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Real-World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Lina Karam and Naji MounsefElectrical Engineering Department

Arizona State University [email protected]

NI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 1Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Resources – To probe furtherResources To probe further…• Lina J. Karam and Naji Mounsef, “Introduction to

E i i A St t ’ G id With H d O Di it lEngineering: A Starter’s Guide With Hands-On Digital Multimedia and Robotics Explorations,” Morgan-Claypool, 2008 (ISBN: 9781598297621 paperback, yp , ( p p ,ISBN: 9781598297638 ebook)

• Lina J. Karam and Naji Mounsef, “Introduction to Engineering: A Starter’s Guide With Hands-On Analog Multimedia Explorations,” Morgan-Claypool, 2008 (ISBN: 9781598297591 paperback ISBN:(ISBN: 9781598297591 paperback, ISBN: 9781598297607 ebook)


ObjectivesImprove recruitment and retention.Excite students about engineering and engineeringExcite students about engineering and engineering

careers.Provide knowledge and hands-on experience in

engineering design and in translating concepts into real-world applications.

Introduce students to data acquisition test andIntroduce students to data acquisition, test, and measurement.

Provide experience using tools and equipmentProvide experience using tools and equipment commonly used in industry.

Provide hands-on instruction tools to other educators.


Strategy

Instrumentation and prototyping boards for data acquisition, analog processing, testing, and measurements, and introduction to circuits, logic, and electromagnetics

NI ELVISNI ELVIS


Strategy

Embedded real-time DSP technology for data/signal acquisition, digital processing, computing systems, communications and controls and their applications in the development of multimedia systems and robotics

Robotics Daughter Card

NI SPEEDY33 moreNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 5Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Strategy

Visual instrumentation and programmingBlock Diagram

Front Panel

NI LabVIEWNI LabVIEW


Hand-On ApplicationsDigital Applications: SPEEDY-33

Audio Level Meter using LEDs

Noise Removal using Digital Filters

Music Equalizer

Telephone

Introduction to Robotics Expanded into t oduct o to obot cs

Digital Audio Effects: Echo, Reverb

Music Composer

Design Project

Music Composer

Modem

AM Radio


Hand-On Applications

Analog Applications: NI ELVIS

L l M t i LED diLevel Meter using LEDs: audio, light, temperature

Noise Removal using Analog g gFilters

Music Equalizer using Op-Amps

Music Composer using 555 timers

AM Radio: AM ModulatorAM Radio: AM Modulator

AM Radio: AM Demodulator


Hand-On Applications

Digital Applications: NI LabVIEW

Digital Image Processing

Real-Time Video Processing


Digital Applications: Audio Level MeterDigital Applications: Audio Level Meter


SPEEDY-33 LEDs and Switches

8 Switches

8 LEDsPrimary focus of multimedia applications are real‐world analog signals (a dio speech signals )signals (audio, speech signals…)

There are applications that benefit from digital inputs and outputs: ‐triggering interrupts using switches‐triggering, interrupts using switches‐error indicator, LED VU Meter using LEDS.NI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 11Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

SPEEDY-33 LEDs and Switches

8 Switches

8 LEDsDigital Input & Output can be configured easily using LabVIEW

LEDs turn on when a 1 is written to them. They turn off when a 0 is sent.

Switches states can be read in LabVIEW If a switch is pressedSwitches states can be read in LabVIEW. If a switch is pressed, then its state is 1.


Part 1: Controlling LEDs using SwitchesAs a starting application, VI

implemented to check the f h i hstatus of the DIP switches

and accordingly manipulate the corresponding LEDs; p g ;i.e., if DIP switch 1 is ON, turn LED1 ON, and so on.


Part 1: Controlling LEDs using Switchesg g


Part 2: Audio LED VU Meter

For audio systems or recorders, an audio VU (VU standsFor audio systems or recorders, an audio VU (VU stands for Volume Units) meter is a device that indicates the relative levels of the audio being recorded or played.

An audio signal is acquired and and its energy level is compared with different levels If the energy is highercompared with different levels. If the energy is higher than a certain level, corresponding LEDs will be turned on.


Part 2: Audio LED VU Meter


Connect the SPEEDY 33 board to your computer using theHands-On …Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using the

supplied USB cable.Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Audio Level Meter.S l t th A di L l M t j t filSelect the Audio Level Meter project file.Or, if no project is available, create a project using LabVIEW:Run LabVIEW 8.5.Under Targets, “DSP Project” should be displayed. Click the Go button under Targets.Click Next under the “Define Project Info” windowClick Next under the Define Project Info window.Under “Target type”, select SPEEDY-33.Click Finish.U d th “P j t E l ” i d li k Fil th l tUnder the “Project Explorer” window, click File then select Open. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Audio Level Meter.Select the Audio_Level_Meter VI then save the project.NI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 18Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Analog Applications: Audio Level Meter


Analog Applications: Audio Level Meter

Components:DiodesDiodesLEDsComparatorsResistors


DiodesAnode

Cathode

Diode allows an electric current to flow in one direction.It needs 0.7 V difference between its positive and negative terminal to operate. The negative side (cathode) of a diode is indicated by a gray g ( ) y g ydash.


Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)g g ( )Small colored lights available in any electronics store.

Used widely in different applications: indicator lights on our stereos automobile dashboardslights on our stereos, automobile dashboards, microwave ovens, numeric displays on clock radios, digital watches, and calculators are composed of bars of LEDs, TV remote controls, jewelry and clothing…

Th ti id f LED i i di t d b thThe negative side of a LED is indicated by the shorter of the two wires extending from the LED.

LED t t l ti l lt b t b t 1V d 4VLEDs operate at relative low voltages between about 1V and 4V.


ComparatorsComparators

Basic OperationIf V+ >= V‐, the comparator output voltage will be VccIf V V th t t t lt ill b 0 VIf V+ < V‐, the comparator output voltage will be 0 V


Part 1: Controlling 1 LED with comparator and Power S lSupply


Part 2: Converting AC to DC


Part 3: Voltage Divider

1.86

1.33

0.94

0.698V

0.69

0.49

Divided Voltage =

Input Voltage*(R2/R1+R2)

0.34

0.24Input Voltage (R2/R1+R2)


Part 4: First Stage of an Audio Level Meter

Convert AC to DC V=8*3/(22+3) = 1V= 1V


Part 5: 8-LED Audio Level Meter


8-LED Audio Level Meter: Digital Versus Analog

ELVISSPEEDY‐33


H d O DHands-On Demo…


Di it l A li ti N i R lDigital Applications: Noise Removal using Digital Filters


Sinusoidal Signals and FrequencySinusoidal Signals and FrequencyA sinusoid is any function of time having the

following form:


Sinusoidal Signals and Frequencyg q yWaveforms can be expressed as the sum of various

sinusoidal componentssinusoidal components.


Sinusoidal Signals and FrequencySinusoidal Signals and Frequency

Signals (voice, music…) are composed g ( ) pof different frequency components. For example, voice signals are composed of frequencies ranging from p q g g300 Hz to 3300 Hz, while music frequencies range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

One can take advantage of this fact to eliminate unwanted frequencies.


What is a filter?What is a filter?A filter is a device that accepts an input signal, and

passes or amplifies selected frequencies while itpasses or amplifies selected frequencies while it blocks or attenuates unwanted ones.

Filters can be analog or digitalFilters can be analog or digital.The Frequency Response of a filter is the measure of

the filter's response (filter output) to a sinusoidalthe filter s response (filter output) to a sinusoidal signal of varying frequency and unit amplitude at its input.p

Lowpass Highpass Bandpass Bandstop


Filter Types – Frequency Responseyp q y p


Plotting Signals in Frequency Domaing g q y


Noise Removal Design system to remove noise from a

corrupted signal.l d h d di fil d lDownload the corrupted audio file and play

it. The file was corrupted by adding asinusoidal tone to it.

C t th t t d d f th PC tConnect the output sound card of the PC tothe input of the DSP board using thedouble jack stereo cable. The corruptedaudio file is now the input signal for theaudio file is now the input signal for theSpeedy-33 board.

Find the frequency of the noise by lookingat the FFT of the input signal.p g

Design a bandstop filter to eliminate thenoise components and observe thefrequency spectrum of the filtered signal.


C t th SPEEDY 33 b d t t iHands-On …Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using

the supplied USB cable.Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/NoiseGo to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Noise

RemovalSelect the Noise Removal project file.p jConnect Audio cable from PC Audio Out to

SPEEDY-33 Audio InConnect another Audio Cable from SPEEDY-33 Audio

Out to Speakers.


Analog Applications: Noise Removal i A l Filusing Analog Filters


Noise Removal with Analog FiltersNoise Removal with Analog FiltersComponents:

ResistorsResistorsCapacitorOpAmpOpAmp


Noise Removal with Analog FiltersNoise Removal with Analog FiltersLowpassFilter

Filtered Audio Signal

Noisy Audio signal

Filter+

HighpassFilter

g

Noisy A di FilteredAudio signal

Filtered Audio Signal

ADDERNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 45Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

AdderAdder

Vout = ‐ (V1+V2)

V1 =lowpass filter outputV1 lowpass filter outputV2=highpass filter output


OPerational AMPlifierOPerational AMPlifier


Digital Applications: Music EqualizerDigital Applications: Music Equalizer


What is a Music Equalizer?Bass control allows to boost or cut audio signal at low frequencies. q

Treble control allows to boost or cut audio signal at high frequencies.

Music equalizer allows to l di i l lcontrol audio signal at low,

mid and high frequencies.

The number of bands in anThe number of bands in an equalizer control how finely the frequency pattern can be amplified or attenuated.

From 2 up to 100 bandsNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 50Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Music Equalizer VIG i C l

freq= index*Sampling rate/(FFT size) FFT size = 512; Sampling Rate = 8000

Gain Control

Slider Indicator


Allocating Frequency Bandsg q y


Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using Hands-On …

the supplied USB cable.Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Music

Eq ali erEqualizer.Select the Music Equalizer project.


Analog Applications: Music EqualizerAnalog Applications: Music Equalizer


Op-Amp as an AmplifierOp Amp as an Amplifier

Vout=Vin*(‐Rb/Ra)


Music Equalizer: Volume and Treble Control

Volume Control

Treble Control


Volume Control

Vout=Vin*‐(Rf/Ra+Rp)


Treble Control

Control of high frequency componentsControl of high frequency components


Treble Control at Low FrequenciesTreble Control at Low Frequencies

Capacitor acts as a very high resistance (open circuit)Vout is not affected by changing RpNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 59Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Treble Control at High Frequenciesg q

Capacitor acts as a very low resistance (short circuit)Vout is affected by changing RpNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 60Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Digital Applications: TelephoneDigital Applications: Telephone


Telephone - DTMFp1876: Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

1960’s: DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency)DTMF tones are the tones heard when a key on a ystandard telephone keypad is pressed.With DTMF, each pressed phone key generates two tones of specific frequencies: one tone is generated fromtones of specific frequencies: one tone is generated from a high-frequency group of tones and the other from a low frequency group.Th "C l Offi " i i d fThe "Central Office" equipment can recognized fromthe received tones what numbers were dialed.


Phone Keypad


Generating Dual Toneg


Specifying Frequencies


DTMF Generation VI – Front Panel


DTMF Generation VI – Block Diagramg0

0

t 3

0

697

1477

0

0

0

Index

0

0

0

Index

3

0

0

0


Pushing Buttons


DTMF Generation VI – Block Diagramg0

0

t

0

3

0

697

1477

0

0 Index

14770

0

0

Index

3

0

0

00


Tone Lengthg

One loop length (s) = number of samples/ sampling rate = 128/8000 = 16 ms

Desired tone length = 150 ms

Number of loops = (Desired tone length)/(1 loop length)p ( g ) ( p g )


C t th SPEEDY 33 b d t t iHands-On …Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using

the supplied USB cable.Run LabVIEW 8 5Run LabVIEW 8.5.Under Targets, “DSP Project” should be displayed. Click the Go button under TargetsClick the Go button under Targets.Click Next under the “Define Project Info” window.Under “Target type”, select SPEEDY-33.U de a get type , se ect S 33.Click Finish.Under the “Project Explorer” window, click File then j p ,

select Open. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/DTMFSelect the DTMF VI.NI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 72Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Digital Applications: Image ProcessingDigital Applications: Image Processing


Histogram EqualizationHistogram Equalization


Segmentation - Thresholding


Segmentation - Thresholdingg g


Reading an Image g g


Histogram Equaliztiong q


Segmentation - Thresholding


Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Image Hands-On …

g pp gProcessing

Select the Image Processing project.Run using the provided cards.png image.


Robotics


Why Robotics?yRobots are coolWide range of functionalitiesRobots provide an interesting forum to introduce

students to engineering design Robotics tie together several engineering conceptsRobotics tie together several engineering concepts

including analog and digital components, circuits, software/programming, embedded systems, computer

hit t i l i l t i l h i larchitecture, signal processing, electrical, mechanical, and other…


Robotic Project Objectivesj jBuild on Intro to Robotics Application LabDesign a robotic de ice: hard are control logicDesign a robotic device: hardware, control logic

(software/program), body. Robotic device is to traverse obstacle course in the leastRobotic device is to traverse obstacle course in the least

amount of time Team will apply steps of the engineering design processTeam will apply steps of the engineering design process


Robotic Design Project: Robot Kit• Each team is supplied with a SPEEDY-33 Robot kit

NI SPEEDY 33 board– NI SPEEDY-33 board– Robotics Daughter Card

– Two 9-Volt drive Motors– Two bump sensors – Possibly: Infra-red transmitter and receiver– One USB cable– NI LabVIEW 8.5 and LabVIEW DSP Module software


SPEEDY-33 and Robotics Daughter Card


Robotics Daughter Card• Major Components

– M1‐M4: Main/Drive Motor Outputs

SV1 SV4 A ili S M t O t t– SV1‐SV4: Auxiliary Servo Motors Outputs

– RC1‐RC4: R/C Controller Inputs (Bump Sensor Connections)

– PWR: Power ConnectionPWR: Power Connection


Drive Motors

9V drive motors can be operated9V drive motors can be operated without batteries using the DC converter, however this limits motion

Speed control and timing should be considered


Optional Servo Motors p• Servo Motors

– Small, powerful motors with built-in circuitry that allows them to bethat allows them to be programmed to operate at specific angular positionspositions

– Require additional power needs


SensorsTemperature, noise, motion,

impact, IR, and otherspPossible to connect to R/C

inputsRequire no additional power


Introduction to Robotics LabDevelop and execute LabVIEW control programs on the

SPEEDY-33 • Connect and activate two bump sensors• Connect and activate two DC Motors

C b d i• Create a bump sensor detection program• Build a basic robotics program • Counter programCounter program

LabVIEW Embedded DSP has specific Robot Daughter Module VI’s to control RC Inputs, Motor Drive, and Servo Outputs of Robotic Daughter CardServo Outputs of Robotic Daughter Card


Robotics: RC ControlRobotics: RC Control• The VI receives signal from g

the bump sensor connected to the specified RC Input channel.

• Continuous output values reporting the resultant voltagevoltage. 0V - bump sensor is not pressed1V h b-1V- when bump sensor

is pressed


Robotics: Motor Drive ControlRobotics: Motor Drive Control

• Receives value between ‐1 & 1, and sends the speed value to the specified output Motor Driveoutput Motor Drive channel.


Robtics: Applications IdeasRobtics: Applications Ideas

Drive Motors allow motion along surfaces (i.e. an g (object with wheels)

Servo Motors allow secondary motion (i.e. crane, drill rotating disco ball etc )drill, rotating disco ball, etc.)

Sensors allow input signals to affect performance (i.e. bump sensors, streaming video, temperature

IR t )sensors, IR sensors, etc.)Project utilizes a combination of components to

produce a device capable of autonomously p oduce dev ce c p b e o u o o ous ynavigating an obstacle course

Many possibilities for creative designs!


Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course with Turns and Cornerswith Turns and Corners


Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course i h d Cwith Turns and Corners


Robot Design Project: Straight Course with C li d i l Ob lCylindrical Obstacles


B t C t tBeauty ContestFall 2007

Arizona State University


Beauty Contest – 3rd PlaceBeauty Contest 3 Place

• Team # 2Team # 2 – Juan Fermin– Daniel MerrillDaniel Merrill– Hamzeh Obeid

The Monster BobNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 101Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Beauty Contest – 2nd PlaceBeauty Contest 2 Place

• Team # 10 – Chris Anderson– Cade Bartlett– Stephanie Chavezp

The Mighty Mouse ‐WORDNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 102Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Beauty Contest – 1st PlaceBeauty Contest 1 Place

• Team # 11 – Ronnie Caburian– Devon O’Brien– Manuel Soriano

Beast2‐D2NI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 103Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

S d C t tSpeed ContestFall 2007

Arizona State University


Speed Contest – 3rd PlaceC i h C /Course with Corners/Ramps

• Team # 11 – Ronnie Caburian– Devon O’Brien– Manuel Soriano

• Best Time: 1 min, 1 sec (no hit)Average Time: 1 min, 23 secs

Beast2‐D2NI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 105Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Speed Contest – 3rd PlaceFl C i h CFlat Course with Cans

• Team # 10 – Chris Anderson– Cade Bartlett– Stephanie Chavezp

• Best Time: 23 secsAverage Time: 1 min 11Average Time: 1 min, 11 secs

The Mighty Mouse ‐WORDNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 106Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Speed Contest – 2nd PlaceC i h C /RCourse with Corners/Ramps

• Team # 3– Joseph Abrilp– Chris Elsberry– Albert Vasquezq

• Best Time: 53 secsAverage Time: 1 min 3Average Time: 1 min, 3 secs

The Black StallionNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 107Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Speed Contest – 2nd PlaceFl C i h C

• Team # 2

Flat Course with CansTeam # 2 – Juan Fermin– Daniel MerrillDaniel Merrill– Hamzeh Obeid

• Best Time: 23 secs• Best Time: 23 secsAverage Time: 43 secs

The Monster BobNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 108Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Speed Contest – 1st PlaceBOTH CBOTH Courses

• Team # 12 – Stephen Booher– Marc LaPorte

Sh R b t– Shaun Roberts• Best Time:

– Course with CornersCourse with Corners and Ramps: 36 secs (no hit)Fl t C ith C– Flat Course with Cans: 4 seconds

WoodyNI Week ‐ Copyright 2008 by L. Karam 109Real‐World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

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