His 1130 Colonial Latin America, Indigenous People and Cultural

Change

Reading Quiz: Coates Ch. 3Chapter Focus on Mutual Discovery25 points per question:1. How did Europeans describe the

indigenous peoples that they met around the world?

2. What were indigenous impressions of the newcomers?

3. What does European focus on “heathenism” and “savagery” tell us about their own world?

4. What legacies of “First Contacts” are still visible?

Prepare for next classDebate on African Slave Trade: See details on ASULEARN

Operative question: How did the slave trade change indigenous peoples, both in Africa and in the Americas?

1. Why did the Europeans enslave Africans?A. Economic reasons (argued by A-M)B. Racism and previous existence of slavery in Africa (argued by N-Z)

2. Did the Atlantic Slave trade change cultures in the Americas?

A. Slavery changed cultures in the Americas to a great degree (argued by A-M)

B. Slavery had little influence on cultures in the Americas (argued by N-Z)

A. Indigenous People in Latin America under Colonial RuleWhat have we already learned and what do

you know?

1. Sixteenth Century Death and Resistance

Flight and Resistance: 1511 Chief HatueyGuahaba (Haiti), fled to eastern Cuba

Encomienda tribute and Repartimiento Labor Systems

1536 Manco Inca besieged Cuzco1541 Mixtec fortified Mixtón and Nochistlán

in New Spain, besieged Guadalajara to protest the encomienda

Spanish and Tlaxcaltec and Aztec soldiers recaptured towns 1564 Taki Onqoy movement in Huamanga, PeruReche (Araucanian) resistance, ongoing until 1882Demographic Collapse and numbers, implications

2. La Republica de IndiosSeparate nation, a hereditary tribute-paying

casteIndian noblesCorruption by kurakas, caciquesWhy so divided? Conditions pitted ayllus against

kurakas, ejidos against caciquesDemands and agressionsBy late 16th century, native

aristrocracy in full decline

3. Seventeenth Century: Ongoing Integration into Colonial Systems

Indigenous people drawn into social caste system and colonial legal framework

Guaman Poma de Ayala: translator on visitas, 1,189-page letter to King Philip III 1600

Labor: haciendas, plantations, crafts, brickmaking, artisanship, textiles

 

Jesuit Missions

Military ResistanceReche (Araucanian) resistanceIndigenous Integration, urbanization, ongoing

nonviolent resistanceCounter one-sided exploitation by showing

indigenous agencyLong war against settlement in Brazil as Paulistas

enslaved inland native people on missionsMaranhão tribes united and federated in their war

against EuropeansGuaicurú tribes as far as Paraguay attacked

settlements and missions

Hispanicized Cacique and Kuraka Familias

Some indigenous chiefs become wealthyMany functioned as go-betweens tribe and

Spanish authoritiesDon Antonio de Hinojosa, who from 1671-

1694 was the Nahua governor of the municipality of Cuernavaca

Vast majority of resistance was nonviolent

4. General Conditions and ResistanceEighteenth Century ResistanceIndigenous demographic recovery Creation of pan-indigenous identityOngoing Araucanian war against Spanish

hegemony in ChileMoysuti in Brazil Dominican mission burned,

control entire western Brazilian savanna1720-1790 over 100 Andean uprisings due to

labor in Silver mines

Andean Uprisings Colonial Crisis1742 Juan Santos Atahualpa messianic

insurrection in the central highlands 1780 to 1782: Insurrection of Tupac Amaru IIUprisings contribute to fear of creole eliteBolívar dealt first with the local bands of

indigenous and fugitive slaves in 1821 QuitoBolívar reinforced decrees abolishing

indigenous tribute and forced laborWars for independence and indigenous roles,

participation 

Sources: Global History Ch. 3Impressions of different peoples and their

cultures

How did first contacts shape cultural changes?

What results of these first contacts are still evident? (Coates: p. 91)

E. Indian Local Government

Most Indians lived in own towns, some pre-hispanic, others new as reductions 

Alcalde, and regidor, elected every year, traditional chiefs by consensus

 Drastic changes of traditional native political and social structures

In Andes, Indian towns composed by neighborhoods or kinship gps (calpulli and ayllu) each w hereditary elders

Vara (staff) of leadership in northern Andean tradition

 Much Hispanicization (Cultural Mixture and Change) took place: dress, religion, tools, food

Spanish barriers prevented complete Hispanicization Native communities fought to keep land, culture, speech, soc. org., dances,

songs Cofradias, (religious brotherhood) collective identity & security 

E. Conclusions: Cultural Changes in Colonial Latin America

How did European expansion change native cultures?

Conquest and Colonial imposition: heavy material damage, psychological injury

Demographic Collapse from disease and Recovery

One symptom of Indian social disorganization was widespread alcoholism

Gradual Indigenous Integration into Colonial Structures and Society

How did indigenous cultures change?