recognition, evaluation, and control of surface contamination and dermal hazards
TRANSCRIPT
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RECOGNITION, EVALUATION, AND CONTROL OF
SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS
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STEP 1 RECOGNITION
Defining and Identifying Surface and Dermal Hazards
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DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
Chemicals that can cause dermatitis or skin damage
Chemicals that can enter the body through intact skin and cause toxic effects in various organ systems
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DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
PROPERTIES: Can penetrate or
injure the skin
Toxic if ingested
Inhalation hazard if resuspended
Low vapor pressure
Can remain on surfaces for prolonged periods
EXAMPLES: Amines Isocyanates Metal dusts PCBs and dioxins Pesticides VOCs Acids/bases Beryllium
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IDENTIFYING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits
(PELs) and ACGIH Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs®) indicate these hazards
with:
SKIN Notation SENSITIZER Notation
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THE SKIN NOTATION
Does NOT denote the capability for the chemical to cause irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization
Refers to the potential contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route including absorption through skin, mucous membranes, and eyes
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THE SKIN NOTATION
“Is intended to alert the reader that air
sampling alone is insufficient to accurately
quantitate exposure and that measures to
prevent significant cutaneous absorption
may be required.”
+
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THE ACGIH SENSITIZER NOTATION (SEN)
Is designed to protect workers from becoming sensitized through respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures
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SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
Are necessary for those chemicals that have BOTH a low exposure limit and a skin or sensitizer notation
Include process controls, measurement of airborne chemicals, worker training, and a complete dermal exposure reduction program
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A DERMAL EXPOSURE REDUCTION PROGRAM
DETECTION of skin and surface contaminants.
PROTECTION through the proper selection and changing frequency of personal protective equipment.
DECONTAMINATION of skin, work surfaces, tools, and equipment.
DETERMINATION of program effectiveness through biological monitoring.
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STEP 2 EVALUATION
WHY, WHERE, AND HOW TO SAMPLE
SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To ensure a comprehensive exposure assessment
Dermal sampling, air sampling, and biological monitoring are all components of a comprehensive exposure assessment strategy.
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To select proper personal protective equipment (PPE), particularly hand protection
Surface contamination inside a glove indicates glove failure or improper work practices.
Sampling can determine if and why PPE failure occurred and can be used to retrain workers so as to enhance PPE effectiveness.
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To comply with OSHA PPE standard
1910.138 (b) requires employers to select hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified.
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To eliminate take home toxins
Employees’ shoes, glasses, tools, and lunchboxes contaminated with hazardous chemicals may be an exposure source for family members.
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To prevent the
inadvertent mixing
of incompatible
chemicals
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination procedures
Sampling can be done initially to determine a “normal” concentration of surface contaminant following a prescribed cleaning regimen.
Future samples can be used to document that the ongoing cleaning procedures result in an acceptable surface contaminant level.
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WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To evaluate non-controlled work areas
Provides documentation that contamination of non-controlled work areas has not occurred from adjacent work areas and activities.
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WHERE TO SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
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CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
1. Review the published literature to evaluate the potential for skin absorption for the contaminant under study.2. Rate specific jobs in regards to the amount and the frequency of exposure.3. Conduct a walk-through survey of the work area making an assessment of personal and
work-area hygiene.
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CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
4. Collect a bulk sample of suspect materials and have them analyzed to confirm contents.5. Note parts of the skin regularly exposed to contaminants due to machine design or employee work practices.6. Note possible contamination of surfaces frequently touched by workers in production areas such as lids, equipment, tools, and switches.
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CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
7. Check for cross contamination on cafeteria lunch tables, desktops, doorknobs, and changing rooms. 8. Investigate the potential for exposure from handling contaminated equipment or clothing. 9. Check for contamination on door handles, seats, and flooring of vehicles driven on the job and on the inside of respirators, hard hats, and reusable gloves.
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HOW TO SAMPLE
SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
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WIPE SAMPLING FOR CHEMICALS ON SURFACES
A routine method involving the use of a filter media used dry or wetted with a liquid or solvent specified in the procedure
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WIPE SAMPLING MEDIA
Gauze pads - PCBs, pesticides Filters - Hexavalent chromium Cotton gloves - Pesticides Cotton balls - 2,4 D Ghost Wipes - Lead Cotton swabs - DNT, TNT Adhesive labels and cellophane tape - Dust
and mold spores
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GHOST WIPESSKC Cat. No. 225-2414
Ease sample preparation and analysis of surface lead
Hold together in the field even when wiping rough surfaces
Readily and completely dissolve during digestion for complete dispersion of analytes and uniform recoveries
Specified in OSHA Wipe Method ID-125G for metals
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WIPE SAMPLE COLLECTIONPROTOCOLS
FOR OSHA Wipe a test area of
100 cm2
Dry wipes or filter paper wetted with distilled water should be used for liquid residues or for sampling on skin, PPE, and surfaces that contact food.
FOR HUD Wipe a test area of 1 ft2
Templates of various shapes are helpful to sample the required area on a variety of surfaces such as floors and window sills. SKC offers plastic HUD templates as SKC Cat. No. 225-2406.
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SURFACE SAMPLING OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS
Wipe sampling is not effective for many volatile contaminants.
For these compounds, surface contamination can be determined using a general survey monitor such as a photoionization detector (PID).
SKC 730 Series
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VACUUM SAMPLING FOR PESTICIDES AND METALS
A 3-piece cassette loaded with an appropriate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet acting as a nozzle is attached to a personal pump at flows of 2+ L/min.
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VACUUM SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS
ASTM D5755 and D5756 specify a carbon-filled black polypropylene cassette with cowl loaded with an MCE or polycarbonate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet.
The tubing on the inlet serves as a nozzle to vacuum contaminants from a 100 cm2 area at 1 to 5 L/min followed by transmission electron microscopy.
SKC Cat. No. 225-322
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COLORIMETRIC SWABS FOR LEAD
Lead poisoning continues to be a public health problem, particularly among children.
Rapid, inexpensive surface sampling kits have been developed that allow non-professionals to answer the basic question, “Is lead present?”
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LEADCHECK® SWABSU.S. EPA TESTING
Recognized by U.S. EPA to reliably determine the absence of lead paint
Detects lead on 96.6% of surfaces tests
Suitable for surfaces, but activated swabs are not suitable for use on skin
SKC Cat. No. 225-2404
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LEADCHECK SWABSNIOSH METHOD 7700
Lead in Air by Chemical Spot Test Specifies 0.8 µm MCE filters at 2 L/min for
sample collection. LeadCheck swabs are used to check for the
presence of lead on the filter sample. Laboratory analysis can be done to quantitate
levels if colorimetric test is positive.
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LEAD DETECTION ON SKIN OR SURFACES
Developed by U.S. NIOSH; NIOSH Method 9105 Licensed by SKC Scientific breakthrough - Colorimetric wipe for lead on
skin or surfaces Behavior modification tool - Allows workers to
determine if their hand washing has been thorough enough
Limit of ID is 18 µg of lead
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FULL DISCLOSURE® LEAD WIPES
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
SKC Cat. Nos. 550-001/2
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COLORIMETRIC SWYPE® SAMPLING
Designed to detect contamination of work surfaces or skin
Formulated to be specific to a particular compound group
Sensitive to levels equal to or below PELs for comparable airborne exposures
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COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC
TEST KITS Aromatic amines Aliphatic amines Aromatic isocyanates Aliphatic isocyanates Hydrazine Acids/bases SKC 769-Series
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COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING
For surface sampling, spray the proprietary Developer Solution lightly on the test surface and then wipe with the SWYPE indicator pad. Wait 2 to 3 minutes for color to develop.
For skin sampling, first wipe the skin and then immerse the SWYPE indicator pad in the Developer Solution. Wait 2 to 3 minutes for color to develop.
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SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
A swab or filter wetted with sterile water or wash solution is used to wipe a specified area.
Typically, the swab is then used to inoculate a culture plate.
SKC Cat. No. 225-2402
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SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
SKC Stick-to-it Lift Tape consists of a flexible plastic microscope with an adhesive area
Press onto the surface and insert into the plastic mailers for shipment to the lab.
SKC Cat. No. 225-9808
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PPE AND DERMAL EXPOSURES
Wearing the WRONG glove is worse than wearing no glove at all!
If the chemical can permeate the glove material, the presence of the glove along with sweating will enhance chemical absorption 5 to 10 times!
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PERMEA-TEC® PADSA SCREENING TOOL FOR PPE
NEW GLOVE EVALUATIONDouble-glove workers and place PERMEA-TECpad between the two gloves. After 1 hour, remove the outside glove and inspect the PERMEA-TEC for color change. Continue checking at regular intervals.
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PERMEA-TEC PADSA SCREENING TOOL FOR PPE
ROUTINE GLOVE EVALUATIONAfter a “safe use” time for a glove has been
determined, design a change-out schedule for
gloves and use PERMEA-TEC to assure and
document protection from
chemical exposure.
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PERMEA-TEC PADSDIRECTIONS FOR USE
For glove evaluation, place the pads on the thumb, middle finger, and palm with the pad side facing out.
Don PPE normally worn.
After specified time, remove PPE.
Examine PERMEA-TEC for color change.
SKC 769 Series
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PERMEA-TEC PADSFOR SOLVENTS
Contain a color indicator and an activated charcoal pad
The color indicator strip turns from white to gray with exposure to common POLAR organic solvents
The charcoal pad can be analyzed by gas chromatography like a charcoal tube.
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STEP 3CONTROL
OF SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
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DECONTAMINATIONISSUES
THE BEST CLEANSERS: Will not disrupt or abrade the natural barrier
properties of the skin Will not enhance penetration of contaminants
into the skin Will remove water insoluble contaminants
such as pesticides Are chemical specific
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SKIN CLEANSERS
D-TAM™ SKIN CLEANSERS FROM SKC Do not contain lanolin or harsh surfactants Will remove water-insoluble contaminants Chemical specific See SKC Surface/Dermal Response kits with
chemical specific SWYPES, PERMEA-TEC pads, decontamination solutions, and D-TAM skin cleansers. (SKC 769 Series)
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METHAMPHETAMINE:A NEW SURFACE CONTAMINANT
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METHAMPHETAMINE: DEFINING THE PROBLEM
Methamphetamine or "meth" is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is highly addictive, cheap, and easy to produce.
Meth is derived from commonly available decongestants and diet aids containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine and cooked in clandestine (illegal) “labs.”
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TYPICAL METH LAB
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TYPICAL METH LAB
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RESPONDING TO METH
Health and safety
professionals have a
role to play in the
response and cleanup
of clandestine
meth laboratories.
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ROLE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PROS IN METH LABS
To protect first-responders and other personnel from the hazards
To develop health and safety plans for decontamination of buildings/environment
To confirm that appropriate “safe” levels have been met prior to reoccupancy
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OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF METH
WHO? Law enforcement Fire, hazmat, or
ambulance crews Social services Utilities services Landlords Custodial or
housekeeping staff
WHERE? Homes Cars Hotel rooms Storage units Dumpsters Tents/campsites
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
NIOSH reports that air sampling for individual contaminants is only effective during active “cooking” of meth.
The particulate aerosol formed during meth production, however, deposits onto available surfaces.
A better method for sampling meth after a cook is using surface wipe sampling.
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NIOSH SURFACE WIPE METHODS FOR METH
To evaluate meth surface residue, NIOSH has
developed two field detection kits and
transferred this technology to SKC for
commercial production.
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SKC METH RESIDUE KITS
Detects the presence of meth residue with a limit of identification of 15 micrograms/100 cm2
Color results develop rapidly for on-the-spot qualitative assessments.
Designed to check meth remediation/cleanup
Can assess meth residue on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines
Measures as low as 50 nanograms
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SKC Cat. No. 560-001 Kit Includes:
- Gauze wipes
- Disposable gloves
- 10 x 10 cm templates
- Wetting agent spray
- Developer sprays
- Color Guide Instructions and accessories
Must be kept cool during storage/transport
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Allows assessment of meth residues on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines:
MethChek 1500 - detects 1500 nanograms/100 cm2
MethChek 500 - detects 500 nanograms/100 cm2
MethChek 100 - detects 100 nanograms/100 cm2
MethChek 50 - detects 50 nanograms/100 cm2
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Each kit contains solutions and multiple individually packaged test packets that include:
Gauze wipes/cotton swabs Disposable gloves Disposable 10 x 10-cm templates Syringes Pipettes Extractor solution in vials Sample storage mini bags Detection cartridges Color Quick Guide instructions Wetting Agent spray Complete Operating Instructions
and accessories SKC Cat. Nos. 560-002 to -005B
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST IN SKC SAMPLING
TECHNOLOGIES!
WWW.SKCINC.COM
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SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS
CDC-NIOSH has released a technical
resource titled Effects of Skin Contact
with Chemicals: What a Worker Should
Know. Link to
www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-
199/pdfs/2011-199.pdf.