1Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Recent ion-beam therapy proposals in China

talk by a simple-minded accelerator physicist

Jie Wei, Tsinghua University, ChinaS.N. Fu, Y. Jiao, S. Wang, IHEP, CAS, China

R. Ma, MSKCC, USAS. Peggs, T. Satogata, BNL, USA

Workshop on Hadron Beam Therapy of CancerErice, Italy, April 24 – May 1, 2009

2Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Outline

� existing facilities� current activities� debates in possible approaches� EMIT attempt:

(energy modulation ion therapy)

� R&D experiences in hadron accelerators� hadron accelerator demands & CPHS:

(compact pulsed hadron source)� dream of a hadron accelerator physicist

3Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

4Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Rationale for the ion-beam facility needs

� Population of 1.32 billions;

20% of world population� 1 proton facility per 10M population:

132 proton machines� 1 carbon facility per 50M population:

26 carbon machines� 1 – 2 machines per province:

30 – 60 ion-beam machines

5Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

IMP facility Wanjie hospital/IBA

Existing ion beam therapy facilities in China

6Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Wanjie proton therapy hospital

� Proton facility based on IBA cyclotron/gantry

� Treatment of more than 300 patientsCourtesy Wanjie

7Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Lanzhou heavy ion therapy research center

� Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (parasitic)

� Recent treatment with the heavy ion synchrotron

� Previous treatment (near 100) with the heavy ion cyclotron

Courtesy IMP, CAS

8Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

SFC

TR5

TR3TR4

TR2

TR1

TL2

TL1

SSC PDC

T1

RIBLL1

RIBLL2

PT

12.1 Tm

1.1GeV/u—C6+

2.8Gev--p

9.4 Tm

500MeV/u—U92+

K=450

K=69HIRFLHIRFL

(161m)

(128.8m)

Lanzhou HIRFL-CSR Layout

9Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Proposed ion beam therapy facilities in China

10Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Shanghai Proton Heavy-ion Hospital proposal

� $330M investment by Shanghai municipal government – contract with

Siemens for $190M for construction

– 55 months– carbon-proton in

one synchrotron– no gantry

Courtesy SHCCAC

11Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Debates in possible approaches

� Goal: ion-beam therapy with capability of 3D stereo-tactic scanning

� At least 5 ways to build the machine– Cyclotron with mechanical degrader: PSI

practice– Slow-cycling synchrotron with energy-

programming slow extraction: GSI practice– Rapid cycling synchrotron: resonance

acceleration with adjustable extraction timing– FFAG-ring based– Linac based

12Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Rationale to choose the RCS approach

� well established technology– proven example of ISIS (50Hz), J-PARC (25Hz)

� new to the therapy world– smaller beam size, lighter gantry … (e.g. Peggs)

� share the R&D efforts in China– China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS)

� Primary challenge:– Lower cost (30 – 50%), quality production– World-wide collaboration, domestic fabrication

� Possible weakness:– Large amount of RF (C: < 100 kV for 50 Hz)

13Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

EMIT attempt: Guangdong/IHEP

� EMIT workshop, April 2008

14Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

EMIT-p layout

15Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

EMIT-p EMIT-CClinical specification 3 treatment rooms fixed ports Room 1 horizontal port; scattering mode Room 2 diagonal port; scanning mode

optional horizontal, vertical ports Room 3 +/- 190 deg. gantry; scanningIon species p (proton) C (carbon)Beam kinetic energy 60-250 MeV 20-450 MeV/uAverage dose rate 20 Gy/min.(scan); 2 Gy/min. (scatt.)Field size 20 cm x 20 cmDose uniformity ± 4% of the prescribed doseDose delivered accuracy ± 2%Irradiation method scattering; spot scanning; spot scanning;

respiration synchronization respiration synchronizat ionCycle repetition rate 25 - 50 Hz 25 HzBeam position accuracy at iso-center ± 0.5 mmAccuracy of patient positioning 0.5 mmLevel and time for energy change 250 levels; < 2 sLevel and time for position change 250 levels; < 20 msBeam intensity per cycle, max 2.0x109 3x107

Beam intensity per cycle, min 2.0x107

Range and time for intensity change factor of 7; < 20 msBeam spot size at isocenter 1-10 mm (FWHM)Beam relative momentum spread 0.1% (FWHM)Time for cut beam off < 20 msMain accelerator type rapid cycling synchrotron rapid cycling synchrotronAccelerator injector type proton source, RFQ, DTL

EMIT: rapid cycling synchrotron based

16Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Energy Modulation Ion Therapy (EMIT) layout

17Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

EMIT-p injector

�The linac consists of a 50 kV ion source, a 2.5 MeV RFQ, a 10 MeV DTL with a total length of 6.5 m

%0.2Energy spread

um0.15Emittance（norm. rms）

ns50-350Pulse length

Hz25 - 50Pulse repetition rate

mA1Pulse current

MeV10Output energy

18Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

EMIT-p RCS lattice A

19Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

EMIT-p RCS lattice B

20Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

CSNS vs. EMIT-p comparison

81Number of power supply

1.56××××10132.0××××109Proton number per pulse

16.40.4Power consumption （（（（MW)

81Number of RF cavity3000Total weight of quads (ton)480Number of quads6008Total weight of dipoles (ton)2424Number of dipoles

1600250 – 270Ext. energy of RCS (MeV)240~ 30Circumference of RCS (m)13010Linac energy (MeV)706.5Linac length (m)

CSNSEMIT-pParameters

21Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

建设场地广东东莞大朗建设场地广东东莞大朗建设场地广东东莞大朗建设场地广东东莞大朗 ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 松山湖松山湖松山湖松山湖

China Spallation Neutron Source layout

22Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

CSNS component prototyping

RCS 1.6 GeV25 Hz, 63 µA

H- IS, 50 keVIp = 20 mA

RFQ, 3 MeV324 MHz

DTL, 80 MeVIave=75 µA

Room for higher energy linac

Collimation & cleaning

Target station & neutron instruments

Future medicalapplications

Future proton applications

To future second target, muon target, fast neutron

Linac RF

Bending dipole

Injectionbump

Power supply

Vacuum chamber

Ring RF

Extraction

23Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Major existing/proposed accelerator facilities in China

BEPC

CPHS

NSRL

SSRF

NSRRC

CSR

CSNS

24Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Major demands for hadron accelerator

� Thorium fueled accelerator driven subcriticalreactor (ADS) for power generation

� ADS for nuclear waste transmutation

� multi-disciplinary platform neutron source� ion beam therapy� compact neutron and proton sources

25Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

ADS for waste transmutation

– By 2020, addition of nuclear power of 40 GWe, by 2050 reaching 240 GWe. 25 tons of waste per 1 GWe reactor plant.

– Transmutation of MA and LLFP material.

26Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Neutron scattering applications

能量输送能量输送能量输送能量输送

药物设计药物设计药物设计药物设计新材料制造处理过程新材料制造处理过程新材料制造处理过程新材料制造处理过程

药物学药物学药物学药物学环境科学环境科学环境科学环境科学

纳米生物科技纳米生物科技纳米生物科技纳米生物科技 洁净化科技洁净化科技洁净化科技洁净化科技

催花剂催花剂催花剂催花剂

能量储藏能量储藏能量储藏能量储藏

文化遗产文化遗产文化遗产文化遗产

先进材料先进材料先进材料先进材料

量子仪器量子仪器量子仪器量子仪器

交通交通交通交通

数据储存及处理数据储存及处理数据储存及处理数据储存及处理

物理物理物理物理 1960 化学化学化学化学 1970 生物生物生物生物 1980 能源能源能源能源…1990

二

十

世

纪

21世纪世纪世纪世纪

27Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

IS RF

QDTL

target station

proton stations

synchrotron

Hadron

therapy

ADS

rotation

gantry

fixed gantry

calibration

gantry

1

2

34

5

6

1: neutron R&D beamline

2: engineering diffraction

3: irradiation station

4: neutron radiography/ imaging

5: small angle neutron scattering

6: neutron therapy

B

A

C

D

G

Neutron

applications

Proton

accelerator

Proton

applications

neutron instruments

A possible hadron facility layout

28Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

F High-PowerSNS(3-8MW)

22MeV 2GeVRFQ DTL Low Beta SC

SC Linac

H+

H-

Ion Source

H-

H+

Accumulator

H-

G transmutation

C+

RFQ IH

E C iontherapy

29Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Compact Pulsed Hadron Source

30Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

CPHS in phases

Medical

Powder diffraction

DevicesReflectometer

Activation

SANS

Imagining

SANS: Large (~1-100nm) structure of assemblies in solid, liquid, powder forms� Micro-to-nano structures of

composites� Biology, nanobiotechnology� Polymers and soft matters� Complex systems

Reflectometry: Films & (internal) surfaces including liquid interfaces� Sensor & device heterostructures� Biology, nanobiotechnology� Polymers and soft matters� Complex systems

Devices: Frontiers of neutron optics� Beam filters� Detector development� Neutron polarization

Medical: Neutron therapy� BNCT� Nuclear medicine

Powder diffraction: Crystal structure� Solid-state chemistry & physics� Novel materials

Activation : Chemical analysis of materials

� Elementary analysis� Nuclear materials, security

Phase I

Phase II

31Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

32Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

CPHS major parameters

�ion source, RFQ, DTL, RF

�Be target

�neutron scattering�neutron imaging�proton application

�Phase I program in 3 years�Existing building on main campus�Starting funds available

33Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

CPHS accelerator parameters

34Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Electron facilities from LARGE …

� Shanghai synchrotron light source, 2008Courtesy SSRF

35Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

To small …

36Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

… small yet useful

37Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Hadron facilities from LARGE …

� Spallation Neutron Source, 2005Courtesy SNS, ORNL

38Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Laser-generated nanosecond pulsed neutron sources: scaling from VULCAN to table-top, Zager et al, New J. Phys.(2005)

� Compact, table-top sources yet producing useful neutron fluxes for practical applications

� Broad fast neutron spectrum� Forward directed beams� Pulsed operation, short pulse and high

repetition rates

Neutron Interrogation Devices

Using neutron/proton-induced reactions for non-destructive bulk elemental analysis.

Detecting buried objects, mine clearing, geophysical applications,…

To small yet innovative …

Courtesy C. K. Loong

39Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

DREAM of a hadron accelerator physicist

� from small to LARGE– Lawrence’s 12-cm dia. Cyclotron to SNS

� from LARGE to small– From SNS and ADS to compact ion-beam

therapy & neutron sources

� building affordable machines– able to build facilities at a budget much

lower than the “world standard” cost

� making hadron accelerators indispensable parts of mankind’s life

40Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

THANK YOU!

41Hadron Therapy in China, Wei et al

Acknowledgements

� To the EMIT team– C. D. Deng, S. X. Fang, S. N. Fu, H. Sun, D.

K. Liu, L. Liu, H. M. Qu, H. Shu, J. Y. Tang, S. Wang, J. Yi, J. Zhang …

� To the CSNS team– IHEP and IPHY, CAS

� To the CPHS team– C. K. Loong, Tsinghua Univ.

� To friends, colleagues, and collaborators in China and worldwide