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Cisco Education CDN
Caching and Content Delivery Networking – Delivering Content to the Learner.
Delivering exciting, interactive and media rich content and communication is the primary objective of the National Grid
for Learning. Cisco’s Content Delivery Networking (CDN) technology allows RBCs and LEAs to deliver tightly integrated
network services that will seamlessly delivery curriculum online and interactive services such as IP Video
Conferencing, IP Telephony and collaboration tools
Cisco CDN Solution
Cisco’s CDN solution provides high performance, scalable and reliable content caching and distribution. It can create and deliver media rich
curriculum content and be used to distribute software, documents, virus updates, executive announcements and INSET. Crucially a Cisco
CDN can integrate with your Portal, Managed Learning Environment (MLE) or Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The Cisco solution
offers far superior performance, scalability, reliability and ease of use and management than basic caching only solutions.
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Solution Component Description
Content Engines (CE) A range of Cisco appliances that provide transparent caching and when used in conjunction with a CDM
provide centrally managed content distribution
NM-CE – Content Engine network module that may be installed inside Cisco 2600, 3600 and
3700 routers it is suitable for school use
CE-510 – Content Engine suitable for school use
CE-565 – Content Engine suitable for use at a small/medium LEA data centre
CE-7305 – Content Engine suitable for use at a medium/large LEA data centre
CE-7325 – Content Engine suitable for use within the core of an RBC network
Content Engines may also be placed in front of web servers to provide server acceleration
Content Distribution Manager
(CDM)
A Cisco appliance that manages a whole network of 1000’s of Content Engines via an easy to use Web
interface or API to your portal/VLE/MLE. The CDM enables system administrators to manage the
infrastructure and enables individual content providers, schools, LEAs and RBCs to manage the
distribution of content
Content Router (CR) An optional Cisco appliance that provides enhanced intelligence to the CDN that is particularly valuable in
large scale deployments
Content Switch A standalone switch or module for the Cisco Catalyst 6500 switch that is used in data centres to provide
load balancing and resiliency for multiple servers
IP/TV Server An optional Cisco appliance with video encoding capability that delivers TV or DVD quality live video
streaming with audience interaction (question manager) from virtually any video source. IP/TV enables
large scale events such as training, remote teaching and conferences
Transparent Caching
Cisco Content Engines provide automatic caching of Web and streamed video
content. Unlike proxy caches Cisco’s Content Engines are transparent to the
user, requiring no browser re-configuration. Transparency is provided using the
Cisco developed WCCPv2 protocol supported on Cisco routers and Catalyst Layer 3 switches. The Cisco router automatically and
transparently redirects traffic to the Content Engine. This reduces the management overhead of installing the solution and provides superior
performance and availability compared to proxy caches:
The router will load share over multiple Content Engines providing cost effective scalability
In the event of failure or planned Content Engine outage the router will transparently by-pass the Content Engine
If a Content Engine becomes temporarily overloaded the router will reduce the offered load ensuring consistent performance,
compared to a proxy cache that would degrade performance for ALL users and cause break-up of streaming video
Note: A Cisco CDN can be installed on a non-Cisco infrastructure. WCCPv2 transparent redirect will not be possible in this case. Therefore
either Layer 4 transparent switch redirect can be used or the Content Engines can be configured in proxy cache mode.
Cache Pre-Load
A list of URLs can be used to instruct individual Content Engines to pre-load web, FTP and streaming content. The URL list specifies the
content to acquire, time of day / day of week to fetch the content and the maximum volume (MB/GB) of content to be fetch from a
particular site. Bandwidth controls prevent pre-load traffic from overloading the network. This ensures content is fetched out of hours rather
than consuming bandwidth when others are using the network and means the first user of the content does not experience poor response
performance.
Cache pre-load is a per Content Engine managed process suited to smaller deployments. For larger deployments we strongly recommend the
fully managed content distributed solution (see below)
Content Distribution
Caching alone is not sufficient to support the diverse requirement of education users. Cisco’s content distribution solution addresses the
following shortcomings.
Caching Issues
Personalised learning offers one of the great potential benefits of on-line curriculum. Rather than present all users with exactly the
same set of content, personalised learning links the assessment and curriculum. A personalised learning environment will create a
customised, dynamic route through the curriculum based on the individual learner’s current assessment and their learning style.
This will significantly reduce the “hit rate” of caching and makes cache pre-load redundant since there is no specific set of web
pages to fetch
Caching performance is optimised for delivering the many small objects associated with Internet Web pages, while on-line
curriculum will have a structured content with very large objects such as streamed video, applets, animations, etc.
The caching philosophy of “slow for the first user, fast for others” forces teachers to adapt to and be frustrated by the technology
Content may be “too broad” to get into the cache, for example the very high quality videos used by Espresso and Pearson
Broadband would be unlikely to play successfully for the first user over a 2Mbps connection with other traffic flowing
The “first view” traffic will normally pass over the network during the day slowing other users
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Inefficient use of network and server resources with each cache fetching content from the origin
No integration with other network services such as QoS and multicast and potential interference with other applications
Caches are managed as single devices, creating a huge management overhead in a large LEA or RBC deployment and making it
impossible to apply quick pro-active changes
Management
The whole Cisco CDN is managed centrally via the Content Distribution Manager
(CDM), this is important because an RBC could be managing thousands of Content
Engines and hundreds of content provides while an LEA could be managing hundreds of
Content Engines. There are two types of CDM manager, although there may be many
individual manager accounts.
Systems administrators manage the CDN system as a whole configuring the
individual components, such as all the Content Engines in the network, content
replication controls, content administrator accounts, etc.
Content administrators manage the content in one of more content channels (see below), they are focussed on the content and do
not need to understand the administration of the CDN as a whole, or the network infrastructure
User account information can either be held within the CDM as a self-contained system or interface to your own user directory.
Content Distribution Management
Content is segmented into channels, which are analogous to TV channels. Channels can be defined each with their own unique content
administrator or one user can administer multiple channels. The content administrators are responsible for defining what content is in their
channel, they may be commercial content providers, or users within an RBC, LEA or school. Channels may be defined however is most
suitable, for example BBC Key Stage 3 Maths could be a channel, individual schools could have their own channels into which they place
content relevant to them. At its most basic level content can be individual files (e.g. software, videos, virus scan updates, etc). Where a suite
of content is to be distributed, such as a particular curriculum package an XML standards based manifest list defines what content to place in
the channel. It includes:
Host name (web or FTP server) to fetch the content from, together with any username/password information required
Optional specific file name(s)
Optional crawler level to follow HTML links down a specified number of levels or down an FTP directory structure
Optional filters to only fetch certain types of content, for example particular file types or sizes. This can be used to control storage
requirements by only fetching larger “chunks” of content that will have a significant impact on user performance by being
distributed
Optional content access controls that define the date/time when content can be accessed and date/time when it can no longer be
accessed. This has a number of uses, for example a content provider can grant temporary access for a free trial, or an important
announcement can be distributed ahead of time but only made viewable when public
Optional origin server authentication can be used to force individual users to authenticate with the origin server before they can
view the content. Authentication can be used by content providers for tracking and rights management, since they can still
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centrally control who accesses their content. For example to enforce licences that are based on maximum simultaneous users or to
grant temporary access for a trial
Content Replication
Curriculum content together with the other applications for a CDN means there will be many Gigabytes of data to distribute to hundreds or
thousands of sites. Therefore it is vital the replication of the content from the source to all the Content Engines is as efficient as possible to
minimise its impact on both the network and the origin servers. A Cisco CDN uses a number of features to achieve this:
Replication Controls
The CDM controls when content is replicated by time-of-day / day-of-week and the amount of bandwidth used. For example overnight all
available bandwidth is used. Weekday evening 50% is used since there are evening classes and daytime is limited to 5% to trickle feed
important updates with minimal impact to users. System wide changes can be made with the click of a mouse on the CDM, so if there is an
urgent requirement to push out content the normal bandwidth restrictions can be changed. For example if there were a major virus infection
software patches and virus scan updates could be rapidly pushed out, or if the director of education wanted to make an important
announcement their video could be pushed immediately.
Replication Priority
Replication of content can be prioritised by a combination of prioritising individual channels or even specific content within a channel.
Therefore important content (e.g. a software patch) would be delivered first.
Content Fetch
Rather than having every cache fetch the same content from the origin server the Cisco solution only fetches the same content once. This can
have a huge saving on bandwidth and server load for the content provider in large education networks where hundreds or thousands of
caches could be fetching content simultaneously. With a Cisco CDN one Content Engine is designated the “Route CE”, it is responsible for
fetching the content from the origin servers. “Route CEs” can be unique per channel, for example if a school is producing content that others
wish to use that school’s Content Engine can be designated as the “Route CE” for that school’s channel.
Channel Subscription
Each Content Engine can be uniquely subscribed to any mix of channels. Content in a channel is only replicated to Content Engines that are
subscribed to it, saving bandwidth and storage. Channel subscription is managed from the CDM, either per Content Engine or using groups
of Content Engines.
Multicast Replication
This is the most efficient way of distributing the content, the “Route CE” sends out a single multicast stream per channel with all Content
Engines subscribed to that channel receiving the same single stream. Therefore the content is only sent once over any part of the network no
matter how many Content Engines.
Hierarchical Replication
Where multicast replication is not used, for example the network is not yet multicast enabled, hierarchical replication distributes the content
down a tree from the “Route CE”. For example the “Route CE” in the RBC core would replicate to each LEA Content Engine, these in turn
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replicate to the Content Engines in schools. Cisco’s patented SODA (Self Organising Distribution Architecture) technology ensures the most
efficient replication based on available bandwidth and Content Engine responsiveness.
Streaming Video
Streaming video is an increasingly important and powerful medium. Many content providers are creating media rich curriculum. It can also
enable other applications such as live conferences and specialist distance teaching. Video content can be delivered as basic video files that
are downloaded and played on a PC. However streaming video offers a number of significant advantages
Enable large scale live events
Better interactivity, streamed video can be treated like a CD or DVD, it is can be fast forwarded, rewound and the user can jump
directly to any point in the video without having to wait for the whole video to download
Can be synchronised with other content, for example click on a particular piece of content and the accompanying video will jump
to the matching point
Digital rights management and tracking enables the content provides to control who has access to their content and gather statistics
on how it is used
Integrates with network Quality of Service for reliable delivery
Cisco supports all the major streaming media formats:
The Cisco Streaming Engine is standard on all Cisco Content Engines. Support for Real, WMT and QuickTime require an optional licence
key to activate the built in software – no software update is required to enable.
Certified and Supported
Cisco’s streaming implementations are fully certified and supported by Real (therefore QuickTime) and Microsoft, rather than reverse
engineered implementations.
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
The Cisco solution is fully integrated with Real’s, Microsoft’s and Apple’s DRM solutions. Viewing of streamed video that has been cached
or distributed is controlled and tracked by the origin video server.
True Video Distribution
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Streaming System Description
Cisco Streaming Engine Supports caching and content distribution of any standards based streaming video that uses the Real
Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP – RFC2326)
Real Proxy Supports caching of Real encoded content
Real Subscriber/Server Supports full content distribution of Real encoded content (Content Engines effectively become Real Video
Servers)
Microsoft Windows Media
Technologies (WMT)
Supports caching and content distribution of WMT encoded content
Apple QuickTime Supports caching and distribution of QuicktTime encoded content – supported when Real proxy or server
is enabled
The Cisco solution distributes the native streaming files for playback by the server element of the appropriate streaming system. Some
caching solutions emulate this by pre-fetching the video, this simulates a user viewing a video causing it to be cached. This is far less
reliable and efficient that true distribution.
Stream Splitting
Many web sites offer live video streaming (e.g. BBC, ITN, CNN, etc), the same technology can be used privately to enable live events such
as conferences. However viewing such content creates a unique stream per viewer. This can rapidly overload a broadband connection, for
example only 6 people could watch a typical 300Kbps broadband stream within a school on a 2Mbps line and even this would starve other
users of bandwidth. It also puts major stress on the rest of the network and the origin server limiting the scale of live events.
Stream splitting in Cisco Content Engines ensure only one stream is required from the origin video server and only one stream transverses
the network. The Content Engine delivers multiple streams to its local users. This can either be separate individual streams or if the local
network is multicast enabled it can be a single multicast stream. In a hierarchy of Content Engines (e.g. RBC, LEAs and schools) stream
splitting occurs at each level. This also provides many of the scalability benefits of multicast to networks that are not multicast enabled, for
example public IP VPN services.
Cisco API – Portal, VLE & MLE Integration
Cisco’s open standards based (HTTPS and XML) Application Program Interface (API) enables the CDN to be controlled and monitored
directly from a Web Portal, Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) or Managed Learning Environment (MLE). This enables a highly
integrated solution to be built. For example a teacher could construct a lesson plan using the MLE. The MLE would then automatically
instruct the CDN to distribute the content in the lesson plan ready for use before the lesson.
Security
The Cisco CDN solution is designed to be highly secure itself and to provide advanced security services.
Cisco’s appliance approach makes the solution highly resistant to attack. Separate accounts for overall system administration and content
distribution management limit risk of accidental or intentional service disruption.
Optional user authentication can be used to both authenticate users before they can access any content within the CDN system and force
origin server authentication to allow content providers to authenticate and track users of their content.
Content Filtering
Many RBCs and LEAs use differential filtering policies, for example staff have a different content filtering policy than pupils. Where
differential filtering is used it is vital that the Content Engine participates in the system. Otherwise content could be cached due to a member
of staff viewing material that is permitted within their filtering policy and subsequently delivered from the cache to a pupil who should be
denied access.
The Cisco solutions support three major content filtering solutions:
Secure Computing’s SMARTfilter (www.securecomputing.com/cisco) is an “on box” solution
requiring no additional hardware or software. Activated by licence key the Content Engines fetch
regular filter list updates from Secure Computing
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The Cisco Content Engines query a central WebSense
(www.websense.com/cisco) server that maintains the filter lists and checks
users and policy information. Effectively the Content Engine is doing a
remote database query in a client-server module
The Cisco Content Engines query a central N2H2 server using N2H2’s Internet Filtering Protocol (IFP) -
http://www.n2h2.com/products/bess.php?os=win&device=ce
Support for other filtering solutions
Cisco plans to support the ICAP standard in the next major software release. This should enable integration with any content filtering
solution that also supports the ICAP standard.
Filtering Streaming Content
Content Filtering products generally do not filter streaming video. Specific undesirable streaming content can be added to a block list on the
CDN system.
Performance
Cisco’s approach is to provide the maximum possible consistent performance to the user. From the user’s perspective they should all see
rapid response times, fast data transfers and experience consistency – variation in performance can be as frustrating as poor performance.
The user’s experience will be based on the performance of the solution as a whole. Therefore Cisco takes a system wide approach to
performance that encompasses not just high performance optimised components but also integration with the rest of the network.
Qualify of Service (QoS)
QoS enables the network to identify, classify and prioritise the different application streams that transverse it. UKERNA have proposed a
UK education QoS policy through the work of the QoS Think tank (http://www.ja.net/development/qos/) and coordinated with Europe wide
education QoS initiatives. In essence this defines four classes of service:
Premium IP – For highly interactive applications such as IP videoconferencing, IP Telephony and VoIP that require low latency
and jitter
IP+ - For applications such as video streaming that require consistent bandwidth delivery but are not as sensitive as interactive
applications to latency and jitter
Best Effort – Standard Internet like service suitable for applications such as web browsing (although critical web applications
could be prioritised to the IP+ service)
Less than Best Effort – For applications such as content distribution where short-term variation in speed of delivery is not
critical. This class of service leaves more bandwidth for Best Effort traffic giving users a more responsive experience
QoS can be used to prioritise interactive traffic that impacts the performance of the CDN solution, notably:
Interaction between the end user and the central VLE or MLE. This is typically small volume control traffic but must be delivered
with minimum delay
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Interaction between the Content Engine and content filtering server. This is effectively database queries that the Content Engine
must receive quick responses to so it does not delay delivery of content.
The Cisco CDN solution itself supports QoS in both distribution and delivery of content:
Content that is being replicated can be tagged (at IP packet level) for forwarding by the network as Less than Best Effort
Content delivered to the user by a Content Engine can be tagged (at IP packet level) appropriately based on rules configured by the
system administrator. For example streamed video would be tagged for forwarding as IP+ service. This can extend down to URL
level so content from critical web sites/applications can be given priority
Content Engine Performance
Cisco Content Engines are appliances that are purpose designed for maximum performance delivery of a wide range of content types, by
optimising them for high speed I/O. A major challenge in delivering high performance is meeting the differing requirements of different
content types. Rather than compromising performance for one type of content over another the Content Engines have four different file
systems each optimised for different types of content:
Operating file system contains the operating system software, configuration files and system logs. This ensures the operating
system software performs at optimum rate
Caching file system is optimised for delivering web content that is characterized by many small files (e.g. a web page may be
made of many small objects such as text, .gif files, etc)
Pre-positioned content file system is optimised for delivering the larger files that are characteristic of pre-positioned content (e.g.
Java applications, Shockwave, software, etc). Since pre-positioned content can also consist of standard web content the Content
Engine monitors pre-positioned content and automatically moves small objects (e.g. .gif files) to the caching file system which is
optimise for their delivery
Streaming content file system is optimised for delivery of large streaming video files
Because disk performance has such a major impact on overall system performance the Cisco solution is designed for scalable performance
as well as scalable capacity storage. In addition to the high performance internal disk store Cisco Content Engines can utilise external
storage. For example SCSI and Fibre Channel disk arrays and in future network attached storage via iSCSI support. This not only gives
much great storage scalability compared to internal storage only solutions but also provides far more effective performance scalability
compared to folk lift upgrade to larger higher performance cache boxes. Adding external disk arrays in future can increase performance very
significantly and is a simple field upgrade.
Transparent caching provides further performance benefits:
Performance remains consistent since a temporarily overloaded Content Engine will be presented with less load, preventing major
performance degradation to all users that would be seen otherwise
Performance can be increased by adding an additional Content Engine and take advantage of transparent load sharing, rather than a
folk lift replacement of the existing cache. This also increases availability
These features make a Cisco Content Engine far superior for delivering media rich on-line curriculum compared to a basic cache that is
designed for accelerating Internet web pages only.
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Network Efficiency
The content replication bandwidth controls and efficiency of multicast or hierarchical replication ensure the replication of content has
minimum impact on the performance of the overall network.
Scalability
The whole Cisco CDN solution has been designed from the outset to be deployed as a large-scale solution, rather than an individual cache
box:
Up to 2,000 Content Engines can be managed centrally from one CDM. This is expected to increase further in future allowing even
the largest RBC to manage a complete system
Content from hundreds of different content providers can be managed and distribution separately and again future software
developments will scale this even further
Storage capacity can grow via both internal and external storage options. Cisco is currently testing and certifying additional
internal and external storage options
A complete range of Content Engines allows a hierarchy to be build all the way from the RBC core to the individual school as a
single system
Transparent Content Engine load share provides easy performance scalability that protects investment
Availability
Cisco’s appliance approach ensures very high availability of the individual components. Cisco fully regression tests the complete system
including any imbedded software such as streaming video and content filtering.
System availability is increased due to transparent caching and load sharing. If a loan Content Engine fails it will be transparently by-passed,
users will experience a decrease in performance but unlike with a proxy cache they will not lose access to the network. If a Content Engine
fails that is part of a cluster the load will simply be redistributed across the remaining Content Engine(s)
Overall solution availability is increased by Cisco’s qualification program for content, portal, VLE & MLE providers. Cisco works with
these provides in our qualification lab to test interoperation, integration and optimal configuration. When Cisco issues major new software
releases this allows us to re-test against these providers and it allows these providers to re-test their content, portal, VLE or MLE when they
make significant changes. This provides customers of a Cisco CDN solution a high confidence level that the solution will work with their
chosen content, portal, VLE and MLE now and in the future.
Cisco and Cisco partners can provide 24 x 7 x 365 support with people who know not only how to support the CDN solution but also the
underlying network on which it runs to support an overall solution. Our dedicated team of education Systems Engineers can provide high
level consultancy support to customers and Cisco partners in creating an overall integrated high availability solution.
Installation & Management
Installation uses advanced auto-discovery techniques than enable a Content Engine to be
installed at a remote site without any on-site configuration. The Content Engine is simple
plugged into power and the LAN and can then be set-up remotely from the CDM.
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The CDM provides full system wide configuration. It also provides advanced monitoring and reporting facilities. Reports can be output in
stand or enhanced Squid Log or Apache format for analysis by a wide range of 3 rd party tools.
The whole systems is SNMPv1, v2 and v3 manageable and is supported within the CiscoWorks overall management system.
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Capital purchase cost is just one element of the TCO of a CDN solution. Many aspects of a Cisco CDN reduce the TCO of the solution:
Cisco Capital financing can spread the cost of the solution so rather than a capital purchase it becomes like a broadband service
that has an annual rental. Financing can also offer technology refresh and reduces the overall cost since Cisco provides a retrained
value for the equipment at the end of the lease
Management of the whole solution via the central CDM rather than box-by-box significantly reduces management costs, while
CiscoWorks integration can help further reduce management costs by integrating network and CDN management
Installation and maintenance costs are lower since the Content Engines don’t require any onsite configuration to install the first
time or to replace in case of failure. This reduces engineering costs and makes customer self-installation possible
Overall operational overhead is reduced by Cisco’s qualification program (described in the availability section) which will reduce
the time required to ensure full operation with a range increasingly complex content, portal, VLE and MLE products
The advanced content distribution system, especially when integrated with the content, portal, VLE or MLE, can control and
optimise the consumption of storage reducing storage requirements and therefore costs
Deploying a CDN solution requires close integration with the underlying network, this can be a significant cost in the overall
solution deployment and an area where Cisco and its partners have strong expertise
In the current IT industry economic environment, long term support and development is a real concern when selecting a vendor.
Since mid-2002 three companies have either shutdown their caching solution business or strongly refocused their solution.
Curriculum online is a rapidly evolving area that will require CDN solutions to track its evolution, providing closer integration and
more advanced functionality and performance. Cisco invests over $3M a year in R&D to meet these evolving requirements
Scaling the performance and storage of the solution does not require folk lift upgrades compared to basic caching solutions.
External storage can be added to increase performance and capacity and transparent load balancing can be used to add performance
and availability
Cisco has gained many years experience of not only developing networking and CDN products but also as a online curriculum
content provider with the Cisco Networking Academy Programme (CNAP). CNAP is believed to be the world’s largest eLearning
program, with ~300,000 students currently enrolled, 100’s of hours of curriculum being delivered in over 10,000 education
institutions in 11 languages and 140 countries. The assessment system alone conducts over 25,000 online tests per day. Cisco has
created the Global Learning Network (GLN) to support CNAP. This includes integrated Content Distribution, portal, assessment
and managed learning environment. This gives Cisco unique, highly valuable, best practice experience to share with customers
“Cisco has continued to grow its content networking solutions forservice providers and enterprises into a market leading position”
Source: Stratecast Partners
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Further Information
UK Education portal: www.verticalcisco.com
Cisco Networking Academies www.cisco.com/edu/emea
Content Delivery Networking www.cisco.com/go/cdn
IP/TV www.cisco.com/go/iptv
IP Video conferencing www.cisco.com/go/ipvc
IP Telephony www.cisco.com/go/avvid
Security www.cisco.com/go/safe
Wireless www.cisco.com/go/wireless
LAN Switches http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/index.html
UK Education video on demand presentations, including CDN http://tools.cisco.com/cmn/jsp/index.jsp?id=22218
Education Blueprint for Schools http://www.educationblueprint.com
Contact the UK education team [email protected]
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