recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops

Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops

Pawan Kumar NagarM.Sc. (Horti.) Fruit science

REG. NO: 04-2690-2015

SPEAKER

Assignment on

Plant propagation...

• Sexual methods - seed propagation• Asexual methods

–rooting cuttings– layering; air layering–grafting–specialized structures–tissue culture; micropropagation

“The art and science of multiplying plants by sexual or asexual means.”

Why is plant propagation importance

Plant propagation- reproduction of new plants from seeds and vegetative parts, such as leaves, stems, or roots

Produce new and better breeds of plants faster

Can reproduce exact duplicates of desirable plants

Can increase quality of plants

Propagation by seeds...

• Seeds are widely available, inexhave production benefits that offset the cost.

• Large scale agriculture (including vegetable) expensive, and easy to handle.

• Hybrid seeds are more expensive, but many crop is dependent upon seed propagation.

• Seeds (especially seeds of woody plants) may have complex dormancies that impede germination.

“Propagation by seeds is the major method by which plants reproduce in nature and one of the most efficient and widely used propagation methods for cultivated crops.”

Hartmann and Kester

Asexual propagation?

Asexual propagation Reproduction of new plants from existing

stem, leaf or root of parent plant No seed is formed Produces an exact duplicate of the parent

plant called a clone Can produce new plants from plants that

are difficult to produce from seed

What are types of Asexual propagation?

Stem cuttings Leaf cuttings Leaf-bud cuttings Budding Layering Separation and division Tissue culture Grafting

What are stem cuttings?

Stem cuttings: A portion of the stem that contains a

terminal bud or lateral buds is cut and placed in growing media to produce roots.

Stem Cutting with terminal growing area.

Stem Cutting

Leaf cuttings

Consists of a leaf blade or leaf blade with petiole attached

Leaf cutting with petiole.

Leaf cutting without petiole.

Leaf cutting that has rooted. Used leaf with petiole.

Leaf Cuttings

Leaf-bud cuttings

Consists of a leaf blade, petiole and a short piece of stem with the lateral bud

Leaf-bud cutting

Layering

Layering is a mean of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grow roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root

Layering...

• Air layering - interrupt cambium and cover wound with moistened medium. Ficus elastica, Magnolia

• Simple layering - low hanging branch covered with soil (with or without wounding) - many shrubs

• Tip layering - tips of plants (brambles) at certain times of year (rat-tail condition) develop roots where they touch the soil Blackberries, raspberries

• Mound layering - soil mounded to cover base of specially pruned young tree (also referred to as stool layering)Apple rootstocks

“Layering involves inducing roots on an intact (or nearly so) plant .”

Removing epidermis for layering.

Air Layering

Packing moss around area to provide moisture.

Wrap in saran wrap to keep moisture in.

Removing saran wrap to see new roots and bud.

New bud with roots.

Layering – taking a branch and placing it on the soil.

Layering – Simple or mound

Separation Method

Separation Take mature plants that were

stolons or offspring from a parent plant and separate.

Stolons – Parent plant puts out runners and each node a new plant forms along with roots.

Runners or Stolons

Separation of runner from parent.

Separation Method

Specialized Structures

Modified Stems

bulb, corm, tuber, rhizome

pseudobulb, runner

Modified Roots

tuberous root

Propagation by specialized structures...

Species Structure

tulip, onion, Easter lily bulb

potato, Jerusalem artichoke, tuber

Iris, lily-of-the valley, canna rhizome

Gladiolus, Crocus, corm

strawberry runner

Dahlia, sweet potato tuberous root

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely

used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one

plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another in such a

way so that maximum cambial contact takes place.

Grafting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant

Types of Grafting

Cleft Graft Bark Graft Side-Veneer Graft Splice Graft Whip and Tongue Graft Saddle Graft Bridge Graft Approach Graft

One of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting, cleft

grafting is a method for top working both flowering and fruiting trees

(apples, cherries, pears, and peaches) in order to change varieties.

Cleft Graft

The rootstock used for cleft grafting should range from 1 to 4

inches in diameter and should be straight.

The scion should be about 1/4 inch in diameter, straight, and long

enough to have at least three buds.

Cleft Graft

Bark Graft

This technique can be applied to rootstock of larger diameter (4 to 12 inches). Cut surface of the rootstock and make a vertical slit through the bark where each scion can be inserted (2 inches long and spaced 1 inch apart).

Prepare several scions for each graft. Cut the base of each scion to a 1 ½- to 2-inch tapered wedge on one side only.

Bark Graft

Side-Veneer Graft

Side-veneer grafting is usually done on potted rootstock.

Make a shallow downward cut about 3/4 inch to 1 inch long at

the base of the stem on the potted rootstock to expose a flap of

bark with some wood still attached.

Make an inward cut at the base so that the flap of bark and wood

can be removed from the rootstock.

Choose a scion with a diameter the same as or slightly smaller

than the rootstock. Make a sloping cut 3/4 to 1 inch long at the base

of the scion.

Side-Veneer Graft

Splice Graft

In splice grafting, both the stock and scion must be of the same

diameter.

Cut off the rootstock using a diagonal cut 3/4 to 1 inch long.

Make the same type of cut at the base of the scion. Fit the scion

to the stock.

Wrap this junction securely with a rubber grafting strip or twine.

Splice Graft

Whip and Tongue Graft

Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and

preferably no more than 1/2 inch in diameter.

Cut off the stock using a diagonal cut. The cut should be four to

five times longer than the diameter of the stock to be grafted.

Make the same kind of cut at the base of the scion.

Whip and Tongue Graft

Saddle Graft

Both rootstock and scion should be the same diameter.

Stock should not be more than 1 inch in diameter.

Using two opposing upward strokes of the grafting knife, sever

the top from the rootstock. The resulting cut should resemble an

inverted V, with the surface of the cuts ranging from 1/2 to 1 inch

long.

Now reverse the technique to prepare the base of the scion

Saddle Graft

Bridge Graft

Bridge grafting is used to "bridge" a diseased or damaged area

of a plant, usually at or near the base of the trunk.

Select scions that are straight and about twice as long as the

damaged area to be bridged. Make a 1 1/2- to 2-inch-long tapered

cut on the same plane at each end of the scion.

Cut a flap in the bark on the rootstock the same width as the

scion and below the injury to be repaired.

Bridge Graft

Approach grafting is a method used to propagate plants in which one independent plant is fused with another independent plant. It is usually done when the two plants grow close to each other.

At the point where the two plants will join, a 1- 2 inch long slice of bark is cut on each stem.

The two stems are bound together, with the cut areas touching, using any wrapping material.

Approach Graft

Approach Graft

Budding

Budding is a grafting technique in which a single bud from the desired scion is used rather than an entire scion containing many buds.

Preparation of Scion Bud

Insertion of Scion bud in T-shape Cut

Rapping of Inserted bud

Bud sprouting

Pruning of Rootstock

Clone...

A genetically identical assemblage of individuals produced from a plant entirely by vegetative means.

Hartmann and Kester

Clonal propagation

Benefits of clonal propagation...

• Some plants produce few (if any) viable seeds.• Clonal progeny are highly uniform in all characters.• Outcrossing plants produce highly variable progeny.• Plants may have extended juvenile period.• Cloning allows for combining genotypes in one plant.• Seeds may have lengthy and complex dormancies.

Apomixis...

“the development of an embryo within a seed or flowering structure from a source other than the egg, resulting in the formation of an embryo (sometimes in addition to the sexual embryo) that is a clone of the maternal parent. Examples include polyembryony in citrus and crabapples, and the formation of bulbils in garlic.”

“an exception to the rule of nonclonal embryony.”

Micropropagation...

• Micro propagation is rapid, continuous, and efficient.• Specialized equipment, facilities, and technically trained

personnel are required.• Steps can be taken to obtain and maintain certified pest-

free plants.• Cost effective if large numbers of a given clone are

produced.• Widely used for orchids, ferns, many interior foliage

plants, rootstocks, etc.

“Micropropagation has many synonyms - tissue culture, mass propagation, in vitro culture, cloning.”

Plants amenable to micropropagation...

Fruit plants - apple, cherry, pear, banana, (many rootstocks)

Vegetable crops - potato, celery, tomato, onion (male sterile)

Plantation crops - date palm, coffee

• Tissue culture (often called micro propagation)

is a special type of asexual propagation where a

very small piece of tissue (shoot apex, leaf

section, or even an individual cell) is excised

(cut-out) and placed in sterile (aseptic) culture in

a test tube, Petri dish or tissue culture container

containing a special culture medium.

Tissue culture

Areas of Tissue Culture Collection

Overview of the Tissue Culture Process

1. It can create a large number of clones from a single explant.

2. It is easy to select desirable traits directly from the culture setup (in vitro), thereby decreasing the amount of space required for field trials.

3. The time required is much shortened, no need to wait for the whole life cycle of seed development.

4. For species that have long generation time, low levels of seed production, or seeds that do not readily germinate, rapid propagation is possible.

The advantages of plant tissue culture

5. It overcomes seasonal restrictions for seed germination.

6. It enables the preservation of pollen and cell collections form which plants may be propagated.

7. It helps to eliminate plant diseases through careful stock selection and sterile techniques.

The advantages of plant tissue culture

AonlaA. Wedge Grafting

Sr no

Parameters Standards

1. Method of grafting Wedge grafting

2. Raising rootstock In polyethylene bag

3. Size of polyethylene bag 20 x 18 cm

4. Type of rootstock Straight and active growth stage

5. Age of rootstock 7 to 9 months

6. Diameter of rootstock/scion 0.5 to 0.8 cm

7. Age of scion 3 to 4 months

8. Length of scion 15 to 18 cm

9. No. of buds on the scion stick 6 to 8

10. Length of vertical cut on rootstock 4.0 to 4.5 cm

11. Length of slanting cut on both the sides at lower end of scion

4.0 to 4.5 cm

12. Grafting height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag

13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – January to April and October to DecemberOpen field- January to April and October to December

B. Patch BuddingSr no


1. Method of propagation Patch/Modified Ring budding



4. Type of rootstock Seedling rootstock having straight growth without side shoots




8. Bud size 1.5 x 2.5 cm

9. Bud height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag

10. Time of budding Greenhouse – September to FebruaryOpen field – May to September

BealWedge grafting

Sr no



2. Raising rootstock polyethylene bag


4. Type of rootstock Vigorous





9. No. of buds/scion 4.0 to 5.0



3.5 to 4.0 cm


13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – September, October and AprilOpen field- April and May

BananaSuckers

Sr no.


1. Method of propagation Sword suckers

2. Age of sucker Not less than 3 months

3. Weight of sucker Not less than 1 kg

4. Suckers selections • Select and mark plants of the desired variety with normal or below average height, a stout trunk and roots. Plants should be free of undesirable variations of the varietal characteristics. Selection should be made between lowering time and harvest to mark plants with above average bunch size.

• When suckers are selected, whether to be used as planting material or as starting material in tissue culture multiplication techniques, document their origins (state, village, farmer) and identify and describe the plot they come from. If the suckers are used in tissue culture, the source of shoot tips should be specified as monoclonal (originating from a single mother plant) or polyclonal (originating from more than one mother plant).

• Good suckers are cone shaped and do not develop broad leaves until they are more than 1 m high

5. Size of suckers Atleast 20 cm in diameter

CashewSoftwood grafting

Sr no


1. Method of grafting Softwood grafting











2.5 to 3.0 cm


13 Time of grafting June and November

CitrusA. Wedge Grafting (Mandarin and Sweet Orange)

Sr no













3.5 to 4.0 cm


13 Time of grafting October to March

B. T- Budding (Mandarin, Sweet- Orange, Lime, Lemon)

Sr no


1. Method of propagation T- budding







8. Length of bud wood 2 to 2.5 cm

9. Length of cut on the rootstock for inserting bud

2.0 to 2.5 cm on T-point

10. Budding height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag

11. Time of budding February to March and October to September

C. Cutting (Lime and Lemon)

Sr no.


1. Method of propagation Cutting

2. Age of plant Not less than 6 months

3. Stem diameter Not less than 0.5 months

4. Plant height Not less than 40 cm, straight and single stem

5. No. of roots Not less than 10 fibrous roots

6. Foliage Healthy and green straight with single stem without side shoots

7. Disease and pest incidence Free from any diseases and pests

Custard appleWedge Grafting

Sr no













3.5 to 4.0 cm


13 Time of grafting December to March

Date palmSuckers

Sr no.


1. Method of propagation Off shoots (Suckers)

2. Age of sucker 18 to 20 months

3. Weight of sucker 8 to 15 kg

4. Separation of suckers from mother plants

4 to 5 years after planting. Prior to the removal ofsuckers, the outer leaves are cut back to 2/3rd of their length and the inner leaves to ½

FigCutting

Sr no.


1. Method of propagation Hard/semi hardwood cutting

2. Mother tree An elite mother tree, free from diseases, productivity large sized quality fruits. Cutting should be slant cut at the base

3. Raising cutting In polyethylene bag

4. Size of polyethylene 18 x 20 cm

5. Time of cutting June to September

6. Diameter of wood 1.25 to 2.0 cm

7. Length of wood 15 to 25 cm

8. No. of nodes/wood 3 to 6

GuavaWedge Grafting

Sr no













4.0 to 4.5 cm


13 Time of grafting January to December

JackfruitA. Soft Wood Grafting

Sr no













4.0 to 5.0 cm


13 Time of grafting July to September

B. Patch BuddingSr no


1. Method of propagation Patch budding



4. Type of rootstock Seedling rootstock having straight growth without side shoots




8. Bud size 1.0 x 3.0 cm

9. Bud height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag

10. Time of budding May to September

JamunSoft Wood Grafting

Sr no













3.5 to 4.0 cm


13 Time of grafting February to March and July to September

KhirneeSoft Wood Grafting

Sr no













3.5 to 4.0 cm


13 Time of grafting August to September

MangoA. Wedge Grafting

Sr no













4.0 to 4.5 cm


13 Time of grafting January to December

B. Soft Wood Grafting

Sr no













3.5 to 4.0 cm


13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – January to DecemberOpen field-July to September

C. Veneer GraftingSr no


1. Method of grafting Veneer grafting











4.0 to 4.5 cm


13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – January to DecemberOpen field-July to September

PineappleSuckers

Sr no.


1. Method of propagation Suckers and Slips

2. Age of sucker/Slips Not less than 3 months

3. Weight of sucker 450 to 750 g

4. Weight of Slips 350 to 500 g

PomegranateA. Wedge Grafting

Sr no













4.0 to 4.5 cm


13 Time of grafting Greenhouse –Round the yearOpen field-January to February

B. Air layering

Sr no.


1. Method of propagation Air Layering

2. Age of shoot Not less than 6 months

3. Girth of shoot Not less than 2.5 cm

4. Time of Air Layering July to August and November to December

C. CuttingSr no.


1. Method of propagation Hard/semi hardwood cutting

2. Mother tree An elite mother tree, free from diseases, productivity large sized quality fruits. Cutting should be slant cut at the base

3. Raising cutting In polyethylene bag

4. Size of polyethylene 18 x 20 cm

5. Time of cutting June to September

6. Diameter of wood 1.25 to 2.0 cm

7. Length of wood 15 to 25 cm

8. No. of nodes/wood 3 to 6

SapotaWedge Grafting

Sr no













4.0 to 4.5 cm


13 Time of grafting September to October

Mango Polyembryonic rootstock• Salen• Goa• OlourMonoembryonic rootstock• Kurkan• Mylepelian• Goa• NileswaraDwaft• pahutan Salt tolerant rootstock• Gomera-1 • Gomera-2

Citrus

Sour orange rootstock:• It is the only rootstock that truly is an orange (the Citrus × aurantium or bitter orange). It

is vigorous and highly drought-resistant.Poncirus trifoliata: • It is a close relative of the Citrus genus, sometimes classified as Citrus trifoliata. • It is especially resistant to cold, thetristeza virus, and the fungus Phytophthoraparasitica

(root rot) and grows well in loam soil. • Among its disadvantages are its slow growth—it is the slowest growing rootstock—and its

poor resistance to heat and drought. • It is primarily used in China, Japan, and areas of California with heavy soils.Swingle citrumelo: • It is tolerant of tristeza virus and Phytophthoraparasitica and moderately resistant to salt

and freezing. • This rootstock selection was hybridized from the Duncan grapefruit (Citrus

paradisiMacfadyen) and the Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf. byWalter Tennyson Swingle in Eustis, Florida, in 1907. It was released by the USDepartment of Agriculture to nurserymen in 1974.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_orange

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncirus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_tristeza_virus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_tristeza_virus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_parasitica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Tennyson_Swingle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrumelo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA

CitrusTroyer citrange and Carrizo citrange:• These reasonably vigorous rootstocks are resistant to Phytophthoraparasitica, nematodes, and

tristeza virus and show good cold tolerance.• They also are highly polyembryonic, so growers can obtain multiple plants from a single seed.

Citrange, however, does not do well in clay, calcareous or high-pH soils, and is sensitive to salinity. It is not feasible as rootstock for mandarin scions, as it overgrows them by producing branches of its own in competition with the grafted budwood.[3]

• Citranges are hybrids of the Washington navel orange and the Poncirustrifoliata. The original crosses, made in the early 1900s by the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the intention of producing cold tolerant scion varieties, were later identified as suitable for use as rootstocks.

• The commercial use of these rootstocks began in Australia in the 1960s. The Troyer variety generally is found in California, while the Carrizo variety is used in Florida.

Cleopatra mandarin: • It is tolerant of salinity and soil alkalinity and also suitable for shallow soils.• It is used primarily in Spain, Australia, and Florida. Dade County, for example, has 85%

calcareous soil, a typical trait of land that has been under water.• The Cleopatra mandarin, originated in India and introduced into Florida from Jamaica in the

mid-nineteenth century, has been distributed and tested as a rootstock throughout the world. Nowadays, however, it is considered an inferior rootstock because it is sensitive to many diseases, grows slowly, and is difficult to propagate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrange








https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyembryonic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_orange

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_rootstock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_mandarin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_deposit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica

Citrus

• Benton citrange• C-35 citrange (search for 'citrange')• Cleopatra mandarin• Emperor• Flying dragon• Hybrid 639• Poncirustrifoliata• Rough lemon• Sweet orange• Swingle citrumelo• Troyer & Carrizo citrange• Volkameriana

Sapota

• Khirni• Pala• Adams apple• Star apple• Mee tree• Mahua

Guava

• Psidium friedrichsthalianum• Psidium guajava • Arrayán for dwarfing effect• “Brazilian cas” and the “casCriollo” rootstocks exhibited

an intermediate effect on vegetative vigor.

recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops

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