real time. 7/10/11 now digitized: sense/observe collect/distribute analyze simulate live, full-scale...
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REALTIME
7/10/11
Now Digitized:Sense/ObserveCollect/DistributeAnalyzeSimulate
Live, Full-scaleGiga-PlacesPeta-Bytes, Tera-OPSFemto-time
Observe
Learn
Decide
ActInteroperable, pervasive networkingUbiquitous sensors
Real-time, massive analysisAutomated learningVast, evolving knowledge stores
What is “real time”?
Real Time Systems: Live, always-on, reactive, interactive, stable, controllable, adaptive
Then
What If?
NowIn Tim
e
Too
Late
7/10/11
Then
What If?
Now Later
What If?
Rate-1 Rate-1 Rate-1
Time Frames and Operation Rates
Observation time – measure, discriminate
Analysis time – communicate, contextualize, understand
Decision time – choose, formulate, distribute
Action time – energize,drive
7/10/11
Sample rates vary with applications
Pico to milli-seconds
Speed of a process
Days to weeks Decades
Stock trading incl’d programmed trading
Automobile controls engines to driverless control
Water resources measurement, modeling & controls
SCIENCE
Surveillance Memory recall Climate change
Content distribution
Power grid demand
It all begins with simulation…
Simulator with Human
Sensors*Model of
System e.g. airplane
*Sensors may be people
MIT Whirlwind (c1951) first real time computer. Begot SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)
Sample rate versus utility
Pico to milli-seconds
Speed of a process Days to weeks Decades
Stock trading incl’d programmed trading
Automobile controls engines to driverless control; Power grid demand
Water resources measurement, modeling & controls
SCIENCE
Surveillance Memory recall Climate change
Content distribution
Wes Clark, Lincoln Laboratory, and LINC, first PC. LINC: Laboratory Instrument Computer c. 1962Real time processing for bio-medical research.
Real time Sensinge.g. laboratory control, simulators
REAL WORLD System
Sensors*
Observers,Model
Builders e.g. Scientists
*Sensors may be people
Channel to effect behavior
LINC 2007 Vintage Computer Fair(At age 45 … turns 50 next year)
Some other real time computers
Whirlwind: Bright Boys
1962 LINC that influenced PDP-5
8/1963 PDP-5 for interfacing a Canadian research reactor to a PDP-4 (controller)
RT-11 from OS/8 begot CPM >> DOS
RSX-11
Sensing…
REAL WORLD System
Sensors*
Observations by human operators
*Sensor/effector may be people
Sharing of dataTo effect change
Plain old closed loop control
Real time Control
REAL WORLD System
Model of REAL WORLD
System
Sensors*
Effectors*
Advice (t+1)
Controller(Processing, policies and
people)
*Sensor/effector may be people
Real time and Control with/wo Real World Modeling
REAL WORLD System
Model of REAL WORLD
System
Sensors*
Effectors*
Advice (t+1)
Controller(Processing, policies and
people)
*Sensor/effector may be people
Delays and Noise
Delays and Noise