“reactive power management and voltage stability” sharma kolluri, ieee fellow manager of...
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“Reactive Power Management and Voltage Stability”
Sharma Kolluri, IEEE FellowManager of Transmission Planning
Entergy Services Inc
Presentation at 2012 Southeast Symposium on Contemporary
Engineering Topics (SSCET)
October 26, 2012
New Orleans, Louisiana
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Outline
• Background/Introduction• VAR Basics• Voltage Stability• FIDVR• Technology • Summary
.
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List of recent blackouts1. NE blackout - August 14, 2003
2. Greece – July 12, 2004
3. Florida – February 26, 2008
4. Southeast Power Outage/San Diego – September 8, 2011
5. India – July 31, 2012
.
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Recommendation#23
• Strengthen Reactive Power and Control Practices in all NERC Regions
“Reactive power problem was a significant factor in the August 14 outage, and they were also important elements in the several of the earlier outages”
-Quote form the outage report
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Reactive Power BasicsReactive Power Basics
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Laws of Reactive Physics
• Complex Power called Volt Amperes (“VA”) is comprised of resistive current IR and reactive current IQ times the
voltage.
– “VA” = VIT* = V (IR – jIQ) = P + jQ
• Power Factor (“PF”) = Cosine of angle between P and “VA”
– P = “VA” times “PF”
• System Losses
– Ploss = IT2 R (Watts)
– Qloss = IT2 X (VARs)
VA
P
Q
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
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Reactive Physics – VAR loss
• Every component with reactance, X: VAR loss = IT2 X
• Z is comprised of resistance R and reactance X– On 138kV lines, X = 2 to 5 times larger than R.– One 230kV lines, X = 5 to 10 times larger than R.– On 500kV lines, X = 25 times larger than R.– R decreases when conductor diameter increases. X increases
as the required geometry of phase to phase spacing increases.
• VAR loss– Increases in proportion to the square of the total current.– Is approximately 2 to 25 times larger than Watt loss.
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
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Transmission Line Real and Reactive Power Losses vs. Line Loading
Source: B. Kirby and E. Hirst 1997, Ancillary-Service Details: Voltage Control,ORNL/CON-453, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., December 1997.
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Static and Dynamic VAR Support
• Static Reactive Power Devices– Cannot quickly change the reactive power level as long as the
voltage level remains constant.– Reactive power production level drops when the voltage level
drops.– Examples include capacitors and inductors.
• Dynamic Reactive Power Devices– Can quickly change the MVAR level independent of the voltage
level.– Reactive power production level increases when the voltage
level drops.– Examples include static VAR compensators (SVC), synchronous
condensers, and generators.
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Reactive Power Management
• Effectively balancing capacitive and inductive components of a power system to provide sufficient voltage support.
• Essential for reliable power system operation.– Prevention of voltage collapse
Benefits• Improves efficiency of power delivery.
• Improves utilization of transmission assets.
• Reduces congestion and increases power transfer capability.
• Enhances grid security.
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Reactive Power for Voltage Support
Reactive Loads
VARs flow from High voltage to Low voltage; import ofVARs indicate reactivepower deficit
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Voltage Stability Voltage Stability
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What is Voltage Instability/Collapse?
• A power system undergoes voltage collapse if post-disturbance voltages are below “acceptable limits”
• voltage collapse may be due to voltage or angular instability
• Main factor causing voltage instability is the inability of the power systems to “maintain a proper balance of reactive power and voltage control”
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Voltage Instability/Collapse
• The driving force for voltage instability is usually the load.
• The possible outcome of voltage instability:– loss of loads – loss of integrity of the power system
• Voltage stability timeframe:– transient voltage instability: 0 to 10 secs– long-term voltage stability: 1 – 10 mins
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Key Concerns
Minimize motor tripping
Limit UVLS activation
Voltage (pu)
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P-V Curve
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Q-V Curve
200
Q-V Curve with Detailed Load Model
Peak Load with Fixed Taps
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Voltage (p.u.)
Mv
ars
Base Case
Contingency
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Voltages at Goslin 138kV Station
Time (seconds)
Vo
ltag
e (
volt
s)
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Common Solutions for Voltage Instability
• Install/Operate Shunt Capacitor/Reactor Banks • Add dynamic Shunt Compensation in the form of
SVC/STATCOM/DVAR to mitigate transient voltage dips• Add Series Compensation on transmission lines in the
problem area• Construct transmission facilities• Coordinate Voltage Schedules/Reactive Power Flows • Implement UVLS Scheme
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Fault Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery (FIDVR)
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Fault Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery (FIDVR)
• What is it? – After a fault has cleared, the voltage stays at low levels
(below 80%) for several seconds• Results in dropping load / generation or fast voltage
collapse• 4 key factors drive FIDVR:
• Fault Duration • Fault Location• High load level with high induction motor
load penetration• Unfavorable Generation Pattern
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A “Near” Fast Voltage Collapse in Phoenix in 1995
North American Electric Reliability Council, System Disturbances, Review of Selected 1995 Electric System Disturbances in North America, March 1996.
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Technology Technology
for Addressing Reactive for Addressing Reactive
Power/Voltage Stability Power/Voltage Stability
ProblemsProblems
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Porter SVC
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Porter Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Maintains system voltage by continuously varying VAR output to meet system demands. Controls capacitor banks on the transmission system to match reactive power output to the load requirements.
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Series Capacitor – Dayton Bulk 230kV Station
The Capacitor offsets reactance in the line, making it appear to the system to be half of its actual length. Power flows are redirected over this larger line, unloading parallel lines and increasing transfer capability.
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Static compensator (STATCOM)
• Voltage source converter device
• Alternating voltage source behind a coupling reactance
• Can be operated at its full output current even at very low voltages
• Depending upon manufacturer's design, STATCOMs may have increased transient rating both in inductive as well as capacitive mode of operation
Transformer
DC-AC switching converter
IX
System bus
Cs
Vdc
V
E
Schematic diagram of STATCOM
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Natchez DVARNatchez DVAR
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s s s s
D-VAR
MT
Metro138 kV
34.5 kV FDR
34.5 kV25.2 MVAR
480 V
34.5 kV
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Summary
• The increasing need to operate the transmission system at its maximum safe transfer limit has become a primary concern at most utilities
• Reactive power supply or VAR management is an important ingredient in maintaining healthy power system voltages and facilitating power transfers
• Inadequate reactive power supply was a major factor in most of the recent blackouts
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Questions?