RE-THINKING & RE-WORKING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 1781-RE-THINKING & RE-WORKING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 1781-17881788

What events led some American leaders to determine a stronger central government was What events led some American leaders to determine a stronger central government was necessary and how did they succeed?necessary and how did they succeed?

LAND ORDINANCE 1785LAND ORDINANCE 1785

Uniform procedures for Uniform procedures for surveying territorysurveying territory

Orderly development of Orderly development of western territorywestern territory

Townships 6 mile sq., Townships 6 mile sq., 36 sections, 1 reserved 36 sections, 1 reserved for public schoolsfor public schools

Favored speculatorsFavored speculators

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 1787NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 1787

Bounded by Ohio & Bounded by Ohio & Mississippi Rivers & Great Mississippi Rivers & Great LakesLakes

Established 1Established 1stst organized organized territory of the United Statesterritory of the United States

No less than 3 no more than 5 No less than 3 no more than 5 statesstates

Full rights & responsibilities of Full rights & responsibilities of original 13 statesoriginal 13 states

Set precedent for how US Set precedent for how US would expand westwardwould expand westward

Slavery prohibitedSlavery prohibited

REVOLUTIONARY CHANGESREVOLUTIONARY CHANGES• SLAVERYSLAVERY: on the road to : on the road to

ultimate extinction – Founding ultimate extinction – Founding Fathers can’t agree here & Fathers can’t agree here & know it so take it off the table know it so take it off the table – union & survival 1– union & survival 1stst priority priority

• PA 1PA 1stst to abolish slavery & to abolish slavery & form 1form 1stst anti-slavery anti-slavery organizationorganization

• Slavery died where it was not Slavery died where it was not eco-nomically importanteco-nomically important

• Easier laws of manumissionEasier laws of manumission• NW Ordinance 1787NW Ordinance 1787• Banneker, Wheatley, R. AllenBanneker, Wheatley, R. Allen

• RELIGION: RELIGION: Anglican church Anglican church be-comes Episcopal, state be-comes Episcopal, state support for churches support for churches continues BUT money goes to continues BUT money goes to religion with most membersreligion with most members

ABOLISH PRIMOGENITURE ABOLISH PRIMOGENITURE & ENTAIL:& ENTAIL: property property inheritance more equitableinheritance more equitable

WOMEN: WOMEN: no uniform changes no uniform changes BUT ran farms, homes & BUT ran farms, homes & businesses during warbusinesses during war

Increasing legal rights: Increasing legal rights: divorce, property & educationdivorce, property & education

EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL SPIRIT & CULTURE:SPIRIT & CULTURE: flag, flag, national heroes, textbooks, national heroes, textbooks, nationalism a result NOT cause nationalism a result NOT cause of Revolution, uniform postal of Revolution, uniform postal system, currency, Academy of system, currency, Academy of Arts & Science, mid 18Arts & Science, mid 18thth c. US c. US as distinct from Europeas distinct from Europe

IT’S THE ECONOMY (STUPID)IT’S THE ECONOMY (STUPID)INFLATION, DEBT, NO INCOMEINFLATION, DEBT, NO INCOME

NEED TO PUT NATION ON NEED TO PUT NATION ON SOUND FINANCIAL FOOTINGSOUND FINANCIAL FOOTING

ROBERT MORRIS & 5% ROBERT MORRIS & 5% IMPORT DUTY – REJECTEDIMPORT DUTY – REJECTED

NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY – NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY – HAMILTON & MORRIS – HAMILTON & MORRIS – FAILUREFAILURE

IMPOST OF 1783 – IMPOST OF 1783 – REJECTEDREJECTED

TRADE (OR LACK THEREOF)TRADE (OR LACK THEREOF)

Exports to Britain were restricted. Exports to Britain were restricted. British law prohibited trade with Britain's British law prohibited trade with Britain's

remaining sugar colonies in the Caribbean. remaining sugar colonies in the Caribbean. Two major sources of colonial-era commerce were Two major sources of colonial-era commerce were

eliminatedeliminated A flood of cheap British manufactured imports that A flood of cheap British manufactured imports that

sold cheaper than comparable American-made sold cheaper than comparable American-made goods made the post-war economic slump worse. goods made the post-war economic slump worse.

Finally, the high level of debt taken on by the Finally, the high level of debt taken on by the states to fund the war effort added to the states to fund the war effort added to the economic crisis by helping to fuel rapid inflation.economic crisis by helping to fuel rapid inflation.

JAY-GARDOQUI TREATY 1784JAY-GARDOQUI TREATY 1784

FLORIDA BORDER DISPUTEFLORIDA BORDER DISPUTE

SPAIN DIDN’T SIGN TREATYSPAIN DIDN’T SIGN TREATY

SPAIN DIDN’T RECOGNIZE US SPAIN DIDN’T RECOGNIZE US RIGHTS TO SHIP GOODS RIGHTS TO SHIP GOODS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVERDOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

SECTIONS SUSPICIOUS OF SECTIONS SUSPICIOUS OF EACH OTHER & THEIR EACH OTHER & THEIR INDIVIDUAL INTENTIONSINDIVIDUAL INTENTIONS

TREATY NOT RATIFIEDTREATY NOT RATIFIED

SHAYS’ REBELLION 1786 SHAYS’ REBELLION 1786 A DESPERATE NEED FOR A STRONGER CENTRAL A DESPERATE NEED FOR A STRONGER CENTRAL

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT ““I saw 1 head turning into 13” I saw 1 head turning into 13”

GWGW Culmination of signs for many Culmination of signs for many

that the federal government that the federal government needed teethneeded teeth

Fighting for principles won in Fighting for principles won in the Revolutionthe Revolution

Catalyst to stabilize the country: Catalyst to stabilize the country: threat to propertythreat to property

Europe demands loan Europe demands loan repayment in specie, MA banks repayment in specie, MA banks require specie, farmers can’t require specie, farmers can’t pay loanspay loans

Daniel Shays’ & others storm Daniel Shays’ & others storm courthouse in Springfieldcourthouse in Springfield

No aid for MA from central gov’tNo aid for MA from central gov’t

STENGTHENING FEDERAL AUTHORITYSTENGTHENING FEDERAL AUTHORITY

ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 9/17/869/17/86

Focus on common commerce issuesFocus on common commerce issues Representatives from 5 states – Representatives from 5 states –

reconvene w/ news of Shays’reconvene w/ news of Shays’

PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION 5/875/87

55 delegates from 12 states55 delegates from 12 states No one looking for complete No one looking for complete

democracydemocracy ISSUES: amend or scrap Articles of ISSUES: amend or scrap Articles of

Confederation and representation: Confederation and representation: balance the interests of large and balance the interests of large and small states in terms of populationsmall states in terms of population

THE COMPROMISETHE COMPROMISE REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION VIRGINIA PLAN – E. RANDOLPH (JAMES MADISON)VIRGINIA PLAN – E. RANDOLPH (JAMES MADISON) BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, FIXED REPRESENTATION PROPORTIONATE TO BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, FIXED REPRESENTATION PROPORTIONATE TO

POPULATIONPOPULATION

NEW JERSEY PLAN – WM. PATTERSONNEW JERSEY PLAN – WM. PATTERSON UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, EACH STATE EQUAL VOTEUNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, EACH STATE EQUAL VOTE

CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE (GREAT COMPROMISE) R. CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE (GREAT COMPROMISE) R. SHERMANSHERMAN

EQUAL VOTE/EACH STATE UPPER HOUSE, PROPORTIONAL VOTING LOWER EQUAL VOTE/EACH STATE UPPER HOUSE, PROPORTIONAL VOTING LOWER HOUSEHOUSE

ALL REVENUE BILLS TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE – LOWER CHAMBERALL REVENUE BILLS TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE – LOWER CHAMBER GREATLY OPPOSED BY MADISON & VIGINIANS BUT PASSEDGREATLY OPPOSED BY MADISON & VIGINIANS BUT PASSED DESIRE FOR STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OUTWEIGHED FEAR OF DESIRE FOR STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OUTWEIGHED FEAR OF

ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENT & REDUCTION OF STATES’ RIGHTSABSOLUTE GOVERNMENT & REDUCTION OF STATES’ RIGHTS

SEPARATION OF POWERS & CHECKS SEPARATION OF POWERS & CHECKS AND BALANCESAND BALANCES

FEDERALISMFEDERALISM

MORE COMPROMISEMORE COMPROMISE

3/5THS COMPROMISE3/5THS COMPROMISE NO QUESTION ON WHETHER OR NO QUESTION ON WHETHER OR

NOT TO ALLOW SLAVERY JUST NOT TO ALLOW SLAVERY JUST WHETHER OR NOT THEY WOULD WHETHER OR NOT THEY WOULD BE COUNTED AS PART OF THE BE COUNTED AS PART OF THE POPULATIONPOPULATION

PROPERTY RIGHTSPROPERTY RIGHTS

SLAVES TO COUNT AS 3/5THS OF SLAVES TO COUNT AS 3/5THS OF A PERSON TOWARDS POPULATION A PERSON TOWARDS POPULATION BUT ALSO TAXED AS PROPERTY BUT ALSO TAXED AS PROPERTY AT SAME RATEAT SAME RATE

COMMERCE COMPROMISECOMMERCE COMPROMISE CONSTITUTION PERPETUATES CONSTITUTION PERPETUATES

SLAVERYSLAVERY

NO INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVE NO INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVE TRADE UNTIL 1808TRADE UNTIL 1808

RETURN FUGITIVE SLAVESRETURN FUGITIVE SLAVES

RATIFICATIONRATIFICATION

FRAMERS UNDERSTOOD THAT FRAMERS UNDERSTOOD THAT STATE LEGISLATURES WOULD STATE LEGISLATURES WOULD NOT RATIFY DUE TO NOT RATIFY DUE TO SUBORDINATION TO FEDERAL SUBORDINATION TO FEDERAL AUTHORITYAUTHORITY

CONSTITUTION REPUDIATED CONSTITUTION REPUDIATED IDEA THAT STATES WERE IDEA THAT STATES WERE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW FOUNDATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

““WE THE WE THE PEOPLE”PEOPLE” NOT “WE NOT “WE THE STATES”THE STATES”

SPECIAL STATE CONVENTIONS SPECIAL STATE CONVENTIONS WITH DELEGATES ELECTED WITH DELEGATES ELECTED BY VOTERSBY VOTERS

9 OUT OF 13 NEEDED9 OUT OF 13 NEEDED

FEDERALIST PAPERSFEDERALIST PAPERSMadison, Jay, HamiltonMadison, Jay, Hamilton

FEDERALISTS: NEED STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENTFEDERALISTS: NEED STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENT THE PEOPLEHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENT THE PEOPLE NOT A LOT OF SUPPORT INITIALLYNOT A LOT OF SUPPORT INITIALLY

ANTI-FEDERALISTS: STATES SUBORDINATE TO NATIONAL ANTI-FEDERALISTS: STATES SUBORDINATE TO NATIONAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

NEW CONSTITUTION ELIMINATES “SOVEREIGN STATES”NEW CONSTITUTION ELIMINATES “SOVEREIGN STATES” NO PROTECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIESNO PROTECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES

MASSACHUSETTS: CONTENTIOUS RATIFICATION 2/1788 – ONLY MASSACHUSETTS: CONTENTIOUS RATIFICATION 2/1788 – ONLY WITH PROMISE TO CONSIDER BILL OF RIGHTS – 4 STATES FOLLOWWITH PROMISE TO CONSIDER BILL OF RIGHTS – 4 STATES FOLLOW

NH 9NH 9THTH STATE 6/21/88 BUT NEW YORK & VIRGINIA NOT YET ON STATE 6/21/88 BUT NEW YORK & VIRGINIA NOT YET ON BOARDBOARD

VA 6/26/88 & FINALLY NY RATIFY JULY 26 (30 TO 27)VA 6/26/88 & FINALLY NY RATIFY JULY 26 (30 TO 27)