receptors and effectors · hearing mechanism the amount of vibraon will increase or decrease...

Relación:receptoresyefectores

RECEPTORSANDEFFECTORS


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•  Percep&onofs&muli.Sensoryreceptors.•  Theeye.Anatomy.•  Theeye.Func&oning.•  Theear.Anatomy.•  Theear.Func&oning.•  Theskin.•  Tasteandsmell.•  Effectors.Bones.•  Effectors.Joints.•  Effectors.Muscles.•  Effectors.Musclecontrac&ons.•  Effectors.Skeletalsystems.•  Effectors.Musclesystem.•  Healthandillnessesofreceptorsandeffectors.

Receptorsandeffectors


PERCEPTIONOFSTIMULI.SENSORYRECEPTORS





Sensoryreceptorsareresponsibleforperceivinginforma&on,whichtheyconvertintoanerveimpulse.Thenerveimpulsetravelstothebrainandproducesafeeling.

TasteSmellTacNlesensaNons(touch,heat,cold,painandpressure)

tongue

re&na

sight

nasalmucosa

frontallobe

op&cchiasma

brainstem

cerebellum

olfactorybulbtemporallobe

spinalcord

Feelings,posiNonandmovementHearingandbalance

cochlea

semicircularcanals



THEEYE.ANATOMY





Theeyeistheorganwherethesenseofsightislocated.Itisacomplexstructurethatreceiveslightandcarriesittotheareawherethephotoreceptorsarelocated.Theeyeisformedbytheocularglobeandaseriesofaccessoryorgans.

cornea

iris

pupil

lens

re&na

chorold

sclera

fovea

blindspot



THEEYE.FUNCTIONING





ThefuncNonoftheocularglobeistoallowlighttos&mulateconesandrodsinthere&na.Then,theconesandrodswillproduceanervousimpulsethatwillbecarriedtothebrainbytheop&cnerve.

Pupilregulatestheamountoflightthatgoesintotheeyeandthelensfocusesimages.Sight in humans is stereoscopic, which means it canperceiveobjectsinthreedimensions,(1)theirsize,(2)theirshapeand(3)theirdistanceaway.Thisispossiblebecauseimagesproceedingfrombotheyesreachthebrainandourbrain makes them overlap, giving the sensa&on of three-dimensionalspace.

lightcomingfromadistanceobject

dilatedpupil

contractedradialciliarymuscle

relaxedcircularciliarymuscletenseligaments

faPenedlens

lightcomingfromadistanceobject

contractedpupil

relaxedradial contractedradialciliary

looseligaments

widenedlens

Howthelensfocuseson(A)distantand(B)closeobjects

A B

realobject

invertedimageinthere&na

correctimage

op&cnerve



THEEAR.ANATOMY





Theearsarethesensoryorganslocatedinsidethecavi&esofthetemporalbones,whicharefoundinareasonbothsidesoftheheadcalledthetemple.Theseorgansperceivetwotypesofs&muliintwodifferentareas:sounds,andchangesofbodyposture(balance). semicircular

canalsperilymph

endolymphovalwindow

roundwindoweardrum

temporalbone

utriclesaccule

cochleaEustachiantube

anvils&rrup

ossicles

auditorycanal

pinna

ceruminousglands

Outerear

Middleear

Innerear

VesNbularysystem


hammer


THEEAR.FUNCTIONING





HearingmechanismTheamountofvibra&onwillincreaseordecreaseaccordingtotheintensityofthesound.Thelastbone,thes&rrup,transfersthevibra&ontotheovalwindowcausingtheperilymphtovibrate.Asaconsequencecertaincells(locatedinsidethecochlea,formingtheorganofCor&)ares&mulated.

BalancemechanismKnowledgeofthebody’sposi&onorpercep&onofsta&cbalance:thisoccursintheutricleandsacculewhenwe’remo&onless(siVng,lyingfaceuporfacedown,orinastraightorangledposi&on...).

roundwindow

utricule

saccule

ovalwindow

semicircularcanals

organofCor&

perilymph

perilymph

nervefibres

endolymph



THESKIN





Theskinisanorganthathassensoryreceptorsthatperceiveverydiverses&mulithroughtouch.

arrectorpilimuscle

Meissnercorpuscle(touch)

Krausecorpuscle(cold)

Ruffinicorpuscle(heat)

Vater-Pacinicorpuscle(pressure) bloodvessels

sweatglandadipose&ssue

freenerveendings

pore

Epidermis

Dermis


hairsebaceousgland


TASTEANDSMELL





Tasteallowsustodetectchemicalsubstancesfromfoodsastheydissolveinoursaliva.Thesensa&onsproducedarethedifferenttastes.Tastereceptorsarecellsthatgroupintastebuds,whicharelocatedinsidethemouth,especiallyonthetongue.

In the interiorof thenasalpassages, there isanareacalledyellowpituitarywhere theolfactoryreceptorcellsgroup,formingtheolfactorybulb.Whensmellolfactoryreceptorcellsares&mulated,wecandetectanodour.

gland

tastereceptor

tastebuds

lingualepithelium

tastepore

tastecell

cilia

nervefibres

olfactorynerve

olfactorycell

supportcell

olfactorycilia

olfactorybulbfrontalsinus

air

nostril

olfactorynerve


supportcell


EFFECTORS.BONES





Themusclesareresponsibleforchangingtheposi&onofbonesand,crea&ngmovement.

Longitudinalsec&onofalongbone

Short bones: these arerounded andmostly madeup of spongy bone &ssue(inside), with a thin outerlayer of compact bone&ssue.

Flatbones:theseareplate-shaped. They are formedby an inner layer of bone&ssue surrounded by twolayers of compact bone&ssue. The func&onof thisbonetypeisprotec&ve.

spongybone&ssue

compactbone&ssue yellowmarrow

epiphysis diaphysis epiphysis



EFFECTORS.JOINTS





Bonesjointogetherformingjointsthatcanbeofthreetypes:fixed,mobileandsemi-mobilejoints.

Fixedjoint(cranium) Mobilejoint(knee) Semi-mobilejoint

(vertebrae)

&bia

kneecapligament

car&lage

kneecap

synovialsac

femur invertebraldisc spinalmarrow



EFFECTORS.MUSCLES





Musclesareinchargeofmaintainingthepostureofthebodyandperformingitsmovements(themovementofbonesaswellasinternalorgans).Theyworkusingaleverconnectedwiththebones,towhichtheyarejoinedbytendons.

musclefibres

bundlesofmusclefibres

nerve

tendonbone

bloodvessel



EFFECTORS.MUSCLECONTRACTIONS





Musclescontractbywideningandshorteningtheirfibres.Inordertocreatethismovementamotorneuronneedstosendtheordertothemuscle.Then,themusclecellsproducethenecessaryenergy.

Rememberthatallleversneedthreedifferentelements:•  Thefulcrum(F):wheretheleverrestsinorderforthetwoopposingforcestoact.•  Theeffort(E):thepointwheretheforceisappliedinordertofavourmovement.•  Theload(L):wheretheforcethatisopposingmovementisapplied.

Musclesalongwithjointsandbonesproducemovement.Thissystemworksasalever.

Therearethreetypesoflevelsystems:

A)Firstclasslever

C)Thirdclasslever

B)Secondclasslever

A) B) C)



EFFECTORS.THESKELETALSYSTEM





skullfaceclavicleshoulder

bladehumerussternumfalseribs

vertebraeillum

sacrum

femur

patella

&bia

fibula

bonesofthefeet

coccyx

ischium

pubis radiusulna

floa&ngribs

trueribs

7cervicalvertebrae

12thoracicvertebrae

5lumbarvertebraesacrum(5fusedvertebrae)

coccyx(3-4fusedvertebrae)

frontalbone

temporalparietal

ethmoidzygoma&cbone

vomerteeth

mandible

maxillae

inferiornasalconcha

middlenasalconcha

supraorbitalridge

nasalbone

frontalbone

sphenoidbone

temporalbone parietalbone

occipitalbone

externalacous&cmeatus

mastoidprocessyloidprocess

zygoma&cprocess

mandible

maxilla

nasalprocess

lacrimalbone

nasalbone

carpal

metacarpal

phalanges

phalanges matatarsal tarsal calcaneus

talus



EFFECTORS.MUSCLESYSTEM





sternocleidomas&d

trapezius

deltoid

serratusanterior

iliacus

pec&neus

sartorius

vastuslateralis

&bialisanteriormedial

gastrocnemiussoleus

pectoralismajor

biceps

rectusabdominis

palmarouslongus

rectusfemoris

vastusmedialis

occipitalismasseterspleniuscapitus

trapezius

sternocleidomastoid

triangularis

buccinator

orbicularisori

orbicularisoculi

frontalistemporalis

temporalis

zygoma&cus

mentalis

frontalisorbicularis

oculi

masseterorbicularisoristriangularis

extensorcarpiulnaris

occipitalistrapezius

deltoid

teresminorrhomboidstricepsla&ssimusdorsi

adductorsemitendinosousbicepsfemoris

medialgastrocnemius

lateralgastrocnemius

soleusflexorhallucislongus

Achillestendon

gluteusmaximum

extensordigitorum



HEALTHANDILLNESSESOFRECEPTORSANDEFFECTORS





Healthyhabitsareanessen&alwaytoensurethatweperceiveourenvironmentproperlyandthatweproduceadequateresponsestothechangesthatoccurinit.

SomerecommendaNonstotakecareofthesenseorgansare:-Usesunglasses-Visittheophthalmologistregularly-Avoidloudnoises-Avoidbeingexposedtodirectsunlightduringprolongedperiodsof&me-Donotsmoke

SomerecommendaNonstotakecareofthelocomotorsystemare:-Exerciseregularly-Alwaystrytohaveagoodposture-Donotoverexertyourbody-Donoteattoomuchmeat


receptors and effectors · hearing mechanism the amount of vibraon will increase or decrease...

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