reading and interpreting weather data - weather for … session 2 reading and...reading and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Reading and Interpreting
Weather Data
WxLive! Session 2
Copyright © 2012 Weather4Sailors
The material contained in this document is for the exclusive use of WxLive webinar participants and may not be shared
without the permission of the copyright holder.
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Objectives For the Series
• How to get weather info onboard? – How do we decide which equipment to use?
• How to read and interpret marine weather data
FYI:
• How to apply weather data to your Newport – Bermuda Race strategy will be held in June
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Objectives For this Session
• How do weather systems work?
• How do we gather and interpret marine weather data
to determine future weather conditions?
• What are the best weather data sources (publically-
available)
• What are the phases of planning? – What weather data do we use in each phrase?
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“Some People Are Weather-wise,
but Most Are Otherwise” Benjamin Franklin
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Hosts
• Bill Biewenga – Over 400,000 nm at sea
– Multiple speed records, numerous races and deliveries
– 39 Transatlantics as well as passages through virtually every ocean of the world
– Author & lecturer
• Lou Roberts – Co-owner Weather4Sailors.com
– Winner 2008 Marion to Bermuda Short Handed Trophy
– Corporate consultant in instructional media and training
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Panelists
• Ken Campbell
– Commanders’
Weather
• Joe Sienkiewicz
– National Weather
Service’s Ocean
Prediction Center
(NOAA)
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Weather Acumen Questions
• Use the Chat Room to answer the
questions.
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Public vs. Private
Weather Forecasters
• What’s the role of public (government)
vs. private weather forecasting?
• What’s the difference between
human/machine forecasting and
machine forecasting?
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Topics
• Weather Maps (OPC)
• Satellite Images
• Radar Images
• Local Conditions
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Weather Maps
Surf Anal, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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The Difference Ship Obs Makes
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Weather Map Symbols
Weather Routing Wizard –
“Weather Map Symbols” Tool
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Fronts
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Professionals analyze frontal lows & high pressure centers first: Note added surface
ship observations are used to better position fronts & pressure centers…
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Cold Front, Side View
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Warm Front, Side View
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Weather Maps
Surf Anal, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Weather Maps
24 Hr Frcst, W N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Weather Maps
48 Hr Frcst, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Weather Maps
96 Hr Frcst, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Weather Maps
Surf Anal, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Weather Map Animations
• Animations allow you to see the
direction and movement of weather
patterns.
Ocean Prediction Center (OPC) website
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Health Break
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500 mb Chart &
What It Tells Us • Numbers refer to ALTITUDE not Pressure
– All the contours are 500 mb of pressure
– Altitude is measure in meters above sea level
• Helps predict
– Speed and direction of surface lows
– Intensity of surface lows
• Influence on surface lows
– Cut off lows
– Blocking ridges
– High amplitude jet stream
– Low amplitude jet stream
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500 mb Chart
• How surface low pressure system works
with the 5640 line
• Refer to 2 static maps (surface and 500
mb for the same timeframe)
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500 mb Chart Valid 06 01 03, 00Z
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Surface Analysis Chart Valid 06 01 03, 00Z
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500 mb Chart
Cut off Low
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500 mb Chart
Blocking Ridge
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N Hemisphere High
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N Hemisphere Low
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Satellite Images Sat Pic, IR, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Satellite Images Surf Anal, N Atl, Valid 06 28 07, 12Z
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Scatterometer QuikScat
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Scatterometer (ASCAT)
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Scatterometer (OSCAT)
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OSCAT in OPC operations
OSCAT
ASCAT
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OSCAT and ASCAT in operations ASCAT and OSCAT: 1200 UTC 13 Mar
GFS wind speeds: 1500 UTC 13 Mar
GOES Sea Surface Temp: 1800 UTC 13 Mar
ACSAT-GFS difference: 1500 UTC 13 Mar
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Numerical Forecast Models
GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC MODELS • GFS – U.S. NWS Global Forecast System
– 4 x’s daily, global
• ECMWF – EU Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting
– 2x’s daily, global
• CMC – Canadian Meteorological Center
– 2x’s daily, global
• NOGAPS – Navy Operational Global Atmos Prediction System
– 4x’s daily, global
• UKMET - UK METeorological Office
– 2x’s daily, global
REGIONAL MODELS
Weather Research Forecast (WRF) Model based • NAM – U.S. North American Mesoscale Model
– 12 km to 4 km (6 hour cycle) (output hourly thru 36 hrs, then 3 hourly to 84 hrs)
• RAP – U.S. RAPid Refresh (formerly RUC, Rapid Update Cycle) – 13 km (hourly cycle) (output to 18 hrs)
• NWW3 – NOAA WAVEWATCH III
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Using ASCAT/OSCAT to
confirm buoy &ship reports
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Satellite Imagery Interpretation
• The Weather Routing Wizard contains
many job aids
• These job aids help simplify the
process of apply the theory in this
course.
• “How to Read Satellite Images” Tool
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Animated Satellite maps
• NASA’s Global Hydrology website
shows animated and static near-real
time satellite images
NASA website
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Health Break
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GRIBs
• Gridded Binary files
• Based on computer models
• Common GRIB models include: • GFS – U.S. NWS Global Forecast System
• ECMWF – EU Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasti
• CMC – Canadian Meteorological Center
• NOGAPS – Navy Operational Global Atmos Prediction System
• UKMET - UK METeorological Office
• NAM – U.S. North American Mesoscale Model
• RAP – U.S. RAPid Refresh (formerly RUC, Rapid Update Cycle)
• GFS model available at www.grib.us
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Which model represents the
best forecast?
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Therefore, how useful are GRIBs?
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Radar
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Animated Radar
• Animated radar is available on the web
• Shows rain, but not necessarily wind
• Shows clouds, but not height (vs.
satellite)
• Offshore constraints
– As a downloaded file - not practical for
offshore sailors with limited bandwidth
– Available through Sirius
• Using your radar to track fronts at night
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Local Conditions
• Influences the larger, synoptic scale wx
• But CAN be the dominant weather
feature
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Sea Breeze
• Weather Routing Wizard –
“Sea Breeze” Tool
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Clouds & What They’re Telling Us
Weather Routing Wizard –
“Cloud Forecasting” Tool
Cloud Gallery Website –
“Cloud Gallery” website
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Dealing With Islands
• Between island
– Convergent winds
– Divergent winds
• Circulation around / over islands
– Bermuda
• Night land breezes
– Topographical influences
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Between Islands
Convergent and Divergent winds
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Circulation around / over islands
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Night land breezes
• Night land breezes are significantly influenced
by
– Topographical features
– Temp differential between land and sea
• Not a sea breeze in reverse
– Topography based:
• If cooling is taking place in adjacent mountaintops, the
cooler air at night time can roll down the mountain side
and accelerate the night breeze
– Generally weaker than sea breeze
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Gulf Stream
Interaction between water and air TEMP.
• Formation of warm and cold eddies
• Resultant cloud formation.
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The Planning Process
Before Departure… • The single most important decision for a successful voyage may well be prior
to your departure time.
– Know the forecast…ahead of time
– Know ahead of time what products or services you will use at sea
– Know how to work with your private weather routing service… Be
in a position to intelligently engage; they are an advisory service
only.
• The ultimate responsibility for weather forecasts and routing rests with
the skipper and his/her properly trained crew.
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The Planning Process
While Underway • Monitor the weather as part of watch keeping/navigation
– Log wind speed & direction, barometric pressure, sea state
• Monitor the weather
– Near shore: VHF, Smartphone, Wifi
– Offshore: HF-SSB, Satellite
• Update the current forecast and routinely verifying it with the most
current analyses.
• Keep asking: “Is the weather evolving as planned?”
– If not…determine why and redefine routing options
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Organize your Weather Files
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Resources
• Contributed by all speakers
• How best to use them
– Links to recorded session
– Further Study
– Speakers’ Contact Information
– Tables, Calculators, Tools
• When they will be available
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Upcoming Webinars
• NorthU Trim
– Bill Gladstone, Host
– March 24 (all day)
– March 27 and 29, 7p EDT
• Performance Software Featuring
EXPEDITION
– Peter Isler, Host
– April 23 and 25, 7p EDT
• Newport – Bermuda Race Strategy
– Bill Biewenga, Host
– June 4 and 11, 7 p, 2012 EDT
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For Further Study
• Articles
– Mariner’s Guide to 500 mb charts
– Mariner’s Guide to Hurricanes
– Oceanography from Space
– Arctic Impact Study
• Books and CD’s
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Contacts
• Ken Campbell, Commanders’ Weather
– Tel: 1-603-882 6789
– E-mail: [email protected]
– Website: www.commandersweather.com
• Joe Sienkiewicz
– E-Mail: [email protected]
• Lee Chesneau
– 206-949-4680
– www.weatherbylee.com
• Bill Biewenga
– E-mail: [email protected]
– Website: www.weather4sailors.com
• Lou Roberts
– E-mail: [email protected]
– Website: www.weather4sailors.com
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Reading and Interpreting
Weather Data
WxLive! Session 2
The End
(Resources will be made available by email)