in the shopping points as

traders lack exact points to locate their preferred merchandise.

A majority of the facility users attribute the poor space use to the poor design of the market

blocks and stalls. They also partially blame the market management for not invoking proper

space management practices.

There is a disconnect between customers and traders owing to the whole market and stalls design

– this is the main reason causing an encroachment into the market paths as Traders seek to reach

the customers.

1.4 Summary of the planning recommendations

The research found out that indeed space use conflict exist in the market, below discuses some of

the recommendations which once implemented will reduced space use conflict in muthurwa

market. They are majorly categorized into three;

o Design recommendations,

o Infrastructural and circulation recommendations and

o Market Managerial recommendations


1.41 Design recommendations

1.411Re-designing of the market Stalls

The situation in muthurwa market is that there is less activity inside the market blocks especially

in blocks 4 and 5. Activities intensify at the edge of the blocks and on the paths causing user

conflict and so congestion. To make the whole of the block usable, it is recommended that the

stalls are designed to facilitate access, this can be done by developing fixed stalls for traders in

the market blocks ,with a passage path inside every block where buyers flow interacting with

goods on sale.

1.42 Infrastructural and circulation recommendations

1.421Functional separation of different market blocks

There a mix up in the various roles being carried out in the different blocks within the market

with no defined spaces allocated to them, for instance you find clothes, grains, fruits etc. being

sold in a single block or really close to each other and not in an organized way. It is

recommended that different market blocks be dedicated to specific uses. For instance block 1

may be food crops such as grains, block 2 clothing etc., this functional separation makes it easier

for customers to easily shop without crisscrossing the market causing unnecessary traffic and so

congestion, buyers can also easily compare the prices charged by the various traders.

Competition among the various traders will also be controlled since licensing and controlling

businesses becomes easy as all traders in a market dealing in a certain line of sale can be traced

to a certain point. This is important in controlling unauthorized sales in an areas not meant for

sale of goods such as paths, hence reducing space use conflict.

1.422 Improved market infrastructure

Under this program, there are two main infrastructural components in muthurwa that the research

revealed had an effect in the space use and utilization. These are;

1.4221Renovation of the market flyover bridges - The three fly over bridges in the market were

strategically put at market gate one, another at gate two to connect with the retail market and the

third at the far edge corner of the market to ferry customers to and from the country bus station.

They were put in these places to allow exchange of customer/traders traffic in retail market -

muthurwa market and the country bus station - muthurwa market exchanges. Customer


circulation in the market would also be facilitated by the bridges as they would deliver customers

in blocks 1and 2, bridge 2 to blocks 3 and upper block 4 and finally bridge 3 would circulate

customers to lower block 4,block 5 and 6 hence serving the whole market. The current state of

the bridges is deplorable, with security lights absent, human wastes and street urchins all over the

bridges making security of the people who use them unguaranteed. Customers and traders no

longer use them, hence don’t serve the purpose they were intended. This cause uneven

distribution of customers in the market place. It is recommended that the bridges be renovated

and cleaned to enable effective usage by traders and customers.

1.4222Repair of broken perimeter walls – Due to nonfunctional fly over bridges, some traders

broke the perimeter walls along landhies road to facilitate easy crossing of customers from the

retail market, and the country bus station to muthurwa market. This was to make their businesses

located near the walls more viable by putting them close to the newly made market gates. This

cause uneven customer flow in the various market blocks as customers tend to buy from

businesses close to the gates or market paths leaving parts of blocks 4 and 5 that are far from

customer reach not viable for trade. Spaces in these blocks are hence not well utilized. It is

proposed that the broken parts of the perimeter wall be repaired.

1.43 Market management recommendations

This is informed by the research findings that the market management has in a big way

compromised its roles in the execution of its mandate, allowing space use conflicts to ensure,

hence yielding congestion. This could be remedied by a proper market management structure

that ensures order in the market. A good management structure has to be conscious of the

resultant effect of their action by making deliberate efforts to plan. There is need for a rethought

management system, one with properly defined roles to avoid duplication especially with

functional overlaps. It is proposed that there should be a sub management unit dealing with space

use and management in the market

1.5 Development project title: Redevelopment of muthurwa market

To effectively solve the challenges facing the market, an all directional look into the various

problems facing the market is needed. Redevelopment is chosen because it will cover the stalls


redesigning, appropriate infrastructure rehabilitation and propose an effective management

structure to solve circulation problems in the market. The main theme of the development project

is to yield a market model that bring order and arbitrate the different space use conflict in the

market. Two main mechanisms are explored; A Facilitative mechanism and a restrictive

mechanism.

1.51 Facilitation

This is intended to look into the causes of space use conflict as identified by the traders in the

research process and try to find remedy solutions for these. For instance, facilitating customer’s

access into the market blocks with hardly any customers reaching these points of sale hence

making them unviable for trade. This will include the following actions:

1.511Market blocks redesigning– The development project wishes to redesign the market blocks

to make them more user friendly by facilitating customers access and to facilitate the effective

space use of the whole of the market blocks by opening it up for access by customers. An

illustration of the desired action on the market blocks is shown below, this will be backed by a

stall redesigning exercise to make them fixed and more spacious

1.512 Market stalls redesigning and classification –The development project intends to redesign

the market stalls to make them more spacious and fixed. The idea of making the stalls spacious

works on the assumption that well-spaced stalls for traders to accommodate their merchandise

accompanied by customers’ ability to access their sales points, i.e. the stalls, will prevent the

Stalls Stalls Stalls Stalls

Stalls Stalls Stalls Stalls

Customers flow Customers flow

Figure 1: schematic layout of proposed stalls,

source ;Author 2010


traders from encroaching into market paths and unauthorized sale spaces. Fixed stalls on the

other hand serve the purpose of physical restriction of the traders into the area defined for them,

i.e. the stall, this reduces their chance of overflowing into the market paths as compared to the

current situation where no physical restrictions exist. Market blocks reclassification as discussed

above will help reduce customer trips in and around the market as customers will be able to get

all the shopping they need of a particular genre in one market block and so reduced trips in the

market and so reduced congestion caused by such.

1.52 Restriction

This aims at exploring possible physical or institutional restrictions e.g. through by-laws to bar

the use of unauthorized space in the markets. Institutional restrictions can come under the

management of the market to ensure that the laid down market by-laws are implemented in a

comprehensive manner. This development project wishes to explore the Physical restriction

mechanism via designing fixed stalls in the various market blocks depending on the nature of

business to be conducted in these stalls, the physical encroachment in these stalls will restrict

traders from overflowing into spaces not allocated to them compared to when there is no barrier

at all. Repair of the broken parts of the perimeter wall to regularize customers’ distribution in the

market is also another restrictive measure the development project wishes to undertake.

1.6 Justification of the development project

The above project is chosen based on the research findings that indeed space use conflict exists

in muthurwa market. Utilization of space is a big factor in determining the cost of operation of

various businesses and so their survival as it came out in the research phase of the project. There

is therefore need to invoke remedial measures to mend space use conflict to ensure there is free

flow of goods and people as well as salvage businesses operating in the market. This will be

done through provision of a space use friendly model that maximize space utility and at the same

time bridge the customer/trader by facilitating customer’s access to the sales point rather than

traders luring customers from market paths. Redevelopment is chosen since its relatively cheap

compared to an overhaul of the market, it incorporates three main components that will include

design, infrastructure and circulation and the facility management.


1.7 Location and area of coverage of the development project

The project is located in muthurwa market, in the larger muthurwa area, Nairobi County. The

market sits on a 17 acre piece of land at the edge of the central business district to the east. Its

sandwiched between Haile Selassie Avenue, ladhies road, wakulima market and the muthurwa

bus terminus that ferry commuters to east lands. The development action area will be the entire

hawkers market.

1.8 Objectives of the development project

By undertaking the above development proposals on muthurwa, the project aims to achieve the

following:

o To review appropriate space use standards for the effective operation of the market

o To propose planning and design interventions for the effective use of available space in the

market.

o To propose an appropriate implementation framework for the proposed reorganization model

in the market

1.9 Assumptions of the development project

The main assumptions of this development project are;

A redevelopment exercise of the market as above, will influence market trader’s use of space,

That trader’s behavior can be controlled by redesigning the stalls to ensure maximum space

use and ensuring customer traffic circulation in the market.

That the proposals made herein are separate from any inferences by parties with vested

interests and that the proposals are acceptable and owned by all stakeholders.

That effective space use will improve the operating conditions in the market

1.10 Scope of the development project

This development project aims at developing alternative design models for the effective space

use in the market. This project will be organized as shown below;


Chapter one - Contains a summary of the main findings, recommendations, statement of the

development project chosen for implementation, location, objectives, assumptions and scope.

Chapter two - contains a review of the relevant policies, plans and case studies, planning policy

and design guidelines, regulation and standards, official document, handbooks and manuals.

Chapter three - discuss the methodology of the development project.

Chapter four - contains a comprehensive site analysis and also highlights the inherent

opportunities and problems for the development project.

Chapter five – This entails the plan design formulation process, site planning and design of

preferred development project for implementation, development plans and implementation

schedule. Finally,

Chapter six – Entails the monitoring and evaluation of the implemented development project,

site/ environmental management plan and indicators for the successful implementation of the

development project.


CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE AND POLICY REVIEW

2.0 OVERVIEW

This chapter discuss the conceptual, policy, and regulatory frameworks as well as

planning standards guiding markets planning and development in Kenya. These are of

great importance in guiding the processes and products of this project. Relevant case

studies are also reviewed.

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS

Types of market can be broadly defined according to a number of characteristics; by their

physical and spatial characteristics, operation time, etc. Below discuss these classifications.

2.11 By physical and spatial characteristics.

undifferentiated open sales spaces, operated by an individual hawker or peddler

street or roadside markets (common in both rural or urban areas);

open-air markets (typically in a paved urban square);

covered markets (common in urban areas);

small-scale retail shops associated with urban market areas; and

Markets sharing a number of the above characteristics, most commonly found in the center of

small rural towns.

2.12 By time of operation (and services that are offered)

Markets offering a wider range of trading functions than retailing, combining retail and

wholesale markets. Usually found in small towns and cities.

Buildings or areas specializing as markets on one day in the week or at a specific time of the

day, the whole or part of the site may be used for different purpose at other times such as a

car park, e.g. the weekend Maasai market near the judiciary that used as a car park on week

days.

Weekly or seasonal markets , generally termed "periodic markets" and


Markets operating every day on a permanent site, whether from a fixed building or a mobile

stall (possibly with expanded activities at weekends or on specific days).

2.2 FUNCTIONS OF MARKETS

Markets provide low-cost retailing facilities based on small-scale operations and are typically

found in the low and middle-income, higher density areas of cities and small towns and in the

centers of villages in rural areas. (FAO 2008).

According to Tracy white, the main functions of markets include the following:

To provide opportunities for the exchange of goods and services by producers and consumers

To provide, at assembly markets, opportunities for the bulking-up and export of goods and

produce to outside areas;

To provide easy access to a wide range of produce for consumers;

To provide an important means of generating a diversity of retail outlets in towns and cities

by supplying low-cost space for street vendors who use stalls or carts and do not therefore

require buildings; and

To provide an opportunity to achieve improvements in food hygiene standards and reductions

in post-harvest food losses.

2.3 POLICY FRAMEWORK

These sections discuss various policy legislation that govern market operations, space use and

micro enterprise development. The policies inform the development of markets and planning for

micro traders. They include;

2.31Millennium Development Goals

Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger is goal number one. The goal targets to reduce by

halve the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day and the proportion of

people who suffer from hunger. The timeline is the year 1990 to 2015. The MDGs strategy is to

increase employment rates which will consequently increase household incomes hence reducing

poverty. Muthurwa market is a key incubation point for micro enterprises that determine the


cities micro economics to a considerable extent. Effective space use is a key ingredient in

ensuring effective operation of enterprises that operate therein. This development projects seeks

to find better space use models to ensure the effective operation of the market. This will not only

increase the markets functionality but also the survival rates of the businesses that operate here

and so the economic condition of their owner hence achievement of MDGs.

2.32 Agenda 21

The earth summit was so ambitious in its major theme of sustainable economic development.

The meeting produced an overall plan called agenda 21; large developing countries promised

protecting the environment. Environmental sustenance is a crucial ingredient in ensuring

economic take off. This development project aims at proposing a sustainable model of space use

in the informal economy that will sustain environmental ambience. This will be done

through use of environmental friendly materials, environmental impact assessments and

environmental audits in the development area.

2.33 Kenya vision 2030

The vision aims at transforming Kenya into a middle-income economy through provision of high

quality life to all its citizens by year 2030 based on three pillars: economic, social and political

pillars. Economic activities, one of the three pillars of the vision, are anchored on

macroeconomic stability; this was after considering its contribution in the country’s economy in

the year 2003. The vision therefore places a high premium on the stable macroeconomic

environment the country enjoys, it’s expected to continue into the future. The vision also plans to

enumerate informal sector operators, provide them with permanent serviced facilities, training,

access to credit and markets. The simplification of business registration and trade licensing will

continue in order to create a more enabling business environment for all trading activity.

Provision of an enabling environment for micro enterprises growth translating to the physical

attribute of markets will involve ensuring markets are located in the right places, have adequate

spaces and are appropriately monitored to control the businesses that operate therein.

2.34 National land policy 2007

The aim of the National Land Policy is to promote efficiency, sustainability and equity in the use

of land to achieve prosperity. The policy offers a framework of policies and laws that will

provide all citizens with the opportunity to beneficially occupy and use land in an economically,


socially equitable and environmentally sustainable way. Markets occupy considerable amount of

land. Muthurwa lie in a 17 acre piece of land. Principles of sustainability and equity in land use

will be employed in the redevelopment exercise.

2.35 Kenya National Trade policy

Kenya national trade policy indicates that retail trade in Kenya is serviced by inadequate and

poorly serviced business premises. The trade policy is of the view that policy direction of retail

trade is to facilitate the growth of a vibrant retail sub sector supported by a well-established and

functional infrastructure and social amenities including adequate space provisions. The informal

sector is faced by similar challenges where infrastructural development is not only proposed

using public private partnerships programmes through the built operate own(BOO) and built

operate transfer(BOT) but also encourages market development (ministry of trade 2010)

Market development entails increasing market for informal traders through enhanced, effective

public and private sector procurements programmes within the formal business with partnership

with businesses associations such as KAM, KNCCI, and KEPSA. The national trade policy also

acknowledges that the key pillar of trade and investment promotion include; continual progress

towards the establishment of market based economy and the rule of law, the elimination of

barriers to trade and investment, implementation of economic policies to reduce poverty

(Ministry of trade 2010). Elimination of trade barriers include provision of a facilitative physical

environment for conduct of trade. Space provision is key to effective physical functionality. This

development project intends to address this in muthurwa market.

2.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

These sections discuss the various legal stipulations that affect the redevelopment exercise in the

market as well as the operation of the market. This provision must be followed to ensure the

county government is satisfied for the projects approval.

2.41The constitution of Kenya 2010

Chapter Four of the constitution (Bill of Rights) in article 42, states that every person has the

right to a clean and healthy environment, to protect the environment for the benefit of present

and future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated to

have obligations relating to the environment.


Chapter Five of the constitution (land and environment) states that land should be used in a

manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable (article 60, 1). In addition, article

62 (1),(h) states that Public land shall include all roads and thoroughfares provided for by an Act

of Parliament; this land shall be held by the County government and administered by the

National Land Commission on behalf of the county.

From the above provisions of the constitution of Kenya(2010), in relation to the redevelopment

exercise in muthurwa market, the following come through really clear; that provision of a clean

and healthy environment for conducting trade, including adequate space provision is the a right

to be provided for every citizen, that the allocation of the spaces in the market; which is a land

use function should be done in an equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable way to ensure

maximum economy and justice for all stakeholders involved, and finally that the land that holds

the market is under the jurisdiction of the Nairobi county government, and as such development/

redevelopment approval has to be sought from the county government.

2.42 The county government Act 2012

This is an act of parliament that was enacted in 2012, to give effect to chapter 11 of the

constitution that provides for county planning; this includes all matters relating to planning

including facility provision such as markets. The Act authorizes county governments to guide,

harmonize and facilitate development within each county, the county governments should

prepare; county integrated development plans, county sectoral plans, county spatial plans and

cities and Urban areas plans. These plans form the basis of all budgeting and spending in a

county. County planning framework integrates economic, physical, social, environmental and

spatial planning. The functions of the county government in relation to facility provision and

management are stipulated in the above planning provisions. Market planning and management

is the role of the county government. Muthurwa market is in the jurisdiction of Nairobi county

government.

2.43 The Physical planning Act 1996

Section 24 (1) of the Act provides for the preparation with reference to any government land,

trust land or private land within the area of authority of a city, municipal, town or urban council

with reference to any trading or marketing center, a local physical development plan by the

director of physical planning. The plan involves securing suitable provision for commercial,


transportation, public purposes, utilities and services, industrial, residential and recreational

areas, including parks, open spaces and reserves and also the making of suitable provision for the

use of land for building or other purposes. The commercial use provided in this Act include

shops, offices, hotels, restaurants, bars, kiosks, markets and similar business enterprises and trade

but does not include petroleum filling stations. The provisions include the effective physical

functionality of these commercial points, including adequate space provisions.

In Section 29, the Act states that each local authority shall have the power to prohibit or control

the use and development of land and buildings in the interests of proper and orderly development

of its area. However, this mandate is now vested to the County governments by the County

government Act, seeking market redevelopment permission from the Nairobi county government

is informed by this provision.

2.44 The Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011

This is an Act of parliament formulated to provide for the, classification, governance and

management of urban areas and cities; to provide for the criteria of establishing urban areas, to

provide for the principle of governance and participation of residents and for connected

purposes. All cities and municipalities should operate within the framework of integrated

development planning which shall give effect to the development of urban areas and cities as

required by the law. Markets are located in towns, their control and management must be guided

by provisions of this act; i.e., done by the respective county government. The act provides that

the residents of a city, municipality or town are given powers to deliberate and make proposals to

the relevant bodies or institutions on the proposed issues for inclusion in county policies and

county legislation and the proposed development plans of the county and of the national

government. This is an important avenue in stakeholder participation in any development to be

undertaken in the city.

2.45 The National Land Commission Act

Essentially, all development takes place on land, to understand the governance structure of such,

it’s important to articulate the mandate of the land commissions. The National Land Commission

Act is an Act of parliament enacted to make provision for the functions and powers of the

commission, qualifications and procedures for appointments to the commission; to give effect to

the objects and principles of devolved government in land management and administration, and


for connected purposes. The Act provides for the establishment of county land management

boards for purposes of managing county land. Use of county land is therefore in the hands of the

county land management board. Application for development or redevelopment ought to be

sought from the county government land management board as the mandate of development

approval lies on their hands.

2.46 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999

This Act promotes environmental sustainability as one of its principles. The general principle is

that every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment .Every Kenyan also has

a duty to a safe, clean and guarded environment, the Act gives effect to the constitution of Kenya

2010 stipulation. For instance in the bill of rights, article 42 states that every person has the right

to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right to have the environment protected

for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures.

The Act states that NEMA will be the sole controller of the environment and that for any

development likely to have adverse effects on the environment, an Environmental Impact

Assessment shall be carried out before its initial start. These in particular include activities out of

character with its surrounding, any structure of a scale not keeping with its surroundings and

major changes in land use. Development approval for the alteration in the market will have to be

sought from NEMA after an environmental impact assessment.

2.47 The public health Act

This act is concerned with the health of the public. Its objective is to ensure that members of the

public live in a clean and healthy environment. It mainly addresses matters of sanitation,

hygiene, and general environmental health and safety. Section 116 requires the local authorities

to take all lawful, necessary and reasonable measures to maintain their jurisdiction clean to

prevent occurrence of nuisance, condition liable to injuries or dangerous to human health.

Inappropriate use of space in the market results into congestion which causes unhealthy

operating environment. In the case of food joints in the market, inappropriate use of space and

hygiene standards is a likely cause of disease spread. The act informs the establishment of public

health offices in the local authorities from whom enquiries are made on the health effects that

may result from developments before they are approved after which a license of operation is


issued. The public health officers should carry regular inspections in markets to ensure there is

hygiene and the required health standards are kept, the redevelopment exercise must be approved

by the public health offices in the county.

2.5 REGULATORY GUIDELINES, PLANNING AND DESIGN STANDARDS

This section discuss the various guidelines that has been provided by various authorities

regarding market construction standards

2.51 The physical planning Handbook Market construction standards

2.511 Infrastructure design and space standards

This discuss the various the building and stall standards, road space standards and public health

space standards as provided in the physical planning hand book

i) Building and stalls space standards

The following are the main space standard provisions for market stalls and buildings;

Specification Standard

Main thoroughfare of market A 6meters aisle to allow for circulation

Aisle inside building Minimum of 3.5meters to allow a group of three

people walking together to pass one person standing

by a stall or two people walking to pass two other

people

Maximum distance between cross aisle inside

buildings

12 meters

Minimum stall depth( Trader standing behind) 2metes for standing and staking of boxes plus 1 meter

for the counter

Minimum stall depth(Trader sitting on stall) 1.2meters

Minimum stall height(trader sitting on stall) 0.7metres

Minimum stall height(Trader sitting in front of 0.7Meters


the stall)

Minimum stall width 1.8 Meters

Small lock up stalls Between 2*2 and 3*4 meters with sales space taking

up to 30-50 percent of the area

Sales or table area per trader 0.8 and 1.2 square meters excluding standing space

Outdoor seating/low walls 400mm high, between 300 to 500mm deep

Central market space for trading in the open Max dimensions between 20 and 25 meters

Width of minor pedestrian routes Not to exceed the height of the surrounding buildings

Table 1: Building and stall standards,

Source; physical planning handbook 2007

2.512 Roads and parking space standards

Specification Standard

Single lane road width 3.5 Meters

One lane road width 7Meters

Two way road width 12Meters

Size of parking space for one car 1.8*2.4 meters

Visitor’s car parking 2 to 5 spaces per 100 meters of sales area

Visitor’s car parking Preferred maximum distance from market: 100 meters,

absolute maximum distance at peak periods:

200meters

Maximum parking area for pick- ups 8*3.6 meters

Size of parking areas for trucks 11*3.6 meter

Parking for traders and delivery vehicles 1 to 2 spaces per stall.


Sidewalk

widths 2.5 meters ( 5.2 meters if road side stall is to be

accommodated)

Lamp stands placed at intervals of 15 to 25 meter

Table 2: Road and parking standards,


2.513 Public health space standards

Water supply stand pipes or tube

wells

Maximum of 50Meters from user( 25 meters preferred)

Meat and fish stalls immediate access to water (Adjacent)

Toilets( pit latrines and urinals) A maximum of 100 meters from users( 50 Meters preferred)

Latrine 2square meters per 1000 people during peak period market

users

Toilet provision for staff 2square meter per 25 market employees (male and female

separate). Minimum of 2square meters

Dustin bin or garbage pits Max distance of 50 meters from users, (25meters preferred)

Table 3; Market Public health standard,


2.52 Standards for Public Utilities Provision

Public utilities are those facilitate the effective operation of the market facility. Effective

provision of Public utilities is essential for the proper functioning of the market facility. There

should be proper space provision for the various utilities. Handling of businesses in areas

specified for these utilities should be avoided as this impairs operation of such, It also affects the

life of the utilities.

2.521 Water supply

Water lines should be laid at a depth sufficient to protect against frost damage. The minimum

pipe depth should be 0.5m below the ground level with the main water pipeline requiring a way

leave of 10 meters. The reticulation systems in form of pipeline should be designed in a


hierarchical manner, from the main pipeline distributor to the minor in order to achieve equity in

distribution.

2.522 Garbage Collection and Disposal

Garbage collection sites must be environmental friendly. They should be located on the leeward

side and have a 100m-protection belt.

2.523 Storm water Drainage

Storm water drainage systems are necessary particularly in built up areas receiving more than

200mm of rainfall. It is therefore recommended that for a storm water drainage system a

minimum of 2m width strip of land should be provided.

Way leaves Facility Preferred Way leave

Drainage way leaves 3m – 4.5m

Anti-Malarial Way leaves 4m

Building clearance 1.5m, 2.5m and 7.5m

Septic Tank clearance 6m

Sewer line 3m

Table 4; storm water drainage provisions,


2.524 Electricity Cables

Capacity of line Way leave

11 KV 10m

33KV 20m

40KV 20m


66KV 30m

132KV Single circuit towers 50m

132KV Double Circuit towers 60m

Table 5; way leaves for electricity provision standards,


2.53 Planning standards for Hawking

Kiosks and hawking activities are considered as special features in planning. Sites for hawking

and kiosks need to be planned and designated e.g. hawking grounds and streets. Kiosks should be

located adjacent to bus parks, open air markets and certain institutions. In addition, the following

locational factors determine their siting is recommended; accessibility, market demand and foot

loose character of hawking. The minimum size of a kiosk should be 3m by 3m.

2.531Commercial developments along highways

Building lines should be observed where roads are below 18 meters wide the building line shall

be 6 m.

2.54 The building code standards

The building code’s mandate is to ensure built structures are structurally sound and are compliant

with the law. It specifies certain design and material requirements that should be followed in the

construction of buildings.

2.541Design requirements

According to the building code 2009, any building, structural element or a component there of

shall be designed to provide strength, stability, serviceability and durability in accordance with

accepted structural design and so that it will not impair the integrity of any other building or

property.

The design of market stalls should be such that on the event of accidental over-loading the

structural system will not suffer disastrous or progressive collapse which is diaproportionate to

the original cause.This will be considerd in evaluating diffrent desings in the market that will

maximise use of space.


2.542 Building materials

The building code provides that the structural system of any building should be carried out in

accordance with one or more of the following regulations relating to the materials used in such

building or in any element or component thereof; structural use of concrete, steelwork, masonry

work, stone masonry, timber, aluminum, steel fabric for reinforcement of concrete, size sawn and

processed softwood, code for design and installation of damp proof course in masonry

construction, composite construction in structural steel and concrete, reinforced and pre-stressed

concrete structure for storage of water and other aqueous liquid, protection of iron and steel

structures from corrosion, cement, aggregate and sand for concrete works, specification for

lightweight aggregate for masonry units and structural concrete, testing concrete and design of

concrete structure for retaining aqueous liquid.

The redevelopment exercise in muthurwa intends to design fixed stalls. The stall shall be made

of removable cardboard partitions. This will facilitate possible multiple letting by traders who

want more than one stall. The outside can however be made of other material such as steel. It

should be however capable for alteration when the market officials feel there is need to do so.

2.6 THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES

Theoretical principles are ideas that are rarely practiced but can be used as references to guide

actually happens, as case studies or reference points, below are three theoretical principles that

relate to markets.

2.61City improvement districts/ retail improvement districts

This is localized variation of Business improvement districts common in Canada and South

Africa. The definition of the CIDs comes from its goal where a CID's ultimate goal is seen to

be to maintain and manage the public environment at a superior level and thus enhance their

(the majority of the property owners) investments. CIDs are therefore geographic areas in which

the majority of property owners determine and agree to fund supplementary and complementary

services to those normally provided by the local authority. The local authority continues to

provide their normal services. Supplementary CID services might include public safety

ambassadorial services, pavement cleaning, litter collection, maintenance of public space,

removal of illegal posters etc. Additional CID services may include place marketing and web-


based communication, small capital projects, landscaping and special events to ensure a

superior urban village lifestyle. Through legislation the cost of the provision of whatever

services a CID is to provide is then spread on a pre-agreed equitable basis across all property

owners within the geographic area. Funds contributed by the property owners may only be

spent in the area in which they are collected, unlike rates (Peyroux, 2008).

The CID model can be seen as one of the ways of tackling development that can be utilized in

Kenya to increase efficiency in implementation and maintenance. It shares common strength

points with the business improvement districts (BID) concept. However, the CID concept

differs from the BID concept in that it covers a larger scale and usually involves great

involvement of the authority in charge of a city. In the project site being an area that has a lot

of vibrancy then redevelopment is to be carried out using the BID/CID model to reduce

contestation of space and provide adequate spatial ordering of activities.

2.62Abstract versus social spaces

There have long been implicit dichotomies in the study of space and spatial conflicts. One side

of the dichotomies consists of the powerful force often equated with globalization, economies,

the material, and space, while the other side consists of the factors affected by this force, often

described as Locality, culture, the symbolic, and place. The former is portrayed as

abstract, structural, homogenizing, and dominating; the latter as concrete, accidental,

heterogeneous, and defensive (Jung, 2011).

This space dichotomy is commonly known as the abstract-social space dichotomy. Abstract

space is seen to be space dominated and produced by global and capitalistic forces of

development where economic maximization is the ultimate goal whereas social spaces are

spaces designed to allow for maximum benefit to the society. Abstract spaces are natural

spaces brought about by human interaction. This tend to have the highest level of

lifespan and cultural diversity, most of the historical cities under conservation can be

noted to have high level of social spaces thus culture cannot be preserved without due regard

to social spaces. However social spaces are seen to be highly defensive this is because as Jung

(2011) puts it social spaces tend to be dominated by the endowed (in resources) who have a

great tendency towards the abstract.

"If space is a social product, then, it is likely dominated and modified by the powerful. Since

the beginning of modem capitalism, the domination of space by the powerful has carried


out the abstraction of space. Space was reduced to grids, separated into homogeneous and

isotropic pieces in which local difference, uneven development, and local histories were erased.

One of the major conditions of capitalist land development is the commodification of land, and

the appreciation of the exchange value of land as a legitimate signal to price land. An imagined

grid is imposed on land, and the price of land is estimated based on the location in the grid; the

estimated long-run price of each piece of land constitutes its exchange value. This

commodification of land regards only the objective conditions of the piece of land, while

ignoring the specificity of that particular place, including its history, the subjective meanings

attached to the place, and other subjective qualities such as human networks, neighborhood

spirit, and feelings toward place, all of which constitute the use and emotional value of

place. The increasing commodification of land in modem capitalism has marginalized

the use and emotional value of places, and has destroyed the subjective social relations created

in and through those places" (Jung, 2011).

The site for this area is dominated by a commercial market, a major social space for

individuals in the area. However there is a major threat from the abstract Euclidean spaces

being generated. It is hence seen that encroachment of abstract space being produced by

modem capitalism and bureaucratic states threatens social space which is the realm of

everyday life of ordinary people and the container upon which histories of human interaction

and culture are stored. The planning development project is seen as mediating between abstract

and social space. This is more so to protect the social space which brings a sense of

communalism within the capitalistic context an aspect to be treasured in bringing about

cohesive and safe markets.

2.63 Elements of an urban center, objectives of urban design and Gentrification

Urban centers are seen to be a culmination of five identifying elements, the paths, edges,

districts, nodes and land marks. The paths are the de facto planning units in Kenya where there

has been an overemphasis on roads as the definers of space. However the nodal and district

components which are of similar importance have been left out or inadequately handled. This

is the likes of the market places, bus parks and shopping districts especially pertaining the

informal shopping districts such as muthurwa.

This development project will therefore address this issues with the aim of coming up with an

all rounded, all inclusive project that balances all the urban design elements to ensure a


cohesive and sustainable form of development and co-existence. The objectives that urban

design will address in the development project include: legibility, character, diversity,

continuity and enclosure, ease of movement, adaptability and quality public realm

These urban design objectives will be the critical key issues to observe during the design

process of the project. This is to ensure that the final products befits both its time in the 21"

century but also the users in a manner attractive rather than repulsive to the common observer.

Legibility, character, diversity, continuity and enclosure will be of special interest to the

development project. Legibility ascertains that for ease of movement within any urban space

the nature of development design and layout should be in such a manner that locals and

visitors are able to interpret and understand how an area is organized and be able to move

around. This type of development pattern is achieved through the grid system or a modified grid

network of streets (London City Ontario, 2010). The legibility of a city is very important to

help people orientate themselves both from within and outside the city. Streetscape treatments

that create memorable urban corridors and nodal spaces can help to reinforce the basic

legibility of the road system. The treatment of roads and their frontages could include, amongst

other devices, the theme of planting, hard scape, street furniture and signage (Ministry of

Nairobi Metropolitan Development, 2011).

Character is the identifiable image that can be seen to characterize individuals within the

given society. As such this is seen in form of open spaces, historical buildings and at

times business typologies. Successful cities are also seen to encourage diversity of individuals

and activities within the cities as such the development project aims at encouraging diversity

through preservation of character (London City Ontario, 2010).

Diversity on the other hand is seen as the capacity of given spaces to contain a myriad of land

uses and activities harmoniously such that an individual can go through most to all their

lifecycle activities without the need to move or source for items and services in another space

(London City Ontario, 2010). Continuity and enclosure are seen to be aspects mostly in street

form that are needed throughout the an area of an urban area to allow users to easily identify

and understand where they are, directions to where they need to go and the purpose of the street.

In doing this, development assists in creating the proper enclosure of space delineating private

and public realms (London City Ontario, 2010). As such therefore the urban design objectives

will therefore strive to minimize conflict and contestation through the design of an all-inclusive


user friendly space. However, in redesign of informal space often gentrification sets in where

some individuals in the site during the pre-construction phase are either left out of the

development tor bought out. As such there is need to ensure that the pre -construction

users of muthurwa market end up as the beneficiaries of the same.

2.7 Case studies

The case studies chosen for purpose of inferential adaptation of the development project are

two; Brook Street in Durban and Kerk Street in Johannesburg. Brook Street was selected on the

basis of its high level of design detailing in approaching informal trade. Its location between

a railway terminus and a freeway is also a similarity with the muthurwa case. It is at the western

fringe of Durban CBD. Kerk Street was chosen because of its location at the heart of a highly

developed urban area and the effect that this market has on the urban fabric

2.71 Case study 1: Brook Street Durban

2.711 Location

Durban city is in eastern South Africa, in KwaZulu-Natal province, on the coast of the

Indian Ocean. The case is located in Brook Street Central, a street within Durban, Johannesburg

directly between the west street cemetery and the eastern edge of the Berea Station. The area is

to the Warwick junction cemetery and is the oldest in Durban. It was opened in 1850, it contains

Christian, Muslim and Jewish graves. The Muslim section is currently the most actively used

(Dobson & eTafuleni, 2012).

2.712 Concept

The case illustrates the phased development of an urban scale, roofed informal economy

trading "mall" that was initiated as a joint venture with the Local Authority, through

iTRUMP (inner Thekwini Regeneration and Urban Management Programme). The approach

was by the Badsha Peer Mazaar Society, who proposed the erection of a permanent roof structure

over the portion of Brook Street Central adjacent to their Saint's Mazaar (shrine) for the

dual use of their veneration ceremonies and the daily informal trade already existent in the

same space. (Dobson & eTafuleni, 2012). The Basha Peer Mazaar society is a society that was

formed by devotees of Harat Sheik Ahmed Badsha. After his death, devotees began

commemorating his life with an Ur, which became an annual event and is now the biggest of


such functions held in the southern hemisphere. The Badsha Peer Mazaar Society was formed

and its members built the Mazaar (shrine) abounding the Brook Street Muslim section of West

Street Cemetery, where Peer is buried" (Dobson, 2012)

Plate 1: An aerial view of Durban street market showing a section of the cemetery,

Source; Dabson and eTafuleni 2012

Plate 2; a section of brook street market showing the covered and uncovered market activities,

Source; Dabson and eTafuleni 2012


Plate 3: street level activities and circulation in brook street market,

Source; Dabson and eTafuleni, 2012

2.713 Features

The following features came out really strong in the

brook street case;

Multilevel markets and spaces were encouraged for the basis of increasing capacity for

current and future demand. As such the over-reliance on lateral expansion was reduced and

resultant conflicts are minimized.

Multilevel circulation approaches were seen to encourage diffusion of traffic more so the

pedestrian traffic. This approach can be used to separate traffic where types of commodities are

allocated levels and prohibited in the other levels. As such the traffic was split into manageable

sections that were then directed appropriately.

A strong vision in design as it takes such a vision to ensure that an audacious project as the

brook street one comes to life. This is especially considering the higher level pedestrian


channels and trading spaces which prove untenable if not carefully detailed.

Receptivity to stakeholders' ideas was seen to be a key cornerstone towards success of

implementation of such a project where the development took off at the request of the

stakeholders as such there was communal ownership of the project.

Concept evolution was also seen to be a necessary component where throughout the project

implementation milestones and targets were set as points of reference and check points to

ascertain the effectiveness and achievement of desired effect of the project. As such there

exist points at which the development can be redesigned according to its efficacy and

community response to it. This was mostly achieved through phased implementation.

Urban uniqueness- The case illustrates a level of uniqueness in design where the

practitioners identified with the unique characteristics of the site and adapted the project to

conform as opposed to contrast to the immediate environment.

2.714 Challenges

The case is not without challenges, the major one being the spillover effects being felt at adjacent

roads, the spillover effects were not just of traders but also of traffic both human and vehicular.

The question of increasing capacity for the market then becomes a necessity for the area.

However the projects reliance on vertical expansion has proved to alleviate the problem by

implementation of higher level trading spaces and articulation of a multilevel circulation system.

2.715 Inferences

This case indicates a classical example of the intricate interrelationship between informal trade

and transport terminals where traders take advantage of the traffic flow to sell their wares. The

case also indicates the result of coordinated player effort in an otherwise contested space for the

benefit of all. The issue of contestation and degenerating urban spaces is tackled through

coordinated effort and realization of collective interests of all players relating to the said space.

As such development is articulated in a manner to seamlessly bring together the interests of

all players and thus ensure optimum productivity for and of all the players.

However, there is an apparent need for due considerations of the effects that such a development

has on the existing social-economic factors. There is often a higher economic attraction to the

site which results in a higher number of traders and buyers meeting at the site hence congestion

since the facility carry more than its capacity. This often if not considered in design results into


overflows of the market resulting in worsening of the site. There is therefore need for an

expansion scheme/ appraisal programmes for any market to ensure sustainability of the

development.

2.72 Case study 2: Kerk Street

2.721 Location

Kerk street market is situated in the inner city of Johannesburg, a 2km radius of Marshalltown,

Carlton Centre and Park Station. Initially traders were trading around this area so as to capture

the working class pedestrian traffic that was moving between Park Station and Gandhi Square

and the various offices in Marshalltown and Carlton Centre.

2.722 Concept

The concept of this street market was finding a way of dealing with informal street trading so as

to ensure the environment of the city improvement district (CID) was kept clean and well

managed. It was decided to pedestrianize five blocks of Kerk Street and accommodate

informal street traders in this space as a way of organizing the traders and contributing to the

aesthetic image and vitality of this area. The initial traders of this market were traders that sold

around surrounding areas in the streets when the market was started.

Plate 4: Space organization in kerk street market,

Source; Bantubouse 2008


Plate 5: selling spaces in kerk street market,

Source; Bantubouse 2008

SS s source

2.723 Features

Management – CJP (the street market manager) encourage a participatory approach to

handling the running of the market from the grassroots rather than a top-down approach where

things were forced onto the traders. So, each block has a block leader that represented the

traders in their block and assists in dealing with the day to day conflict resolution between

traders and CJP itself

Space allocation - Traders were given space at the market by being referred to CJP (the street

market manager) from the Metro Trading Company's (MTC) waiting lists. MTC was a

company contracted to receive bids from the various traders. This way, the space allocation

exercise was corrupt free and satisfactory to all the stakeholders.

A blurred design vision –lack of a proper market design results in it being of very low

capacity resulting in spill overs to adjacent streets. The allocation of space is not adequate for

provision of markets without proper design interventions.

Pedestrianisation –The development of the market would not have been possible at such

an area without converting the street into a street market. For this to be done there was need

to pedestrianize the street to reduce the amount of traffic especially the vehicular traffic.

2.724 Inferences

The main subjects to be learned from the case of Kerk Street are those of pedestrianisation,

market management and design needs. The concept of pedestrianisation is seen where the


development of the market would not have been possible at such an area without

converting the street into a street market. For this to be done there was need to pedestrianize

the street to reduce the amount of traffic especially the vehicular traffic. The only traffic going

to the site was that going specifically to the market or adjacent buildings. There is however

very minimal through traffic which happens to be only human traffic. Design needs was a

concept well seen in the area not by its existence but rather by its deficit, the lack of proper

design of the market results in it being of very low capacity resulting in spill overs to

adjacent streets. As such it emphasizes that the allocation of space itself is not adequate for

provision of markets without proper design interventions.

2.725 Challenge

The main challenge however experienced in Kerk Street is the design of stalls, a standard one

lacks. This brings about underutilization of spaces which lowers the capacity of the market. This

then results in some informal traders taking back to some of the major streets close to the site, as

such the main purpose of pedestrianizing the street and making it a street market fails to some

degree. The issue of capacity is as such the most pressing issue of the site. The adjacent high

level buildings towering over the site are also seen to lack porosity in terms of pedestrian flow

which then results in congestion at the entrances of the market.

2.8 Development framework

Planning issues on site have been identified to fall broadly into lack of adequate space for

trading, poor infrastructure and circulation in the market, congestion, and the lack of a desirable

spatial design for the market. The project sets out to mitigate against this by borrowing

inferentially from the two case studies analyzed where the targets achieved in so doing

are redeveloping muthurwa market to ensure effective and efficient space use by

revisiting the stall designs and the human traffic circulation systems in the market.

This is summarized in the following conceptual diagram.


Planning issues

Poor circulation in the market

Inadequate space utilization in

the market

Congestion

Poor market and stall design

Case 1

Coordinated player efforts

Future expansion considerations

Multiple level market spaces

Concept evolution

Commodity separation

Case 2

Need for design interventions

to effectively use space

Need for continuous appraisal

of facilities over their use

to ensure effective

operation

Targets

Effective circulation in the market

Well-designed stalls that maximize on space use

Stakeholders involvement

Market blocks reclassification and specialization

Interventions

Design interventions

Policy interventions

Managerial practice interventions

Managerial and Policy

environment

Inadequate policies on market

management

Poor space management in

the market

Development project

A well functional market with an effective

space use, human traffic circulation and micro

enterprise growth

Figure 2: Development framework,

Source: Author 2014


CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter describes, in detail, the types of data that were sought, sources of such data, the

subjects targeted for the study, methods of data collection and data analysis. All these will be

informed by the project objectives. A summary of the methodology is presented in the form of a

data needs matrix below. The methodology shows the stages followed while undertaking the

project.

3.2 Data Needs and Requirements

The information that was sought was on policy and legal guidelines which comprised of zoning

regulations and development control information; planning standards for various land uses;

lessons from relevant case studies; location and historical development of the project area;

physical and environmental characteristics of the area; population and demographic

characteristics of the area; and land use patterns of the project area.

3.3 Data Sources

The data above was got from both primary and secondary sources. The physical and

environmental characteristics of the area and the land use information were gathered through site

analysis. The major methods of collecting this data were observation, field sketching and

photography. The only information that was got through interviews of Key informants was that

on zoning regulations and development control and this was specifically from the City council of

Nairobi. The other data was sourced from various secondary materials. The major policies that

were of critical consideration included the Kenya Vision 2030, Draft land Policy (2012),

National Land Policy (2007), and the Kenya National Trade Policy

The legal information was found in the Kenya Constitution (2010) and the relevant Acts of

Parliament. The Acts included county Government Act 2012 (Cap 265), Physical Planning Act

(1996), Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011), public health act, Environmental Management and

Coordination Act (1999) and the National Land Commission Act (2012). Data on planning

standards was sourced from Physical Planning Handbook (2008), the A.J. Metric Handbook and

the Building Code.


3.4 Methods of Data Collection

These refer to methods used to capture data for the purposes of the study. They are majorly

divided into two main methods; those used to capture primary data and those used to capture

secondary data

3.41 Methods of primary data collection

These are methods used to capture first-hand information from the field, for the purposes of this

study there will be use of interviews, photography, field sketching and observations, these are

discussed below;

3.411 Interviews

There those to be talked to one-on-one. The respondents to be interviewed will be majorly the

key informants some of whom include government institutions like City Council of Nairobi

(Departments of City Planning and Markets development).

3.412 Photography

This will basically entail taking pictures of various phenomena for illustration purposes. The

major features that will be captured through photography will comprise the physical ones e.g.

buildings, transport networks, drainage systems, people undertaking various activities among

others.

3.413 Field Sketching

The researcher will also draw sketches of various features for illustration purposes. These will

include elevations, cross-sections and perspective drawings of the various market structures.

3.414 Observation

This will involve capturing observable variables and recording them down. Some of the aspects

that will be observed included market user behaviours, market design characteristics amongst

others.

3.41 Methods of secondary data collection

This will basically involve literature review entail reading of books, journals, periodicals and

reports written by previous researchers on relevant areas. Also reviewed policies and legal

documents guiding market planning.


3.5 Methods of Data Analysis

This is whereby the data collected will be cleaned, sieved and synthesized for meaningful

interpretation of findings. Qualitative data will be analysed through logical reasoning while

quantitative data will be analysed using Excel and SPSS programs. Spatial data will be analysed

using GIS tools, AutoCAD and ArchiCAD.

3.6 Methods of Data Presentation

Main methods of data presentation will be graphs and pie charts for analytical data from field

work. Spatial data will be analysed by use of maps, sketches and drawings will also be used for

design data presentation and interpretation.

3.7 Methodology Limitations

The following limitations were faced during the project:

There were time experienced as the time involved in the collection of data was not enough

Non co-operative respondents- There was also a problem of respondents being un co-

operative, some refused to give information as they feared the researcher was collecting

information to avail to the county government for action.

Financial constraint - The research work was curtailed by lack of sufficient funds to

adequately conduct a scientific sample, this might have resulted to a problem of

representativeness in the responses received.


3.8 Data Needs Matrix

Project

objectives

Data needs Form Uses of the data Source/Subjects

To determine

the suitability

of the

proposed

redevelopment

exercise in

muthurwa

market

Legal and policy

goals in market

development and

land use planning

Stakeholders view

on the suitability

and compatibility

of the project in the

market

Descriptive/

Qualitative

Qualitative/

Descriptive

Qualitative/

Descriptive

Offering bases for comparisons between the

new proposals and past working interventions

Ensuring that proposals are of value in

attaining the national development goals

Ensuring that planning interventions sought

are up to expectations of the stakeholders

Field surveys

Policy reviews

Case studies

To review

appropriate

space use

standards for

the effective

operation of

the market

Planning standards

and regulations for

the various land

uses

Catchment

population size and

human traffic

characteristics

Numerical

and

descriptive

Spatial

/Descriptive

sketches

Numerical

Establishing market space demand

Establishing the market space-use/design

relationships in the market

Finding out the level of accessibility of the

various blocks in the market

Exploring the contribution of trader’s

encroachment on market paths and exploring

possible means to regulate their impact on the

space use conflict they cause.

Physical Planning

Handbook

A.J Metric Handbooks

Building code


To propose

planning and

design

interventions

for the

effective use

of available

space in the

market.

Space use patterns

in the market area

Customer

circulation pattern

in the market

Market Planning

standards

Qualitative

Spatial/Desc

riptive

Establishing the market space-use /market

design relationships in the market

Offering an optimal space use for the market

Site observation and

analysis

Physical Planning

Handbook

To propose an

appropriate

implementatio

n framework

for the

proposed

reorganization

model

Legal and policy

goals in informal

market operations

Institutional

framework for

market

development and

land use planning

Stakeholders to be

involved

Descriptive

To help ensure that the legal conditions in

market development and those concerned

with their effective operation are well

established.

Ensuring that planning interventions sought

are up to various stakeholders’ expectations

Assigning responsibilities in the

implementation and monitoring framework

appropriately

The Kenya

Constitution, Acts of

Parliament and national

policies

Physical Planning

Handbook

Market plan models

of different countries

whose informal

economies have been

effectively planned

Table 6: Data needs matrix,

Source; Author 2014


CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE

PROJECT AREA

4.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter articulates on the physical location of the project area; landscape or topographical

and environmental characteristics of the area, background (history, planning and development)

of the area, population characteristics therein, land use analysis and institutional, legal and

financial issues of the project area.

4.2 LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

The location of the study area can be viewed in the regional and local contexts. The regional

context view the study area as part of the bigger Kenyan region, at the local context the study

area is viewed in the context of Nairobi, a local area. This is discussed below;

4.21 Regional Context

The project area, at its regional context, is located in Nairobi which lies 1.19o south of the

Equator and 36.59o east of the Prime Meridian 70. Its altitude is between 1600 and 1850 meters

above sea level. The climate is generally a temperate tropical climate, with cool evenings and

mornings and becomes cold during the rainy seasons. The long rains in Nairobi fall between

April and June, while the short rains are experienced between November and early December.

The average daily temperatures range from 29oC in the dry seasons to 24oC during the rest of the

year

4.22 Local Context

The study area encompasses the area within Muthurwa which falls in zone 1A, where

commercial, residential and office buildings are allowed. Muthurwa is within the city of Nairobi

(CBD) now a county in the larger county of Kenya. The land previously held the muthurwa

estate owned by Kenya railway network for its employees, it was purchased by the government

to build the hawkers market The market was constructed in 2005 as a plan by the government to

relocate hawkers from the central business district. The market sits on a 17 acre piece of land at

the edge of the central business district to the east. Its sandwiched between Haile Selassie

Avenue, ladhies road, wakulima market and the muthurwa bus terminus that ferry commuters to

east lands. The development action area will be the hawkers market that covers blocks 1 to 8.


Map 1: Locational context of muthurwa in relation to Nairobi,

Source; Survey of Kenya 2009


4.3HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA

Historical development of the project area is important as it helps understand the various

developments f various planning aspects in the project area, below discuss the historical

development of the entire Nairobi area and the development of muthurwa area over time.

4.31 Historical Development of Nairobi

The origin of Nairobi dates back to the year 1898 as a grazing front for Maasai and the Kikuyu.

In 1899, a trading centre emerged as a result of the construction and passage of the Kenya -

Uganda Railway. In the same year, the provincial headquarters was moved from Machakos to

Nairobi (Shihembetsa, 1995 in Mwaura, 2002).

The plan of Nairobi as a railway town manifested a lot of racial segregation. The Europeans, who

were senior officers, resided on the higher topographical area to the West of the railway line. The

subordinates, who were Asian junior officers, were located near the railway line on a partially

flat area near the hill area. Along Station Road (currently Moi Avenue), the European and Asian

traders provided their own housing, which was mixed with commercial enterprises.

During this time, permanent residence for African labourers was not catered for. They were

either accommodated in tents behind railway sheds or were expected to seek accommodation

outside the Railway Town in Kileleshwa (Maskini area) and across Nairobi River in Ngara,

Kariakor and Pangani areas

The Europeans who comprised 10% of the population were located in the best areas in the

northern and western parts of the town, on 2700 acres (1093ha) or 42% for residential purposes.

The Asian community (then 30% of the population) settled both in Parklands and Pangani on

300 acres (121.4ha) or 4.7% of the total area for residential use. The Africans, forming 60% of

the total population were to live in Pumwani location, an area less than 5% of the total area of

Nairobi.

4.32 Historic development of muthurwa Area

The study area fall within the larger Muthurwa estate which is situated in land No 209/6502 a 72

acre parcel of land belonging to Kenya Railways cooperation (KRC). The estate lies in the East

of Nairobi. The estate was constructed around 1910-1914 of the workers of KRC with a total of


the 1120 houses units (10 by 10 meters). By 2002 Muthurwa estate used to be an independent

ward. It was afterwards merged with Shauri- Moyo Estate. Kenya Rail ways Staff Retirements

Benefits Scheme (KRSBRS) was mandated to manage the estate after the concession of Kenya

Railways Cooperation of Rift Valley Railways (RVR) Ltd in June 2006. The majority of people

residing in the estate are former KRC workers and their families. It is from this vast estate that

about 15 acres of land was sold to the city Council of Nairobi at 650 million for the construction

of the Multi- million Muthurwa market and terminus complex. Within this land, are two

important features; the Shaffie mosque which was gazette a National Monument in 2004 by

minister for Natural Heritage and the Social Hall measuring 120ft by 40ft constructed around and

before Second World War. Muthurwa hawker’s market and bus terminus is the official name of

the facility covering the study area measuring an approximate area of 15 acres. It is owned and

managed by the city council of Nairobi with the delegation of the transport and licensing board

department to oversee the operations of the bus terminus while the market department oversees

the operation of the hawkers market.

The market is majorly a facility for the informal trade commonly referred to as hawkers who deal

in an array of goods ranging from cloths, electronic gadgets, grains and vegetables while the bus

terminus is used by the buses plying the Eastland’s route. This facility was a brain child of the

government who envisioned a facility that would help to solve the menace of the hawkers that

was plaguing the CBD courtesy but also an increase in garbage and a general poor sanitation and

pollution in the CBD. It was thus put up with the aim of relocating the estimated 6000 hawkers at

the time so as to decongest the CBD. It was felt that constructing the market here will add value

to this location by bringing people to the hawkers rather than have the hawkers following the

people. Moreover, such a move would ensure that the city is decongested by removing both the

hawkers and the bus operators from the Eastland’s side there by ensuring that it is better

catchment area for the hawker’s capital to capitalize on the commuters who use the bus terminus.

According to the county government of Nairobi, the cost of construction was put at

Ksh.700million ($10.7million) despite the fact that up to today the construction work has never

been completed. Moreover, there were delays during the construction time that necessitated an

unprecedented rush to complete the project. This had the inevitable result of substandard work

coupled with poor structures, uncompleted roads and generally poor workmanship. In fact, the


cluster 6 which was to include a hospital , police station, banking hall as well as an

administration office that were to be erected on site either were done halfway or did not

materialize altogether

4.4 SITE ANALYSIS

Site analysis refers to the specific analysis of the project area to understand the suitability of the

site for the proposed development in the area. It looks at the physical and climatic attributes of

the project area to verify its suitability for the proposed redevelopment exercise.

4.41 Topography and slope characteristics

The topography of the study area and Nairobi area in large can be described as gentle. It gently

slopes from North West side to South East. The altitude of the area changes from a height of

1650m high to 1620m. Topography analysis is crucial as it helps determine the orientation of

buildings to facilitate effective drainage in the market place. Muthurwa market slants towards

landhies road. Drainage channels are to be directed towards landhies road, it is proposed that the

blocked ones should be unblocked to facilitate effective drainage.

4.42 Geology and soils

The soil in Mathurwa is black- cotton soils (Sombroek et al, 1980) which have developed on

tertiary basic igneous rocks. The soil is imperfectly drained with low capillarity. The load

bearing of this soil is also low, making it poor for construction. Where there is to be a

construction on such soil, the soil must be removed wholly. This raises the construction cost.

However, the exercise intends to redevelop the existing ground, not high rise, the need for

bearing much load therefore becomes unnecessary.

4.43 Hydrology

Muthurwa area is drained by Nairobi River that passes the area to the eastern side. Hydrology

analysis helps in planning the construction site so that structure roofs are oriented such that

flooding is not experienced in the area. The site should be oriented in a way to prevent possible

flooding. However, the proposed exercise is redevelopment in nature; building stalls on blocks

earlier built, determining the roof orientations will not be necessary as the market blocks will not

be changed.


4.44 Climatic conditions

Proper functionality of built structures requires that a proper analysis of an area’s climate is done

to determine the building orientations, direction and construction materials. For effective

operation of the market stalls, the climatic conditions of the study area are done below. The study

area receives the same climatic conditions as for the entire Nairobi city. The climate is generally

a temperate tropical climate, with cool evenings and mornings and becomes cold during the rainy

seasons.

4.45 Rainfall

The area receives on average 925mm of rainfall annually but varies from 500mm to 1500mm in

a year. There are two rainy seasons, from mid-March to the end of May (the "Long Rains"), and

from mid-October to mid-December (the "Short Rains") and are well distributed throughout the

area as for the whole of Nairobi. The amount of rain received in an area determine the amount of

precipitation and so an areas drainage. It also determines the kind of material to be used for

building and roofing. 925mm for muthurwa is moderately average. Drainage is manageable with

the current infrastructure without need of new drainage infrastructure. The market blocks are

roofed with iron sheet, there is hardly any need for re- roofing. However, repair of leaking roof is

necessary to ensure effective operation of trade in the market area.

4.46 Temperature

Muthurwa area experiences an average temperature of 18°C. The following table shows the

temperature distribution within the year.


Graph 1: Temperature variance in the study area,

Source; www.meteo.go.ke 2014

In the case of market environments, analysis of temperature is an important component as they

determine the effective functionality of those markets especially where there is sale of

agricultural produce. High temperatures will increase the operation cost of the markets as there

might be requirement of refrigeration facilities. Temperatures also determine the orientation and

coverage of building as covering will be unnecessary where temperatures are very high.

Orientation towards the wind direction is necessary to facilitate aeration and cooling. The

temperature in muthurwa is moderately fair at an average of 18 degrees Celsius, use of fixed

stalls for the market will be allowable. However, for aeration purposes it is proposed that the stall

fronts face north east.

4.461 Effect of afternoon sun on market buildings

Building facing north and south will have minimum sunshine penetration. These are ideal since

the sun is not shinning into or through the stalls or shops, for example, during the hottest part of

the day and all the buildings are giving the maximum possible shelter to the occupants


4.47 Winds

In muthurwa, wind near the ground is predominantly easterly throughout the year, generally

between North-east and east from October to April, and between east and south-east from May to

September. The strongest winds occur during the dry season just prior to the "Long Rains" when

speeds of 20 to 25 m.p.h.

The element of winds is very essential in planning for the orientation of buildings. For example,

in a market facility, it important that buildings and streets are aligned in a way that there is

natural aeration, for instance, markets selling food items, especially where refrigeration is absent

like the case of muthurwa market. Market stalls in the study area will face north east and south to

provide moderate aeration in the stalls, in the same way this orientation will also protect the

stalls from strong winds in case they strike. Planting of trees to reduce the speed of wind is

proposed.

4.5 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

This refers to the character of the human population in the study area, the number and the

demographic characteristics. Population and demographics are an important component in in site

analysis as facilities, in this case market facility are planned to be used by human being. Below

discuss the population and demographic characteristics of the study area.

4.51 Population

The population in an area is an important indicator on the number of people to be planned for,

for purposes of this project, accurate estimation of the possible market users is necessary to

accurately predict the possible customer traffic and adequate space to be set for sales and

circulation in the market. For purposes of resident night population, by its nature, that of a

market, the exact census data on the study area is scanty however, an estimation of the persons

who transact business in this market can be done. According to the market superintendent at city

hall, muthurwa is estimated to attract an estimated population of approximately 100,000 people

per day with the pick hour being in the morning and evening when the Eastland’, commuters are

either coming to the CBD or leaving respectively.


4.52 Demographic characteristics of the project area

According to the KNHPC 2009 Report, the demographic characteristics of the area around the

market, i.e. muthurwa residential flats and the houses occupied by the Kenya railway employees

can be estimated as below;

Information category Statistics

Total fertility rate 4.72

Crude death rate 13.1/1000

Infant mortality rate 53/1000

Neo-natal mortality rate 32/1000

Post neo-natal mortality rate 34/1000

Child mortality rate 27/1000

Under five mortality rate 78/1000

Life expectancy 57

Average household size 5

Dependency ratio 82%

Table 7: Demographic characteristics of the study area,

Source: KNPC Report 2009

4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

The area is inhabited by low income earners mainly working in the jua kali sector, the CBD,

muthurwa market and the industrial area. Findings from the research project identified that an

individual’s average income per month is Ksh.3500 while it ranges from Ksh.15000 to 20000 for

a few. The major economic activities in the area include small scale businesses (engaging in

almost all lines of trade ranging from cloths, electronics, food stuffs, etc.) The rate of increase in

these businesses is quite high, hence increasing the competition amongst the various traders, this

cause competition for space and other amenities, consequently soaring their operation cost.

There is need for space regularization to facilitate their effective operation.


4.61 Land use Analysis of project area

The facility (Market and bus terminus) was constructed on a parcel of land that was previously

owned by the Kenya Railways and used predominately as residential zone for their staff.

However, the government through the city council acquired the land for the construction of the

market and bus terminus; however some residential units still remained within the site. There is

also a mosque, Madrasa School and a social hall within this residential area. Therefore, this

hitherto predominantly residential area now has another added function to it i.e. the market and

the bus terminus; these uses make the place really busy as customers and traders flow into the

market area is really high, creating possible congestion in the area. The major land uses in this

area include commercial, residential, recreation, transport, agriculture and public purpose. The

land use impacts on site are as shown below.

Land use Activity name Impact

Commercial Markets There is a high number of persons who come to

muthurwa for market purposes, to buy and sell

goods. This is a considerable number of people.

Residential Muthurwa estate Residents in muthurwa estate have to have to pass

via Muthurwa market in their way from the CBD

Transportation Muthurwa bus terminus

Machakos bus station

Commuters to east lands from the CBD to

Muthurwa bus terminus generate a lot of human

traffic as there isn’t any other route to the

terminus except passing through the market.

Public purpose Shaffie mosque

Police post

Those accessing their way to the mosques and

police station must pass through the market

causing much traffic

Recreation Community social halls There is one community hall within the muthurwa

market which is a gazetted monument. It’s also

used to provide offices to TLB team

Table 8: Land uses in the project area,

Source: fieldwork 2014


4.62 Environment and Pollution

The environment of the study area can be described as one struggling with pollution issues.

Ranging from noise pollution due to the competing musical tunes of the various traders to

dumping and poor waste management practices, incidences of broken sewer lines causing dumpy

environment in the market place is also an issue that needs attention. Pollution is therefore rife, a

problem that needs address.

4.7 CONCLUSION

For purposes of the effective operation of the market, a situational analysis is important to

facilitate an understanding of the site. The following came out from the site analysis of the

project area;

That Muthurwa market slants towards landhies road the drainage channels are to be directed

towards landhies road, it is proposed that the blocked ones be unblocked to facilitate

effective drainage.

That the market stalls in the study area face north east and south to provide moderate aeration

in the stalls, in the same way this orientation will also protect the stalls from strong winds in

case they strike. Planting of trees to reduce the speed of wind is proposed.

That the temperature in muthurwa is moderately fair at an average of 18 degrees Celsius, use

of fixed stalls for the market will be allowable. However, for aeration purposes it is proposed

that the stall fronts face north east.

That drainage is manageable with the current infrastructure without need of new drainage

infrastructure. The market blocks are roofed with iron sheet, there is hardly any need for re-

roofing. However, repair of leaking roof is necessary to ensure effective operation of trade in

the market area.


CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT PLANNING DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 OVERVIEW

As outlined in Chapter one of this report, the objectives of this project will be achieved through a

series of designs. The designs have been developed through a series of steps as outlined in the

subsequent sections of this chapter.

5.2 Planning and Design of the Project

This section covers an evaluation of the various project outcomes in relation to the respective

output and objectives. Derivation of the designs intended for the project and development of a

spatial plan is discussed.

5.2.1 Expected Outputs and Outcomes of the Development Projects

The project design is expected to produce the following results and impacts

Expected Outputs and Outcomes of the Development Projects

Project Objective Project Outputs Project Outcomes

To determine the suitability

of the proposed

redevelopment exercise in

muthurwa market

Evaluated different alternative

interventions possible in the project

area that can solve space use conflict

-selection of the best

alternative using

different appraisal

techniques

To review appropriate space

use standards for the

effective operation of the

market

Innovative space utilization in the market

, while adhering to stipulated standards

-Reduced congestion in the

market

-Effective distribution of

customers in all areas of the

market.


To propose planning and

design interventions for the

effective use of available

space in the market.

o Well-designed market stalls

that maximize on space use in

the market.

o Specialized market blocks

that serve different lines of

trade

o Renovated infrastructure that

facilitate effective customer

circulation in the market

Derivation of

maximum utility in

space

Free flow of persons

and goods in the

market.

To propose an appropriate

implementation framework

for the proposed

reorganization model in the

market

-Project’s Implementation Strategies and

schedules

-Project’s Monitoring and Evaluation

framework

-Institutional framework for project’s

implementation

-Adequate

implementation,

monitoring and evaluation

of redevelopments in the

project area

Table 9: Expected outputs and outcomes of the development project,

source; Author 2014

5.22 Development of a spatial plan and design alternatives

The first stage of this whole process was problem identification which was enabled by the

research undertaken on muthurwa market between October 2013 and January 2014. This led to

the realization that this project was necessary but before anything was done, objectives of the

project were set. After that, the planning process adopted for this project was as summarized in

charts 4 & 5 below. The project took into consideration of two different models and the minimal

intervention. The plan proposal is indicated below discussing the plan interventions and

proposal.

5.221 Site Planning and Design Process Stages

The project adopted the conventional planning and design process. The process involve the

following stages:


Phase 1: Research and Analysis - This was done through a research project, it was evident that

there was conflict of use among the various components that use space in the market.

Phase 2: Program Development

This stage entailed drawing up a programme guide. Items outlined to accomplish this

encompassed:

• A statement of goals that the project should achieve.

• A list of project objectives by which these goals will be accomplished.

• A list of project elements that will be included and a description or analysis of their

interrelationships. The program is as follows:

THE DESIGN PROGRAM

Goal Statement

To redevelop muthurwa market

Objectives

o To determine the suitability of the proposed redevelopment exercise in muthurwa market

o To review appropriate space use standards for the effective operation of the market

o To propose planning and design interventions for the effective use of available space in the market.

o To propose an appropriate implementation framework for the proposed reorganization model in the

market

Program Elements

Design components; design of market stalls with the following specifications;

1.6 by 2.35 by 3.2 meter for length, breath and height respectively.

A 2meters circulation path after every four stalls along the length

A 2.6 meters pedestrian walkway between the stall pair along the breath

Infrastructure upgrade ;repair of broken parts of the perimeter wall and renovation of market bridges

Classification and specialization of the various market blocks

Table 10: Project design programme,

source; Author 2014


Phase 3: Synthesis (Design Phase)

This phase entail a series of stages. First, there’s the conceptual design which begins with

functional diagrams which explore the relationship of program elements and activities. Next on

line is a preliminary design which resolves each program element into a physical component,

suggesting basic form, size, and materials to be used. The final is the site plan which gives

precise form, dimension and indication of the materials. It’s however important to note that

before the designs were made, a situational analysis of the project area was done

5.23 Planning design alternatives

Two development alternative models for muthurwa market were evaluated; a redevelopment

model and a replacement model. The two are weighted on their various advantages and

disadvantages and the best alternative is chosen for development. A nil scenario intervention is

also considered, it looks at the possible courses of action in the event no planning intervention

are taken. These are discussed below;

5.231 Minimal intervention

In minimal intervention, little or no planning intervention is carried out. The following scenarios

are likely to be witnessed in the market if no intervention is done.

5.2311 Increased space use conflict- If no intervention is made; space conflict is likely to

continue manifesting in the market. The increasing number of traders due to high urbanization

rates will continue to bloat the market. With the unclear/ unregulated space allocation

procedures, there will be many traders than the facility can handle at a point of effective

operation causing deterioration of its functionality. For instance trader’s will continue selling

their merchandise on pathways hindering smooth flow of goods and people around the market, if

the bridges and the perimeter wall aren’t repaired to facilitate effective distribution of customers

in all areas of the market, customer distribution will remain skewed, favouring areas along paths

while others remain unviable for conducting business. This will cause loss of space utility

especially in block 5 and some parts of block 4;


5.2312 Skewed customer distribution in the market

If no interventions are done, the above is likely to ensure in muthurwa market. Measures to

control use of space should therefore be employed.

5.232 Replacement

Unlike redevelopment, replacement refers to the demolition of the non-functional structures then

construction of new functional ones. It will involve a total overhaul on the market to develop

new high rise stalls in the market.

5.2321 Design – The existing market blocks are to be demolished and foundation laid for high

rise stalls. It is proposed that there be two floors; the ground floor and the first floor, both will

The case of skewed customer distribution in the market in the various areas of the market

There are so many and trader’s customers along market paths

and around market gates. Most notable are paths between 1 and

2 and that which runs from gate 1 straight to the bus terminus.

The area is small but has many people leading to congestion

and deteriorated operating conditions.

The case of B, is that of

facility underutilization

due to few number of

customers who reach these

areas. The case well

manifests itself in block 5

where traders get very few

or no customers at all. The

area is large but has few

people leading to facility

underutilization as so non

maximization of space

utility. If no intervention is

done this will continue to

manifest

A B

Above shows Figure 3: The case of skewed customer distribution in the market,

Source; Author 2014


have identical layout plans. The stall dimensions are proposed to be 1.7 by 2.35 by 3.2 meters.

.

Figure 4: Section through the proposed alternative high rise market model,

source; Author 2014

5.2322 Model description- The type of stalls and designs specifications proposed for the high

rise stall model will be categorised on the basis of their area, space requirements, and

functionality. The planning solution suggested is to construct high rise stalls in the market blocks

with the following specifications;

a) A common roof for at least 40 commercial stalls (including upper and ground floors) in one

market block set back behind the storm water drains. This number will vary depending on the


length of the various market blocks. A 4meter pedestrian walkway between the blocks in the two

floors will be provided.

b) The ground coverage of the existing buildings in the plot should not be more than 75% of the

plot area.

c) The height of the market block shall be 7meters for the two floors; shop stall shall be to 3

meter.

d) Stalls in the first floor will be accessed from the pedestrian paths, access in the upper floors

will be through a balcony provided at the block edges. The dimension specifications of the

balcony will be as those of the setbacks behind the storm water drainages.

e) There will be no encroachment allowed on the carriage ways or pedestrian walk ways as the

shop area will be restricted.

f) The county council will contract construction firms to construct the stalls in the sites. It will

then handle the provision of water, electricity and sanitary facilities to the shops. License fees,

rents and rates will be paid to the city council for the provision of services.

g) The shop will not be sold/ sub-let, in the event an individual trader defers, the stall will be

reverted back to the city county to be rented out to another trader, to be used for purpose

stipulated for the site and the particular stalls

5.2323 Evaluation - The main advantage of this option is that maximum utility of the market

land will be utilized, there will be a chance to rethink the design of the market again while

involving all the stakeholders. Their space standard preferences and preferred operation of the

market will be taken into account. Some of the underscores of this option are; that it’s really

expensive to construct another new market. Getting the stakeholders approval on the same will

be really hard as part operation of the market while construction continues will be difficult if not

impossible.

5.232 Redevelopment

Redevelopment is the process of reshaping the fabric of the study area, either through reshaping

or refurbishment. It refers to repairing the existing structures to give them value in their usage

and to correct their current deficiencies in order to increase their functionality. The case of

redevelopment is based on the assumption that the area was initially planned to look like it

currently is, but over time the site has become blighted due to heavy number of traders that has


to be accommodated who were not initially planned for. Ideally, the redevelopment exercise will

adopt the initial muthurwa market plan. The exercise will be geared toward sustenance of this

plan, market stalls space allocation and design will be rethought however. The redevelopment

exercise will be composed of the following components;

The particular elements of the redevelopment exercise will encompass the following;

Upgrading the condition of work, circulation and improvement of the performance of the

market by facilitating effective and efficient space use.

Infrastructural upgrade

Market bridge

renovation

Rebuilding broken parts

of the perimeter wall

Market blocks

classification and

specialization

Design

Market stall

design

Market block

design

Proper

management

structure

Market Redevelopment

Improved condition of work, circulation and performance of the market through

effective and efficient space use.

Increased space utility while maintaining order and walkability in the market.

A solution in the problem of congestion.

Provision of a platform for consultation of the various stakeholders in the market on

how they feel space should be effectively utilized and managed.

Improvement, renovation and reconstruction of the dilapidated business areas (stalls),

and circulation infrastructure to enhance market aesthetics and customer satisfaction.

Figure 5: Conceptual diagram illustrating the redevelopment alternative in muthurwa market,

Source: Author 2014


Increasing the utility of space in the market while maintaining order and walkability in the

market.

Solving the problem of congestion in the market by using efficient space use as a platform.

Provision of a platform for consultation of the various stakeholders in the market on how

they feel space should be effectively utilized, this was absent in the initial construction of the

market.

Improvement, renovation and reconstruction of the dilapidated business areas (stalls), to

enhance, market aesthetics and customer satisfaction.

In the case of informal markets both replacement and redevelopment could be applied equally

well depending on the various cost benefit analysis of the various options relative to the site.

5.3 Site plan and market blocks classification

5.31 Site plan

The type of stalls and designs specifications to be allowed will be categorised on the basis of

their area, space requirements, and functionality. The planning solution suggested is to allow

construction of semi-permanent, professionally built stalls within the market blocks. These will

have the following specifications;

a) A common roof for at least 20 commercial stalls in one market block set back behind the

storm water drains. This number will vary depending on the length of the various market blocks.

A 4meter pedestrian walkway between the blocks and ample allowance for the drainage will be

enhanced.

b) The ground coverage of the existing buildings in the plot should not be more than 75% of the

plot area.

c) The height of the shop stall shall be restricted to 3 meter.

d) Stalls will be accessed from the pedestrian paths.

e) There will be no encroachment allowed on the carriage ways or pedestrian walk ways as the

shop area will be restricted.

f) The county council will contract construction firms to construct the stalls in the sites. It will

then handle the provision of water, electricity and sanitary facilities to the shops. License fees,

rents and rates will be paid to the city council for the provision of services.


g) The shop will not be sold/ sub-let, in the event an individual trader defers, the stall will be

reverted back to the city county to be rented out to another trader, to be used for purpose

stipulated for the site and the particular stalls.

5.32 Market block classification

Classification of the various market blocks help ease the flow of goods and passengers. It also

helps reduce shopping times and so congestion in the market place, the proposed classifications

and specialization of the various market blocks is illustrated in annexure 1.

5.4 Sales space design and classifications

Types of selling modes proposed in the market include

5.41Trestle tables

The project proposes that there be trestle for small scale traders, especially those who can’t

afford to rent fixed stalls either because of the high rent fee or due to the nature of their

businesses; very small or fast moving merchandise such as vegetables or fruit shops. The

tables are to be located at different points in the market where there are trees to offer shade

for such traders. These will be charged a daily fee of 50 shillings for purposes of

maintaining a clean market by the council.

Figure 6: A cross-sectional view of the market block showing proposed trestle tables,

Source: Author 2014, adapted from FAO market construction handbook

Arrangement- As shown alongside, the trader will stand

behind the trestle table, his merchandise can be stored both

under the table and behind him or her. The tables will be

used for traders who don’t need much space due to the small

size of their businesses or nature of their merchandise. The

model of sale will be accompanied by reduced rents.

Material- The tables will be made of timber, sufficiently

robust to stand the heavy wear that occurs in markets


Figure 7: showing the Part plan, end elevation, and front views of proposed trestle tables to be put

under the trees in the market,

Source; Author 2014

5.42 Traders selling from the aisle

5.43 Fixed stall

These are to be located in the market blocks, they are to be made of semi-permanent

materials, especially the partitions to facilitate cross ownership of more than one stall by

Layout plan – It’s proposed that the trestle be

1.5 meters by 0.75 meters for the length and

height respectively. The width of the trestle

table will be 0.5 meters. This will be enough

space for small scale traders to be able to

conduct their business. Since the tables have a

movable fulcrum, they will be easily packable

at the end of business in the evening. The lay

out of the tables is shown alongside showing

the part plan, end and front elevations.

The traders will stand in the aisle and serve the

customers from goods displayed and stacked

behind them; this will serve mainly traders

selling fruits and horticultural products because

these can occupy a small space. Alongside

shows the proposed sale of goods by the traders

from the aisle. Sale from the aisles will however

be allowed only in block 3 and 7; which are

proposed for fresh farm produce such as

vegetables and fruits. These blocks will have a

higher set back to allow provision for the aisles

Figure 8: caption of proposed trestle tables in the

market,

Source: www.smartfurniture.com


traders who would like to rent extra space especially those with business requiring extra

space. However, there should be a restriction on the number of stalls an individual trader

should own to prevent incidences of space brokerage as is the present situation .The

permanent stalls will serve as a restriction to traders who sell their goods and merchandise

in the market along the market paths.

The above designs can be applied to open pitches, fixed stalls or lockable units in the market

5.5 Stall layouts

In relation to the main theme of the development project; redevelopment to ensure effective

space use, the objectives of the stall environment should be

o Space productivity - This refers how effectively the retailer use space to generate sales and so

profits. The stalls should ensure maximum utility in space while at the same time facilitating

comfort and co

o Stall image - overall perception the consumer has of the stalls environment

Figure 9: Proposed look and dimensions of new fixed stall in the market,

Source; Author 2014 with adaption from A.J metric Handbook.

The traders can either sit or stand while serving

customers by reaching forward over the

displayed produce. A.J Metric handbook on

market construction provides the minimum

design provision for one person circulation as

below; the stall provisions are 1.6*2.35*3.2

meters which is above minimum.


5.51Alternative Stall layout plans

Three stall layouts were considered in selection of the appropriate stall layout. These were then

evaluated depending on the benefits and short comings of each.

5.511 Free Flow Design

This is a design where trader’s goods would be laid down all over the market blocks and

customers purchase the goods from the trader of choice. The layout of the selling points is shown

below. This layout is really common with open air markets where space is hardly limited. This is

the sales mode used in some stalls in the market.

Figure 10: Flee flow design model of space allocation in markets and retail outlets,

Source: piggy wiggly, retail layouts, 2001

5.512 Grid Layouts

Various stalls are laid down in a grid layout, there is a defined entry and exit points. Customers

are able to a buy from the various stalls in the market as they follow the grid layout of the

various stalls; this layout is famous with supermarkets.

Advantages

1. Flexibility as there is allowance

for browsing and wandering

freely in the floor space

2. Increased impulse purchases by

customers and so higher sales to

traders

Disadvantages

1. Loitering in the market place is

encouraged by the large

unutilized spaces

2. Possible confusion of the

customers on where locating

different goods of choice

3. There is a really high waste of

floor area space

4. Really Costly in construction

5. Difficulty in management and

cleaning the market area


Figure 11: Show the grid layout design model

of space Allocation in markets and retail outlets,

Source; piggly wiggly, retail layouts, 2001

Advantages

1. Low construction cost - the layout is

pretty easy to construct and maintain compared

to the other two layouts

2. Maximum space utility- the layout ensure

maximum space utility as hardly any space is

wasted

3. Customer can take time to familiarize with

the products

4. Merchandise is well exposed to the

potential buyers

5. There is ease of cleaning and management,

especially during revenue collection

6. There is more security as people hardly

crowd at a particular place.

Disadvantages

1. The layout is plain and

common, might not be

thought as innovative.

2. Where there is rushed

shopping, location of some

items becomes really hard

behavior

3. The layout offers limited

space for wandering

browsing.


5.513 Circular spine layout

Stall Space requirements

Commercial ISA employs an average of 2people on average per stall. However the actual sale is

done by 1 person operating at the site from 7.00 am to 6.30 pm. After which they commute back

to their homes, mostly in east lands in Nairobi. They operate on stalls measuring approximately

2meters by 2 meters and 3meters high. With such a categorization and space maximization;

commercial stalls measuring 1.6*2.35*3.2 are possible in muthurwa market.

Figure 12: Show an illustration of the circular spine layout design model of space allocationnin markets and retail outlets , source; Piggly wiggly, retail design layouts; 2001

Figure 13:Show Circular spine layout design model of space allocation in markets and retail outletss, source; piggly wiggly, retail design layout; 2001

This layout is essentially a combination of the grid and the free

flow layouts. Half of the blocks could be laid out in a free flow

manner while the rest could be grid. This layout therefore

combines both the advantages and disadvantages of both

designs. A schematic illustration of the circular spine layout is

shown alongside. The layouts main underscore is that there is

excessive wastage of floor space owing to the free arrangement,

hence not suitable in a case of space maximization like

muthurwa.

Alongside shows an illustration of the circular spine layout design

model of space allocation in markets and retail outlets

Source; piggly wiggly, retail design layouts; 2001


5.52 Proposed stall layout plan for fixed stalls

Figure 14: proposed stall layout plan for fixed stalls

Source author 2014

Notes

1. Each stall will measure 1.6* 2.35 meters each

2. Division of every four stalls on the breath will be made removable compartments to facilitate

3. Four stall along the breath of the market block with a 2.6 meters circulation path between a pair.

4. The number of stalls along the horizontal varies depending with the length of the various market

blocks; there will be a 2 meter circulation path after every fourth stall.

5. There will be a 0.5 Meters set back on the block edges to allow for service space on stalls on the

block edges

A 2 Meter circulation

paths after every fourth

stall horizontally.

0.5Meters set

back on either

side of the

market block

0.5

Meters

setback


Figure 15: A three dimension perspective view of the proposed market stall in market block along the

breath source; Author 2014

Figure 16: A three dimension perspective view of the proposed market stalls in the market blocks along

the horizontal,

Source Author 2014.


Figure 17: Show an aerial view of the proposed market stall layouts in the market block,

Source; Author 2014

5.53 Building materials

Part Materials

Floor Plastered cement

Wall Removable Cardboards for partitions

Roof Corrugated iron sheets

Table 11: Showing building material for the proposed market stalls, source Author 2014


5.6 Perimeter Walls

5.61Current situation – There is uneven customers flow in the market, to remedy this, some

traders broke the perimeter walls along landhies road to facilitate easy crossing of customers

from the retail market, and the country bus station to the market. This was intended to make their

businesses located near the perimeter wall more viable by putting them close to the newly made

gates. This add to the problem of uneven customer flow in the various market blocks as

customers tend to buy from businesses close to the gates or market paths leaving parts of blocks

4 and 5 that are far from either the paths or market gates with a few or no customers. Spaces in

these blocks are hence not well utilized. The development project intends to institute action plans

to repair the broken parts of the perimeter wall to remedy customer distribution.

5.62 Proposed action plans

5.621 Double leaf wall construction – It’s proposed that the perimeter wall be double leafed to

reinforce its capacity to withstand external aggression. The quality of the perimeter wall is weak

Figure 18: Showing A cross sectional layout of the

proposed wall for repair of the broken parts of the

perimeter wall,

Source, Author 2014 with adoption from A.J metric

handbook 2009

A cross sectional view of the

proposed repair of broken parts of

the perimeter wall using two leafs

(an inner and an outer one) to

enhance its strength


and unable to withstand much force. The cross sectional layout of the proposed wall is shown

above.

5.622 Regular inspection and management – There should be regular inspections on the wall

as well as other facilities in the market to ensure they are properly utilized and no unauthorised

alterations are made to any structures whatsoever.

5.7 Market bridges

5.71 Current condition - The current state of the bridges is deplorable, with security lights

absent, human wastes and street urchins all over the bridges making security of the people who

use them unguaranteed. Customers and traders no longer use them, hence don’t serve the

purpose they were intend; circulate customers around the market. This cause uneven distribution

of customers in the market place. It’s recommended that the bridges be renovated and cleaned to

enable effective usage by traders and customers.

5.72 Proposed action plans;

5.721 Lighting of the market bridges – It is proposed that the market bridges are lit to ensure

the security of traders and customers who pass through the bridge in the evenings. The bridges

are under a serious security threat that is posed by street families that have made a home here.

5.722 Aeration – It is proposed that the bridge be made of material that can facilitate aeration on

the sides as well as light passage. Use of mesh wire is proposed. This will serve aeration

purposes as well as boost security as it will be possible to see what goes on in the bridge

therefore enhancing security as well as the bridge environment.

5.723 Routine cleaning and aesthetic maintenance – It is proposed that there be a routine

cleanup and maintenance schedule of the bridges. This should be done weekly. Incidental cost

for the clean-up will be incurred by the county government. There should also efforts to upgrade

the bridges aesthetically, it’s proposed that there be painting and planting of flowers on pots in

then bridges to make walking in them desirable.


Figure 19: Show renovated market bridge proposed in muthurwa market, illustrating street light

provisions with removal of opaque advertising billboards that cause inadequate lighting,

Source; Author 2014.

5.8 Implementation strategies

The implementation matrix below shows how the objectives set out in chapter one of this project

will be achieved through the designs proposed in this chapter. The various actors to be involved

as well as implementation and timelines are also indicated.

It is proposed that the market bridges are lit to

ensure the security of traders and customers who

pass through the bridge in the evening hours.

It is proposed that the sides of the bridge be made of

mesh wire to facilitate aeration and also enhance

security as activities happening in the bridge can

easily be seen by on lookers on the road, incidences

of insecurity will therefore reduce. Mesh wire offers

a perfect barrier as well as help in aeration.


5.81 Indicative Project Implementation Matrix

Project Action

Objective

Tasks to be done Time

Frame

Actors Involved Indicators of Success

o To propose

planning and

design

interventions

for the

effective use

of available

space in the

market.

Market stalls design and Construction:

Design of Project

Environmental Impact Assessment

Project design adjustment and approval

Verification of evaluation

Notification of market stall

Nomination of contractors

1.25

years

-Nairobi County Board

-Nairobi County market development

Unit

-Environmental Experts

planners, designers and other

relevant professionals

Ability of customers to freely

flow and access the entire market

block

More efficient and reliable

Public transport service

o To propose an

appropriate

implementati

on framework

for the

proposed

reorganizatio

n model in

the market

Redevelopment of the project area

Notification of the stall owners and the

general public of the redevelopment

exercise

Commissioning of the project

Development Applications

Approval of developments

Construction

Monitoring & Evaluation

-City Board for Nairobi

-Nairobi County market development

Unit

-Professional Consultants-

designers, and Planners

-More effective space

utilization in the market

-Adequate human traffic

circulation all over the

market, to reduce congestion

in some parts of the market

Table 12: Show an indicative project implementation matrix, Source; Author 2014


5.82 implementation schedule

The table below shows the implementation schedule to be used for the project. The schedule defines the activity times of the various

stages in the project.

Activity

Q3

2014

Q4

2014

Q1 2015

Q2 2016

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16

Market redevelopment

preliminaries:

Environmental Impact

Assessment

Project Design

Project design adjustment

and approval

Verification of evaluation

Nomination of

contractors

Redevelopment of the

project area

Notification of the stall

owners and the general


Project Implementation schedule;

Q1 = First Quarter of the year; Q2 = Second Quarter of the year; Q3 = Third

Quarter of the year; Q4 = Fourth Quarter of the year. M1 to M12 = Month 1 to

Month12

public of the

redevelopment exercise

Commissioning of the

redevelopment exercise

Development

Applications

Approval of

developments

Construction

Monitoring &

Evaluation

Table 13: Show projects implementation schedule,

Source author 2014


CHAPTER SIX: MONITORING AND EVALUATION

6.0 Overview

Monitoring and evaluation is essential for the assessment of the quality and impacts of this

project in light of its objectives. The process below will enable the review of progress,

identification of problems in design and/or implementation and initiation of relevant adjustments.

6.1 Monitoring and evaluation stages in the implementation of project

The Monitoring and evaluation is to be done throughout the project. The stages through which

this will be done are as follows:

6.2 Guidelines for the Implementation Process

The implementation process will be guided by the following:

•The Nairobi County Planning Unit in conjunction with the City Board for Nairobi shall be

responsible for and approval of any developments in the area other than the ones provided for in

the plan

•All developments in the cluster shall be according to the Nairobi County Integrated

Development Plan and Sectoral plan

•The community members will be involved in any decision making by the County government or

other developers in the area

•Mass transit will be provided on dedicated bus lanes

•Provision of infrastructure services and facilities shall precede all other developments and will

include well marked access streets of between 6-9 meters

•Environmental protection shall be a core responsibility of everyone and everybody will work

towards such goals as to reduce environmental pollution

•No structure shall be constructed outside the limits of the project area unless it is deemed by the

City Board that such adds value or is compatible with other uses


•The maximum plot ratio will be 300% and plot coverage exceeding 75% will not be allowed

(this is to allow for space for parking and other services)

•No activities shall be allowed in the areas designated as access streets within the project area

•No developments shall be allowed into the road reserves whatsoever and trees will be planted

along the roads to act as buffers with the residential neighbourhoods

•The provision of the public health act, EMCA, as to the safety of persons and the environment

will be adhered to by any form of development and the persons involved.

•Coordination of activities of different institutions implementing any project in the area will be

mandatory

6.3 Site/ Environmental management plan

It is expected that the project will cause various disruptions on site and environment alike. The

environmental management plan below is thus offered to help the contractors mitigate the

possible damages.


Environmental Management Plan

Potential

Environmental

Impacts

Mitigation Actors

Loss of flora and fauna • A clear environmental impact assessment

should be carried out to identify the species to be

affected and possibilities of relocation

• Replanting of trees and grass in the

landscaping efforts and provision of additional open

recreational spaces.

City Board for Nairobi

Contractors

Noise Pollution during

construction

• Minimize noise and during the working

hours

• All works near residential areas should be

carried out during the day

Contractors

Reduction of aesthetics Ensure that the implementation process does not

adversely affect the area.

Remove all construction facilities, remnant

materials and other construction wastes from the

site after finishing works

Ensure that suitable equipment’s and manpower

are available to carry out all specified

construction and maintenance works

Contractors

Risks of injuries;

• Workers

• Pedestrians

• Motorists

Monitoring of the construction activities from

time to time

Hording of the construction site

Construction Machines should not be mixed with

normal traffic

Provide all necessary equipment for specified

City Board for Nairobi

Contractors

Table 14: Environmental management plan,

Source; Author 2014, with adaptation and Modification from Mbui, 2009


6.4 Conclusion

The main goal of this project was to develop an integrated land use transport strategy to the

traffic flow problems on Jogoo road. Aspects of integration that have thus come up include

integration of modes (BRT buses and other motorized and NMT modes), institutional integration

and land use and transport systems integration.

In the first instance, the road design is such that there has been provision of dedicated BRT bus

lanes, lanes for other motorized traffic and NMT facilities. Further, there has been a

recommendation that a park and ride facility be incorporated in the system for those who would

want to access the BRT services using their private cars. In terms of institutions, there has been a

recommendation that an entity in charge of planning and coordinating the activities of all the

relevant institutions be constituted.

Moreover, the land use plan is such that the activity areas are provided for in a manner that the

traffic generation patterns are in congruence with the distribution of transport networks. The

densities of developments are also distributed in a manner that will ensure that the BRT service

supply does not exceed demand so that the efficiency and the sustainability of the service is

realized.

All said and done, it must be noted that introduction of BRT services and realignment of land

uses along Jogo road alone may not solve the problem entirely. The same initiative may also

have to be applied in all the other major corridors that interact with Jogoo road and these include

Mombasa, Thika, Outering, Lusaka and Landhies roads.


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