reconciling religion: bulleh shah, ralph waldo emerson and the american transcendentalist tradition

8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reconciling-religion-bulleh-shah-ralph-waldo-emerson-and-the-american-transcendentalist 1/22

Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!

Ad}{`mro}a`d

Nroh hfs kbbd u{a}}bd {bef{made }hb adrbdob j Yb{safd fdm }hb{ Aslfnao y`b}s d

}hb la}b{f}r{b fdm }h`reh} j [flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d$ A} hfs kbbd {bzbflbm ad nroh j has u`{c }hf} f s}{`de ladb {fd j{`n _r y`b}s sroh fs [rna fdm Hfw }h{`reh Bn.

b{s`d‑s ud o`{yrs `j bssfqs, y{`sb fdm y`b}{q$ Ad jfo}, a} as dù fyyf{bd} }hf} Bn.

b{s`d ufs }hb {s} s`.ofllbm Ubs}b{d fr}h`{ }` hfzb ado`{y`{f}bm”admbbm, }` hfzb

kbbd annbdsblq adrbdobm kq”}h`sb fdm `}hb{ ‘sbb{s fdm sfqb{s‑ j }hb Bfs}$ Has

}{fdslf}a`ds `j Hfw fdm `}hb{s, fs ubll fs has grx}fy`sa}a`d `j Yb{safd zb{sb ua}h

has ùd, f{b olbf{ admaof}a`ds }hf} Bnb{s`d m{bu has nrsbs j{`n f mbby fdm mas}fd}

ubllsy{ade ad has bxyl`{f}a`d `j }hb adbx}{aofklb nr}rfl k`dm fdm o`.mbybdmbdob

kb}ubbd nfdcadm fdm df}r{b$ Has y`bns K{fhnf fdm _ffma, ad yf{}aorlf{, sb{zb fs

s}{`de bxfnylbs `j }hb {`lb }hf} }hb sbna`}aos `j ‘`r}.lqade‑ orl}r{bs, s` mas}fd} ad

}anb fdm ylfob j{`n has ùd Dbu Bdelfdm, ylfqbm ad has y`b}aos fdm has zabu `j

lajb fs f rdazb{sflas}$Hb u{`}b ad }hb ad}{`mro}a`d }` has bssfq Df}r{b,

]hb j`{beàde ebdb{f}a`ds kbhblm E`m fdm df}r{b jfob }` jfob3 ub, }h{`reh

}hba{ bqbs$ Uhq sh`rlm d`} ub fls` bdg`q fd `{aeadfl {blf}a`d }` }hb rda.

zb{sb0

Dù, ad hadmsaeh} `j `zb{ f obd}r{q fdm f hflj `j {bbo}ade `d Bnb{s`d‑s u`{c,

a} uall kb ad}b{bs}ade }` o`dsamb{ }hb y`b}{q fdm kblabjs `j f _r y`b} uh`, }h`reh

rdfjlaf}bm ua}h Bnb{s`d‑s u`{c yb{ sb, y{bsbd}s fd adma{bo} allrnadf}a`d `j }hb

rdazb{sfl }`lb{fdob fdm zflrbs `j Fnb{aofd ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn$

[bo`doalade [blaea`d7 Krllbh _hfh, [flyh Uflm`Bnb{s`d fdm }hb Fnb{aofd ]{fdsobdmbd}flas} ]{fma}a`d

Kq Nacb Rdhb{ fdm _f{f Kfd`

6




_rsn7 Mbda}a`ds fdm Kbeaddades

]` rdmb{}fcb sroh fd bxyl`{f}a`d, a} as hblyjrl }` mbdb }b{ns, bsyboafllq j`{ }hbd`d.syboaflas}$ _rsn, `{ ]fsfuurj fs a} as cdùd ad }hb Nrslan u`{lm, as `j}bd

ohf{fo}b{awbm fs Aslfnao nqs}aoasn (Lades 62!$

]hb {s} yb`ylb }` ofll }hbnsblzbs _r ub{b f e{`ry `j masoaylbs `j }hb

Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm, Y{fasb Kb Rd}` Han (hbdobj`{}h fkk{bzaf}bm ad }has yfyb{ fs

YKRH !, uh` u`rlm `j}bd sa} f} has jbb} }` las}bd }` }hb }bdb}s `j Aslfn fdm {bobazb

bdlaeh}bdnbd} ad }hb jfa}h$

_bqqbmbh M{ $ Dfham Fdehf u{a}bs fd ad}b{bs}ade mbda}a`d j _rsn fdm j

a}s bf{lq kbeaddades7

]hb has}`{q `j }hb `{aead `j _rsn {bo`{ms }hf} mr{ade }hb lajb}anb `j }hb

Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm ( YKRH !, j}bbd obd}r{abs fe`, }hb{b ufs f e{`ry `j

ya`rs admazamrfls j{`n majjb{bd} df}a`ds uh`, erambm kq }hb Lfus `j Aslfn,

s`reh} j`{ }hb ma{bo} bxyb{abdob `j }hb Mazadb$ O`nyfda`ds `j }hb Y{`yhb},

}hbq ub{b yb`ylb `j y{adoaylbs y{fo}aoade ob{}fad masoayladbs fdm nbma}f.

}a`ds j`{ }hb sfcb `j yr{aof}a`d, }hb {bflawf}a`d `j Mazadb l`zb, fdm }hb rd.

mb{s}fdmade `j {bfla}q$ ]hbq ub{b }hb L`zb{s `j E`m uh` s`reh} rda`d ua}h

Han }h{`reh l`sade }hb lana}bm sblj ad Has Mazada}q ( jfdf!, fdm {bnfadade

flazb ad }hf} [bfla}q (kfehf!$

]hbsb admazamrfls nb} d }hb ylf}j`{n, { srjjb, j }hb n`svrb uhb{b Y{`yh.

b} N`hfnnbm ( YKRH ! rsbm }` y{fq ad Nbmadf, F{fkaf$ ]hbq u`rlm nbb}}hb{b fln`s} bzb{q mfq }` masorss }hb ufqs }` addb{ cdùlbmeb, }hb }{r}hs `j

{bzblf}a`d, fdm }hb nbfdades `j }hb zb{sbs `j }hb C`{fd$ ]hrs }hb ylf}j`{n

`j }hf} n`svrb ad Nbmadf kbofnb }hb {s} ef}hb{ade ylfob `j `db `j }hb

n`s} adrbd}afl e{`rys ad }hb has}`{q `j nfdcadm‑s sya{a}rfl oazalawf}a`d$

]hbq ub{b ofllbm fhlb srjjb, }hb Yb`ylb `j }hb Ylf}j`{n$

Fn`de }hb n`s} jfn`rs `j }hbsb srjjb (fmhb{bd}s j }hb _r yf}h uh` j`llùbm }hb

Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm ( YKRH !! ub{b7 _flnfd Jf{sa, Fnnf{ Qfssb{, Kfllf‑fl, fdm

Fkmrllfh Nfs`rm3 s`nb has}`{afds hfzb fmmbm @zbqsb Ehf{fda }` }has las} fs ubll$

Fzàmade y{`sblq}awade fn`de }hb nrl}a}rmb, }hba{ ef}hb{ades ub{b hblm ad y{azf}b,

`ybd `dlq }` }{rb sbbcb{s `j {bfla}q$ Ads}bfm `j y{bfohade ad yrklao, }hbsb ya`rs adma.

zamrfls ub{b n`{b sbf{ohb{s j`{ }{r}h }hfd yb{j`{nb{s `j {hb}`{ao$

Fj}b{ }hb Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm ( YKRH ! yfssbm fufq, bfoh _r {b}r{dbm }`

has h`nblfdm }` ads}{ro} s}rmbd}s bfeb{ }` j`llù }hb yf}h }ùf{m addb{ cdùlbmeb$

]hb{b }hbq kbofnb }hb e{bf} nassa`df{abs `j Aslfn$ Has}`{q shùs }hf} ua}had f

;



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

obd}r{q `{ }u` }hba{ s}qlb `j sblj.rdmb{s}fdmade fdm masoayladb ufs ad}{`mrobm kq

}hba{ s}rmbd}s }` df}a`ds fs mazb{sb fdm uamblq sbyf{f}bm fs Yb{saf, Admaf, Adm`db.

saf, _q{af, Nbs`y`}fnaf, Beqy}, fdm `}hb{ {bea`ds `j D`{}h Fj{aof$ ]hba{ }bfohadesub{b kfsbm d admazamrfl rdmb{s}fdmade fdm ma{bo} bxyb{abdob, d`} grs} d yf{}aorlf{

}bx}s `{ {`}b lbf{dade$ Ad }has nfddb{ }hba{ jrdmfnbd}fl }bfohades hfzb kbbd y{b.

sb{zbm ad }hba{ s}qlb ry }` }hb y{bsbd}$

D`d.Nrslans `j}bd nas}fcb _rsn j`{ f sbo} `j Aslfn$ _rsn as n`{b fo.

or{f}blq mbso{akbm fs fd fsybo} `{ manbdsa`d `j Aslfn$ _r `{mb{s ( }f{avfs! ofd kb

j`rdm ad _rdda, _haf, fdm `}hb{ Aslfnao e{`rys$ Akd Chflmrd, }hb 6=}h obd}r{q F{fk

has}`{afd, mbso{akbm _rsn fs

mbmaof}a`d }` u`{shay, }`}fl mbmaof}a`d }` Fllfh n`s} Haeh, mas{bef{m j`{

}hb db{q fdm `{dfnbd} `j }hb u`{lm, fks}adbdob j{`n }hb ylbfsr{b, ubfl}h,

fdm y{bs}aeb s`reh} kq n`s} nbd, fdm {b}a{ade j{`n }hb{s }` u`{shay fl`db$

(Cbllb{!

@d }hb `}hb{ hfdm, ad s`nb}hade `j f mbyf{}r{b j{`n n`{b y{bzflbd} mbda}a`ds,

Yfrl Qfohdbs vr`}bs Aslfn soh`lf{ Zao}`{ Mfddb{, ad Qfohdbs‑ ùd ad}{`mro}a`d

}` has }{fdslf}a`d `j AkdiF}f‑allfh‑s K``c `j Uasm`n (6158!7 “Uhbd mbflade ua}h

_rsn, a} as kbs} }` lbfzb }` db samb sroh }b{ns fs ‘nqs}ao‑ fdm ‘nqs}aoasn,‑ aj dlq

kbofrsb ad }hb n`mb{d Ubs}b{d u`{lm sroh u`{ms dùfmfqs `j}bd lbfm }` o`djr.

sa`d$„ Foo`{made }` Qfohdbs, Mfddb{ ads}bfm y{bjb{s }` ambd}ajq _rsn “`yb{f}azblq

fdm ads}a}r}a`dfllq,„ fs hb m`bs ad has k``c ]hb Aslfnao ]{fma}a`d7 Fd Ad}{`mro}a`d7

_rsn as }hb sya{a}rfl Yf}h (}f{avfh! `j Aslfn fdm hfs kbbd ambd}abm ua}h

a} j`{ ubll `zb{ f }h`rsfdm qbf{s$ $ $ $ A} hfs kbbd ofllbm iAslfnao nqs}aoasn‑

kq Ubs}b{d soh`lf{s kbofrsb `j a}s {bsbnklfdob }` Oh{as}afd fdm }hb{ j`{ns

`j nqs}aoasn blsbuhb{b$ Rdlacb Oh{as}afd nqs}aoasn, hùbzb{, _rsn as f

o`d}adr`rs has}`{aofl fdm bzbd ads}a}r}a`dflawbm yhbd`nbd`d ad }hb Nrslan

u`{lm }hf} hfs hfm nalla`ds `j fmhb{bd}s mùd }` }hb y{bsbd} mfq$ Admbbm, aj

ub l``c `zb{ }hb Nrslan u`{lm, }hb{b as hf{mlq f {bea`d }hf} m`bs d`} hfzb

_r `{mb{s s}all jrdo}a`dade }hb{b$ (Mfddb{ 8=!

F s}{`de orl}r{fl blbnbd} hfs bz`lzbm ua}h }hb ad}b{y{b}f}a`d `j _rsn3 fs nbd.

}a`dbm bf{lab{, _rsn hfs kbbd y{bzflbd} }h{`reh`r} }hb Nrslan u`{lm ry }` }hb

y{bsbd} }anb$ Uhalb }hb shfmbs `j nbfdade fdm rdmb{s}fdmade fdm fyyf{bd} shfyb

`j _rsn naeh} kb majjb{bd} fo{`ss orl}r{bs, }hb kfsao amb`lèq as }hb sfnb j{`n

Bfs} }` Ubs}, j{`n _r y`b}s fs mazb{sb fs [rna fdm Krllbh _hfh$

?




Yfrl Qfohdbs (;9! nbd}a`ds majjb{bd} yb{sybo}azbs `j _rsn ad laeh} `j maj.

jb{bd} mbda}a`ds ad has yfyb{ “_rsn Dfnb fdm @{aead$„ [$F$ Daoh`ls`d, ad has

k{abj ad}{`mro}a`d }` _rsn, ]hb Nqs}aos `j Aslfn (616=!, {bnf{cs7 “_rsn, }hb{blaea`rs yhal`s`yhq `j Aslfn, as mbso{akbm ad }hb `lmbs} bx}fd} mbda}a`d fs ‘}hb fy.

y{bhbdsa`d `j mazadb {bfla}abs‑„ (6!$ Mbsya}b {bjb{{ade }` a} fs “Aslfnao nqs}aoasn,„

hb s}all nfad}fads }hb y`yrlf{ ambf }hf} _rsn ufs lf{eblq }hb y{`mro} `j mazb{sb

yhal`s`yhaofl fdm sya{a}rfl adrbdobs, adolrmade Oh{as}afd, Db`.Ylf}`dao, fdm `}h.

b{s$ Daoh`ls`d jr{}hb{ s}f}bs }hf} _rsn as “f srkgbo} s` zfs} fdm nfdq.sambm }hf}

sbzb{fl lf{eb z`lrnbs u`rlm kb {bvra{bm }` m` a} fdq}hade lacb grs}aob„ (6!$ Daoh`l.

s`d‑s mbda}a d jòrsbs d }hb mazb{sa}q, rdazb{sfla}q fdm fooby}fdob `j fll {blaea`ds

fdm o{bbms, uhaoh as `db `j }hb n`s} saedaofd} fdm rdavrb fsybo}s `j _rsn$

Fs Hamfqf} Adfqf}.Chfd u{a}bs ad has f{}aolb “Uhf} as _r0„7

_rsn as dba}hb{ f {blaea`d d`{ f orl} `{ f sbo}, d`{ as a} `dlq j{`n bfs} `{

j{`n ubs}$ _rsn, uhaoh nbfds uasm`n, hfs flufqs kbbd fdm shfll flufqs

kb fd `ybd m``{ }` ]{r}h3 }hb uasb jbbl sqnyf}hq }ùf{ms fll kblabjs, uhalb

f} }hb sfnb }anb fzàmade syborlf}a`d ry`d fks}{fo} o`doby}s$ _rsn kb.

labzbs ad }hb Mazadb `{aead `j bzb{q j`{n `j u`{shay ad uhaoh }hb rda}q `j

{blaea`rs ambfls as {bsybo}bm$

Nbfduhalb, ad has k``c Can, [rmqf{m Caylade ufs o`d}bd} }` {bjb{ }` f _r fs “f

j{bb.}hadcb{„ (6:5!$

Fln`s} fll soh`lf{s }`mfq fooby} }hb o`doby}s `j mazadb `{aead fdm }`lb{fdob

ad _rsn$ Kr} Hamfqf} Adfqf}.Chfd hfs eazbd }hb nbfdade `j _rsn sanylq fsuasm`n, uhaoh, lacb Caylade‑s j{bb.}hadcb{, sbbns }` kb fd ado`nylb}b }b{n o`n.

yf{bm ua}h }hb kfsao mò}{adb }hf} j`llùs$ Ad has f{}aolb “_r Yf}h,„ }hb mbda}a`d

`j _rsn (]fsfz`j! as eazbd }hrs, fs f nroh n`{b {ae`{`rs ohf{fo}b{awf}a`d7

]fsfz`j as }hb g`r{dbq `j }hb s`rl ad sbf{oh `j }hb ]{r}h, fs ubll fs a}s f{.

{azfl$ ]has as }hb {bdrdoaf}a`d `j bzb{q}hade kr} E`m$ A} as yfqade o`nylb}b

f}}bd}a`d fdm hfzade f hbf{}.jbl} o`ddbo}a`d }` Han$ A} as adda}b {bsaedf}a`d

}` }hb yàd} }hf} `db sbbs d`}hade kr} E`m ua}h }hb zasa`d `j }hb hbf{}, }` }hb

yàd} }hf} fll `}hb{ kbades f{b sbbd fs nb{b shfmùs `j }hb Mazadb, rd}al }hb

s}f}b as {bfohbm ad uhaoh “]hb{b as d` kbade kr} E`m,„ fdm “]hb{b as d`}h.

ade kr} Han$„

=



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

Krllbh _hfh fdm Fshjfv Fhnbm

]hb o`ny`sa}a`ds `j Krllbh _hfh, o`dsamb{bm kq nfdq }` kb }hb e{bf}bs} nqs}ao y`b} `j }hb Yrdgfk, hfzb kbbd {bef{mbm fs }hb yaddfolb `j _r la}b{f}r{b$ Has fm.

na{b{s (nfdq `j uh`n hfzb {bjb{{bm }` han fjjbo}a`df}blq fs Kfkf Krllbh _hfh!

o`nyf{b has u{a}ades fdm yhal`s`yhq }` }hb u`{c `j [rna fdm _hfns.a.]fk{aw$ F}

y{bsbd}, hb as hblm ad e{bf} bs}bbn bvrfllq ad D`{}hb{d Admaf fdm Yfcas}fd$

O`dzbqade }has sbdsb `j “}anblbss fyy{boaf}a`d„ `j Krllbh _hfh‑s u`{c, Yfcas}fd‑s

]hb Mfalq Nfal Dbus, yrklashbm ad Aslfnfkfm, {bobd}lq y{ad}bm }hb j`llùade fd.

d`rdobnbd} {bef{made fd ryo`nade r{s (mbz`}a`dfl jfa{ mbmaof}bm }` _r sfad}s!7

KFKF KRLLBH _HFH R[_ KBEAD_ ]@MFQ

CF_R[”]hb fddrfl R{s `j Kfkf Krllbh _hfh, }hb Yrdgfka nqs}ao y`b},

uall kbead `d @o}`kb{ 6, ;991 fdm uall o`dolrmb `d @o}`kb{ ?, ;991 ad

Cfsr{$ Krllbh _hfh‑s y`b}{q {bbo}bm has {bgbo}a`d `j `{}h`m`x h`lm `j

nrllfhs `zb{ Aslfn, }hb dbxrs kb}ubbd }hb olb{eq fdm }hb {rlb{s fdm fll }hb

}{fyyades `j j`{nfl {blaea`d }hf} o{bf}bm f erlj kb}ubbd nfd fdm has O{b.

f}`{$ F o`nn`d }hbnb `j has y`b}{q as }hb yr{sra} `j sblj.cdùlbmeb }hf} as

bssbd}afl j`{ }hb nqs}aofl rda`d ua}h }hb Kbl`zbm$

]hb{b f{b zf{qade `yada`ds {bef{made }hb mf}bs `j Krllbh _hfh‑s lajb, kr} n`s} {b.

sbf{ohb{s kblabzb }hf} hb lazbm j{`n 6:29 }` 6528$ Hb ufs k`{d Fkmrllfh _hfh, ad

}hb Yrdgfk {bea`d `j y{bsbd}.mfq Yfcas}fd, ad }hb zallfeb `j Roh Ealfdaqfd ad Kfhf.uflyr{$ Hb ufs `j }hb _fqqafm ofs}b, fdm ufs }hrs {blf}bm }` Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm

(YKRH!$ Has jfnalq ufs o`ds}fd}lq shaj}ade j{`n ylfob }` ylfob mr{ade has ohalm.

h``m$ Krllbh _hfh‑s jf}hb{, _hfh N`hfnnbm Mb{zash, ufs ubll.zb{sbm ad F{fkao,

Yb{safd fdm }hb C`{fd$ Has jfnalq n`zbm }` }hb mas}{ao} `j Nflfcufl, fdm kbj`{b

l`de }hb hbfm `j }hb zallfeb `j Yfdm`cb s`reh} f y{bfohb{ j`{ }hb zallfeb n`svrb$

@d }hb {bo`nnbdmf}a`ds `j }hb yb`ylb `j Nflfcufl, hb fyy{`fohbm Krllbh _hfh‑s

jf}hb{ fdm {b}fadbm han d`} `dlq }` yb{j`{n }hb mr}abs `j }hb y{bfohb{, kr} fls` }`

kbo`nb }hb }bfohb{ j`{ }hb zallfeb ohalm{bd$

J`{ q`rde Krllbh a} ufs f sanylb ofsb `j f df}r{fl or{a`sa}q fdm {boby}azb.

dbss fs ubll fs bdza{`dnbd}$ ]hbsb jfo}`{s y{`zambm han ua}h has bf{lq bmrof}a`d

fdm fuf{bdbss `j }hb yùb{ `j {blaea`d fdm }hb u{a}}bd u`{m, fs ubll fs f mbby {b.

sybo} j`{ lbf{dade$

Lf}b{, hb ufs sbd} }` Vfsr{ j`{ haehb{ bmrof}a`d, uhaoh ad }h`sb mfqs ufs f

ubll.cdùd obd}b{ `j lbf{dade$ ]hb{b hb bdo`rd}b{bm bnadbd}, ubll.cdùd }bfoh.

b{s sroh fs Hfwf{f} Ehrlfn Nr{}fwf fdm Nfrlfdf N`haqrmmad$ Krllbh _hfh kb.

2




ofnb f yryal `j Hfwf{f} Ehrlfn Nr{}fwf, fdm ua}h has addf}b ad}bllaebdob fdm

n`{fl y{òlaza}q, hb efadbm nroh j{`n has o`d}fo} ua}h }has }bfohb{$

Foo`{made }` Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a ad }hba{ f{}aolb “]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh,„}hb{b as s}{`de has}`{aofl bzambdob }` shù }hf} Krllbh hfm kbo`nb fd bnadbd}

soh`lf{ `j F{fkao fdm Yb{safd7

J{`n has ud o`ny`sa}a`ds ub ofd dm nfdq {bjb{bdobs }` Aslfnao }h`reh}

fdm nqs}ao la}b{f}r{b$ Lf}b{, uhbd hb f}}fadbm nqs}ao {bflawf}a`d, has b{rma.

}a`d fdm lbf{dade fovra{bm f dbu saedaofdob$ Kr} Krllbh _hfh hfm }` yfss

}h{`reh f hf{m s}{reelb kbj`{b hb o`rlm f}}fad }hb addb{ cdùlbmeb$ ]has f}.

}fadnbd} ufs y`ssaklb `dlq }h{`reh has o`d}fo} ua}h has Nr{sham `{ Nfs}b{,

Adfqf} _hfh$ ]hb s}rmq `j so{ay}r{bs fdm `}hb{ h`lq k``cs hfm `dlq f{`rsbm

has ad}b{bs} fdm or{a`sa}q fk`r} sya{a}rfl {bflawf}a`d$ Has l`deade j`{ rda`d

ua}h }hb L`{m {bfohbm a}s o`dsrnnf}a`d `dlq fj}b{ hb nb} f yb{jbo} Nfs}b{

ad }hb yb{s`d `j _hfh Adfqf} Vfma{a$

]hrs, a} ufs has o`d}fo} ua}h _hfh Adfqf} Vfma{a }hf} bdfklbm Krllbh }` {bflawb has

mbbylq.jbl} uash }` }{fdsobdm bf{}hlq yfssa`d, adolrmade }hf} uhaoh hb jbl} j`{ has

nfs}b{, fdm f}}fad }hb mazadb l`zb hb s`reh} `j }hb L`{m$

Kbofrsb `j has yr{b lajb fdm haeh sya{a}rfl f}}fadnbd}s, hb as bvrfllq y`yr.

lf{ fn`de fll o`nnrda}abs$ _oh`lf{s fdm mb{zashbs hfzb ofllbm han ‘]hb

_hbach `j K`}h }hb U`{lms,‑ ‘]hb nfd `j E`m,‑ ‘]hb Cdùb{ `j _ya{a}rfl

E{fob‑ fdm kq `}hb{ bvrfllq bmajqade }a}lbs$ (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh!

_rsn hfm kbbd bs}fklashbm ad }hb Nrslan u`{lm obd}r{abs kbj`{b Krllbh _hfh, fdm

}has }{fma}a`d as s}all f yf{} j }hb n`mb{d mfq Nrslan u`{lm$ _` uhalb has ambfs ub{b

d`} flabd fdm has nbssfeb mam d`} s}`y }hb{b, Krllbh _hfh‑s {f}hb{ rdo`dzbd}a`dfl

fdm k`lm y`b}{q ufs d`} s`nb}hade bfsalq fooby}fklb j`{ }hb s`.ofllbm d`{ns j jrd.

mfnbd}fl sòab}q$ J`{ bxfnylb, mr{ade has }anb ua}h has nfs}b{ _hfh Adfqf} Vfma{a,

hb rsbm }hb jbnadadb nb}fyh`{ }` zàob has }h`reh}s, fdm hb m{bssbm lacb f u`nfd

fdm uha{lbm lacb f o`nn`d mfdoade ea{l `j }hb s}{bb} }h`reh hb ufs j{`n f haehlq

bs}bbnbm fdm {bsybo}bm kfoce{`rdm (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh!$

A} ofd kb sfam }hf} Krllbh }r{dbm {f}hb{ boobd}{ao ad has kbhfza`{ (fdm s`nb

f{`rdm han bzbd ofllbm han o{fwq! fs hb }{abm }` mbdb }hb l`zb hb jbl} j`{ k`}h has

nfs}b{ fdm has mba}q$ ]hb j`llùade ladbs f{b }fcbd j{`n Krllbh‑s h`nfeb }` }hb

l`zb fdm yfssa`d hb jbl} }ùf{m k`}h has nfs}b{ fdm E`m7

:



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

Q`r{ l`zb hfs nfmb nb mfdob fll `zb{3

Jfllade ad l`zb ua}h q`r ufs sryyade f ory `j yàs`d$

O`nb, nq hbflb{3 a}‑s nq dfl h`r{$Q r{ l`zb hfs nfmb nb mfdob fll `zb{$

Fdm

Lbfzade nq yf{bd}s, A fn }abm }` q`r$

@h, _hfh Adfqf}, nq kbl`zbm er{r$

(E{fdeb{!

Krllbh‑s nbssfeb }h{`reh nroh `j has y`b}{q nf}ohbs has k{`fm yb{sybo}azb

`j rdazb{sfla}q }hf} as nroh mbbyb{ }hfd }hb nb{b fyy{fasfl `j df}r{fl kbfr}q”a}

hfs mbby {``}s }hf} {bfoh mùd }` }hb hrnfd s`rl fdm hrnfd hbf{}$ ]has o`doby}

as lf{eb{ }hfd lajb7 mazada}q }` rdazb{sfla}q fdm }hbd }` sya{a}rfla}q3 fll f{b ad}b{o`d.

dbo}bm fdm ofdd`} kb sbyf{f}bm$ ]has ad}b{{blf}a`d as ohf{fo}b{awbm kq }hb yh{fsb

“Fdf rl Hfv„ (“A fn mazadb„!$ R}}b{ade sroh f yh{fsb ufs o`dsamb{bm f} }hb }anb

sroh f klfsyhbn`rs bxy{bssa`d }hf} uhbd a} ufs r}}b{bm kq }hb sbb{ Nfds``{ Hflfg

(o$ 828‟1;;!, hb ufs j`{obm }` m{adc yàs`d j`{ has sya{a}rfl o{anb$

Krllbh _hfh ufs f rdavrb zàob f} }hf} }anb ad }hb Nrslan u`{lm (fdm ob{.

}fadlq ad }hb y{bsbd} ylfob fdm }anb fs ubll!, fs hb fscbm }hb yb`ylb }` mbs}{`q }hb

n`svrb fdm }hb }bnylb sadob a} as ad }hb hrnfd hbf{} }hf} E`m mublls$ ]hb o`doby}

`j “sblj„ as has jòfl yàd} fs hb fmm{bssbbs nfdcadm, fscade ad `db `j has n`{b jf.

n`rs y`bns (cdùd fs f cf!, O`nb }` @r{ Fk`mb7

]anb fdm }anb fefad q`r e` }` }bnylbs fdm n`svrbs,

kr} hfzb q`r bzb{ bd}b{bm q`r{ ùd hbf{}0

]has o`doby} `j j`{sfcade }hb bs}fklashbm o`ds}{ro}s `j y{fqb{, fdm ad yf{}aorlf{ }hb

yhqsaofl }{fyyades `j u`{shay, sroh fs n`svrb, ohr{oh, fdm {blaea`rs k``cs, lf}b{

m{bu rdazb{sfl f}}bd}a`d, fdm k{`reh} dbu fuf{bdbss }` yb`ylb lacb Nflo`ln X fdm

`}hb{s uh` jbl} masbdj{fdohasbm kq }hb nfg`{a}q {blaea`d fdm orl}r{b kq uhaoh }hbq

ub{b {rlbm$ _roh fd fuf{bdbss `{ bdlaeh}bdnbd} `j}bd ofd kb j`rdm }` }r{d nfdq

j{`n o{anadfl r}ofs}s }` lbfmb{s fdm zasa df{abs$ ]` {bef{m fll fs bvrfls, }` fohabzb

f hrnfdas}ao bvrfla}q, as yf{fn`rd} }` }hb yf}h `j }hb hrnfd kbade `d bf{}h, uhaoh

ufs fdm {bnfads }hb hbf{} `j _rsn7

[bn`zb mrfla}q fdm m` fufq ua}h fll masyr}bs,

]hb Hadmrs fdm Nrslans f{b d`} `}hb{ }hfd Hb$

5




Mbbn bzb{q`db za{}r`rs, }hb{b f{b d` }habzbs$

J`{ ua}had bzb{qk`mq Hb hansblj {bsambs$

Hù }hb }{aocs}b{ hfs yr} `d has nfsc&(Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, Krllbh _hfh7 ]hb L`zb.Ad}`xaof}bm Ao`dòlfs} !

Nfdq qbf{s kbj`{b, }hb _r sbb{s j Yb{saf, sroh fs Hfjbw, [rna, fdm _ffma,

uh`n Bnb{s`d s` fmna{bm nfdq qbf{s lf}b{, o`dzbqbm }hb sfnb nbssfeb, fdm

Krllbh _hfh of{{abm j`{}h ua}h }hb sfnb zae`{ obd}r{abs fj}b{$ Bzbd }`mfq, Yfcas}fda

la}b{f}r{b”d`} `dlq ad }hb df}a`dfl lfderfeb `j R{mr kr} ad fll {bea`dfl lfderfe.

bs”hfs f zb{q s}{`de _r }{fma}a`d, fs as j`rdm ad }hb u`{c `j o`d}bny`{f{q _r

u{a}b{s `j R{mr, sroh fs Vrm{f}.Rllfh._hfhfk, Nrn}fw Nrj}a, Ufsaj Fla Ufsaj,

Kfd` Vrmsbaf, fdm, `j o`r{sb, Fshjfv Fhnbm$

Fshjfv Fhnbm (61;2.;99=! ufs f n`{b o`d}bny`{f{q zàob `j _rsn ad

`r{ }anb$ Hb ufs f ubll.cdùd fdm haehlq {bsybo}bm ylfqu{aeh}, k{`fmofs}b{, rda.

zb{sa}q bmrof}`{ (ad Yfcas}fd fdm fk{`fm!, fdm ad}bllbo}rfl fr}h`{ `j n`{b }hfd ;2

k``cs, fdm ufs mbbylq adsya{bm kq _rsn ad }hb lf}}b{ yf{} j has lajb$ Hb hfm kberd

f ]Z }flc shù ofllbm Kfa}}hfc , nbfdade f ylfob uhb{b yb`ylb j{`n fll uflcs `j

lajb ef}hb{ }èb}hb{ fdm }flc fk`r} }hba{ bxyb{abdobs fdm bxohfdeb uasm`n$ Lf}b{

a} ufs dfnbm Wfzaqf (yb{sybo}azb, manbdsa`d!, uhb{b hb y{`jbssbm has _r ambfs

}` }hb Yfcas}fda df}a`d bzb{q ubbc j`{ n`{b }hfd f qbf{$ ]has }flc shù lf}b{ ofnb

ad}` k``c j`{n fls` rdmb{ }hb }a}lb `j Wfzaqf, fyybf{ade ad sbzb{fl z`lrnbs$ Hb ufs

d`} f k`{d _r, fdm a} ofnb }` han fs f e{fmrfl }{fdsj`{nf}a`d mrb }` has lajbl`de

bxyb{abdobs fdm has ol`sb o`d}fo} ua}h }hb fr}h`{s Vrm{f} Rllfh _hfhfk fdm Nrn.

}fw Nrj}a, k`}h y{`nadbd} _r.adsya{bm u{a}b{s ad }hb R{mr lfderfeb$ Yb{hfys }hbe{bf}bs} adrbdob ufs lf}b{ ad has lajb, uhbd hb u`rlm sybdm }anb sa}}ade ua}h _rs,

`j}bd ad }hba{ any`zb{ashbm h`nbs, ad fd bjj`{} }` rd{fzbl }hb nqs}b{abs `j _rsn$

F} }anbs Fshjfv u`rlm yf{}aoayf}b ua}h }hb jfnalabs ad sroh nrdmfdb h`rsbh`lm

oh`{bs fs shbllade kbfds fdm sbuade ol`}h, fdm }h{`reh }hbsb sanylb fo}s m`db

ua}had }hb o`d}bx} `j sanylb lazbs, hb ufs fklb }` kb}}b{ rdmb{s}fdm }hb o`doby} `j

kflfdoade `db‑s s}{reelb j`{ ubfl}h fdm cdùlbmeb ua}h fd bxas}bdob `j mbz`}bm

sanylaof}a`d fdm frs}b{a}q ad }hb s`.ofllbm n`mb{d lajb$ @r} `j }hbsb bxyb{abdobs

ofnb }hb vrbs}a`d hb ufs }` fsc j`{ }hb {bnfadmb{ `j has lajb7 “Fll }has s}{reelb ad

lajb as j`{ uhf}0„

A} ufs f vrbs}a`d hb o`rlm d`} fdsub{ f} ad}b{df}a`dfl rdazb{sa}abs, kr} {f}hb{

j`rdm f} }hb mqb{f (fd `ybd ylfob }` sa} fdm }flc! `j _rsn$ Hb ufs d`} annb{sbm

ad }hb }{fdob `j mazadb l`zb lacb Krllbh _hfh, uh`sb yfssa`d }`{b has s`rl fyf{}

fdm uh` {bfohbm sroh bos}f}ao hbaeh}s }hf} yb`ylb kblabzbm hb ufs adsfdb$ [f}hb{,

Fshjfv ufs f nfd `j }hb u`{lm, f d`{nfl nfd ua}h mfq.}`.mfq u`{{abs fdm hrnfd

sh`{}o`nades, l``cade j`{ }hb nbfdade `j lajb lacb nfdq `}hb{s$

8



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

Uhalb Fshjfv Fhnbm ufs f y{`sb u{a}b{ fdm ad}bllbo}rfl ua}h }hb srk}lb

sbdsb fdm u`{lmlab{ n``m `j }hb ;6s} obd}r{q, fdm Krllbh _hfh ufs f n`{b yfs.

sa`df}b, b{q y`b} `j }hb 65}h obd}r{q, k`}h dbzb{}hblbss jòrsbm }hba{ u`{c `d hr.nfdcadm$ ]hba{ vrbs} fdm l`deades ub{b bxyl`{f}a`ds `j “sblj„ ad `{mb{ }` rdj`lm

}hb sbo{b}s `j sya{a}rfla}q fdm mazada}q uhalb lazade ua}h fdm fooby}ade rdazb{sfl

mazb{sa}abs$ ]hba{s hfs kbbd f }{fma}a`d }hf} hfs sr{zazbm fdm `r{ashbm fs a} yfssbm

j{`n ebdb{f}a`d }` ebdb{f}a`d fdm hfs rdmb{e`db nb}fn`{yh`sbs fs a} yfssbm j{`n

orl}r{b }` orl}r{b$

A} as f nfg`{ }bdb} `j _rsn }hf} }hb fmhb{bd}s f{b fll.fooby}ade fdm fll.

}`lb{fd} j bzb{q jfa}h fdm {fob ad }hf} bzb{q hrnfd kbade as }` kb }{bf}bm ua}h bvrfl

l`zb fdm {bsybo}”Hadmr, Gbu, Oh{as}afd”ad f rdazb{sflas} zabu }ùf{m `db hr.

nfdcadm, db E`m$ ]has rdazb{sflas} vrfla}q ofd kb j`rdm boh`bm lf}b{ ad [$U$ Bn.

b{s`d‑s ùd “o`dzb{sa`d„ j{`n }hb s}{ao}r{bs `j has bf{lab{ Oflzadas} jfa}h, }h{`reh

Rda}f{afdasn, fdm dfllq ad has f{{azade f} f mbz`}a`d }hf} }{fdsobdmbm }hb lana}s `j

}hb yf{òhaflasn `j has y{bsbd}.mfq Oh{as}afda}q }` bnk{fob fll yb`ylb `j fll jfa}hs,

`j fll hrnfdcadm, {bn`zade mrfla}abs$

[bo`doalaf}a`d7 Fm`y}ade, Fmfy}ade, Bnyùb{ade

]hb [bzb{bdm G`db G`hds`d Lbuas, ad hb{ yabob Uhf} as ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn0, u{a}bs

`j }hb o`doby} }has ufq7

@db ufq }` l``c f} }hb ]{fdsobdmbd}flas}s as }` sbb }hbn fs f ebdb{f}a`d `j

ubll.bmrof}bm yb`ylb uh` lazbm ad }hb mbofmbs kbj`{b }hb Fnb{aofd OazalUf{ fdm }hb df}a`dfl mazasa`d }hf} a} k`}h {bbo}bm fdm hblybm }` o{bf}b$

A} nrs} kb cby} ad nadm }hf} }has yb{a`m ufs f }anb `j n`lmade f df}a`dfl ambd}a}q

`r} `j Br{`ybfd {``}s$ ]hb fofmbnaf fdm soh`lf{shay, }hb sbdsakala}abs fdm orl.

}r{fl }{fyyades `j }hb @lm U`{lm ub{b vraoclq kbo`nade bdornk{fdobs, bsyboafllq

j`{ }hb s`.ofllbm fofmbnao bla}b `j }hb d`{}hbfs}b{d R$_$ Lbuas e`bs `d }` u{a}b,

“]hbsb yb`ylb, n`s}lq Dbu Bdelfdmb{s…ub{b f}}bny}ade }` o{bf}b f rdavrblq

Fnb{aofd k`mq `j la}b{f}r{b$ A} ufs fl{bfmq mbofmbs sadob }hb Fnb{aofds hfm u`d

admbybdmbdob j{`n Bdelfdm$ Dù, }hbsb yb`ylb kblabzbm, a} ufs }anb j`{ la}b{f{q

admbybdmbdob$„ Ua}h }hb vrbs}a`ds kbade fscbm }hbd ad Br{`ybfd o`rd}{abs `j `lm

fssrny}a`ds `j {blaea`d fdm kblabjs, ub ofd sbb }hbn “fs f ebdb{f}a`d `j yb`ylb

s}{reelade }` mbdb sya{a}rfla}q fdm {blaea`d ad f ufq }hf} }``c ad}` foo`rd} }hb

dbu rdmb{s}fdmades }hba{ feb nfmb fzfalfklb,„ bsyboafllq ad laeh} `j }hb {asb `j

bzfdeblaofl Oh{as}afda}q fdm Rda}f{afdasn$ Bnb{s`d, ad yf{}aorlf{, ufs m{fud }`

{blaea`rs }h`reh} fdm }hb so{ay}r{bs j d`d.Ubs}b{d orl}r{bs”Hadmrasn, Aslfn fdm

1




Krmmhasn, j`{ bxfnylb”rsade sroh s`r{obs }` bxfnadb has ùd ambfs `j E`m fdm

}{r}h$ Bnb{s`d j`rdm nroh ad }hbn }` ma{bo} has rdmb{s}fdmade `j }{r}h fs s nb.

}hade n`{b uambsy{bfm, ol`sb }` f rdazb{sfl }{r}h$ Ad Bnb{s`d‑s jfn`rs `{f}a`dmblazb{bm }` }hb Yha Kb}f Cfyyf _òab}q ad Ofnk{ameb, Nfssfohrsb}}s, f} }hb bdm

`j }hb srnnb{ `j 68?5 (fdm yrklashbm fs “]hb Fnb{aofd _oh`lf{„!, hb bdms has

sybboh ua}h f nfdajbs}` `j ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn7

Ub uall uflc `d `r{ ùd jbb}3 ub uall u`{c ua}h `r{ ùd hfdms3 ub uall

sybfc `r{ ùd nadms$$$F df}a`d `j nbd uall j`{ }hb {s} }anb bxas}, kbofrsb

bfoh kblabzbs hansblj adsya{bm kq }hb Mazadb _`rl uhaoh fls` adsya{bs fll

nbd$

Uhalb a}s }fdeaklb bssbdob as }hf} `j f n`zbnbd} e{`rdmbm ad la}b{f}r{b, `db ofd sfq

}hf} a}s }{rb{ lfdmsofyb as o`ny{asbm `j f ufq `j sbbade nfdcadm fs fd adbx}{aofklb

yf{} `j }hb df}r{fl u`{lm$ ]hb ambfls `j }{fdsobdmbd}flasn hfzb kbbd nfdajbs}bm ad

}hb u{a}ades `j a}s fmhb{bd}s fdm y{`y`dbd}s, fdm o`d}adrb }` }has mfq }` kb sbbd ad

uhf} as }b{nbm “df}r{b u{a}ade„ fdm }hb bdza{`dnbd}fl n`zbnbd}$

Qb} `r{ fkala}q }` bxy{bss `r{ y{`j`rdm ladc ua}h df}r{b as lana}bm kq }hb

lfderfeb ub {bvra{b ad `{mb{ }` f{}aorlf}b }has o`ddbo}a`d ad fdq sya{a}rfl sbdsb3 fs

Bnb{s`d s`reh} }` bxy{bss sroh f k`dm ua}h df}r{b, hb {blabm `d a}s sqnk`lasn }`

nfcb }hb hrnfd.df}r{b o`ddbo}a`d$ Lb} rs }hbd l``c k{abq f} hù Bnb{s`d‑s ùd

sbdsb `j sbna`}aos ub{b {bbo}bm ad has zabu `j df}r{b7

}has `{aead `j fll u`{ms }hf} o`dzbq f sya{a}rfl any`{},”s` o`dsyaor`rs fjfo} ad }hb has}`{q `j lfderfeb,”as `r{ lbfs} mbk} }` df}r{b$ A} as d`} u`{ms

`dlq }hf} f{b bnklbnf}ao3 a} as }hades uhaoh f{b bnklbnf}ao$ Bzb{q df}r{fl

jfo} as f sqnk`l `j s`nb sya{a}rfl jfo}$ Bzb{q fyybf{fdob ad df}r{b o`{.

{bsy`dms }` s`nb s}f}b `j }hb nadm, fdm }hf} s}f}b `j }hb nadm ofd `dlq kb

mbso{akbm kq y{bsbd}ade }hf} df}r{fl fyybf{fdob fs a}s yao}r{b$ Fd bd{febm

nfd as f la`d, f orddade nfd as f j`x, f {n nfd as f {òc, f lbf{dbm nfd as

f }`{oh$ F lfnk as addòbdob3 f sdfcb as srk}lb sya}b3 ùb{s bxy{bss }` rs

}hb mblaof}b fjjbo}a`ds$ Laeh} fdm mf{cdbss f{b `r{ jfnalaf{ bxy{bssa`d j`{

cdùlbmeb fdm aed`{fdob3 fdm hbf} j`{ l`zb$ Zasaklb mas}fdob kbhadm fdm

kbj`{b rs, as {bsybo}azblq `r{ anfeb `j nbn`{q fdm h`yb$ ( Df}r{b 1!

Ad jfo}, ub ofd sbb ad }hb fk`zb f {bnf{cfklb allrs}{f}a`d `j Bnb{s`d‑s y{è{bssa`d

`j }h`reh} j{`n df}r{fl jfo} }h{`reh f {boèda}a`d `j }hb nadm‑s ùd ado`nylb}b.

dbss”}hb adfkala}q }` ohf{fo}b{awb f sqnk`lao bssbdob }h{`reh lfderfeb$ Ua}h has

bssbd}afl fxa`n, s}f}bm ad Df}r{b, }hf} “bzb{q df}r{fl jfo} as f sqnk`l `j s`nb sya{a.

69



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

}rfl jfo},„ lb} rs o`dsamb{ }hb }{ayf{}a}b `j }has mqdfnao s}{ro}r{b `j has }h`reh}7 6!

}hb adoh`f}b bssbdob `j }hb df}r{fl jfo}”}hb s}anrlrs, bxas}s3 ;! }hb nadm, sbbade

}has jfo} fs f sqnk`lao nfdajbs}f}a`d, eazbs a} f nbfdade3 ?! }hb nadm {boèdawbs }hbsqnk`lasn fs s`nb}hade sya{a}rfl (}{fdsobdmbd} j }hb `kgbo}‑s nb{blq yhqsaofl fdm

rd`ksb{zbm y{bsbdob ad df}r{b!, fdm fs sroh, }hb sqnk`lasn jflls sh`{} `j a}s }fdea.

kala}q$ Fs }hb nadm sbbcs `r} f sbdsb `j }hb sya{a}rfl ad }hb sqnk`l, ua}h lfderfeb a}

}{abs }` sbawb fdm }hbd o`dzbq a}s bssbdob$ Kr} `j o`r{sb a} ofdd`}”ub ofdd`}”fs

lfderfeb a}sblj jflls sh`{} `j sroh fd bdmbfz`{$ Yb{hfys }hbd a} as }hb adfmbvrfoq `j

`r{ lfderfeb {f}hb{ }hfd fdq sh`{}o`nades ad }hb nadm‑s yb{oby}a`d fdm fyyf{f}rs

`j }h`reh}$ ]has as s`nb}hade }hf} Bnb{s`d ufs for}blq fuf{b `j, fdm f y{`klbn

}hf} fks`{kbm nroh `j has u{a}ade, bsyboafllq ad has u`{c Df}r{b$

[b}r{dade }` Krllbh _hfh‑s y`bn O`nb }` @r{ Fk`mb, }hb {bfmb{ nfq d`.

}aob sbzb{fl {bjb{bdobs }` }hb fr}h`{‑s {bef{m j`{ }hb o`dzbd}a`dfl {blaea`d `j has

mfq$ @d }hb `db hfdm, f} }hb }anb Krllbh ybddbm }hbsb u`{cs, Aslfn hfm kbo`nb f

jrdmfnbd}fl yf{} `j bzb{qmfq lajb ad }hb Yrdgfk$ ]hb adrbdob `j {blaea`rs mò}{adb

ufs fd any`{}fd} blbnbd} `j }hb y`la}aofl fdm sòafl s}{ro}r{b `j lajb ad }hb Yrdgfk

{bea`d `j Yfcas}fd$ Admbbm, }` sybfc `r} fefads} }hb s`.ofllbm sqs}bn ufs }fd}f.

n`rd} }` klfsyhbnq, `{ f} }hb zb{q lbfs}, a} ufs sbbd fs f {bgbo}a`d `j `db‑s ùd

sòab}q$ Qb} a} ufs Krllbh‑s yb{sybo}azb fs f _r }hf} erambm han fufq j{`n }hb

j`{nflas} {blaea`.y`la}aofl bs}fklashnbd} fdm }ùf{m f n`{b ybd.nadmbm, hrnfdas.

}ao, qb} mbbylq sya{a}rfl zabu `j E`m ad `db‑s ùd lajb$ ]hrs, has yàd} `j zabu ufs

zb{q yb{s`dfl {f}hb{ }hfd sòab}fl$

Fs ofd kb sbbd ad O`nb }` @r{ Fk`mb, Krllbh nfcbs {bjb{bdob }anb fdm

fefad }` }hb {bgbo}a`d `j }hb }{fyyades `j {blaea`d”}hb sfo{bm }bx}s, }hb n`svrb, }hb{blaea`rs hab{f{ohq }hf} e`zb{dbm }hb lazbs `j Nrslans”fdm oflls `d fll yb`ylb }`

ads}bfm bnk{fob uhf} E`m ofd nbfd }` }hba{ ùd lazbs fs }hbq sbb Han j`{ }hbn.

sblzbs$

O`nb }` @r{ Fk`mb

(_fmb Zb{fq Ffqf Cf{``!

Aj E`m o`rlm kb j`rdm kq }hb olbfd fdm ubll ufshbm

}hbd j{ès fdm sh o`rlm dm E`m

Aj E`m o`rlm kb j`rdm kq {`fnade ad }hb j`{bs}s

}hbd oùs fdm jùls fdm fdanfls o`rlm dm E`m

@h mbf{ Krllbh, E`m as `dlq j`rdm kq }h`sb uh` f{b `j e``m hbf{}$

Uhalb {bfmade }h`rsfdms `j k``cs,

q`r hfzbd‑} bzbd {bfm q`r{ sblj,

]anb fdm }anb fefad q`r e` }` }bnylbs fdm n`svrbs,

66




kr} hfzb q`r bzb{ bd}b{bm q`r{ ùd hbf{}0

@h Nfdcadm, q`r eh} ua}h _f}fd ad zfad

kr} q`r hfzb dbzb{ j`reh} ua}h q`r{ ùd mbn`ds fdm mbsa{bs_fqs _fad} Krllbh _hfh, q`r }{q }` {bfoh }hb scq

kr} q`r o`rlm d`} ofy}r{b }hb @db uh` mublls ad q`r{ ùd hbf{}$

O`nb }` `r{ fk`mb,

`h Kbl`zbm, ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade

O`nb }` `r{ fk`mb,

J{abdm, ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade

O`nb }` `r{ fk`mb,

Eramb, ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade$

Kq E`m,

has E`m u`rlm d`} kb fde{q ua}h han

}hb `db uh` hfs }hb scall }` {bo`doalb ua}h has kbl`zbm

Hb m`bs d`} dbbm }` e` }` Nfccfh, uh` ofd bxyb{abdob yale{anfeb grs} f}

}hb saeh} `j has kbl`zbm

_bbc ad }hb j`{bs}, sbbc `d }hb aslfdm

Mbs}{`q }hb n`svrb, Mbs}{`q }hb }bnylb

Mbs}{`q fdq}hade }hf} q`r ofd mbs}{`q

Kr} dbzb{ k{bfc }hb hrnfd hbf{}

Fs E`m mublls ad hbf{}s, }hb{bad

Uhalb sbbcade ad j`{bs}s fdm fn`de aslfdms,

_bbc ad fll }hb u`{lm

M` d`} }`{nbd} nb, Kbl`zbm @h Kbl`zbm o`nb }` `r{ fk`mb ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade$

(]{fdslf}bm j{`n }hb Yrdgfka kq _$ Kfd`!

Krllbh _hfh dbzb{ ad}bdmbm }hf} has y`bns u`rlm kb yrklashbm, d`{ mam fdq`db

bzb{ {bo`{m }hb s}`{q `j has lajb rd}al nfdq qbf{s fj}b{ has mbf}h$ Has y`b}{q o`nbs

}` rs }h{`reh }hb ebdb{f}a`ds n`s}lq zaf }hb vfzzfls `{ sadeb{s `j has y`b}{q$ Kb.

ofrsb `j has rd`{}h`m`x kblabjs `j }hb mfq, Krllbh‑s ùd sas}b{ hfm }` yfq }hb y{aob

j`{ hb{ k{`}hb{‑s {blaea`rs d`d.o`dj`{na}q fdm boobd}{aoa}q”shb ufs }{bf}bm fs fd

`r}ofs} `j sòab}q fdm {bnfadbm rdnf{{abm$ F} Krllbh‑s mbf}h, }hb nrllfhs mbdabm

han kr{afl ad has o`nnrda}q‑s e{fzbqf{m$ Qb} }`mfq, nfdq {bef{m has }`nk fs f

h`lq ylfob, uhb{b yb`ylb o`nb }` {bzb{b han fs f _r sfad}$

Ub ofd `ksb{zb Krllbh‑s {bgbo}a`d `j }hb bs}fklashbm, fdm j`{ han srjjòf}.

ade, {blaea`rs mamfo}aoasn `j has mfq fdm sbb has mbsa{b }` bnk{fob }hb admazamrfl

hbf{} fs }fd}fn`rd} }` }hb zb{a}fklb h`rsb `j E`m$ Fll blsb as bvrfl fdm u`{}hq

ua}had }hb uflls `j }hb fk`mb, }hb mubllade ylfob”}hb hbf{}$ Ub nfq }hbd l``c

6;



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

f} }hbsb zb{sbs sblbo}bm j{`n Bnb{s`d‑s y`bn K{fhnf, uhb{bad ub nfq elanysb

anfeb{q fdm sbd}anbd} }hf} kbf{ {bsbnklfdob }` Krllbh‑s ùd7

Jf{ `{ j`{e`} }` nb as dbf{3

_hfmù fdm srdlaeh} f{b }hb sfnb3

]hb zfdashbm e`ms }` nb fyybf{3

Fdm `db }` nb f{b shfnb fdm jfnb$

]hbq {boc`d all uh` lbfzb nb `r}3

Uhbd nb }hbq q, A fn }hb uades3

A fn }hb m`rk}b{ fdm }hb m`rk},

Fdm A }hb hqnd }hb K{fhnad sades$

]hb s}{`de e`ms yadb j`{ nq fk`mb,

Fdm yadb ad zfad }hb sfo{bm _bzbd3

Kr} }h`r, nbbc l`zb{ `j }hb e``m&

Jadm nb, fdm }r{d }hq kfoc `d hbfzbd$

]h`nfs Of{lqlb, f _o`}}ash.k`{d fr}h`{ fdm bssfqas} `j }hb 61}h obd}r{q, yr}

e{bf} s}òc ad }hb any`{}fdob `j }hb lbfmb{ fs fd bssbd}afl blbnbd} `j fdq s}{ro}r{b

`j oazalawf}a`d fdm sqs}bn `j kblabj$ Hb u{`}b ad has bssfq “Hb{`bs fdm Hb{` U`{.

shay,„ yrklashbm ad 68=9, }hf} “D` sfmmb{ y{``j ofd kb eazbd kq f nfd `j has ùd

la}}lbdbss }hfd maskblabj ad e{bf} nbd,„ oa}ade fs bxfnylbs _hfcbsybf{b, M{$ G`hd.

s`d, fdm N`hfnnbm ( YKRH !$ Uhalb Of{lqlb ufs {fasbm fs f s}{ao} Oflzadas}, has srksbvrbd} {blaea`rs amb.

fls ub{b dbzb{}hblbss n`mabm kq }hb adrbdob `j has s}rmabs ad Eb{nfd [`nfd}a.

oasn fdm kq }hb soabd}ao fdm sòafl ohfdebs }hbd }fcade ylfob$ Yb{hfys hb sfu }hb

mènf `j {blaea`d fs fd rdsf}asjfo}`{q eramb j`{ }hb o`nn`d nfd ad f ohfdeade

sòab}q$

J$@$ Nf}}habssbd u{a}bs ad has Fnb{aofd [bdfassfdob, “Of{lqlb hfm mbolf{bm

fdm Bnb{s`d fe{bbm ua}h han7 ‘La}b{f}r{b as kr} f k{fdoh `j [blaea`d fdm flufqs

yf{}aoayf}bs ad a}s ohf{fo}b{as}ao7 hùbzb{, ad `r{ }anb, a} as }hb `dlq k{fdoh }hf} s}all

shùs fdq e{bbddbss3 fdm, fs s`nb }hadc, nrs} `db mfq kbo`nb }hb nfad s}bn‑„

(;2!$ Nf}}habssbd nbd}a`ds }hf} }hbq ub{b k`}h j`llùade Hb{mb{‑s _ya{a} `j Hb.

k{bu Y`b}{q (68??!, fk`lashade }hb mas}ado}a`d kb}ubbd }hb sfo{bm fdm }hb sborlf{

(;2! ”ad Bnb{s`d‑s u`{ms, “Flufqs }hb sbb{ as f sfqb{„ (Bnb{s`d, _blbo}bm Bs.

sfqs!$ Ad `}hb{ u`{ms, }hb y{`yhb} as }hb y`b}$ F} }hb }anb, fdm ad }hb ylfob”Dbu

Bdelfdm”uhb{b {blaea`d, fdm n`s} yf{}aorlf{lq Oh{as}afda}q, ufs f jrdmfnbd}fl,

yb{zfsazb fdm o`dsamb{fklb yùb{ ad sòab}q, a} as yàedfd} }hf} }has, }``, ufs }hb

6?




}anb fdm ylfob ad uhaoh Bnb{s`d ubd} }` l``c j`{ has ùd E`m, }` sbbc f kblabj

}hf} u`rlm nbb} has ùd ohfdebm dbbms$ A} o`dsrnbm nroh `j has }anb fdm la}b{f{q

bjj`{}s$Krllbh‑s nfs}b{ Adfqf} _hfh as sfam }` hfzb }`lm han7

Uhf} y{`klbn as }hb{b ad dmade E`m0 A} `dlq dbbms }` kb ry{``}bm j{`n

hb{b fdm ylfd}bm }hb{b (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh!$

]hb nb}fyh`{s `j }{fdsobdmbdob fdm {bjb{bdob }` df}r{b f{b d`} l`s} hb{b$ D`{ as

}hb yf}h j{`n Krllbh‑s y{`klbn }` has s`lr}a`d zb{q mas}fd} j{`n }hf} j`llùbm kq

Bnb{s`d, ]h`{bfr, fdm `}hb{ ]{fdsobdmbd}flas}s `j }hb Fnb{aofd 61}h obd}r{q$ ]hb

mènf `j {blaea`d }hf} srjjrsbm k`}h Krllbh‑s }anb fdm Bnb{s`d‑s”kb a} Aslfn,

Oflzadasn, `{ Rda}f{afdasn”ufs }` kb ofs} `jj kq }h`sb s` bdornkb{bm3 }hb sb}.

}ade `j df}r{b }hbd y{`zambs }hb m`nfad j`{ kblabj, Krllbh ad has “nfde` e{`zb fdm

`{ohf{m `j mf}bs„ (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh, :!3 Bnb{s`d ad has

Dbu Bdelfdm u``ms3 ]h`{bfr, `j o`r{sb, ad has Uflmbd Y`dm fdm has kbfd ef{mbd$

Bnb{s`d u{a}bs ad has bssfq Df}r{b, “]` e` ad}` s`la}rmb, f nfd dbbms }` {b}a{b fs

nroh j{`n has ohfnkb{ fs j{`n sòab}q„ (?!$ ]hbsb u`{ms shù f olbf{ k{bfc ua}h

}hb yfs} ambf `j }hb olàs}b{bm fofmbnao `{ bzbd {blaea`rs jb{zbd}, as`lf}bm ad has

s}rmq `{ obll$ Bnb{s`d r{ebm }h`sb uh` u`rlm sbbc sya{a}rfla}q fdm lbf{dade }`

s}by `r}samb, }hb{bkq s}byyade ad}` }hb {bfln `j df}r{b$ Ufl} Uha}nfd bxh`{}bm }hb

olfss{``n.k`rdm }` ‘{asb ry fdm elamb `r}‑ ad has y`bn “Uhbd A Hbf{m }hb Lbf{d‑m

Fs}{`d`nb{,„ uhaoh as j`rdm ad has o`llbo}a`d Lbfzbs `j E{fss$ ]hb y`b} as sa}}ade

ad f lbo}r{b hfll sr{{`rdmbm kq srdm{q ohf{}s, }fklbs, fdm drnkb{s, fs }hb lbo}r{b{ sbbcs }` o`dzbq }hb bssbdob `j }hb s}f{s$ Fj}b{ uhaoh Uha}nfd u{a}bs,

Hù s``d, rdfoo`rd}fklb, A kbofnb }a{bm fdm saoc3

]all {asade fdm elamade `r}, A ufdmb{‑m `jj kq nqsblj,

Ad }hb nqs}aofl nàs} daeh}.fa{, fdm j{`n }anb }` }anb,

L``c‑m ry ad yb{jbo} salbdob f} }hb s}f{s$

Admbbm, a} as y{boasblq uhf} Hbd{q Mfzam ]h`{bfr hfm m`db uhbd hb vra} zallfeb lajb

fdm sòab}q ad O`do`{m }` sybdm has 6= n`d}hs ad f ofkad fl`db kq Uflmbd Y`dm,

}hadcade, u{a}ade, s}rmqade }hb ka{ms, ùb{s fdm }{bbs, fdm `j o`r{sb, e{ùade has

kbfds$

Ad has bssfq `d Yb{safd Y`b}{q, uhaoh fyybf{bm f} }hb bdm `j B$ Ja}web{flm‑s

}{fdslf}a`d `j ]hb [rkæaqæ} `j @nf{ Chfqqæn fdm _flænæd fdm Fksæl , Bnb{s`d

nbd}a`ds “}hb sbzbd nfs}b{s `j }hb Yb{safd Yf{dfssrs”Ja{m`rsa, Bdub{a, Dasfna,

Msohblflbmmad, _ffma, Hfw, fdm Msohfna„ (_blbo}bm Bssfqs 692!$ Hb {bjb{s }` `{

6=



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

vr`}bs j{`n u`{cs j }hbsb {bzb{bm dfnbs ad }has bssfq, fs ubll fs ad has ud y`b}{q

yrklashbm blsbuhb{b$ @db u`dmb{s aj }hb jf}flasn `j @nf{ Chfqqæn‑s {rkfaqf}

naeh} hfzb fyybflbm }` Bnb{s`d‑s ud rdmb{s}fdmade j Oflzadasn, ad }hb sbdsb j has ùd {b}fadbm Yr{a}fd b}hao$

Foo`{made }` [aohf{ms`d ad has “Bnb{s`d”]hb Nadm `d Ja{b,„ has {s}

bdo`rd}b{ ua}h d`d.Ubs}b{d (a$b$ d`d.Oh{as}afd! {blaea`rs ambfs ufs f k``c bd}a}lbm

Fchlfc.A.Gflflq (}{fdslf}bm fs Yhal`s`yhq `j }hb Nrhfnnbmfd Yb`ylb!, yrklashbm

ad 68?1$ A} ufs Bnb{s`d‑s {s} bdo`rd}b{ ua}h _rsn, uhaoh a}s }{fdslf}`{ U$J$

]h`nys`d ofllbm }hb “y{fo}aofl yfd}hbasn `j Fsaf$„ ]h`nys`d s}f}bm jr{}hb{ }hf}

}hb k``c sh`rlm fo}rfllq kb }{fdslf}bm fs ]{fdsobdmbd}fl B}haos, “h`lmade fll zasaklb

fdm o`dobazfklb `kgbo}s }` kb y`{}a`ds `j }hb mazadb df}r{b„ (=9:!$

Bnb{s`d fls` ùdbm }hb yrklaof}a`d ]hb Mbsf}a{7 `{ _fo{bm U{a}ades `j

}hb Fdoabd} Yb{safd Y{`yhb}s$ ]hbsb fdm `}hb{ u{a}ades bdfklbm Bnb{s`d }` o`d.

s`lamf}b has rdmb{s}fdmade `j }hb zf{a`rs “yf{}s„ `j _r y`b}{q fdm }h`reh} ad}` f

h`las}ao s}{ro}r{b ([aohf{ms`d =95!$

A} ufs fd fll.bdo`nyfssade “sqs}bn„ }hf} efzb Bnb{s`d }hb uamb zabu `j

nfdcadm hb ufs sbbcade$ A{fdafd soh`lf{ Jf{hfde Gfhfdy`r{ {bobd}lq u{`}b `j

Bnb{s`d‑s ad}bllbo}rfl g`r{dbq ad has bssfq [flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d fdm }hb _rs7

J{`n Yr{a}fdasn }` ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn7 “]hb s}rmq `j has {blaea`rs }h`reh} ohf{}s

}hb g`r{dbq j{`n f df{{ù fdm mènf}ao {blaea`rs `r}l``c }ùf{ms f nqs}aofl, rda.

zb{sfl `r}l``c„ (;!$

Fs ufs has yàd}, M{$ Gfhfdy`r{ naeh} zb{q ubll hfzb u{a}}bd }hb fk`zb

ua}h Krllbh fdm `}hb{ _r y`b}s ad nadm, fs ubll fs Bnb{s`d$

Fdm `j o`r{sb, Hbd{q Mfzam ]h`{bfr, `j}bd sbbd fs }hb e`mjf}hb{ `j y{bs.bd}.mfq df}r{b u{a}ade fs ubll fs j }hb bdza{`dnbd}fl n`zbnbd}, }{fzblbm f sanalf{

ladb, j{`n m`rk}s `j }hb {blaea`rs sbd}anbd} `j }hb mfq }` o`dsamb{f}a`d `j hrnfd.

cadm‑s ylfob ad df}r{b fdm, }hrs, ua}h E`m$ ]h`{bfr sfu df}r{b fs E`m‑s mubllade

ylfob fdm hrnfda}q fs fd bvrfl yf{} `j }hb e{fdm rdazb{sfl fk`mb7 “]has as f mbla.

oa`rs bzbdade, uhbd }hb uh`lb k`mq as `db sbdsb, fdm ankakbs mblaeh} }h{`reh bz.

b{q y`{b$ A e` fdm o`nb ua}h f s}{fdeb lakb{}q ad Df}r{b, f yf{} `j hb{sblj„ (Uflmbd,

“_`la}rmb„ :9!$

]h`{bfr‑s haeh {bef{m j`{ }hb sya{a} j df}r{b as sbbd ad has mbby rdmb{s}fdm.

ade `j fll a}s o`d}aer`rs yf{}s$ Df}hfdabl Hfu}h`{db ufs yf{}aorlf{lq }fcbd ua}h

]h`{bfr‑s adsaeh}$ ]hb j`llùade as fd bxob{y} j{`n Hfu}h`{db‑s g`r{dfl7

_by}bnkb{ 6, 68=;$ N{$ ]h`{bfr madbm ua}h rs qbs}b{mfq$$$$ Hb as f cbbd fdm

mblaof}b `ksb{zb{ `j df}r{b..f ebdradb `ksb{zb{..uhaoh, A srsybo}, as fln`s}

fs {f{b f ohf{fo}b{ fs bzbd fd `{aeadfl y`b}3 fdm Df}r{b, ad {b}r{d j`{ has

l`zb, sbbns }` fm`y} han fs hb{ bsyboafl ohalm, fdm shùs han sbo{b}s uhaoh

62




jbu `}hb{s f{b fllùbm }` ua}dbss$ Hb as jfnalaf{ ua}h kbfs}, sh, jùl, fdm

{by}alb, fdm hfs s}{fdeb s}`{abs }` }bll `j fmzbd}r{bs, fdm j{abdmlq yfssfebs

ua}h }hbsb lùb{ k{b}h{bd `j n`{}fla}q$ Hb{k fdm ùb{, lacbuasb, uhb{bzb{ }hbq e{ù, uhb}hb{ ad ef{mbd `{ ualmu``m, f{b has jfnalaf{ j{abdms$

]hb j`llùade as }fcbd j{`n ]h`{bfr‑s sbnadfl u`{c Uflmbd, uhaoh {bbo}s has

}anb ad has ofkad f} Uflmbd Y`dm, uhbd hb mbz`}bm hansblj }` lazade “mblakb{f}blq,

}` j{`d} `dlq }hb bssbd}afl jfo}s `j lajb, fdm sbb aj A o`rlm d`} lbf{d uhf} a} hfm }`

}bfoh„ (=;!$ Hb{b, hb mbso{akbs uhf} a} nbfds }` }bdm has kbfds, uhaoh `db sbdsbs

as j`{ han f dbf{.{blaea`rs mbz`}a`d }` df}r{b hb{sblj7

Ub naeh} }{q `r{ lazbs kq f }h`rsfdm sanylb }bs}s3 fs, j`{ ads}fdob, }hf} }hb

sfnb srd uhaoh {aybds nq kbfds allrnadbs f} `dob f sqs}bn `j bf{}hs lacb

`r{s$ Aj A hfm {bnbnkb{bm }has a} u`rlm hfzb y{bzbd}bm s`nb nas}fcbs$ ]has

ufs d`} }hb laeh} ad uhaoh A h`bm }hbn$ ]hb s}f{s f{b }hb fybxbs `j uhf}

u`dmb{jrl }{afdelbs& Uhf} mas}fd} fdm majjb{bd} kbades ad }hb zf{a`rs nfd.

sa`ds `j }hb rdazb{sb f{b o`d}bnylf}ade }hb sfnb `db f} }hb sfnb n`nbd}&

Df}r{b fdm hrnfd lajb f{b fs zf{a`rs fs `r{ sbzb{fl o`ds}a}r}a`ds$ (:!

]h`{bfr nbd}a`ds kbfds ?2 }anbs ad Uflmbd, fs aj }hb srkgbo} a}sblj ub{b f sya{a}rfl

ladc ua}h df}r{b fdm fd rdmb{s}fdmade `j hù hrnfdcadm ofd o`bxas} fs hb{ bvrfl

yf{}db{$

Ad jfo}, {bjb{bdob }` }has sfnb s`.o`dsbo{f}bm lbernb as nfmb ua}h {bef{m }`

Krllbh‑s lajb$ Uhalb sòab}q ad ebdb{fl hfs d`} l``cbm ry`d jf{nade fs fd ad}bllbo.}rfl yr{sra}, }allade fdm orl}azf}ade }hb lfdm j`{ `db‑s srs}bdfdob as hblm ad haeh {b.

ef{m kq k`}h ]h`{bfr fdm Krllbh‑s nfs}b{, Adfqf} _hfh$ Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a u{a}b `j

}hb d`do`dj`{na}q `j f {blaea`rs masoaylb fdm nfs}b{ ad bdefeade ad sroh f zòf}a`d

fdm }hb sbzb{b bjjbo} a} hfs `d sòab}q7 “J`{ f mas}aderashbm soh`lf{ SKrllbh _hfh^,

uh` kbl`debm }` }hb ladb `j Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm ( YKRH !, }` fooby} fd `{madf{q

zbeb}fklb e{ùb{ fs has nfs}b{ ufs f zb{q bx}{f`{madf{q bzbd} ad }hb sòafl o`dma.

}a`ds `j Krllbh _hfh‑s }anbs$ A} ufs lacb fd bxyl`sa`d uhaoh sh``c }hb y{bzfalade

sòafl s}{ro}r{b„ (]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh :!$

]hb _b}}ades `j Df}r{b7 _b{zfd}s fdm M`nfads

]hb{b as la}}lb bzambdob }hf} Krllbh `{ `}hb{ _rs hfm fdq syboafl {boèda}a`d `j

df}r{b fs ub sbb a} yb{ sb, fs s`nb}hade fyf{} j{`n }hb }{fyyades `j oazalawf}a`d, kr}

`j o`r{sb a} ufs ob{}fadlq f sya{a}rfl bd}a}q j`{ }hb ]{fdsobdmbd}flas}s$ ]hf} }{fma.

}a`d `j {bef{made df}r{b ad f sfo{bm sbdsb as of{{abm }`mfq kq sroh o`d}bny`{f{q

6:



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

fr}h`{s fs Ef{q _dqmb{ (]r{}lb Aslfdm , fn`de `}hb{ u`{cs!, Nf{q @lazb{ (]ha{s}7

Y`bns!, ]b{{q ]bnybs} Uallafns ( Jadmade Kbfr}q ad f K{`cbd U`{lm, Allrnadf}bm

Mbsb{} fdm ]hb @ybd _yfob `j Mbnò{foq!, [bkboof _`lda} (@db Df}a`d Rdmb{ Bl.zas7 Fd Bdza{`dnbd}flasn J`{ Rs Fll !, Bm Fkkbq ( Mbsb{} _`la}fa{b!, Gfoc Cb{`rfo

(@d }hb [`fm fdm Mhf{nf Krns!, fdm Ladmf Hèfd ( Mubllade7 F _ya{a}rfl Has.

}`{q `j }hb Lazade U`{lm!$ A} hfs kbo`nb fd ad}be{fl yf{} `j fofmbnaf3 j`{ bxfnylb,

[bkboof Ohfnkb{lfad }bfohbs f o`r{sb f} Bzb{e{bbd _}f}b O`llbeb (Ufshade}`d!

ofllbm ][FD_OBDMBD]FL ZA_A@D_7 [b.Anfeadade ]hb Fnb{aofd M{bfn$ _hb

`jjb{s }u` vr`}bs `d }hb o`r{sb ubksa}b }hf} f{b yb{}adbd} hb{b7

Ad Ualmb{dbss as }hb y{bsb{zf}a`d `j }hb u`{lm$ ”Hbd{q Mfzam ]h`{bfr,

“Uflcade„

Ub f{b }freh} kq e{bf} fo}a`ds }hf} }hb rdazb{sb as }hb y{`yb{}q `j bzb{q

admazamrfl ad a}$ ”[flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d

]hb sya{a} `j }{fdsobdmbd}flasn naeh} bzbd kb ofllbm f cadm `j orl}r{fl yb{s`dfla}q

}{fa} ad }hb Fnb{aofd o`llbo}azb o`dsoabdob, hfzade nfdajbs}bm a}sblj }h{`reh`r}

}hb ;9}h obd}r{q ad y`la}aos fdm sòafl {bz`lr}a`d (d`d.za`lbd} oazal mas`kbmabdob,

}{fdsj`{nf}a`dfl fo}azasn o`dob{dade hrnfd {aeh}s fdm nad`{a}q bdj{fdohasbnbd},

}hb hayyab n`zbnbd}, bdza{`dnbd}flasn fdm fd}a.y`llr}a`d l`kkqade, fdm }hb o`d.

srnb{ {aeh}s n`zbnbd} sybf{hbfmbm kq [flyh Dfmb{!$

Ad Ohfy}b{ ; `j Bnb{s`d‑s bssfq Df}r{b, ofllbm “O`nn`ma}q,„ hb u{a}bs7

Rdmb{ }hb ebdb{fl dfnb `j O`nn`ma}q, A {fdc fll }h`sb fmzfd}febs uhaoh

`r{ sbdsbs ùb }` df}r{b$ ]has, `j o`r{sb, as f kbdb} uhaoh as }bny`{f{q

fdm nbmaf}b, d`} rl}anf}b, lacb a}s sb{zaob }` }hb s`rl$

]hb }fcade j{`n df}r{b }` bx}{fo}, }` j`{n, }` n`lm, }` o{bf}b, }` nfdrjfo}r{b, hb

sfqs, as “}hb `dlq rsb `j df}r{b uhaoh fll nbd fyy{bhbdm$„

@j o`r{sb, Bnb{s`d fdm has ybb{s mam d`} sbb “eazade kfoc }` df}r{b„ fs

ub m` }`mfq”{boqolade fdm o`dsb{zade ad sroh f {hq}hn fs }` bdmbfz`{ }` f} kbs}

nf}oh `r{ nf}b{afl fyy{`y{af}a`ds, ad s`nb cadm `j yhqsaofl kflfdob ua}h uhf} ub

}fcb j{`n df}r{b‑s fkrdmfdob$ [f}hb{, }hbq sfu }hba{ “{b}r{ds„ }` df}r{b fs {boè.

da}a`d `j }hb mbbylq sya{a}rfl sbdsb `j }hba{ df}r{fl bdza{`dnbd}, }` sbb df}r{b‑s f}.

}{akr}bs fs eaj}s }` hrnfdcadm$ Fdm s` hb y{bsbd}s rs ua}h has o`doby} }hf} uhf} ub

bx}{fo} uall (nrs}! kb {b}r{dbm }` df}r{b ad }hb j`{n `j zbdb{f}a`d, }` kb {bzazbm fs

`r{ ùd sya{a} fdm bd}b{y{asb dbbms rs }` m`, ad h`lmade df}r{b‑s eaj}s ad {bzb{bdob$

J`{ }` {b}r{d uhf} ub hfzb u{`reh} j{`n }hb bf{}h kfoc rd}` a}, j`{ Bnb{s`d fdm

65




has mbsobdmbd}s `j }hb n`{b bo`lèaofl bdza{`dnbd}flas}s, as fd fo} `j }hb haehbs}

n`{fl za{}rb `j hrnfdcadm7

Uhf} fdebls adzbd}bm }hbsb sylbdmam `{dfnbd}s, }hbsb {aoh o`dzbdabdobs,

}has òbfd `j fa{ fk`zb, }has òbfd `j uf}b{ kbdbf}h, }has {nfnbd} `j bf{}h

kb}ubbd0 }has w`mafo `j laeh}s, }has }bd} `j m{`yyade ol`rms, }has s}{aybm o`f}

`j olanf}bs, }has j`r{j`lm qbf{0 Kbfs}s, {b, uf}b{, s}`dbs, fdm o`{d sb{zb

han$ ]hb blm as f} `dob has ``{, has u`{c.qf{m, has ylfq.e{`rdm, has ef{.

mbd, fdm has kbm$

[bobd}lq, u`{c `j yh`}è{fyhb{s G`hd Uallas fdm ]`n Q rde ufs adolrmbm

ad f snfll ohfyk``c fr}h`{bm kq }hb bnadbd} ebè{fyhb{ fdm fr}h`{ Qa.Jr ]rfd

}a}lbm “Ylfob, F{}, fdm _blj$„ ]hb yh`}è{fyhb{s y{bsbd}bm anfebs }hbq hfm nfmb

`j f yfyb{ {boqolade ylfd} lòf}bm fl`de “}hb sbbnadelq y{as}adb halls `j ubs}b{d

Nfssfohrsb}}s„ (86! ad fd f{}as}ao s}f}bnbd} grx}fy`sade }hb anfebs `j masof{mbm

dbusy{ad} fdm fmzb{}asbnbd}s ua}h }hb yfyb{‑s ùd {s} s`r{ob `j }hb fksbd} }{bbs$

Ad ufqs k`}h mas}r{kade fdm ad}{aerade, }hb {r{fl lfdmsofyb `j j`{bs}bm halls

hfs kbbd }{fdsj`{nbm ad}` f lfdmsofyb `j kflbs j masof{mbm yfyb{$ ]has yf.

yb{ of{{abs anfebs fdm }bx} j{`n y`yrlf{ orl}r{b, fdm as j`{nbm ad}` f dbu

}`yè{fyhq ua}h ladeb{ade bzambdob `j a}s yfs} bxas}bdob$ (86!

]has as uhf} ub sbb ad }hb yh`}è{fyhs, fll ad klfoc fdm uha}b7 _}focs j hreb svrf{b

kflbs `j yfyb{ krdmlbm ua}h ua{b f{{fdebm lacb s}`db uflls bdol`sade fd fllbq, yalbs`j sh{bmmbm yfyb{ dbs}lade `lm y{ad}bm anfebs `j f e{`ry `j yb`ylb, f efwade bqb,

fdf}`naofl m{fuades j{`n fd bf{lq ;9}h obd}r{q nbmaofl }bx}k``c, f }`{d j{fenbd}

`j f [fyhfbl {by{ad}, s`nb Hbk{bu }bx} kbsamb f yh`}è{fyh `j dr{sbs }bdmade }`

yf}abd}s ad f h`sya}fl, f nfd ua}h hfdms olfsybm ad y{fqb{, }u` na{{`{ anfebs `j f

}`mmlb{ f} }hb kbfoh, f{{fdebm `d f shbfj `j j`lmbm, s`j} uha}b u{fyyade yfyb{$

Fll f{b fufa}ade }hba{ o`dzb{sa`d ad}` klfdc yfebs$

@d {bfmade }hb yh`}è{fyhb{s‑ zabus fdm any{bssa`ds fdm o`dsamb{ade }hb

bdm {bsrl}s, `db as for}blq fuf{b `j }hb sbdsb `j }anb yfssfeb ad yf{fllbl ua}h }{fds.

j`{nf}a`ds nfmb j{`n s`r{ob }` masof{m, j{`n r}ala}q }` fkfdm`dnbd}$ A} as f mas.

vrab}ade sb{abs `j yh`}è{fyhs fdm ambfs, qb} }hb rdmb{lqade jrdo}a`dfla}q `j }hba{

sb}}ade”f {boqolade ylfd}”fls` o`dzbqs f sbdsb `j h`yb }hf} }hb masof{mbm yfyb{

uall kb {bzazbm ad}` s`nb}hade `dob fefad, }hf} a} uall of{{q f majjb{bd} nbfdade,

}hf} }h`sb }{bbs s}all bxas}$ Krllbh _hfh u{a}bs `j }hb adbx`{fklb ladc kb}ubbd lajb,

mbf}h, fdm }hb bf{}h a}sblj7

68




`{e/lbs/;1=??/;1=??.h/;1=??.h$h}n4

...$ Bnb{s`d7 _blbo}bm Bssfqs (bm$ Lf{wb{ Wajj!$ Dbu Q {c7 Ybderad Olfssaos, 618;$

...$ “]hb Fnb{aofd _oh`lf{„$ Df}r{b3 Fmm{bssbs fdm Lbo}r{bs (68=1!$ 6 _by}$ ;991<h}}y7//uuu$bnb{s`dobd}{fl$o`n/fnsoh`lf{$h}n4

E{fdeb{, Azfd N$ “Q r{ l`zb hfs nfmb nb mfdob fll `zb{$„ (]{fds$ Yr{a fdm _hfd.

ef{a, 618:!$ Y`b}{q Ohfachfdf$ (;991!$ 1 _by}$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$y`b}{q.

ohfachfdf$o`n/K/Krllbh_hfh/Q`r{l`zbhfsn$h}n4

Hfu}h`{db, Df}hfdabl$ “N{$ ]h`{bfr$„ Fnb{aofd D`}bk``cs (68?2.=;!$ (68:8!$ ?

_by}$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$blm{a}ohy{bss$`{e/dh/dhhm}6$h}nl4

Adfqf}.Chfd, Hamfqf}$ _r.Yf}h$ ]hb K`dmqfm B{jfd E`dfkfma$ ? @o}$ ;991 <h}}y7//

b{jfd.e`dfkfma$o`n/Yrklaof}a`ds/_RJA.YF]H/sr.yf}h$h}nl4 (D`}b7 ]has

f{}aolb ufs {aeadfllq u{a}}bd ad Yb{safd kq }hb lf}b Vr}k `j }hb Da‘nf}rllfha

_rl}fd ‘Flashfha @{mb{, Hfw{f} Hfgg ‘Fla ]fkfdmbh, Nfhk`rk ‘Flashfh!$

...$ Uhf} as _r0 ]hb Ad}b{df}a`dfl _r N`zbnbd} (;992!$ 6; _by}$ ;991 <h}}y7//

uuu$srn`zbnbd}$`{e/uhf}sras$h}n4

Gfhfdy`r{, Jf{hfde$ [flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d fdm }hb _rs7 J{`n Yr{a}fdasn }` ]{fd.

sobdmbd}flasn$ G`r{dfl `j El`kflawf}a`d j`{ }hb O`nn`d E``m $ (;99:!$ 6

Fre$ ;991 <uuu$o`nn`de``mg`r{dfl$o`n4

Cbllb{, Drh Hf Nan, ]hb Ylfob `j ]fsfuurj ad ]{fma}a`dfl Aslfn, ]hb Aslfnao

]bx}s _òab}q$ (6112!$ 6 D`z$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$kko$o`$rc/{blaea`d/{bla.

ea`ds/aslfn/srkmazasa`ds/srsnP6$sh}nl4

Caylade, [rmqf{m$ Can$ (@{aeadfllq yrklashbm kq NfoNallfd * O`$ L}m 6196$!

Y{`gbo} Er}bdkb{e sa}b (;999!$ ;6 @o}$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$er}bdkb{e$`{e/

ma{s/;/;/;/;;;:/4Lbuas, G`db G`hds`d, [bz$ Uhf} as ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn0 (;99;!$ ?6 Grl$ ;991

<h}}y7//uuu$}{fdsobdmbd}flas}s$o`n/uhf}$h}n4

Lades, Nf{}ad, Uhf} as _rsn0 Ofnk{ameb, RC7 ]hb Aslfnao ]bx}s _òab}q, 6111$

Nf}}habssbd, J$@$ Fnb{aofd [bdfassfdob7 F{} fdm Bxy{bssa`d ad }hb Feb `j Bnb{.

s`d fdm Uha}nfd$ R_F7 @xj`{m Rdazb{sa}q Y{bss, 61=6$

Daoh`ls`d, [$F$ ]hb Nqs}aos `j Aslfn$ (616=!$ 6 Fre ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$sfo{bm.

}bx}s$o`n/asl/nà/nà$h}n4

@nf{ Chfqqæn, [flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d fdm Gfna$ ]hb [rkfqf} `j @nf{ Chfqq.

fn$ ]{fdslf}`{7 Bmuf{m Ja}web{flm$ (`{ae$ yrk$ 6191!$ Y{`gbo} Er}bdkb{e

sa}b (;995!$ 6 _by}$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$er}bdkb{e$`{e/lbs/;;2?2/;;2?2.

h/;;2?2.h$h}n4

Yr{a, G$[$, ]alfcf [fgf _hfdef{a$ Krllbh _hfh7 ]hb L`zb.Ad}`xaof}bm Ao`dòlfs}

(Nqs}aos `j }hb Bfs} sb{abs!$ Yrdgfk7 [fmhf _`fna _f}sfde Kbfs, 618:$

...$ ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh$ Fofmbnq `j }hb Yrdgfk ad D`{}h Fnb{aof$ (Fydf! ?9

Grl$ ;991 <h}}y7//fydf`{e$o`n/y`b}{q/krllfhd4

;9



Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`

Vrallb{.O`roh, F$]$ (bm$! “K{fhnf$„ ]hb @xj`{m K``c `j Bdelash Zb{sb, 6;29‟

6199$ @xj`{m7 Olf{bdm`d (6161!$ ;5 @o}$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$kf{}lbkq$

o`n/696/:5;$h}nl4[aohf{ms`d, [`kb{} M$ Bnb{s`d7 ]hb Nadm d Ja{b$ Rdazb{sa}q j Oflaj`{daf Y{bss7

611:$

]h`{bfr, Hbd{q Mfzam$ ]hb Kbs} `j Uflmbd fdm Oazal Mas`kbmabdob$ Dbu Q`{c7

_oh`lfs}ao, 61:1$

]rfd, Qa.jr * G`hd Uallas/]`n Q`rde$ Ylfob, F{} fdm _blj$ Dbu Nbxao`7 Obd}b{

j`{ Fnb{aofd Ylfobs, ;99=$

Uf}cads, Fkaohfl fdm ]bgzfd Yb}}adeb{ (bms$!$ “Krllbh _hfh$„ Y`b} _bb{s ubksa}b$

6? Fre$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$y`b}sbb{s$`{e/sya{a}rflPfdmPmbz`}a`dflPy`b}s/

sr/krllbhPshfh/4

Uha}nfd, Ufl}$ Lbfzbs `j E{fss$ Yhalfmblyhaf7 Mfzam NoCfq, So6199^ Kf{}lbkq$

o`n (6111!$ ; Gfd$ ;998 <h}}y7//uuu$kf{}lbkq$o`n/6=;4

Qfohdbs, Yfrl$ _rsn7 Fd Fdd`}f}bm [bs`r{ob Eramb$ (;99;!$ 2 @o}$ ;991 <h}}y7//

uuu$}hbfnb{aofdnrslan$`{e/}fn$yhy/jbf}r{bs/f{}aolbs/srsnPfdPfdd`.

}f}bmP{bs`r{obPeramb/4

_ryylbnbd}f{q _`r{obs

Fkkbq, Bm$ Mbsb{} _`la}fa{b$ ]`rohs}`db7 6119$

Flnfds`r{, Fhnbm Damfl$ ]hb Nammlb Bfs} Ad Fd}bkbllrn Fnb{aof7 ]hb Ofsbs @j

[flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d, Df}hfdabl Hfu}h`{db, Fdm Bmef{ Fllfd Y`b$ Mas.

sb{}f}a`d3 ]hb @ha` _}f}b Rdazb{sa}q, ;992Kf{cs, O`lbnfd$ ]hb _`rl `j [rna$ Dbu Q {c7 Hf{yb{O`llads, ;996$

Mfzas, Uallafn Yfrl$ ]hb “L`{ms„ fdm “Ua}dbssbs„ `j O{bf}a`d7 Nq}h`lèawade

fdm mbnq}h`lèawade df}r{b ad Fnb{aofd la}b{f}r{b$ Massb{}f}a`d$ Ofsb

Ubs}b{d [bsb{zb Rdazb{sa}q (6119!$ ; Fre$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$`ha`ladc$

bmr/b}m/zabu$oea0fooPdrn>ofsb692=2:6?194

Hèfd, Ladmf$ Mubllade7 F _ya{a}rfl Has}`{q `j }hb Lazade U`{lm $ D`{}`d7 ;995$

Hrssfad, Fhnbm$ D`}bs @d Aslfn$ (Bm$ Chfd Kfhfmr{ Hfgbb Chfgf Nrhfnnfm

Hrssfad!$ Hqmb{fkfm7 Mboofd E`zb{dnbd} Obd}{fl Y{bss, 61;;$

Cb{`rfo, Gfoc$ Mhf{nf Krns$ Dbu Q`{c7 Ybderad, ;99:$

...$ @d }hb [`fm $ Dbu Q {c7 Ybderad, 6111$

NoBl{`q, Ubdmq$ Hbd{q Mfzam ]h`{bfr fdm Oazal Mas`kbmabdob$ ]hb Jr}r{b `j

J{bbm`n J`rdmf}a`d (;992!$ ? Fre$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$jjj$`{e/j{bbm`n/

jm9292j$fsy4

N``{b, Bllbd$ [flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d”@d Bnb{s`d‑s Y`b}{q$ Fnb{aofd ]{fdsobd.

mbd}fl Ubksa}b, Za{eadaf O`nn`dubfl}h Rdazb{sa}q$ 6 Fre$ ;991 <h}}y7//

;6




uuu$zor$bmr/bdeubk/}{fdsobdmbd}flasn/ambfs/{ub.y`b}{q$h}nl4

@lazb{, Nf{q$ ]hb Fofmbnq `j Fnb{aofd Y`b}s$ ?6 Grl$ ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$y`b}s$

`{e/y`b}$yhy/y{nYAM/;:24_ohbbsb, M`d$ Df}r{b U{a}ade7 ]hb Yfs}`{fl Anyrlsb ad Fnb{aof $ Dbu Q`{c7 [`r}.

lbmeb, ;99;$

_dqmb{, Ef{q$ ]r{}lb Aslfdm $ K`s}`d7 _hfnkflf Y{bss, 611?$

_`lda}, [bkboof$ @db Df}a`d Rdmb{ Blzas7 Fd Bdza{`dnbd}flasn J`{ Rs Fll $ @{a`d

Nfefwadb (;991!$ 69 Mbo, ;991 <h}}y7//uuu$`{a`dnfefwadb$`{e/admbx$

yhy/f{}aolbs/f{}aolb/;8=24

...$ Ufdmb{lrs}”F Has}`{q `j Uflcade$ DQ7 Zacade Y{bss, ;999

Rdhb{, Nacb$ “Adso{ay}a`ds `j }hb Lfdm”F Has}`{aofl _cb}oh `j Fnb{aofd Df}r{b

U{a}ade$„ ]hb Krllb}ad `j Bdelash Bmrof}a`d, Auf}b Rdazb{sa}q (Gfyfd!$ D`$

69$ Nf{oh, ;998$

Uallafns, ]b{{q ]bnybs}$ Jadmade Kbfr}q ad f K{`cbd U`{lm $ Yfd}hb`d, ;998$

...$ Allrnadf}bm Mbsb{} $ Ofdq`d Lfdms Df}r{fl Has}`{q Fssòaf}a`d7 ;998$

...$ ]hb @ybd _yfob `j Mbnò{foq$ ]hb @{a`d _òab}q$ ;99=$

U{aeh}, G`hd C$ “J{`n ‘Crklf Cfhd‑ }` Jl`{amf$„ Fnb{aofd Vrf{}b{lq, Z l$ 8, D`$

6 (_y{ade, 612:!$

Wbd`w, _`nfqb D`r{a$ “]{fdsobdmbd}fl _blj.[blafdob ad f o`nyf{f}azb s}rmq

`j Bnb{s`d * [rna$„ zàobs `j rd{bfs`d (;99=!$ ;6 Fre$ ;991 <h}}y7//

uuu$zàobs`jrd{bfs`d$o`n/bssfqs/}{fdsobdmbd}flsblj{blafdobadfo`nyf{f.

}azbs}rmq`jbnb{s`d{rna4$

reconciling religion: bulleh shah, ralph waldo emerson and the american transcendentalist tradition

Documents