real and artificial intelligence
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Real and Artificial Intelligence. Elaine Regelson Director of Mentoring and Retention Computer Science Professor Ross Beveridge. What is “Intelligence”?. Thoughts … ??. What is “intelligence”?. 1. the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: an eminent man of great intelligence - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Real and Artificial Intelligence
Elaine RegelsonDirector of Mentoring and Retention
Computer Science
Professor Ross Beveridge
What is “Intelligence”?
• Thoughts … ??
What is “intelligence”?
1. the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: an eminent man of great intelligence
2. a person or being with the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: extraterrestrial intelligences
[Oxford English Dictionary online:
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/intelligence]
What is intelligent?
• That is, what are some examples of things you think are intelligent?
• Thoughts?
What is intelligent?
• People?
What is intelligent?
• People?• Mice?
What is intelligent?
• People?• Mice?• Bees?
What is intelligent?
• People?• Mice?• Bees? … or cockroaches?
What is intelligent?
• People?• Mice?• Bees? … or cockroaches?• Amoebae?
What is intelligent?
• People?• Mice?• Bees? … or cockroaches?• Amoebae?• Rocks?
Back to intelligence:
• Is there only one kind?
Back to intelligence:
• Is there only one kind?• If so, what is it?
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• Dr. Howard Gardner: not only do human beings have several different ways of learning and processing information, but these methods are relatively independent of one another: leading to multiple "intelligences" as opposed to a “general intelligence factor” among correlated abilities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
Dr. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• Linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
• … and considering a ninth: existential intelligence (the posing and pondering of "big questions")
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
So how do you know …
• … if something is intelligent?
Can Machines Be Intelligent?
Can Machines Be Intelligent?
• How would you know?
Thinking Machines
Professor Ross Beveridge
April, 2009
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Thinking Machines
Introduction:
What is this machine thinking?
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Up Front - Visual Sources
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Thinking - Machines
TM 3
Aristotle
& Other
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Are people special?
What would make them special?
Let’s consider this…
Perspective: Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Perspective: Humans are Special
1. We our the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Perspective: Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
3. Only animal to use tools.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Perspective: Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
3. Only animal to use tools.
4. Only animal to use language.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Perspective: Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
3. Only animal to use tools.
4. Only animal to use language.
5. Well, at least we are intelligent.
Take heart, we are the ones building the machines.
Maybe defining intelligence is tricky!
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Some Definitions of A.I.
• Dean et. al.: Design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently.
• Rich and Knight: The study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better.
• Handbook of AI: Is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior - understanding language, reasoning, solving problems, and so on.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Talents, Human & Machine
Talent HumanMachine
Arithmetic Give it up.Great!
Short Term Memory 7 +/- 2GigaBytes
Memory - Association Great!Struggling
Natural Language Great!Getting better
Scheduling - formal Give it up.Great!
Handling unexpected ResourcefulDreadful … ?
GoodWhat is it?Common Sense
Perception - Sight Great!Not general
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Look Ma - No Hands
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Computer - Listen up!
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Accomplishments - Chess
Chess is as elaborate a waste of human intelligence as you can find outside an advertising agency.
Raymond ChandlerUS detective novelist & screenwriter (1888 - 1959)
Raymond Chandler’s views on waste aside, he and many others associate Chess with intelligence.
"If you can't beat your computer at chess, try kickboxing.”
Anon
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
TD Gammon
Temporal Difference Learning
Tesauro 1994
“It is quite true that rollout results from three backgammon playing computer programs (Expert Backgammon, TD-Gammon, and Jellyfish) have given us new insights into opening rolls and other phases of the game.”
Kit Woolsey - 1995
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Better Jet Engines
Ashley, Steven, "Engineous Explores the Design Space", Mechanical Engineering, February 1992, pp. 49-52.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Too Far Out Not to Think
AI planner controls the Deep Space 1 space probe
-
NASA 1999
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Thinking Machines & CSU
Darrell WhitleyGenetic Algorithm & SearchCharles AndersonNeural Nets & Reinforcement LearningAdele HowePlanning & EvaluationRoss BeveridgeComputer Vision & SearchBruce DraperComputer Vision & Learning
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Computer Vision - Faces
People do it well.
and how about machines?
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
CSU Face Recognition
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Internet Agents - Metasearch
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
What is on your Mind
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009
Can Machines Be Intelligent?
• How would we know?
Next few slides based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test
Alan Turing
• British mathematician• “Father of modern computer science”
Alan Turing
• British mathematician• “Father of modern computer science”• 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and
Intelligence” which opens with the words “Can computers think?”
Alan Turing
It turns out that that’s very hard to determine, so he chose an alternative:
Alan Turing
• “Are there imaginable digital computers that would do well in the ‘imitation game’?”
Imitation Game [1]
• Man and woman, separate rooms; both try to emulate the opposite gender while “judges” try to tell them apart while communicating only via typewritten slips of paper.
Imitation Game [2]
• In this version the human “judge” tries to figure out which “player” is a human and which is a computer.
Turing Test
Imitation Game [2]
• The question to be resolved: “Is it possible to ask questions to identify which is which using only typewritten communications?”
What would YOU ask?
MANY more “fields”
Neural networks
• Computers figuring out how to solve complex problems without the human programmers knowing what is going on…
Communication
Communication
• Speech generation (the computer talks)
Solved adequately in the 1970’s. Great progress with aesthetically pleasing voices has been made, but there’s still lots to be done.
Communication
• Speech recognition (the computer recognizes the words a person is speaking). Individual words addressed reasonably in the
very late 1970s
A primitive versions of connected speech recognition began in the very early 1980s
Communication
• Speech recognition (the computer recognizes the words a person is speaking)
Phone speech is improving. Voices? Accents?
Communication
Speech understanding (the computer “actually” “understands” – parses and properly interprets – what the person is saying). But it’s often hard.
Communication
Speech understanding (the computer “actually” “understands” – parses and properly interprets – what the person is saying). But it’s often hard.
What exactly does “Flying airplanes can be dangerous” mean?
Communication
Speech understanding (the computer “understands” what the person is saying):
Now we have Watson playing Jeopardy!
And more still
for you and your peers to discover!
Wrapping up:
So …
• What is intelligence?
Real versus artificial intelligence
• How will we know?
What next?
• Look online – IBM’s “Watson” playing Jeopardy
– Amazing robots
– Old and new examples of intelligence, artificial or otherwise
What next?
• Or read. Maybe – meet “Mike” in Robert Heinlein’s “Moon Is a
Harsh Mistress” (weird and … um … “adult”)
– or “HAL” in Stanley Kubrick’s “2001: A Space Odyssey”
– or one of Dr. Howard Gardner’s books on intelligence
– or any of MANY other books and articles
What next?
• Or see what you can imagine. Maybe – thinking machines
– new ideas for robots
– new kinds of “intelligence”
– what else might animals be capable of doing?
– what else might YOU be capable of doing?
Any questions or comments?