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Read Section 2.4 in the textbook before viewing the slide show. Slide 2 Unit 8 Historical development of the periodic table (2.4) Current state of the periodic table (2.4) Slide 3 Historical Status (2.4) By the mid-1800s about 60 elements were known Due to the work done with the laws of definite proportions and multiple proportions, among others, the relative masses of atoms of the elements were fairly well-known Because science has a tendency toward organization and classification, it was necessary to find a method to catalogue these elements. Slide 4 Developments Prior to the Current Periodic Table Dobereiners Triads (1816) Johann Dobereiner noticed similarities in trios of some elements. For example, lithium, sodium, and potassium have many similar properties as do chlorine, bromine, and iodine Table from http://www.corrosion-doctors.orghttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org Slide 5 Developments Prior to the Current Periodic Table De Chancourtoiss Telluric Helix (1862) Beguyer de Chancourtois observed that if the elements were arranged by relative atomic masses and wound in a spiral fashion, elements with similar properties would be aligned vertically. Images from http://www.corrosion-doctors.orghttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org Slide 6 Developments Prior to the Current Periodic Table Newlands Law of Octaves (1863) John Newlands noticed that when the elements were listed in order of atomic mass every eighth element had similar properties. This only worked well through calcium and placed iron in the same group as oxygen and sulfur even though their properties are very different. Table from http://www.corrosion-doctors.orghttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org Slide 7 Developments Prior to the Current Periodic Table Lothar Meyer (1868) Lothar Meyer came up with a periodic chart very similar to the one used today. His work was at the same time as that of the ultimate developer of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev, but Mendeleev managed to publish his first and is typically given the most credit. Lothar Meyers Periodic Table - 1870 Slide 8 The Current Periodic Table Mendeleev (1869) The current periodic table is widely attributed to Dmitri Mendeleev. Meyers table was very similar but Mendeleev published his a few months before Meyer and Mendeleevs had recognized predictive value. Two points regarding Mendeleevs: The elements were arranged mostly by atomic masses, but he switched a couple around to keep elements with similar properties together. Mendeleev left a couple of openings with the belief that those elements had not yet been discovered. He predicted the existence of eka-silicon and its properties eventually this element was discovered and named germanium. PropertyPredicted for eka- silicon by Mendeleev (1871) Observed by Winkler for Germanium (1876) Atomic mass7272.6 Density (g/cc)5.55.47 ColorDirty grayGrayish white Density of oxide (g/cc)4.74.703 Boiling point of chlorideBelow 100 C86 C Density of chloride (g/cc)1.91.887 Slide 9 The Current Periodic Table Mendeleev (1869) (continued) Below is Mendeleevs first periodic table Compare this to todays periodic table(front flap of your book) and you will see striking similarities. Slide 10 And, Mendeleevs development of the chart is even more impressive when you consider the following... Slide 11 Historical Discovery of Elements The number of known elements has grown considerably since Mendeleevs time. The chart above gives a sense of the time period of elemental discovery in Mendeleevs time he basically had the gray and green boxes above to work with. Table from IUPAC.org Slide 12 The Current Periodic Table Much of our study of chemistry will revolve around the elements, their combinations, and properties based on position in the periodic table.