reading for yds

8/19/2019 Reading for Yds

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1

READING

for ÜDS KPDS

rh+ www.remzihoca.com

ÜDS


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Fossil

The twentieth century has beecentury’ due to the abundanc

contribution to human devel

formed over millions of years b

of plants and animals under i

This process resulted in e

petroleum, and natural gas

generated most of the energy c

century, paving the way for co

new inventions.

Fossil fuels are currently the

source of power for both pers

Petroleum fuels our cars and

natural gas and coal heat and

transportation is also largely p

2005, more than 3/4 of total

was through the use of fossil fu

43,4 percent of the world's t

followed by natural gas (15,

percent). North America is the

fuels, utilizing nearly 25 percent

Long thought to be inexhausti

used extensively since the Indu

many believe that the world

unsustainable rate. Some expe

has already reached its pea

production, and that it is only

natural gas and coal follow suit.

about oil supply have led to

exploration of, alternative sourc

tar sands and oil shale.

a.com

uels

n called ‘the hydrocarbonof fossil fuels, and their

pment. Fossil fuels were

the decomposing remains

mense heat and pressure.

ergy laden fuels, coal,

, which together have

nsumed globally for over a

ntinued advancement and

ost economically available

nal and commercial uses.

thirst for plastics, while

electrify our homes. Mass

ropelled by fossil fuels. In

orld energy consumption

ls. Petroleum led with over

otal energy consumption,

percent) and coal (8,3

largest consumer of fossil

of the world's resources.

le, fossil fuels have been

trial Revolution. However,

is using fossil fuels at an

rts believe that the world

for oil extraction and

a matter of time before

These near-term concerns

increasing focus on, and

es of petroleum, such as in

V

due to

abundance

contribution

form

decompose

remains

immense

laden

process

resulted in

generate

consume

pave

advancemen

invention

currently

source

commercial

thirst

largely

propell

consumptio

consumer

utilize

nearly

inexhaustibl

extensivelyunsustainabl

expert

peak

extraction

concern(abo

supply

lead to

increasing

focus on

exploration

such as

CABULARY

: den dolayı (owing

to)

: bolluk X scarcity

: katkı

: oluşturmak,şekil

: çürü(t)mek

: kalıntı

: büyük = huge,vast

: yüklü

: süreç

: ile sonuçlanmak

: üretmek

: tüketmek

:yolu

açmak,döşemek

t : ilerleme

: icat

: şu anda = presently

: kaynak

: ticari

: susuzluk

:

büyük oranda = for

the most part,

mostly,

predominately

: itmek

: tüketim

: tüketici

: kullanmak

:

yaklaşık =

almost

closely

virtually

: bitmez

: yoğun bir şekildee : sürdürülemez

: uzman

: zirve,doruk

: (maden) çıkartma

ut) : endişe

: kaynak,sağlamak

: yol açmak

: artan X decreasing

: odaklanmak

: araştırma

: örneğin,---gibi


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To release their stored energy, f

It is during this combustion

emissions and particulates, incl

the atmosphere. Primary releas

carbon, which can be harmful

can combine with water vapo

compounds that create acid rai

releases carbon dioxide, a gre

believe is key factor in global cli

There are also environment

extracting, transporting, and util

coal and drilling for oil are es

the digging of massive mines

surrounding landscapes and bri

water to the surface which can

without proper treatment and

extraction is somewhat safer,

While there are regulations i

minimize the risks, it is imp

completely. However, regulati

must be continued resear

technologies for both fossil fuel

addition to an increasing conser

a.com

ossil fuels must be burned.

rocess that a variety of

ding ash, are released into

s are sulfur, nitrogen, and

to the environment. They

in the air to form acidic

n, and burning fossil fuels

nhouse gas that scientists

ate change.

al risks associated with

izing fossil fuels. Mining for

ecially hazardous because

and wells can change the

g massive amounts of salt

amage nearby ecosystems

sequestration. Natural gas

ut can also be hazardous.

place that attempts to

ssible to eliminate them

n is not sufficient; there

h in developing new

and renewable energy, in

ation measures.

release

burn

combustionincluding

primary

harmful (to)

combine

associated

with

especially

hazardous

dig

massive

nearby

proper

sequestratio

somewhat

attempt

eliminate

regulation

sufficient

renewable

in addition t

conservatio

measure

:salmak =emit=give

off

: yakmak

: yanma: dahil X excluding

:

ana =

chief

elementary

main

principal

:

zararlı =

destructive

detrimental

: birleştirmek

: ile ilgili,bağlantılı

:özellikle =

particularly

: tehlikeli =risky

: kazmak

: büyük

: yakınlarda

: uygun,düzgün

n : el koyma

: biraz

: girişim,girişmek

: ortadan kaldırmak

: düzenleme

:

yeterli =

adequate

ample

comfortable

decent

enough

: yenilenebilir

: -e ilaveten

:koruma =

preservation

: önlem,ölçmek


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Land

The surface of the Earth is shphysical processes, including e

shifts of rocks and sediments,

Humans also shape the l

populations, agricultural expa

resource excavation, changing t

layers of industrial and urban i

the physical and biological mate

the land, existing as vegetatio

(human-created structures). Lan

ways in which human beings m

land and its resources.

Over the course of history, hum

relationship to the land. Early h

used the land with little mod

gathering, and defensive ai

domestication of plants and ani

years ago that land use involve

landscape. With domestication

for both settlement and agricul

built structures on the land (or

defense and worship, and alter

and the course of waterwa

transportation.

In many instances, the biologic

the land contributes to how it i

are most suitable for farming w

are less suitable for settlement

are often located adjacent to a

essential water, and access for

economic purposes. As food,

communication technologies tra

centuries in order to meet the n

population, there have been ma

of land use worldwide.

a.com

se

ped by a combination ofrthquakes and volcanoes,

nd flows of river and ice.

and through increasing

sion, mineral and forest

he flow of rivers, and with

frastructure. Land cover is

rial found on the surface of

or the built environment

d use describes the various

ke use of and manage the

ans have had a changeable

mans are believed to have

ification for shelter, food

s. It wasn't until the

mals approximately 10,000

d extensive changes in the

came large-scale clearing

ture. Growing populations

ut of the land) for shelter,

ed the existing land cover

s for food, power, and

l and physical make-up of

used; lands with rich soils

ile lands prone to flooding

. Large cities, for example,

n ocean or river, providing

ood, sewer, industrial, and

ower, transportation, and

nsformed over the last few

eeds of a rapidly expanding

jor changes in the patterns

Vsurface

shape

shift

agricultural

expansion

excavation

infrastructur

existing

vegetation

describe

various

make use of

manage

modification

shelter

gather

defensive

domesticati

approximate

extensive

settlement

defense

worship

alterinstance

make-up

contribute T

suitable

prone TO

flooding

located

adjacent to

provideessential

access

purpose

communicat

meet the ne

rapidly

expand

worldwide

CABULARY: yüzey

:

şekil,

şekillendirmek

: değiştirmek

: tarımsal

: genişleme

: kazı

e : altyapı

: var olan

: bitki örtüsü

: tanımlamak

: çeşitli

: kullanmak

: yönetmek

: değiştirm

: sığınak,korumak

: topla(n)mak

: savunmacı

n : evcilleştirme

ly : yaklaşık

: yoğun

: yerleşim

: savunmak

: tapmak

: değiştirmek

: örnek;defa,kez

: YAPI

: katkıda bulunmak

: uygun

: yatkın,eğilimli

: sel basma,taşma

: yerleşmiş

:

bitişik =

neighbouring

next to

: sağlamak: gerekli

: giriş,erişim

: amaç

ion : iletişim

ds : ihtiyacı

karşılamak

:

hızlıca =

quickly

speedily

: genişlemek

: dünya çapında


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During the 18th and 19th cent

were cleared to make way for c

and building material. In many

trend is reversing, and the reg

occurring. However, in ma

deforestation and unsustainabl

still a major concern. Yet,

transformative change has b

cropland and the increase of urb

Today, industrial areas are

suburban locales rather than i

dedicated to natural resource

continue to be found most oft

city life is marked by large c

spaces, with impermeable su

occasional green space. These

vast transportation network th

water, exchanging people, goo

between the urban, suburban,

decisions have since moved

deciding where to place his cr

view of land use planning.

a.com

ries, many acres of forest

opland, and for use as fuel

developed countries that

eneration of vegetation is

y developing countries,

agricultural practices are

worldwide, the most

een in the decrease of

an land.

ore apt to be found in

inner cities, while areas

extraction and production

en in rural areas. Modern

mmercial and residential

faces punctuated by the

areas are connected by a

at snakes across land and

ds, and natural resources

and rural areas. Land use

from the single farmer

ops to a more integrated

reverse

regeneratio

deforestatio

concerndecrease (IN

increase (IN)

urban

land

apt

rather than

inner

dedicated to

impermeabl

punctuate

integrate

: tersine çevirmek

: yenilenme

: ormansızlaştırma

: endişe,ilgi ) : azalma

: artma

: kentsel

: arazi

: uygun

: -den ziyade

: iç X outer

: adanmış,ayrılmış

: sızdırmaz,geçirmez

: araya girmek

: birleştirmek


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Wat

The basic building block for allmost plentiful natural resource

two-thirds of the Earth is cove

percent is held in the oceans

freshwater. Of the freshwater

accessible as ground or surfac

stored in glaciers and icecaps.

evenly distributed across land

number of heavily populated co

where fresh water is scarce.

Water also regulates the temp

cycles essential nutrients thro

living things. The flow of wate

biosphere, lithosphere, and h

hydrologic, or water, cycle. Th

abundant natural resource

fundamental element of life w

diligent management.

Philosophies guiding managechanged during the 20th centu

the 1900s, water management

moving water to where it was m

irrigation of agricultural lands.

bodies of water were also used

municipal and industrial uses, b

the pollutants would disperse

three decades, the focus of wat

to considerations of municipal,

supplies, water quality, and

ecosystems.

a.com

r

life on Earth, water is theon the planet; in fact, over

ed by water. However, 97

, while only 3 percent is

only 1 percent is easily

e water, the remains are

oreover, freshwater is not

surfaces, and there are a

ntries located in arid lands

erature of the planet and

gh the land, air, and all

through the atmosphere,

ydrosphere is called the

s, water is both the most

on our planet and a

ose preciousness requires

ent of water suppliesy. Until the second half of

as governed by the goal of

ost needed, particularly for

Rivers, lakes, and other

to carry away wastes from

cause it was believed that

in the water. In the past

r management has shifted

agricultural, and industrial

he protection of aquatic

Vbasic

plentiful

in fact

cover

accessible

store

evenly

distribute

a number of

heavily

scarce

regulate

essential

nutrient

thus

abundant

fundamental

precious

require

diligent

particularly

irrigation

municipal

disperse

consideratio

protection

CABULARY: temel

: çok = copious

: aslında

:kaplamak,

kapsamak

: ulaşılabilir

: depo,depolamak

:düzenli = equally

X unevenly

: dağıtmak

: bir çok

: yoğun şekilde

X lightly

: nadir,seyrek

: düzenlemek

:

gerekli =

important

crucial

indispensable

necessary

of the essence

requisite

substantive

: besleyici

:bu yüzden

=hence,therefore

: bol

: temel

: değerli

:

gerektirmek =

ask

call for

demand

expect

involve

necessitateneed

postulate

: çalışkan

: özellikle

: sulama

: belediye

: dağıtmak,yaymak

n : göz önüne alma

: koruma


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Many argue that privatization,

produces the most equitable, en

economically sound system

distribution and consumption of

are transferable from one indi

fundamental building blocks of

government controlling access t

individuals buy, sell, and trade

with property rights today. Ho

private water markets will un

lead to unequal distribution, sk

more means. Yet, in practice, thi

Interestingly enough, privatiza

most visible in developing cou

margins, without recognizable p

able to access clean drinking wa

local water vendors have respon

government supply. In West

disposable bags of clean drinkin

available throughout the region

foreign companies are also re

demand, shipping large amo

consumers who need it most.

In creating a realistic market fo

effectively treat water as a fin

reflecting all costs associated

individuals will adapt, innovate,

trade and conserve. When pric

can result in waste, ineffici

degradation.

a.com

rather than state-control,

vironmentally friendly, and

for managing both the

water. Water rights which

vidual to another are the

uch a system. Rather than

water, in a private system

ater rights, just as we do

wever, critics charge that

dersupply consumers and

ewing towards those with

s seems not to be the case.

tion benefits are actually

tries. People living on the

roperty or water rights, are

er for a small cost because

ded to the many failures of

frica, for example, small,

g water called ‘sachets’ are

for only a few cents. Many

ponding to this increased

nts of bottled water to

water, price increases will

ite and precious resource,

with its use; therefore,

and find creative ways to

s do not reflect scarcity, it

ncy, and environmental

argue that

privatization

equitable

distributionconsumptio

private

just as

property

right

unequal

skew

A means (O

in practice

interestingly

visible

margin

recognizable

cost

vendor

respond to

FAILURE

disposable

demand

shipping

effectively

treat

finite

precious

resource

reflect

therefore

adapt

innovate

creative

conserve

scarcity

inefficiency

degradation

: iddia etmek

: özelleştirme

: tarafsız,adil

: dağıtım,dağılım: tüketim

: özel X public

: tıpkı

: mal,özellik

: hak;doğru

: eşit değil

: çarpıklık

) : araçlar,yöntemler

:uygulamada

X in theory

: ilginç şekilde

:görülebilir

X invisible

: sınır,kenar

: tanınabilir

: malolmak,maliyet

: satıcı

: yanıt vermek

: başarısızlık

: elden çıkarılabilir

: talep,talep etmek

: sevkiyat

: etkili şekilde

:davranmak,tedavi

etmek

: sınırlı X infinite

: değerli

: kaynak

: yansıtmak

: bu yüzden

: uyum sağlamak

: yeni,yenilikçi

: yaratıcı

: korumak

: kıtlık,azlık

: etkisizlik

: bozulma


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Ecosys

The ecosystem concept has its rregarding the organization a

systems. The word itself is of rel

initially suggested by a scientist

replacement for the communi

usage, however, an ecosystem

community of organisms living i

and the physical elements in th

they interact. Just as there is

individual species on the planet

of ecosystems from the icy arct

lush with plants and animals. Th

scales, with smaller systems

systems. An ecosystem can be a

large as the ocean, dependin

researcher is examining. But

ecosystem end and another be

some may be clear, such as a po

to define, such as marshland tha

In order to better understand th

Earth, scientists have propose

categorizing terrestrial and

classification systems are defin

animal life living in an area in

patterns. The most common sys

biomes based on the dominant

a certain climate. Other ways

more specific classifications in

such as rainfall patterns, type ofEco-regions, for example, are ne

used by conservationists to defi

share a majority of their species

similar environmental conditi

classifying the world are m

instance, anthropogenic biome

direct human interaction with e

a.com

ems

ots in theoretical conceptsnd dynamics of natural

atively recent origin; it was

in 1935 as a more abstract

y concept. In its present

is generally defined as a

n a particular environment

t environment with which

an immense diversity of

so is there a rich diversity

ic zones to tropical forests

ey occur on many different

embedded within larger

s small as a fallen log or as

g on the scale that the

here does one particular

gin? While the borders of

nd; others may be less easy

t leads into a waterway.

e ecological makeup of the

many different ways of

arine ecosystems. Most

d by the type of plant and

relation to global climate

tem divides the world into

lant life that occurs within

f defining ecosystems use

corporating characteristics

soil, and particular species.sted within biomes and are

e areas of the world which

and ecological dynamics in

ns. Newer methods of

re human-centered. For

are defined by sustained

osystems.

VOconcept

root

regarding

relatively

initially

abstract

replacement

community

present

usagedefine

particular

interact

just as

immense

diversity

species

occur

embeded

log

depend on

examine

border

clear

marshland

propose

classification

in relation to

divide

based on

dominant

certain

incorporate

(INTO)

for instance

sustain

interaction

(with)

ABULARY: karam,görüş

: kök

:

ile ilgili =

concerning,relatin

g

:nispeten =

comparatively

: başlangıçta

: soyut X concrete

: yedek,ikame

: toplum

:

şu anki ;

var,mevcut X

absent

: kullanım

: tanımlamak

: belli,bazı

: etkileşmek

: tıpkı

: büyük

: çeşitlilik

: türler

:olmak = take

place

: gömülü

: gövde

: dayanmak,bağlı

olmak

: incelemek

: sınır

: açık,belli

: bataklık arazi

: teklif etmek

: sınıflandırma

: --e oranla,ile ilgili

: bölmek

: -- e dayanan

:

egemen X

predominant

prevailing

prevalent

: belli,bazı,kesin

: birleştirmek

: örneğin = e.g

: sürdürmek

: etkileşim


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www.remziho9

Because ecosystems are so in

been many efforts by scientis

change on ecosystem functionin

true balance of nature, change

species, temperature, soil nutrie

all been observed to alter e

changes may ultimately lead

eventual ecosystem collapse; th

scientists to determine exactly

of factors contribute to any ne

many uncertainties in predicti

and ecosystem functioning, a

refine both their method of a

definition of a healthy ecosyste

a.com

terconnected, there have

s to define the effect of

g. Though there may be no

to the number or type of

nts, and other factors have

osystem functions. Some

o species extinctions and

ough it can be difficult for

hich factor or combination

ative outcomes. There are

g both ecosystem change

nd scientists continue to

ssessment as well as the

.

interconnect

effort

function

nutrientobserve

ultimately

extinction

eventual

collapse

determine

exactly

outcome

uncertainty

predict

refine

assessment

as well as

definition

ed : birbirine bağlı

: çaba

: işlev

: besin: gözlemek

:

sonunda =

at last

finally

in the end

eventually

: yok olma

: nihai = ultimate

: çökmek

:belirlemek,saptam

ak,karar vermek

: aynen = precisely

:

sonuç =

consequence

result

resultant

: belirsizlik

: tahmin etmek

: saflaştırmak,

düzeltmek

: değerlendirme

: -de- da

: tanımlama =

account


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www.remziho10

Ener

The development of moderdependent on both the availabili

energy. We have witnessed a pr

steam power, to the internal

electricity generation and to th

sources of energy. Because o

sources, it is also important to

energy use on the environment

way it is produced, distributed,

local, regional, and global envir

and degradation, air pollution,

and soils, and through glo

greenhouse gas emissions.

The majority of our energy ste

coal, oil, and natural gas; yet, th

large source of carbon dioxide e

to the greenhouse effect.

production of electricity, while

transportation fuel. Natural ga

heating, is growing quickly; how

carbon intensive than coal and

significant amounts of carbon di

While fossil fuels will remain o

for the foreseeable future, t

resources. With concern over d

on foreign supplies, increasing

impacts, there is an increasing

fuel sources.

a.com

y

n civilization has beenty and the advancement of

ogression from animal and

combustion engine and

e harnessing of alternative

f our reliance on energy

understand the effects of

. All aspects of energy, the

and consumed can affect

onments through land use

the acidification of water

bal climate change via

s from fossil fuels such as

burning of these fuels is a

missions which contributes

oal is dominant in the

oil is the world's primary

use, most commonly for

ver, while cleaner and less

oil, natural gas also emits

oxide.

r largest source of energy

hey are ultimately finite

mestic supply and reliance

costs and environmental

push to utilize alternative

Vdependent o

availability

advancemen

witness

progression

steam

internal

combustion

generation

harness

reliance on

aspect

distribute

consume

affect

local

regional

through

degradation

via

greenhouse

majority

stem from

such as

yet

burn

contribute to

effect

dominant

primary

commonlygrowing

intensive

significant

foreseeable

ultimately

finite

impact (ON)

utilize

Hydrogen i

element in

CABULARY n : dayanan,bağlı

:

ulaşılabilirlik =

accessibility

t : ilerleme

: tanıklık etmek

: ilerleme

: buhar

: iç X external

: yanma

: üretim

:control etmek,

faydalanmak

: bağlılık

: yön,özellik

: dağıtmak

: tüketmek

: etkilemek

: yerel

: bölgesel

: sayesinde

: bozulma

: yolu ile

as : sera gazı

: çoğunlukX minority

: kaynaklanmak

: --örneğin,gibi

: henüz,fakat

: yakmak

: katkıda bulunmak

: etki

: egemen

:

ana,temel =

chief

main

principal

: yaygın: artan

: yoğun

: önemli

:öngörülebilir =

predictable

: nihayetinde

: sınırlı

:etki =

effect=influence

: kullanmak

the most abundant

he universe and could


11/15

www.remziho11

be an important factor in our

both carry and store energy.

used in a wide variety of a

devices and stationary sources

through the use of fuel cells,

being water and heat. Yet, whi

from renewable energy sources

is produced by processing fossil

in the process. A significant cha

hydrogen energy is the large

nuclear, hydro that will be

hydrogen.

Nuclear energy provides near

electricity without harmful by-p

safe storage and disposal of ra

the potential for accidents, ra

exposure continues. This co

opposed to nuclear energy, has

a practical and sustainable ener

Between increasing costs

environmental effects related

controversy over the use of nu

development in the area of re

continues to flourish. Thes

geothermal, and water, have

another for many centuries,

advancement before they can

with conventional energy sou

challenge of providing sufficien

be a meaningful contributor to o

a.com

energy future since it can

s such, hydrogen can be

plications, from portable

to transportation vehicles

with the only byproducts

le it can be manufactured

, the majority of hydrogen

fuels which emit pollutants

llenge in the availability of

amount of energy, fossil,

needed to generate the

ly a fifth of the world's

roducts. Yet, concern over

ioactive waste, along with

iation contamination and

cern, along with those

locked its advancement as

y source.

nd concern over the

to fossil fuel use, and

clear power, research and

ewable sources of energy

sources, wind, solar,

een used in one form or

but require additional

become cost-competitive

rces. They also face the

t amounts of electricity to

ur growing power needs.

abundant

carry

store

varietyapplication

portable

device

stationary

vehicle

byproduct

manufactur

renewable

process

emit

pollutant

challenge

generate

nearly

harmful

concern

disposal

along with

potential

contaminati

exposure TO

related to

controversy

flourish

require

additional

advancemen

competitive

conventiona

face

meaningful

growing

: bol

: taşımak

: depolamak,depo

: çeşitlilik: uygulama,başvuru

: taşınabilir

: araç

: sabit,durağan

: araç

: yan ürün

: üretmek

: yenilenebilir

: süreç,işlem

: yaymak

: kirleten

: sorun,engel

: üretmek

: yaklaşık

: zararlı

: ilgi,endişe

: atma,boşaltma

: ile birlikte

: gizli,kuvvet,olası

n : kirletme

: maruz kalma

: ile ilgili

: tartışma

: gelişmek

: gerektirmek

: ilave

t : ilerleme

: rekabetçi

l : geleneksel

:

yüzleşmek,

karşı karşıya

kalmak

: anlamlı

: artan


12/15

www.remziho12

The 2005 Energy Policy Ac

approach toward energy d

independence for the countr

passed another energy bill whi

economy) standards, implem

Standard, and seek to improve

However, rather than providin

environmental benefits, some

motivated measure that fails

economic and market forces.

As human consumption of ene

further research and develop

produce alternative and/or ren

that are readily available, affor

the environment than conventi

dependence on energy is not li

important to foster new innovat

with a larger focus on energy eff

a.com

established a practical

velopment and energy

. In late 2007, Congress

h will increase CAFE (fuel

ent a Renewable Fuels

merica’s energy efficiency.

significant economic and

believe it is a politically-

o take into consideration

rgy continues to increase,

ent will be necessary to

ewable sources of energy

dable, and less harmful to

nal fossil fuels. While our

kely to decrease, it will be

ions in energy technologies

iciency and conservation.

establish

practical

approach

independence

(FROM/OF)

bill

implement

seek

improve

efficiency

rather than

benefit FROM

motivate

measure

fail TO DOtake into

consideration

force

necessary

readily

affordable

harmful (TO)

dependence

ONlikely TO DO

foster

innovation

focus ON

conservation

: kurmak

: kullanışlı

: kaklaşım

: bağımsızlık

: yasa taslağı,fatura

: uygulamak

: araştırmak

: geliş(tir)mek

: etkililik =efficacy

: -den ziyade

: fayda,faydalanmak

: teşvik etmek

: önlem;ölçmek

: başarısız olmak

: gözönüne almak

: güç,zorlamak

: gerekli

: kolayca,isteyerek

: ulaşılır,satın

alınabilir

: zararlı =

detrimental

: bağımlılık: muhtemel

: teşvik etmek

,büyütmek

: yenilik

: odaklanmak

: koruma


13/15

www.remziho13

Foo

Human civilization has its roots

of plants and animals nearly 1

this endeavor led to drastic c

human beings lived; agricult

nomadic existence to one base

permanent settlements. It ev

interacted with one another an

the Earth.

The unprecedented growth i

occurred in the 20th century

remarkable advances in agric

technology. The Green Revoluti

and advanced growing techniqu

improving nutrition and health i

Continued growth, however, wi

to plant and water for irrigati

habitats and natural resources.

Advanced agricultural methods

grow more food on fewer acre

land to be returned to forest an

there are costs associated

including a heavy reliance on

Runoff from agricultural lands a

lakes and rivers. Erosion co

environmental problem in the

measures. And, irrigation requi

world can be a significant drai

areas and, if improperly managsalt deposits, which can severely

The most critical challenge is to

production while minimizing e

Considerable research in this an

advanced methods to preserve

including conservation tilling

application of pesticides, fertiliz

a.com

d

in the early domestication

,000 years ago. Success in

anges in how and where

re led humans from a

d in permanent and semi-

n changed how humans

how they interacted with

global population that

as made possible by the

lture, public health, and

n brought high-yield crops

es to developing countries,

n most parts of the world.

ll likely require more land

n, increasing pressure on

have made it possible to

s of land, permitting some

d other natural states. Yet,

ith high-yield methods,

pesticides and fertilizers.

ffects the water quality of

tinues to be a serious

absence of preventative

red in many parts of the

on water supplies in arid

d, can lead to a buildup ofdegrade soil quality.

find ways to increase food

nvironmental degradation.

other countries has led to

soil and prevent erosion,

and computer-controlled

rs, and water.

Vcivilization

root

domesticati

success IN

endeavor

drastic

nomadic

existence

permanent

settlement

interact with

unprecedent

make possib

remarkable

advance IN

agriculture

yield

crop

nutritionpressure

habitats

advanced

permit

return

associated

with

fertilizer

runoff absence

preventative

arid

improperly

buildup

deposit

severely

degrade

critical

considerable

tilling

CABULARY: uygarlık

: kök

n : evcilleştirme

: başarılı olmak

:

çaba göstemek =

attempt

enterprise

strive

try

: şiddetli,sert

: göçebe

: varolma X extiction

: kalıcı = lasting

: yerleşim

: etkileşmek

ed :emsalsiz,benzeri

görülmemiş

le : olası kılmak

: dikkate değer

= noteworthy

: ilerlemek

: tarım

: ürün vermek

: ürün

: beslenme

: baskı

: yerleşim

: ileri

:izin vermek

=allow=let

:dönmek,geri

vermek

: ilgili

: gübre

: boşalma.akış: yokluk X presence

: önleyici

: kurak

: uygunsuz

: artma

: brikinti,depozito

: şidetli bir şekilde

: niteliğini bozmak

: tehlikeli

: önemli =sizeable

: sürülme


14/15

www.remziho14

The use of pesticides and

modification, or "genetic engi

controversial. In order to reduc

methods such as biocontrol (usi

pests), more sophisticated t

shuffling; marker recombination

and using biotechnology to cre

being tested. While biocontrol

and mutant species is general

organic producers, the use

biocontrol agents changed by D

new traits are not accepted d

potential impacts. Natural hybri

are known, most notably, tritical

produced by crossing rye and w

a.com

new types of genetic

neering," continue to be

e a reliance on pesticides,

ng other species to control

aditional breeding (DNA

) to enhance positive traits,

te pest-resistant crops are

using naturally occurring

ly accepted, especially by

of genetically modified

NA deletion or insertion of

e to concerns about their

ds of species, though rare,

e, a highly nutritious cereal

eat.

modification

controversia

sophisticate

traditionalbreed

shuffling

enhance

trait

resistant TO

accept

deletion

insertion

rare

notably

nutritious

rye

wheat

: değiştirme

l : tartışmalı

: ileri,gelişmiş

: geleneksel: beslemek,

yetiştirmek

: karıştırma

: gelitirmek

: özellik

: dirençli

: kabul etmek

: iptal etmek

: ekleme

: nadir

: özellikle

: besleyici

: çavrdar

: buğday


15/15

www.remziho15

Environment

Throughout history humans haaffected by, the natural world.

lost due to human actions, mu

the environment has been

through human action. While

there is a realization that en

becoming more and more co

arise on a more global level, s

pollution or global warming.

Interactions between human soare constantly changing. The

valued by most, is used and al

people with many differen

Difficulties remain on how best

our environment and natural r

be tradeoffs and, many times, u

consequences. However, a well-

provide goods and services tha

well being as well as for continu

The environment has become

issues of our time and will co

future. The challenge is

environmental management tha

life they seek while protecting

that are also the foundations of

face these challenges, students

superficial knowledge or aw

environmental issues. A mul

learning can build upon the str

fields of study, providing a de

technological, political, and so

for both studying and managin

our society and the environmen

a.com

& Society

e both affected, and beenhile a good deal has been

h of what is valued about

preserved and protected

any uncertainties remain,

ironmental problems are

plex, especially as issues

ch as that of atmospheric

ciety and the environmentnvironment, while highly

tered by a wide variety of

t interests and values.

to ensure the protection of

sources. There will always

anticipated or unintended

managed environment can

are both essential for our

d economic prosperity.

ne of the most important

tinue to be well into the

o find approaches to

t give people the quality of

he environmental systems

our well being. In order to

today will need more than

areness of disconnected

idisciplinary approach to

engths of a wide range of

per understanding of the

ial options and strategies

the relationship between

.

Vthroughout

a good deal

due to

value

uncertainty

realization

complex

especially

issue

arise FROM

constantly

ensure

tradeoff

unanticipate

unintended

consequenc

well being

prosperity

foundation

superficial

knowledge

awareness

multidiscipli

strength

option

relationship

CABULARY: boyunca

: bir çok

: den dolayı

: değer,değer

vermek

: belirsizlik

: gerçekleştirme,

fark etme

: karmaşık X

simple

: özellikle

: konu

: ortaya çıkmak

: devamlı

: garanti etmek

: takas

d : beklenmeyen

:

kasıtsız,tesadüfi

= accidental

causeless

inadvertent

uncaused

unintentional

unplanned

unwitting

: sonuç

: refah

: zenginlik,refah

: temel;kurum

: yüzeysel

: bilgi

: farkındalık

ary : çok disiplinli

: güç,kuvvet

: seçenek

: ilişki

reading for yds

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