reading material, you will be able to: keeping your island ... · influenza and other similar...
TRANSCRIPT
Pacific EMPRINTS – University of Hawaii at Manoa – August 1-5, 2006
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Kee
ping
you
r isl
and
and
regi
on sa
feWith the help of the lectures and this additional reading material, you will be able to:
1) UnderstandwhattypesofactivitiescantakeplacenowtosupportbestmanagementpracticestokeepAvianInfluenzafromyourislands.
2) UnderstandwhattypesofactivitiescouldtakeplaceifAvianInfluenzaisfoundonyourislands.
3) Understandandbeabletosafelytakesamplesfromdeadbirdsforlaboratoryanalysis.
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Keeping your community safe from infection
Currently,thePacificIslandsarefreeofHPAIH5N1.Thissectionisdividingupintoactionsthatcanbetakennowtohelpkeepyourislandfreeofthevirus,andthenwhatdotoifyourislandsarethreatenedbythevirus.
Actions to take now when your island is free of HPAI H5N1(Steps1-3,andSteps5-8,andTables1-6,adaptedfromtheUSNationalParkService,BiologicalResourceManagementDivision,WildlifeHealthProgramdocument,“HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenzainWildlifePreparednessandCommunicationPlan,”andtheUSNationalParkService,BiologicalResourceManagementDivision,WildlifeHealthProgramdocument,“HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenzainWildlifeResponsePlan.”)
STEP 1: Identify designated regional and island avian influenza coordinators (HPAI coordinator)
BecauseofthepotentialrapidspreadofHPAIH5N1,eachislandnationshouldhaveacoordinatorwhoknowsaboutthediseaseandhowitcouldaffectcommunityresources.Inmanycases,theHPAIcoordinatormaybetheBioterrorismCoordinator.
Eachislandgroup(orregion)shoulddesignateaRegionalHPAIcoordinator.TheRegionalHPAIcoordinatorshouldhavealistofallislandHPAIcoordinatorsaswellaspublichealth,veterinaryhealthandNationalParkService(NPS),USGeologicalSurvey(USGS),andUSDepartmentofAgriculture-AnimalPlantHealthInspectionService(USDA-APHIS)contactsfortheregion.
STEP 2: Establish contact with cooperating agencies
Itissuggestedthatinitialcontactsbemadeimmediatelyinordertoestablishlinesofcommunicationandcoordination.Follow-upcommunicationshouldbemadeperiodically,particularlyifthereisachangeinthecurrentHPAI-freestatusofthePacificIslandregion.Examplesoftopicsfordiscussionareincludedbelow,inTable1.
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Table1:Coordinationandcommunicationwithotheragenciesandentities
Agency Discussion topicsOtherAvianInfluenzaorBioterrorismunits
•Shareinformationandconcerns.
•Shareexpertise(e.g.,theislandandRegionalHPAIcoordinator).
•Coordinatecommunicationwithstatesandotheragencies.
TerritorialorStatedivisionofwildlife,forestryoragriculture(asappropriate)andU.S.Fish&WildlifeService
•Discussavailablebaselineinformation(e.g.,migrationpatterns,congregationareasofhighpriorityspecies,orknowninteractionsbetweenwildanddomesticbirds).
•Shareaviansurveillanceplansandresults.
•Identifymajorissuesandconcerns.
•Askhowtheiragencywouldproposetodealwithwildlifeconcerns
TerritorialorStateveterinarian’sofficeandUSDAAPHIS-AreaVeterinarian-in-Charge
•ReiteratethatyourorganizationisconcernedaboutthepotentialimpactofHPAIoncommunityresourcesandhasconcernsaboutmanagementrequirementsifthediseaseoccurswithinthePacificIslandregion.
•Discussmanagementofdomesticbirdstominimizecontactwithwildbirds.
•Shareaviansurveillanceplansandresults.
•Askthemtokeepyourorganizationinformedasappropriateandtocontactyourorganizationifasuspectcase(orpresumptivepositiveorconfirmedpositivecase)isreportedinornearyourisland.
TerritorialorStatePublicHealthDepartmentorMinistryofHealth
•Shareinformationaboutyourorganization’spreparationsandcommunicationmaterials.
•Offertocooperateinanystateorcommunityeffortsshouldtheybecomenecessary.
•Shareyourorganization’scontactinformation.
Entitieswithsharedboundaries:otherfederalagencies,nationalorstateparks,andcounties.
•Discussavailablebaselineinformation(e.g.,migrationpatterns,congregationareasofhighpriorityspecies,orknowninteractionsbetweenwildanddomesticbirds).
•Identifymajorissuesandconcerns.
•Shareyourinstitution’smissionandwillingnesstocooperate.
•Shareaviansurveillanceplansandresults.
•AskhowtheywoulddealwithwildlifeconcernsrelatedtoHPAI.
•Askthemtokeepyourorganizationinformedasappropriate.Askthemiftheywillcontactyourorganizationiftheyhaveasuspectcase(andcertainlyapresumptivepositiveorconfirmedpositivecase).
Poultry/domesticfowloperations(bothbackyardflocksandcommercialflocks)
•ReiteratethatyourorganizationisconcernedaboutthepotentialimpactofHPAIonislandresourcesandhasconcernsaboutmanagementrequirements
•AskiftheyareawareofhowtomonitorforHPAI,howtoprotecttheirflocks,andwhotocontactiftheyhaveconcerns(theirprivateveterinarypractitionerwouldbeagoodplacetostart).
• Sharegeneralinformationaboutyourorganization’spreparationsandcommunicationmaterials.
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STEP 3: Provide basic information to colleagues and have information available for the public
Generalbackgroundinformationshouldbeprovidedtoallcolleaguessothattheyareawareofthediseaseanditspotentialthreattoislandandcommunityresourcesandhumanhealth.Workersshouldbemadeawarethatyourisland,state,orterritoryhas,orispreparinganEmergencyPreparednessandResponsePlanforHPAIH5N1.Itiscriticalforeveryonetoknowhowtoreportmortalityevents(deadbirds).Alocalprocessshouldbedevelopedandconnectedtoregion-wideorinternationalreportingsystem.SomeothertopicsfordiscussionarefoundinTable2.
Methodsofdistributioncanincludee-mail,hardcopiespostedonbulletinboardsandsenttoindividualmailboxes,all-employeemeetings,andtrainingevents.
Table2:Informationtoprovidetoemployees
Worker category Information provided
Allpersonnel • Generalinformationondiseaseanditspotentialthreatstoresourcesandhumanhealth.
• ContactinformationforHPAIcoordinatoronhowtoreportunusualmortalityevents.
• Generalsanitation,hygiene,andhealthprecautions.
• InternationaltravelalertiftravelingtoHPAIaffectedarea.
Livestock,Veterinary,Paraveterinary,orNaturalresourcesstaff
• TrainingonwildlifediseaseinvestigationandassociatedpersonalsafetyandPPE.
• ContactinformationforHPAIcoordinatorandhowtoreportunusualmortalityevents.
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STEP 4: Keep informed of local, regional, and international developments
Keepapprisedoflocal,regional,andinternationaldevelopmentsinthespreadandthreatofHPAIH5N1byvisitingtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)websiteatwww.who.int.TheWHOiscoordinatingtheglobalresponsetohumancasesofH5N1avianinfluenzaandmonitoringthecorrespondingthreatofaninfluenzapandemic.
TobeconnectedonaconsistentbasisabouteventssurroundingAvianInfluenzaandothersimilarsituations,subscribetofreeProMedemaillist:
• Sendane-mailmessageto:[email protected]
• Typeinthebodyofthemessage:subscribepromedigest<youremailaddress>end
Similarly,periodicallycheckouttheUniversityofMinnesota’sCenterforInfectiousDiseaseResearch&Policy(CIDRAP)websiteat:
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/index.html
STEP 5: Assess the local circumstances in coordination with cooperating agencies
IfthethreatofHPAIH5N1nearsyourisland,orregion,itisnecessaryfortheHPAIcoordinatortocontacttheappropriatecooperatingagenciesandre-evaluatetheisland’sparticularsituation.Discussiontopicsmayincludeplanningefforts,surveillanceactivities,andjurisdictionalissuesshoulddiseasedetectionoccur.
STEP 6: Working with cooperating agencies, provide information to employees and the public
ProvideupdatedinformationtoemployeesandthepubliconwhatisbeingdonewithinyourorganizationoronaregionalleveltorespondtothethreatofHPAIifitshouldoccurinthatarea,andwhattheycandotohelpprotecttheisland.Informationonrelativeriskshouldbeprovidedtohelpyourstaff,visitors,andthegeneralpublicinunderstandingdiseaserisktohumans.Additionaltopicsmaybediscussedwithspecializedusegroups(Table3).
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ManymethodscanbeusedtocommunicateinformationaboutHPAIandpreventingitsspread.Methodsofcommunicationmayincludeelectronicmail,employeemeetings,communitymeetings,postingsandsignage,hardcopymailings,personalcontact,interpretiveprograms,faxesandwebsites.Itisimportanttoreachouttoownersofducks,chickens,andfightingchickens.
Table3:Usergroupcontactsanddiscussiontopics.
User group Discussion topicsPoultryfarmersorowners,hunters,scientists,generalpublic
• Up-to-dateinformationonislandriskstatus.
• Goodhygienereminders.
• Importanceofsurveillanceeffortsandreporting.
• Importanceofseparationbetweendomesticandwildbirds.
• Managementactions(SeeStep7).
• Provideinformationonsafehandlingandpreparationofharvestedbirds.
• Importanceofreducingartificialcongregationsofbirdstoreducepotentialfordiseasetransmission.
• AssurethatavianresearchersareawareofthethreatofHPAIandimplementappropriatepersonalsafetypracticesandmeasurestopreventdiseasestransmission.
• CooperatewithresearchersperformingHPAIlivebirdsurveillance.
Human-useinterests:
•Chamberofcommerce
• AssureoperatorsthatyourorganizationisawareofHPAIanditspotentialthreattoislandresourcesandhumanhealth.
Allcommunitymembers
• Encouragereportingofwildlifemortalityevents,particularlyinbirds.
• Observewildlifefromadistance.
• Communicaterelativerisk(e.g.,whyPPEisrequiredforstaffdespitelowrisktoothers).
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STEP 7: Implement preventative management actions to reduce the risk of HPAI
EachoftheUS-AffliatedPacificIslandscantakepreventativemeasurestoreducetheriskofintroductionofHPAI(Table4).
Table4.ManagementactionstoreducetheriskofHPAI
Management objective ActionMinimizeinteractionbetweendomesticandwildbirds.
• Reduce/eliminateferalpoultryfromresidentialareas
• Reduceoreliminatecontactbetweenwildbirdsandpoultry/petbirdsbymovingthemindoors
• Donotacceptillegalshipmentsofbirds(liveordead)
• Complywithexistingagriculturalhealthinspectionregulationswhenmovingbirdsbetweenvillagesorislands
• Promptlyreportunusualdeathorsicknesseventsinpoultryorwildbirdstoappropriateauthorities
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STEP 8: Surveillance and detection action implementation
Over40speciesofwildbirdshavebeenshowntobesusceptibletoinfectionwithHPAIH5N1virus.Whilenotallspeciesinfectednecessarilyexhibitclinical,visiblesigns,ofthedisease,thecurrentvirusstrain(s)havecausedmorbidity(illness)andmortality(death)inavarietyofavianspecies,particularlywaterfowlandshorebirds.FivesurveillancestrategieshavebeenidentifiedforcollectingmonitoringandsurveillancedataonH5N1virusinwildbirds.Currently,therearenosurveillanceplansfordomesticbirds,butthiswildbirdplandoesprovidesomesolidideasforsurveillancebestmanagementpracticesandsoitissharedhere.
ThesystematicinvestigationofillnessanddeathinwildbirdstodetermineifH5N1isplayingaroleincausingthesemaladiesoffersthehighestandearliestprobabilityofdetectingthevirusifitisintroducedby,orto,migratorybirdsintheUSandthePacificIslandsregion.Atthisstep,investigationoftheseeventswillbeusedastheprimarymeansforsurveillanceanddetectionofHPAIH5N1(Table5).
Itisimportanttoemphasizethatillnessanddeathinwildbirdscanbeduetoavarietyofcauses.LaboratorytestingisrequiredtodeterminecauseofdeathandtorefuteorconfirminfectionwithHPAI.InstructionsforHPAIsurveillanceareincludedintheNPSHighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenzainWildlifeResponsePlan.Whileawaitingdiagnosticresults,interimactionsmayneedtobetaken(Table6).
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Table5:ComponentsofHPAIsurveillanceanddetectionactivities
Action ActivityProcuresampling/shippingmaterials
• Carcassbags,shippingboxes,ice,disinfectant
• PPE
• Carcasstransportation
Obtainnecessarytraining • Providedbylocalgovernment,SPC,UH,USFWS,otherDOIbureausorothercooperators
Obtainnecessaryemployeehealthreview
• Respiratoruse
Identifylaboratoryforsamplesubmission
• USGSNationalWildlifeHealthCenter
• OtherveterinarylaboratoriescertifiedtoconductHPAIH5N1virusdiagnostics
Identifypriorityspecies • Birdspeciesmigratingfromaffectedareas
• Waterfowlandshorebirds
• Birdspecieswithhighinfectionrates(currentlyunknown)
Reportingsystem • Identifykeycontactindividuals
• Developsystemforreportingbyemployees,visitors,andresidents
Respondtomortalityevents • Communicationofevents
• Evaluationofimportance
• Availabletrainedstaff
• Transportationandlogistics
Implementactivesurveillanceandadditionalsurveillancestrategies
• Seekoutmortalityeventsratherthanpassivelyawaitingreporting.
• Implementothersurveillancestrategiesasneededonasite-specificbasis.
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Table6:StepstotakewhileawaitingHPAIH5N1diagnosticresults
Action ActivityEventinvestigation • Documentmortalityevent(e.g.,location,
species,ageclass,numbers).
• Maintainsurveillanceofsite.
• Collectcarcassesandimplementbiosafetymeasures.
• Assessneedforinvolvementofawildlifediseaseinvestigationteam.
Consultationwithregionalandnationalprograms
• Wildlifehealth
• Publichealth
• Riskmanagement
• Publicaffairs
• Directorate(basedonassessmentofrisk)
• ReviewNationalandDepartmentalPlans
Communication • Pressrelease
• Contact:
• Statewildlifemanagementagency
• Stateveterinarian’soffice
• Statedepartmentofhealth
• USDAAPHIS
• USGS,USFWS
Humansafety • Limitvisitationtoaffectedarea.
• Assessemployeehealthriskandimplementnecessaryactions.
Otheractionstotakewhilewaitingincludethecontinuedsurveillanceofaffectedandsurroundingareasforavianmortalities,limitmovementofdomesticbirds,andcontinuedcommunicationswithlaboratoriesandhealthauthorities.
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What is an unusual mortality or morbidity event?
Amortalityeventisananimaldeath;amorbidityeventisananimalillnessthatpotentiallyleadstoananimaldeath.AccordingtotheNPS,“Unusualmortalityeventsarewildlifedeathsthatoccuroutsidetherangethatisusuallyobserved.Professionaljudgment,historicalknowledgeoftheareas,andconsultationwithdiseaseexpertsmaybeusedtomakethedetermination.Unusualmortalityeventscantakedifferentforms,includingincreasednumbersfounddead,durationofmortalitiesovertime,ormortalitythatoccursatadifferentplaceortimeofyearthanexpected.Generally,asingledeadbirddoesnotconstitutean‘event,’however,thisobservationmayinitiatemonitoringforadditionalmortalities.”
TheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)hassimilarrecommendationsforsurveillanceforunusualmortalityormorbidityevents.AccordingtotheFAO,“anofficialveterinaryfieldinvestigationshouldbelaunchedwhenthesurveillanceeffortsrevealthata“triggerpoint”hasbeenreached.”(FAOExpertMeeting,July21-23,2004)
Triggerpointsforchickensineachproductionsector
(FAOExpertMeeting,July21-23,2004)
Sector Trigger point for chickens ProductionSector1 Foodandwaterintakereducedby20%for
oneday;ormortalityof1%for2daysProductionSector2 Dailymortalityof1%for2daysProductionSector3 Dailymortalityof1%for2daysProductionSector4 Dailymortalityof5%for2days
Sector 1: Industrial integrated system with high level biosecurity and birds/products marketed commercially (e.g. farms that are part of an integrated broiler production enterprise with clearly defined and implemented standard operating procedures for biosecurity).
Sector 2: Commercial poultry production system with moderate to high biosecurity and birds/products usually marketed commercially (e.g. farms with birds kept indoors continuously; strictly preventing contact with other poultry or wildlife).
Sector 3: Commercial poultry production system with low to minimal biosecurity and birds/products entering live bird markets (e.g. a caged layer farm with birds in open sheds; a farm with poultry spending time outside the shed; a farm producing chickens and waterfowl).
Sector 4: Village or backyard production with minimal biosecurity and birds/products consumed locally.
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AccordingtotheFAOrecommendations,thetriggerpointforvillageorbackyardproductionisadailymortalityof5%fortwodays.Forexample,ifyouhave20chickensinyourbackyardorvillageflock,thetriggerpointwouldbereachedifyoufoundone(1)deadchickenonMonday,andthenanothersingle(1)deadchickenonTuesday.Forthisreason,itisessentialtobevigilantaboutwatchingandcaringforyourflock.
What to do with sick or dead birds(FromtheFAOdocument,“PROTECTPOULTRY–PROTECTPEOPLE”)
• Reportsickordeadbirdsimmediatelytotheveterinaryauthorities(orlocalequivalent)
• Donotleavedeadanimalslyingaround• Donotfeeddeadbirdstopigs,otherdomesticanimals,orfish• Donotthrowdeadanimalsintorivers,lakes,ocean,orother
bodiesofwater• Ifyouhaveanintactplasticbag,placethecarcassinthebag;if
youdonot,takethecarcassawayfromtherestoftheflockandoutofreachofchildrenandothers
• Leavedisposalofbirdcarcassestotheveterinaryauthorities(orlocalequivalent)andhelponlyiftheyask
• Iftherearenoveterinaryauthorities(orlocalequivalent),seekhelpfromyourlocalcommunitytodisposeofcarcasses(byburning)
• Donoteatthecarcassofadeadbird• Donotsellthecarcassofadeadbird
Reporting an unusual mortality or morbidity event
ReportingofUnusualMortalityorMorbidityeventswillvarybyislandandcountry.Somestates,territories,andnationshavetelephonehotlines,with24informationregardingcollectionanddisposalinformation.
Doyouknowthedeadbirdcollectionprocedureonyourisland?
Your local Dead Bird Hotline phone number: __________________
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Setting up an Avian Influenza surveillance program
EachislandmustdevelopanAvianInfluenzaSurveillanceProgram,andanaccompanyingprotocolforsurveillancetesting.SomeislandswillhaveassistancefromtheSecretariatofthePacificCommunity(SPC);someislandswillhaveassistancefromtheUSFishandWildlifeService(FWS)andtheUSGeologicalSurvey(USGS),onbehalfofthePacificFlywayCouncil;someislandsmayreceiveassistancefromtheNationalParkService.Besuretoidentifytheindividualsandorganizationsthatarepreparedtoprovidesupporttoyourisland.
ThePacificFlywayCouncilhasidentifiedfourmethodsforcollectingspecimens(orsamples)forAvianInfluenzatesting:
• SamplingLiveBirds• SamplingHunter-HarvestedBirds• Environmental(water,soil)Sampling• DetectionandResponsetoaMortality/MorbidityEvent
Inadditiontothesefourmethods,theFWSandUSGShavecontributedanadditionalsamplingmethod:SamplingSentinelBirds.(Fordetailedinformation,pleaseread“ASurveillancePlanforHPAIH5N1AvianInfluenzainWildMigratoryBirdsinHawaiiandtheUSAffiliatedPacificIslands,”preparedbythePacificIslandsFishandWildlifeOffice,FWS,andNationalWildlifeHealthLaboratory,USGS).
Duetotheuniqueenvironmentoneachisland,theabovesamplingmethodsmaynotbeappropriateforallislands.Indevelopingasurveillanceplan,itwillbeimportanttoevaluatetheisland’senvironmentalresources,andthehumanresources.
WithinthesurveillanceplandevelopedbythePacificIslandsFishandWildlifeOfficeinHonolulu,Hawaii,theprimarysamplingmethodwillbe“MortalitySurveillance,”amethodsimilartotheaforementionedDetectionandResponsetoaMortality/MorbidityEvent.Duringmortalitysurveillance,allbirdsfounddeadonanislandwillbetestedforHPAIH5N1.
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Shipping samples for laboratory testing
DuetothelimitedlaboratoryinfrastructureofthePacificregion,thevastdistancesinvolved,andthelimitedpostalandfreighttransportationservices,thelargesthurdletoestablishinganAvianInfluenzaSurveillanceProgramisdevelopingaplanforgettingthespecimens(orsamples)toadiagnosticlaboratory.
DiagnostictestingofspecimensorsamplesmustbeconductedinaBiosafetyLevel3Laboratory(BSL-3).Honolulu,Hawaii,hasaBSL-3laboratoryasdoesAustralia.
Biologicalspecimensorsamplesmustbeproperlypackagedandtransportedinordertoprotectthesender,theshipper,andthelaboratory(therecipient).Dependingonthesamplingmethod,andthetransportationmethod,thesendermayneedaDangerousGoodsShippercertification.
Collecting samples for laboratory testing
OnthefollowingpagesaretwomethodsforcollectingspecimensforMortalitySurveillance:
• CollectingandPreparingWholeCarcass(WholeBird)Specimens
• CollectingandPreparingCloacalSwabSamples
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Collecting and preparing whole bird specimens
Text and Graphic from National Park Service, “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wildlife Response Plan”
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Collecting and preparing cloacal samples
Picturesandtextadaptedfrom“Sampling,Handling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting,”apresentationbyChrisFranson,NationalWildlifeHealthCenter.
1.Materialsneededtocollectsample:
• PersonalProtectiveEquipment(gloves,respirator,goggles,booties,tyveksuit,handsanitizer)
• Dacronswabs• TransportmediaorRNAlater• Scissors• Permanentmarker• Plasticbags• Trashbags
SlidefromChrisFranson’spresentation,“Sampling,Handling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting.”
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2.Collectsample
Insectentiredacronheadofswab;moveinacircularmotiontocontactinsidewallofclocacatocollectcloacoalsample.
SlidefromChrisFranson’spresentation,“Sampling,Handling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting.”
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3.Preservingthesample
• TIP:Twistoffcapoftransporttube,keepingcapinyourpinkyfinger.
• PlacesampleintransporttubewithtransportmediaorRNAlater.BesurethattheswabheadisfullycoveredbythetransportmediaorRNAlater.
• Trimtheendofthedaconswab,carefulnottospillthetransportmediaorRNAlater.
• Leaveswabinmedia• Carefullyputoncapoftransporttubeandtightencap• Disinfectglovesandexterioroftransporttubewithalcoholwipes• Labeltransporttube• Placeinplasticbagwithabsorbentmaterial(incaseofspill)
Shipping protocols and specimen submittal forms
ShippingprotocolsandSpecimenSubmittalforms(seeanexampleonthenextpage)willvarybetweenlaboratoriesandtakeintoconsiderationthetransportationandtimerequirementstoreachthediagnosticlaboratory.
CONTACT THE DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY (OR RECEIVING LABORATORY) BEFORE SHIPPING
ANY SAMPLES OR SPECIMENS.
Procedureforpreservingsample(photosfromChrisFranson’spresentation,“Sampling,Han-dling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting.”
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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL WILDLIFE HEALTH CENTER-HONOLULU FIELD STATION
WILDLIFE LOSS REPORT FORM
CONTACT INFORMATION
FOUND BY:__________________________________PHONE__________
SUBMITTED BY:______________________________PHONE__________
AFFILIATION:_______________________________________________
ADDRESS:__________________________________________________
DATE FOUND:__________ ISLAND:__________________________
SPECIFIC SITE:___________ GPSLAT_______:GPSLONG:______ (see map on back)
ANIMAL INFORMATION SPECIES NUMBER (e.g. owl, tern, boobie, etc) (List males/females/adults/juvenile if known)
1)__________________________ ____________________________________
2)__________________________ ____________________________________
3)__________________________ ____________________________________
4)__________________________ ____________________________________
ESTIMATED TIME OF DEATH:___________________________________________
LOSS SITE SUSPECT CAUSE DURATION OF LOSS __River/stream __Disease __Hours __Lake/Pond __Pesticide __Months __Estuary/Bay __Fertlizer __Years __Ocean __Poison __Field (Agriculture) __Weather __Road __Accident __Town/City __Other __Forest__AirportIf captive, died where and when:_____________________________________________
PLEASE SEE BACK FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON HANDLING AND SHIPPING CARCASSES
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Notes . . .
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Notes . . .