recent development in indian politics (pol science)

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Recent Development in Indian Politics

Q1. Discuss the policies and programmes of Janata Dal?

Ans. Janata Dal was formed by merging together three opposition parties i.e., Janata

Party, Jan Morcha and Lok Dal in 1988. Mr. V.P. Singh was unanimously elected

President of the Janata Dal. On October 22, 1989 Election Commission allotted the

wheel symbol to the Janata Dal. Due to groupism Janata Dal is divided eight times.

1. Corruption : The Party is committed to remove corruption.

2. Responsive Administrative Structure : The Party promised a responsive

administrative structure.

3. Electoral Reforms: The party is committed for comprehensive election reforms

so as to curb the influence of money and muscle power in election.

4. Reservation in Educational Institutions : Janata Dal revived the Mandal Card

by promising to extend 27 percent reservation even in educational institutions if it

came to power at the centre.

5. National Security Council : A National Security Council will set up to co-ordinate

the activates of various departments concerned with security.

6. Radio and Doordarshan : All India and Radio and Doordarshan will be made

autonomous.

7. Social Justice: Janata Dal is committed to promote social Justice.

8. Federalism: Janata Dal would promote cooperative federalism involving all the

states govt. in making policy decisions.

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9. Smaller States: Janata Dal will appoint a commission to go into demands of

smaller states.

10.Right to Work: Every citizen has the right to work. Right to work shall be made

fundamental right.

11.Secularism: The party is committed to Secularism.

12.Education: Uniform and Universal education to all children with special

emphasis on girls through neighborhood schools up to high school level in the

medium of regional language.

13.Election Successes: In the Ninth Lok Sabha Elections held in November 1989

the Janata Dal secured 141 seats. Mr. V.P. Singh was unanimously elected

leader of the Janata Dal and National Front Parliamentary wings. In Tenth Lok

Sabha Elections Janata Dal secured only 55 seats whereas in 1996 Lok Sabha

elections Janata Dal secured 43 seats. In 12th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1999

the party secured only 21 seats. Future of the Janata Dal is not bright due to

factionalism among the leaders of the party. In the 14th Lok Sabha Elections

Janata Dal (United) secured only 7 seats and Bhartiya Janata Dal secured 23

seats.

Q2. Explain the policies and programmes of the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)?

Ans. Bhartiya Janata Party: Bhartiya Janata Party was established in 1980 due to split

in Janata Party Bhartiya Janata was formed under the President ship of former foreign

Minister. Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee. On April 24, 1980 the Election Commission granted

recognition to the group led by Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee as a national party. The BJP

was also provisionally allotted the symbol of `Lotus`.

Policies and Programmes of B.J.P: AT the time of 15h Lok Sabha election, BJP

released its election Manifesto in March, 2009. The programme and policies of BJP are

as follows:

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1. Restoration of State authority: The BJP favors promised to restore to our state

its authority. The primary task is to restore to the state, and to governance its

honor and prestige.

2. Constitutional Reforms: The BJP will appoint a commission to review the

constitution of India, the commission will comprise the constitutional experts and

eminent.

3. Centre- State Relations: The BJP favors restricting of centre – state relations in

view of the quick economic development and decentralization.

4. Article 356: Article 356 permitting dissolution of state government by the centre

will be invoked only when the constitutional machinery has in fact broken down

and not promote any partism interest.

5. National Unity: The BJP is pledged to defend the unity and integrity of India.

6. Positive Secularism: The BJP is committed to the concept of positive

secularism which means Sarva Dharma Sambhava and which does not connote

on irreligious state.

7. Smaller States: The Party stands for the information of smaller states which are

economically and administratively viable.

8. Languages: A commission will be set up to study the feasibility of treating all 18

languages included in schedule 8 of the constitution as official language.

9. Inter State Council: BJP will appoint an Inter State Council to settle all inter-

state and centre state disputes.

10.Right to Information: The BJP will enhance public access to information to the

maximum extent possible.

11.Minorities: The BJP will guarantee to all minorities whether religious or linguistic

peace and security and fulfill opportunities for progress and development.

12.Corruption: The BJP holds that root of the entire corruption lie in political and

electoral corruption. The party is committed to remove all sorts of corruption.

13.Education for all: The BJP will increase state spending on education

progressively to 6 percent and achieve full literacy by the year 2010.

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Q3. Trace the emergence of BJP as a significant force in past emergency politics?

Ans. Bhartiya Janta Party is a major National political party in India. The five fold

concept of `suchita` (Probity in Public Life), `Suraksha’ (Security), `Swadeshi’

(Economic Nationalism), `Samajik Samarasta’ (Social Harmony) and `Hindutva’

(Cultural Nationalism) constitute the core content and ideological pillars of BJP. BJP

believes in one nation, one people, and one culture.

Emergence of BJP as powerful force in Past Emergency Politics: Though Janata

Party faced split in July in 1979 on the issue of dual membership, but this controversy

didn`t end even after split. On 19th March, 1980 the Parliamentary Board of Janata Party

decided to majority vote that no legislator or office bearer of Janata Party shall participle

in the day to day activities of the R.S.S; but leaders of the erstwhile Jana Sangh – Atal

Behari Vajpayee, L.K. Advani and Nana Deshmukh expressed their strong reservation

on it and recorded their dissend.

On 6th April, 1980 a new political organization –

The Bhartiya Janata Party was born under the president ship of Mr. Atal Behari

Vajpayee.

Election Success: In Lok Sabha election of 1984, the BJP secured only 2 seats. In 11

states Assembly Elections of March 1985 the party did not succeed much. In 9th Lok

Sabha Elections of the 1989, BJP secured 86 seats. The BJP decided to support Nation

Front Govt. from outside.

In 10th Lok Sabha Elections in 1991, BJP secured 91 seats. In the elections

held for 11th Lok Sabha Elections in 1996, the BJP emerged as the largest party

secured 161 seats. In 12th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1998, the BJP secured 182

seats. The BJP and its allies secured 252 seats. Atal Behari Vajpayee was elected as

Prime Minister of India. In 13th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1999, BJP secured 182 and

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its allies, 297 seats. On 10th October, National Democratic Alliance elected Atal Behari

Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India. In 14th Lok Sabha Elections, BJP secured only 132

seats and lost power in centre. In 15th Lok Sabha Elections held in 2009, BJP secured

only 116 seats.

Q4. Analyze the policies and programmes of National Democratic Front?

Ans. National Democratic Front: On 15th May, 1999 in an effort to protect Unity and

Stability the BJP and its allies formed an Alliance with common manifesto called

National Democratic Alliance – Atal Behari Vajpayee elected as leader of the NDA. The

following are the policies and programmes of NDA:

1) NDA promised to free the nation of the triple curse of Bhookh (hunger) `bhay`

(fear) and `bhrashtachaar` (Corruption).

2) NDA promised administrative reforms including those for the police and other

civil services.

3) NDA promised to enact legislation to provide an eligibility criterion that the offices

of state legislature, executive and Judicial are held only by naturally born Indian

citizens.

4) NDA promised to take measures for ensuring a fixed term of five years for all

elected bodies, including legislatures.

5) NDA extended its hands of friendship to minorities.

6) NDA promised to bring GDP growth to 7 to 8 percent and to control deficits fiscal

and revenue.

7) NDA govt. promised to give strong `Swadeshi` thrust to the national economy.

8) The NDA is committed to achieve population stabilization by 2010.

9) The NDA govt. would eradicate unemployment.

10)The NDA govt. promised to appoint a commission to review the constitution of

India.

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11)The NDA promised harmonious centre-state relations in the light of the Sarkari

Commission.

12)The NDA promised to established Backward Area commission for each state.

13)The NDA promised electoral reforms.

14)The NDA promised to establish Lok Pal and to give him adequate powers to deal

with corruption charges against anyone, including PM.

15)The NDA promised full statehood to Delhi and Uttaranchal, Vananchal and

Chhattisgarh as new states.

Q5. Describe the formation and objective of United Progressive Alliance?

Ans. United Progressive Alliance: The united Progressive Alliance is outcome of

results of the 14th Lok Sabha elections. In the general elections of 2004, the rulling BJP

was stunned by the scale of defeat. The united progressive alliance was not formed

before elections but to take shape after the election. A meeting of newly elected

members of Parliament of the congress and its allies was held on May 16, 2004 in New

Delhi. The alliance was named as the united progressive alliance and Smt. Sonia

Gandhi elected unanimously its leader. UPA consist of 15 Political Parties. Main

Political Parties of UPA were congress, National Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress

Party, D.M.K, P.M.K, TRS, M.D.M.K, Lok Jana Shakti R.P.I (A), Muslim League, Sikkim

Democratic Front, Kerala, Congress (J), R.P.I, (G), etc. on May 22, 2004 UPA formed

the govt. under the leader ship of Dr. Man Mohan Singh, This Alliance also prepared a

common Minimum Programme.

Objective and Common Minimum Programme of U.P.A:

Six basic principles and objectives of UPA are as follow:

1) To maintain and promote social harmony, enforce the law without fear and

prejudice.

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2) To keep up the economic growth rate between 7 to 8 percent for the next ten

years.

3) To work mere for welfare of peasants, farm workers and especially the workers

of unorganized sector.

4) To strengthen the women from political, educational, economic and legal

aspects.

5) To provide equality of opportunity, especially in employment and education to

scheduled castes, scheduled tribe, other backward classes and religious

minorities.

6) To increase the production power or producing power of the society viz.

entrepreneurs traders, scientists, engineers and professionals.

Q6. Discuss the meaning and legacies of Coalition Government in India.

Ans. Coalition Government:

Coalition Politics is one of the most important features of the Indian Political System.

This feature gained importance after the fourth general elections held 1967 when

Congress lost its popularity and walition governments combining various political parties

came to power in nine states, out of then 16 states. This experiment has however,

proved a dismal failure leaving behind certain legacies such as political instability,

unprincipled alliances, encouragement to defections, centre – state tensions, ministerial

corruption etc. which have established the very political system itself.

Features of Coalition Government:

The following are the main legacies or features of walition governments in India:

1. Unprincipled Alliances : Unprincipled Alliances is the main feature that coalition

government in India. We have had such unprincipled alliances between extreme

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leftists and extreme rightists, between secularists and communalists just for the

sake of gain political ends.

2. Political Instability: Another important feature that coalition govt. brought in

India was political instability. There were two main reasons for political instability.

First, political parties have different ideologies joined but could not pull together.

Secondly, the coalition govt. having only a marginal majority offered temptation to

defect on the part of the coalition partners.

3. Defectors as Chief Ministers of Coalition : Some of the coalition ministers had

defectors as their chief ministers, Rao Birendera Singh in Haryana, Charan Singh

in U.P. etc formed coalition ministers after defecting from their parties or united

fronts.

4. Large size of Ministries: Coalition Ministers were very much large in size

because they had to accommodate the interest of all the different partners.

5. Principle of Major Partnership: The principle of major partnership is the

offshoot of coalition politics. This principle means that the chief minister should

resign immediately if the major partners of the coalition govt. withdraw.

6. Center-State Tension: Center-State tensions developed only during the

coalition era.

7. Ministers as Agitators: It is indeed strange but a fact that minister became

agitators. For example Prabhu narain, Minister of Labour and Industries and Ram

Swarup Verma, Minister of Finance, in U.P, demonstrated against official

language bill in Delhi in 1967. They were arrested and convicted by the Delhi

magistrate. This was the first time that ministers became agitators and were

arrested and convicted.

8. Straining of Relation with the Governor: It was during the coalition era that the

relations between the coalition ministry and the respective governor were

straitened.

Q7. Examine the role of regional parties in Coalition Politics?__________________________________________________________________

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Ans. Election Commission of India recognize two types of parties – state parties and

National Parties. In general state parties are termed as regional parties. In July 2010,

Election Commission recognized 45 regional parties. In initial years of Indian

Independence, the role of regional parties in the Indian Political system was just

nominal. These were not a force to be reckoned with. But the general elections held in

1967 brought them to the forefront in state politics – and many of them joined coalition

government in various states of the Indian Union. Though after 1967, regional parties

started playing their role in Indian Political System but despite this the Indian political

system continued to be more or less party. But the election to the Ninth Lok Sabha held

in 1989 brought forth hung Lok Sabha since no single party \got absolute majority in the

10th Lok Sabha. Again in 1991 none of the parties succeeded in getting absolute

majority from the govt. in 1996 general elections no single party get opportunity to form

the govt. nine regional parties and four national parties joined hand together and they

constituted limited front govt. under the leadership of H.D. Devegouda. At the time of

12th Lok Sabha Elections, 17 regional parties and two National Parties joined hands

together under leadership of B.J.P. and on March 19, 1998 B.J.P formed its

government, at the centre under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. On 13 th

October, 1999, Mr. A.B. Vajpayee had sworn again P.M. of India for third time. Along

him, a 70 member National Democratic Alliance Ministry was sworn in Regional parties,

DMK, Trinamool Congress, Shiva Sena, National Conference, MDMK, DMK, MSCP etc.

got representation in the council of ministers.

In April-May 2004, elections for 14th Lok Sabha were held. No national party is in a

position to secure absolute majority in the Lok Sabha if and when elections take place.

Because of this constraint to conduct electoral alliance with the regional parties. Akali

Dal in Punjab, N.C.in J&K, D.M.K. and AJADMK in Tamil Nadu, Assam Gana Parishad

in Assam. It seems as if an era of dependence of National Parties on the regional

parties has begun.

Q8. Write down the emerging trends of communalism in India.

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Ans. The following trends have emerged as a result of communalism in India:

1. Development of Alienation: The feeling of alienation among the people of India

is a result of communalism. Due to communalism the people of some

communities feel discrimination and unsafe regarding their interests. This feeling

cut them off from the mainstream.

2. Development of Intolerance: Communalism has developed the feeling of

intolerance. A minor incident between the people of different communities or

religion takes the form of violent incident and causes much loss and chaos to life

and property. Communalism is colouring the feeling with hatred, jealousy and

revenge.

3. Formation of Communal Political Parties: To save the interests of one`s own

community, various communal political parties are being formed.

4. Elections and Communalism: Communalism has also affected the elections.

All the political; parties field their candidates on the basis of caste or community.

At the time of election the communal political parties use religious place and

carry religious slogans to win maximum votes of their community.

5. Communal Riots: Communalism results in communal riots and political clashes.

About 304 communal riots took place in 1979-80. Several communal riots took

place in India during 1992-92 and in March-April 2002.

Q9. “Communalism is bane for democracy in India”: How can we curb it?

Ans. Communalism is bane for democracy in India because of following reasons:

(i) Several political parties in India have been formed on the basis of religion.

(ii) Communal feelings play a vital role in elections. Almost all the political parties

field their candidates on the basis of religion while casting their votes.

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(iii) Voters are also influenced by religion while casting their votes. Generally the

Muslim or the Sikh Voters vote in the favor of the candidates belonging to

their religion.

(iv) Not only religion based political parties are active in India Politics but also

religious oriented pressure groups are doing their own role in communalizing

the social and political atmosphere of our country.

(v) The communal riots have become an integral part of the Indian politics which

are against democratic norms.

Methods to Curb Communalism;

The following steps are suggested to curb communalism in India:

(i) Communalism can be curbed by adopting right type of education in

educational.

(ii) Media should be used to spread the message of secularism, religious

tolerance and fraternity.

(iii) State machinery should be strong efficient impartial enough to put down

communalism.

(iv) Political parties should be decummunalised Election commission should not

give recognition to communal parties.

(v) Religion should be separated from politics. To curb communalism the central

govt. has prohibited the use religious places for political means.

(vi) Govt. should take steps to protect the rights of minority. This will give minority

a sense of security.

(vii) Govt. should punish the communalist agents and for this special courts

should be established.

(viii) Govt. should treat all the religions equally and respect them. This will help in

curbing communal differences.

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Q10. Discuss the meaning of Dalit Politics. Explain the impacts of Dalit Politics?

Ans. Dalit Politics: In Indian Society, there is a section of peoples who are

economically socially and politically backward. These peoples are oppressed and

exploited by other high classes. In India, these people are known as Dalit. Dalit word is

not found in Sanskrit and other languages of North India. But the root of word Dalit lies

in `Dall’ a Hebrew language which means sufferer or helpless. In Hindi dictionary the or

Dalit is used for untouchables scheduled caste o shudra.

Effects of Dalit and `Backward Politics’

a) Development of class consciousness: Politics of Dalit has developed a spirit

of class consciousness among the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other

backward classes.

b) Increase in Political Consciousness: Dalit politics has created political

consciousness among the Dalits. Hence, they have started influencing the

politics of the nation.

c) Increased Political Participation: Dalit Politics has increased the political

participation of the SCs, STs and OBC.

d) Conscious about Education: Dalit politics has created consciousness among

the weaker section about the importance of education.

e) Formation of Dalit Organization: Many Dalit organizations have been

established and they are influencing the politics in many ways. Kalvya Sena,

Scheduled Caste Federation, Dalit Sena etc are playing important role in national

politics.

f) Enable weaker sections: It enables the weaker sections also to join the main

stream society.

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g) Enabled Economic Development of weaker sections: In the beginning of the

20th Century means of production were controlled by the High Class. But due to

Dalit Politics SC, ST and OBC have started their own business.

h) Enhanced the representation of SCs, STs and OBCs in public service.

i) Enhanced Casteism in Administration.

j) Dalit politics has increased Casteism in Indian Politics.

k) Dalit politics has greatly influenced the voting behavior. Dalit politics has become

one of the important factors of a determining voting behavior.

Q11. What do you understand by Backward Classes? Explain Constitutional Provision regarding the Backward Classes?

Ans. Backward Classes: The term `Backward Classes` is used to include Scheduled

Castes, Scheduled Tribes deified tribes and other backward classes. These sections of

the community have labored under distinct disadvantages in consequence of the rigid

caste ridden hierarchy that prevailed in the part in India`s social structure. They have

suffered from social and economic disabilities and have come to be known as Backward

Classes. Other backward Classes include these classes which are socially

educationally backward.

Constitutional Provisions Regarding Backward Classes: The constitution of India

provides protection and other safeguards for scheduled Castes, Tribes and other

backwardness classes. As regards the socially and educationally backward classes,

now popularly called OBCs, the only special provision for them is under Article 340 of

Part XIV of the constitution. According to Article 340, the President can appoint a

commission consisting of such person as he thinks fit to investigates the condition of

socially and educationally backward classes within territory of India and the difficulties

under which they labour and to make recommendations as to what steps should be

taken by the govt. to remove such difficulties and to i8mrove their conditions.

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Q12. What do you understand by Right To Information Act 2005?

Ans. “Right To Information Act 2005”

The Right To Information Act 2005 was enacted by Indian Parliament in may 2005. It

got the assent of the president on 15 June, 2005. This Act came into force on 22nd

October 2005. The Act provides a very wide definition of the expression, `Information

which includes any material in any form including records, documents, means, e-mails,

opinion, advices, press releases etc and information relating to any private body which

can be accessed authority under any other law for the time being in force. Right to

Information includes the right to –

Information of work, documents, records.

Taking notes extracts or certified copies of documents or records.

Taking certified samples of materials.

Obtaining information in the form of dinettes, floppies, tapes, video, castes or in

any other electronic mode etc.

Q13. Write short note on Gujarat Riots?

Ans. “Gujarat Riots”

In February-March 2002, large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat,

Immediate cause of Gujarat violence was a bogey of train that was returning from

Ayodhya and was full of Kar Sewaks was set on fire at Godhra Station. In Godhra, 58

Hindu Kar Sewaks were killed in the train. As a result of this incident violence spread in

Gujarat against the Muslims. The riots in Gujarat continued for almost a whole month.

Official estimates given to parliament on May 2005 by UPA Government of Manmohan

Singh states that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus died. 223 missing and 248 injured.

However Human Rights Activists quote 200 victims, majority of them Muslims including

about 20 per cent Hindu Victims.

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About thirty three towns of Gujarat were severally affected. Some incidents which

became well known are Naroda Patia, Gulbarga Society in Ahmadabad and Best

Bakery in Baroda. In Naroda, according to Human Rights watchers at lead 65 Muslims

were killed, many of them women who were sexually assaulted by violent mobs. At

many places, there were attacks on Hindus also. There were significantly loss of life and

property and Hindu Dalit become homeless.

Narinder Modi Government was severally criticized by media, parliament and

International bodies. However, the official commission on Gujarat riots led by G.T.

Nanavati gave a clean chit to the govt. of Gujarat.

Q14. Write a short note on Ayodhya Disputes?

Ans. Ayodhya Disputes:

After 1980 the BJP perused the politics of `Hindutva` to mobilize the Hindus. In feb

1986, District Court of Faizabad ordered that the Babri Masjid premises be unlocked so

that Hindus could offer prayer at the site which they considered as place of Ram

Mandir. In 16th century in Ayodhya in place of Ram Mandir, Babri Masjid was

constructed by the order of first Mughal emperor Babar. The Mosque stood on the

Ramkot (`Rama Fort`) will also called Birth Place of Rama. 1986 edition of Encyclopedia

Britannica reported that Rama`s birthplace is marked by mosque, erected by the

Mughal emperor Babar in 1528 on the site of earlier temple.

In Dec. 1992, the organization supporting the construction of Ram temple in place of

Babri Masjid had organized a Kar Seva, Lacs of people reached Ayodhya and situation

became very tense. The Supreme Court had ordered the state government to take care

that the dispute site will not be endangered. However on Dec. 6 1992, Babri Masjid was

destroyed by Hindu Activists.

Muslims Observe December 6, when this historic mosque and monument was felled, as

Black Day. Hindu activists observe December 6 as Shouriya Diwas, Victory Day. But in

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fact, the demolition of Babri Masjid reflected the failure of secularism. It increased the

tension between Hindu and Muslims. The BJP riding to success on the issue of Ram

Janam Bhoomi failed to power in U.P in 1993 after the demolition of the Babri Masjid.

Q15. Write short note on Bahujan Samaj Party?

Ans. Bahujan Samaj Party:

Bahujan Samaj Party came into being in Dec. 1984, Mr. Kanshi Ram was the supreme

leader of the B.S.P and Ms. Mayawati was general secretary of the BSP. The BSP has

originated from DS4 transforming itself into its political wing. The term DS4 stands for

`Dalit Shoshit, Samaj Samharsha Samiti` from where Kanshi Ram began its political

activities. Main objective of BSP is to uplift the status of Dalit and make them politically

empowered. In 1992 Assembly and Lok Sabha elections it won one seats in Lok Sabha

election and nine seats in Punjab Assembly elections. In 12th Lok Sabha election BSP

won five seats, In 13th Lok Sabha election held in 1999, BSP won 14 seats. In 14 th Lok

Sabha election held in 1999, BSP secured 19 seats.

In April 2007, BSP secured absolute majority in UP Assembly and Miss Mayawati

became chief Minister of U.P. At present, she is also the president of BSP. She is very

powerful in party as well as in the government.

Short Answer Type QuestionsQ1. Explain Briefly Lok Sabha Elections 2004?

Ans. 14th Lok Sabha Elections were held in April-May 2004. First time electronic Voting

machines (EVM) have been used through the country. In these elections BJP secured

only 138 seats and lost the power at the centre. Indian National Congress won 145

seats and formed the government with its alliance under the leadership of Dr.

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Manmohan Singh. Communist Party of India secured only 10 seats, whereas CPM

secured 43 seats. Bahujan Samaj Party secured 18 seats whereas DMK secured 14

seats. In these elections Supreme Court had asked the Election Commission to monitor

all political advertising on television channels and cable networks.

Q2. Write a short note on Lok Sabha Elections of 2009?

Ans. 15th Lok Sabha Elections were held in April 2009.congress and its allies secured

261 seats whereas BJP and its allies 159 seats only. BJP won 116 seats while

Congress won 206 seats. Congress alliance formed govt. at the centre. Dr. Manmohan

Singh was elected the leader of UPA and he became the Prime Minister of India. In

these elections CPI (M) secured only 16 seats, CPI secured 4 seats only. Samajwadi

Party secured 23 seats; Bahujan Samaj Party secured 21 seats. Shiv Sena 11, Biju

Janata Dal 14 seats. In 15th Lok Sabha elections the total no. of electorates was 71.4

crore, with overall voter turn out of 60%.

Q3. What do you understand by United Front?

Ans. United Front: In the elections of 1996 BJP emerged as the largest Party. BJP govt.

was formed under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. But Vajpayee govt. failed to

secure vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha. BJP govt. fell within 13 days. The main

opposition party i.e. Congress Party refused to form the govt. Hence other parties led by

Janata Dal formed a United Front. Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, DMK, Assam Gana

Parishad, Tamil Manila Congress, CPI and Telugu Desam Party were the main partners

of United Front. With the consent of congress and CPI (M), the Chief Minister of

Karnataka, H.O Deva Gowda was asked to lead the coalition as Prime Minister. His

term was from June, 1, 1996 to April 21, 1997. The Congress with draw the support.

Later on Inder Kumar Gujarat became the leader of United Front and PM also.

Q4. Write a short note on Hung Parliament?__________________________________________________________________

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Ans. “Hung Parliament” Hung Parliament is that `parliament when no party gets clear

majority in the Lok Sabha. Since 1989 India is facing the problem of Hung Parliament.

In 1989 elections to the 9th Lok Sabha was held but no political party secured absolute

majority in the Lok Sabha. Hence no single party was in position to form govt. in 10 th,

11th, 12th, 13th and 14th Lok Sabha elections no single political party secured majority and

thus coalition govt. were formed.

Q5. Write any four functions of the scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Commission?

Ans. The main functions of the commission for scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes

are as follows:

1. To investigate all matters to safeguard provided for scheduled castes and

scheduled Tribes in the constitution.

2. To study the implementation of protection of Civil Rights Act, 1965.

3. TO ascertain the socio-economic and other relevant circumstances accounting

for the commission of offences against persons belonging to SCs and STs.

4. To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic

development of the SCs and STs and to evaluate the progress of their

development under the Union or any state.

Q6. Explain briefly rise of OBCs in North Indian Politics?

Ans. The term “Other Backward Classes” includes those castes which are socially and

educationally backward. The constitution of India provides protection and other

safeguards for SCs, STs and OBCs. Reservations for the OBCs were in existence in

Southern states since the 1960s. But this policy was not in existence in Northern India.

It was during the Janata Party Govt. that the demand for reservation for backward

classes in North India and at the national level was strongly raised. Janata party govt.

appointed Mandal Commission to determine the criterion for defining the socially and

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educationally backward classes. The commission recommended reserving 27% seats in

educational institutions and govt. jobs in central undertaking. In 199, Prime Minister V.P.

Singh implemented Mandal Commission Report but large scale protest in North India

took place against this decision of the govt. the decision was challenged in the Supreme

Court. But the Supreme Court uphold the decision of the govt. at present almost all the

political parties in favor of reservation for OBCs.

Q7. Write a short not on `Creamy Layer`?

Ans. Creamy Layer: The Supreme Court in a historical judgment on November 16,

1992 ruled that economically developed persons belonging to scheduled castes and

scheduled tribes should be denied the benefit of reservations. To this class the

Supreme Court gave the name `Creamy Layer`. In February 1993, the govt. of India

appointed a committee to lay down the criterion for the identification of the Creamy layer among the socially and educationally backward classes. The committee excluded

the offspring’s of the following persons from the reservation list:

1. The persons who have held constitutional posts of president, Vice-President,

Supreme Court and High Court Judges, ministers and governors, members of

UPSC and SSC.

2. Class-I officers of Armed Forces and central and state services of public sector.

3. Professionals having a gross annual; income of Rs 2.5 lakhs and above.

4. The persons who own irrigated land equal to or more than 65% of the statuary

ceiling area.

Q8. Write a short note on Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar?

Ans. Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Foundation: The govt. has started many

programmes and planning’s for the upliftment of the scheduled Caste and Scheduled

Tribes. Many programmes have been launched for the education and employment of

backward classes. The formation of Baba Sahib Ambedkar Foundation in march 1992,

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is an important step in this direction. During the centenary celebration of Dr. Ambedkar,

the foundation has been entrusted with the responsibility to carry on the schemes and

programmes. Dr. Ambedkar International Award for social change, harmony, equity,

justice and human dignity for the exploited and under privileged and putting up

memorial for Dr. Ambedkar are some of the schemes and programmes of this

foundation.

Q9. What do you know about Kanshi Ram?

Ans. Kanshi Ram left his government Job for social and political work. He was founder

of DS4 (Dalit, Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti) and finally the founder of Bahujan

Samaj Party. BSP under the leadership of Kanshi Ram emerged as major party in the

state politics. Kanshi Ram believed in practical politics and regarded political power as

master key to attain social equality.

Q10. Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992?

Ans. (i) National Front: In November 1989 the elections to the 9th Lok Sabha was held

and no political party secured a clear majority. The five party National Front was held

and no political party secured a clear majority.

(ii) Congress (I) Government: Elections to the 10th Lok Sabha was held in May-June

1991 and the hung Lok Sabha emerged for the second time in succession. No single

party secured clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Congress (I) formed the govt. under the

leader ship of P.V. Narsimha Rao.

(iii) Ram Mandir Issue: In June-July 1990, the BJP and Vishwa Hindu Parishad

decided to construct Ram Mandir. In the meantime L.K. Advani started Rathyatra from

Somnath (Gujarat) to Ayodhya (U.P.). In Bihar Rathyatra was stopped and he was

arrested. BJP delegation led by Atal Behari Vajpayee met the President on 23rd October

1990 and presented letter withdrawing support to the V.P Singh Govt.

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(iv) Mandal Commission Report: Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced all of a

sudden the acceptance of the Mandal report on August 7, 1990 in the parliament. But

this move of V.P. Singh had alienated his senior most colleagues. The student’s

community launched massive movements through the country against the

implementation of Mandal Report.

Objective Type Question1) Janata Dal Was Formed in 19892) Bhartiya Janata Party was formed in 19803) V.P. Singh came into power 19894) Successor of Rajiv Gandhi P.V. Narsimha Rao5) Party led the National Democratic Alliance BJP6) Party led the United Progressive Alliance INC7) Leader of BJP called Mohammad Ali Jinnah Lal Krishna Advani8) Present President of BJP Rajnath Singh9) Present president of Congress Party Mrs. Sonia Gandhi

Chairman of Second Backward Classes Commission B.P. MandalBabri Masjid was demolished 1992Present president of BSP MayawatiPresent Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan SinghPresident of Samajwadi Party Mulayam Singh Yadav

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10)11)

12)

13)

14)
