Recent advances in methionine nutrition for poultry

Ahmad Mujahid

Sumitomo Chemical Enviro-Agro Asia Pacific

Amino acids 1806 – Asparagine Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet first time isolated “asparagus” that proved to be “asparagine”

1810 – Cystine

1820 – Glycine and Leucine

Amino acid in the English language is from 1898

(Ann de Chim 57: 88–93, 1806)

(Philos Trans R Soc Lond 100: 223–30. 1810)

(Ann Chim Phys Ser 2 13: 113–25. 1820)

(www.etymonline.com)

1922 – Methionine by Muller - USA (incorrect formula)

1925 – Methionine formula corrected by Odake - Japan (http://www.peptideguide.com/amino-acids/methionine.html, 2011)

Structure of amino acids

Methionine

General structure of an amino acid C

H3N+

R

H

COO-

C

H3N+

CH2

H

COO-

CH2 S CH3

Amino acid isomers Amino acids used in protein synthesis must be

in the L-configuration

Methionine is supplied as racemic (DL) mixture

Animals can utilize some D-isomers (methionine) (The D and L isomers are mirror images of each other)

Methionine synthesis in plants Aspartate

Aspartate phosphate

Lysine

Aspartate semialdehyde

Serine

O-acetylserine

Cysteine

Homeserine

O-phosphohomoserine

Cystathionine

Homocysteine

Methionine

Threonine

Isoleucine

GSH

Dihydrodipicolinate

SAM Decarboxylated SAM

MTA Biotin

Ethylene

AdoHcy

Methyl group

Cell wall synthesis

Chlorophyll synthesis

Secondary metabolites

DNA replication

Methyl cycle

Yang cycle

Amino acid Abundance per E. coli

ATP synthesis cost

Aerobic Anaerobic

Met 0.88 21 23 Cys 0.52 11 15 Ile 1.7 7 11

Thr 1.5 6 8 Arg 1.7 5 13 Lys 2.0 5 9 His 0.54 1 7 Asp 1.4 0 2 Ala 2.9 -1 1 Gly 3.5 -2 2 Pro 1.3 -2 4 Ser 1.2 -2 2 Val 2.4 -2 2 Phe 1.1 -6 2 Glu 1.5 -7 -1 Trp 0.33 -7 7 Tyr 0.79 -8 2 Leu 2.6 -9 1

Stoichiometry and metabolic cost in cell

(Phys Biol Cell Garland Sci 178, 2009)

DL-methionine (DLM)

Content: 99%

Powder form

Liquid form

Acid form

Content: 88%

L-methionine

Sources of methionine

Synthetic AA

Liquid methionine hydroxy analog (LMA)

Poultry feed

Corn Soybean meal (SBM)

Sources of methionine

Corn

Threonine

Aspartic Acid

Serine

Glycine Glutamic Acid

Methionine

Alanine

Cystine

Valine

Isoleucine

Histidine

Leucine

Tyrosine

Phenylalanine

Lysine

Tryptophan

Proline

Arginine

USA Pakistan China Amino acid (Contents, %)

JSFA (USA)

0.48

Thailand

0.25

0.26

0.31

0.34

0.80

0.18

1.21 0.27

0.54

0.14

0.28 0.12

0.21

0.32

0.18

0.59

0.53

0.29

0.27

0.36

0.43

0.96

0.22

1.42 0.31

0.65

0.34

0.05

0.25

0.39

0.20

0.63

0.46

0.26

0.24

0.34

0.38

0.84

0.20

1.30 0.26

0.55

0.17

0.29 0.14

0.20

0.31

0.18

0.59

0.52

0.29

0.27

0.36

0.42

0.99

0.22

1.47 0.30

0.61

0.05

0.34

0.04

0.24

0.38

0.20

0.61

0.48

0.27

0.28

0.36

0.38

0.95

0.21

1.39 0.28

0.63

0.19

0.33 0.16

0.22

0.36

0.22

0.65

0.04 0.04

0.18

0.18

0.17

0.17

(SCEA, 2011-13)

Soybean meal

USA India Brazil China Amino acid

Threonine

Aspartic Acid

Serine

Glycine

Glutamic Acid

Methionine

Alanine

Cystine

Valine

Isoleucine

Histidine

Leucine

Tyrosine

Phenylalanine

Lysine

Tryptophan Proline

Arginine

5.30

1.87 1.88

2.07

2.67

0.66

2.69

2.01 2.01 8.60 8.58

1.95

2.06

0.75 0.77

1.97

2.11

5.72 5.36

2.84

9.18

2.10

1.74

1.20

0.66

3.88

1.95

3.07

2.54

3.63

0.77 1.95

0.67

1.67

1.58

3.62

2.29

2.90

3.35

1.14

0.53

2.08

1.81

1.62

3.65

2.36

2.89

3.39

1.13

0.55

2.09

2.21

1.76

2.00

5.44

2.48

8.61

2.06

0.54

1.83

0.66

2.16

2.35

1.59

1.26 2.92

2.22

0.52

3.67

2.01

3.71

0.55

(SCEA, 2011-13)

(Contents, %)

Dietary essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in body

0

100

Methionine Ile

Leu

Val

Lys

Trp

Thr

Phe

Amino acid balance in feed materials

Corn Soybean meal Fishmeal

0

100 Ile

Leu

Val

Lys

Trp

Thr

Phe

Methionine

0

100

Methionine Ile

Leu

Val

Lys

Trp

Thr

Phe

(Japn Feed Stand Poult, 2004)

Distribution of AA in feedstuff

The influence of synthetic amino acid level on the protein level

Ingredient (%) Corn (%)

L-Threonine (%)

SBM (%)

Poultry fat (%)

DL-Methionine (%) L-Lysine HCl (%)

Composition ME (Kcal/g)

Protein (%)

Threonine (%)

Methionine (%)

Lysine (%)

Defluorinated P (%) Limestone (%)

Salt (%) Vit-Min premix (%)

14.01

UA

70.86

12.22

UA UA

1.48 0.61

0.40 0.42

3.20

35.60

1.37

0.50

2.13

Un-suppl 57.21

UA

33.91

5.46

0.23 UA

1.73 0.64

0.40 0.42

3.20

21.61

0.80

0.55

1.15

+Met 59.47

UA

31.94

5.10

0.25 0.03

1.75 0.64

0.40 0.42

3.20

20.89

0.80

0.56

1.10

+Met+Lys 62.42

0.09

29.29

4.62

0.27 0.07

1.76 0.64

0.40 0.42

3.20

20.00

0.80

0.58

1.10

+Met+Lys+Thr

(J Appl Poult Res 18 :477–486, 2009)

DL-HMTB

D-HMTB L-HMTB

Keto-MTB

L-MET

Homocysteine

Cysteine

Taurine Sulfate Glutathione

D-MET

DL-MET Proteins

B

S

50% 50%

L-HAOX D-AAOX

TA

TM RM

TS

50%

50%

D-HADH

Metabolic pathway of methionine

(Amino acids 39:633-640, 2010)

Role of methionine

Protein synthesis

Methyl donor

Metabolic pathway

Polyamine synthesis

Sulfur donor

(Cellular metabolism, co-enzyme S-adenosylmethionine)

(Cystine and carnitine)

Role of methionine Protein synthesis Methionine is proteinogenic (protein building) AA

Methionine encoded by single Codon AUG

Codon AUG start message for ribosome

Initiation of protein translation from mRNA

Methionine incorporated at N-terminal position of all proteins (Biol Cell 95 : 169–78, 2003)

Methionine and meat production

Dietary methionine in broiler chickens

Breast muscle yield

Abdominal fat pad

(Poult Sci 83, 1307–1313, 2004)

Methionine and protein expression

Dietary methionine in broiler chickens

Pectoralis muscle yield

Citrate cycle and calcium

(Poult Sci 91, 2548–2555, 2012)

Actin cytoskeleton

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling

Differently regulated by LM and HM fed chickens Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy

Raising broilers at high temperature

Requirement for total sulfur amino acids

(R Bras Zootec, 34:2399-2407, 2005; 35:497-503, 2006)

(Sulfur amino acids = methionine and cystine)

High temperature exposure

High dietary methionine

Cellular and humoral immune response

Total serum protein

Blood albumen and globulin

Antibody response to Newcastle disease

Serum aspartate aminotransferase

Serum alanine aminotransferase

(Br Poult Sci 41:83-88, 2000; Int J Poult Sci, 4:856-865, 2005)

Methionine and immune system

Methionine and intestinal health

Dietary methionine in broiler chickens

Clostridium perfringes

Risk of necrotic enteritis

(Poult Sci 86:2358-2366, 2007)

Methionine and IBD

Dietary methionine in broiler chickens

Bursa lesion score

Immune response

(Poult Sci 91:2173-2182, 2012)

Methionine Pro-oxidants ROS

MetO

Antioxidants

Antioxidant defense

Mitochondrial bioenergetics and ROS production

CPT-II

CoA-SH

Carnitine

R C

O

S-CoA

R C

O

Carnitine

R C

O

Carnitine

Carnitine

R C

O

S-CoA

CoA-SH

2-enoyl-CoA

3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA

3-Ketoacyl-CoA

Chain shortened acyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA

CoA

LCAD

3HADH Oxaloacetate

Citrate

CS

IMM

ADP+Pi ATP

H+

Uncoupling

Oxidative phosphorylation

H+

NADH

NAD+

FADH2

FAD

H+ H+ H+

Matrix

F1

Fo

ATPase

H+

O2 O2

.-

-e

Superoxide production

-e -e

CPT-I

II III IV

Cyt C

Q

e- I e- e-

UCP ANT

Antioxidant defense system created by cyclic oxidation and reduction of methionine residues

(FASEB J 23: 464-472, 2009)

Methionine-sulfoxide

reductase

Thioredoxin Thioredoxin reductase

Met res idues in prote ins can provide antioxidant defense through recycling pathway

Protein

Protein

MSRred

MSRox

TRXox

TRXred

TRXRred

TRXRox

MetO

Met

S S

SH

SH

S S

SH

SH

S S

SH

SH

NADPH

ROS

Antioxidant defense Egg yolk of breeding hens supplemented with methionine

(Poult Sci 89: 931-937, 2010)

Egg albumen of breeding hens supplemented with methionine

Methionine requirement of broiler chicken Strain Stage Methionine (%) TSAA (%)

Total Digest Total Digest

Arbor-Acre plus Starter 0.51 0.47 1.07 0.94

Grower 0.45 0.42 0.95 0.84

Finisher 1 0.40 0.37 0.83 0.73

Finisher 2 0.38 0.35 0.79 0.69

Cobb Starter 0.56 0.50 0.98 0.86

Grower 0.53 0.48 0.96 0.84

Finisher 1 0.48 0.43 0.88 0.77

Finisher 2 0.44 0.40 0.80 0.70

Hubbard Starter 0.60 0.54 1.05 0.90

Grower 0.54 0.47 0.98 0.85

Finisher 0.50 0.44 0.90 0.78

ROSS 308 Starter 0.51 0.47 1.07 0.94

Grower 0.45 0.42 0.95 0.84

Finisher 0.41 0.38 0.86 0.76

Conclusion

Methionine is required for growth, production, health

and protection against internal and external stresses

Methionine is dietary essential AA and its

distribution varies with feed ingredients

Methionine metabolism is different for DLM and

HMTB

Methionine is essentially required for protein

synthesis, immunity and biological functions

Methionine protects against environmental,

disease and oxidative stresses

Thank you。 。 。