reconfigurable communications architecture for adaptive …the reuse of the tv spectrum by...

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© 2003 Intel Corporation

Reconfigurable Communications Architecture for Adaptive Radios

Reconfigurable Communications Architecture for Adaptive Radios

Ernest TsuiErnest TsuiPrincipal Engineer, Radio Communications Lab/Corporate TechnologPrincipal Engineer, Radio Communications Lab/Corporate Technology Groupy Group

Contributor: Ben Manny Contributor: Ben Manny Director, Radio Communications Lab, Director, Radio Communications Lab, Corporate Technology Group (CTG)Corporate Technology Group (CTG)

Reconfigurable Computing TutorialReconfigurable Computing TutorialInternational Symposium on SystemInternational Symposium on System--onon--Chip ConferenceChip Conference

Tampere, FinlandTampere, Finland

Intel CorporationIntel Corporation

18 November 200318 November 2003Copyright © 2003 Intel Corporation.

• 2 •Communications TechnologyCommunications Technology

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?? Spectrum policy reform is in the airSpectrum policy reform is in the air

?? Update on UWB Update on UWB -- an Adaptive an Adaptive ProtocolProtocol

?? Introduction to an Introduction to an AdaptiveAdaptive RadioRadioApproachApproach

?? Low Power Approaches to Low Power Approaches to ReconfigurabilityReconfigurability

?? Intel Reconfigurable Design ApproachIntel Reconfigurable Design Approach

?? SummarySummary

Agenda

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The Ultimate Vision for Wireless AccessThe Ultimate Vision for Wireless Access??Ubiquitous Internet Connections for all Mobile Ubiquitous Internet Connections for all Mobile

Client DevicesClient Devices??Laptops, PDAs, Cell phones, and Tablet PCsLaptops, PDAs, Cell phones, and Tablet PCs

??AlwaysAlways--on connection on connection –– closed lid computingclosed lid computing

??New Paradigm for Wireless Basestations New Paradigm for Wireless Basestations ??Agility across Multiple Bands Agility across Multiple Bands ??MultiMulti--Network handNetwork hand--offs (WLAN, WWAN, WPAN)offs (WLAN, WWAN, WPAN)

??New business models, and access policiesNew business models, and access policies

How do we get there?How do we get there?How do we get there?

Spectrum Policy Reform


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Spectrum UsageSpectrum Usage?Spectrum Policy Reforms?Spectrum Policy directional change?Transition from usage base to rule base?Sub-leasing of licensed spectrum ?Advances in radio technology e.g. UWB and Software

Defined Radios?Fair & equal access, Unlicensed bands

?Radio Certification Challenges?Partitioned Module Certification (certify once & radio adapts

operation for compliance anywhere)

?Regulation Changes?Working with the FCC on Spectrum reform for many years?International coordination of regulations for UWB solutions?Recent involvement in response to FCC Notice of Inquiry about

the reuse of the TV spectrum by unlicensed devices


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Underlay ApproachUnderlay Approach

?Simultaneous usage via low power levels?Transmission doesn’t harmfully interfere with current signals? UWB transmits at –41dBm/MHz (looks like noise)


1.6 1.9 2.4

Bluetooth,802.11b WLANCordless PhonesMicrowave Ovens

PC

S5

802.11a WLANCordless Phones

-41 dBm/Mhz“FCC Part 15 Limit”

Frequency (Ghz)

SignalPower

10.63.1Note: not to scale

UWB Spectrum

U-N

II b

and

ISM

ban

d

GP

S

Graph source Intel research and development


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?Dynamic partitioning of spectrum?Can cut across any spectrum?FCC sets policy or “rules” to govern usage and priority?Example – unlicensed use of vacant TV bands?Example – prioritized usage e.g. Search & Rescue

Note: not to scale

440MHz

Available channels in the TV NOI

Frequency

EmittedSignalPower

… 21 30 33 40… …..

~800MHz

…

San Francisco

47

Safety Services

52+

…

Data is for illustrative purposes only.


Overlay Approach

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Overlay Approach

?Prioritize the usage of spectrum?Can cut across any spectrum?FCC sets policy or “rules” to govern usage and priority?Example – Search & Rescue has priority?Example – unlicensed TV band

440MHz

Available channels in the TV NOI

Frequency (Ghz)

EmittedSignalPower

… 23 28 33…..

~800MHz

…

San Jose

47

Safety Services

52+

….. 38 41..

Note: not to scale

Data is for illustrative purposes only.


Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum usage and influencing

spectrum policy.

Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum usage and influencing

spectrum policy.

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Ultra Wideband (UWB)

Ultra Wideband (UWB)

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UWB UpdateUWB Update? IEEE?IEEE 802.15.3 UWB PHY/MAC specification in

development?24 PHY proposals made in March meeting? Intel facilitated collaboration on multi-band OFDM

approach, 18 companies merged proposals?Down selected from 6 proposals to single PHY – multi-

band OFDM approach in July 2003?UWB Demo? Intel demonstrates 252 Mbps UWB Tx/Rx with 7 sub

bands at IDF Japan in April, 2003


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Current Multi-band/OFDM ProposalCurrent Multi-band/OFDM Proposal

??Each subEach sub--band used OFDM modulationband used OFDM modulation

??Group A: 1Group A: 1stst generation devices (3.1 generation devices (3.1 –– 4.9 GHz).4.9 GHz).

??Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 –– 6.0 GHz).6.0 GHz).

??Group C: Devices with improved Simultaneous Group C: Devices with improved Simultaneous Operating Piconet (SOP) performanceOperating Piconet (SOP) performance

??Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 –– 10.6 GHz).10.6 GHz).

f3432MHz

3960MHz

4488MHz

5016MHz

5808MHz

6336MHz

6864MHz

7392MHz

7920MHz

8448MHz

8976MHz

9504MHz

10032MHz

Band#1

Band#2

Band#3

Band#4

Band#5

Band#6

Band#7

Band#8

Band#9

Band#10

Band#11

Band#12

Band#13

GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D

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Next Steps for UWBNext Steps for UWB

?Define a UWB-based radio platform that becomes the PC/CE/mobile industry standard?Enable a single low cost radio?Drive UWB regulatory approvals?Facilitate compatibility and co-existence

UWB offers new opportunities for

high speed wireless personal

connectivity

UWB offers new opportunities for

high speed wireless personal

connectivity

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Cognitive Radio

Concepts

Cognitive Radio

Concepts

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??Wireless Protocol PlethoraWireless Protocol Plethora??PAN (many protocols): Bluetooth*, 1394, UWBPAN (many protocols): Bluetooth*, 1394, UWB??WLAN (4 protocols): 802.11a,b,g (future HT/11n)WLAN (4 protocols): 802.11a,b,g (future HT/11n)??WAN (9 protocols): WAN (9 protocols): ??2G: IS2G: IS--95, GSM95, GSM??2.5G: GPRS/EGPRS, cdma20002.5G: GPRS/EGPRS, cdma2000??3G: WCDMA (FDD, TDD, SC), CDMA 1xE DV3G: WCDMA (FDD, TDD, SC), CDMA 1xE DV

??Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions??Increased Frequency ReIncreased Frequency Re--use use –– Many More Many More

Basestations Basestations ?? Increased costs Increased costs –– slows deployment slows deployment –– decreases revenuesdecreases revenues

??More Signal ProcessingMore Signal Processing??Exploits Moore’s law to achieve Shannon’s limitsExploits Moore’s law to achieve Shannon’s limits

??Obtaining more Spectrum from the FCC, etc.Obtaining more Spectrum from the FCC, etc.??Very Long processVery Long process

Anticipated Future Issues

Cognitive Reconfigurable Radios: Exploit available spectrum in Licensed AND Unlicensed

bands for given user location

Cognitive Reconfigurable Radios: Exploit available spectrum in Licensed AND Unlicensed

bands for given user location

* Bluetooth is a trademark owned by its proprietor and used by Intel Corpor ation under license.

Cognitive Radio Concepts


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??Must sense or be Must sense or be cognitivecognitive of the environmentof the environment??Other user interference, multipath, noise, etc.Other user interference, multipath, noise, etc.??TimeTime--variationsvariations

??Must be Must be Intelligent Intelligent to analyze the situation and find to analyze the situation and find the optimal communications protocol, frequency, the optimal communications protocol, frequency, channel, etc.channel, etc.

??Must Must reconfigure reconfigure for the channel and protocol for the channel and protocol requiredrequired

??And…constantly And…constantly adaptadapt to mobile changing to mobile changing environmentsenvironments

Cognitive Reconfigurable RadiosCognitive Reconfigurable Radios

These radios “find the best protocol, frequency, and channel” to

communicate over

These radios “find the best protocol, frequency, and channel” to

communicate over


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RF PHY MAC

Fixed Baseband = PHY + MAC

FUTURETODAY

RF

Fix

ed B

aseb

and

RF..

RF..

RFN

RF1

Integrated,Variable Freq

RF transceivers

Rec

onfig

urab

leB

aseb

and

VariableBand-pass

filters

Air InterfaceAlgorithms

Engine

Softer “everything”

Opportunistically use the ‘best’ available spectrumOpportunistically use the ‘best’ available spectrumBuilds on software-defined radio (SDR) concept

(low-power and low-cost are critical)

Cognitive Reconfigurable RadioCognitive Radio Concepts


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Present Status of Soft RadiosPresent Status of Soft Radios?? Prior Infrastructure ApproachesPrior Infrastructure Approaches??DSP + ASICDSP + ASIC??Inflexible ASIC and Costly DSPInflexible ASIC and Costly DSP

??DSP + Closely Coupled AcceleratorsDSP + Closely Coupled Accelerators??Increased Power and Costly DSPIncreased Power and Costly DSP

??ReconfigurableReconfigurable??Hard to ProgramHard to Program??CostlyCostly

??High PowerHigh Power??Granularity problem has not been completely solvedGranularity problem has not been completely solved

??Need Evolved Architecture Need Evolved Architecture


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Part II: System Protocol Requirements

and Architectural Optimizations

Part II: System Protocol Requirements

and Architectural Optimizations

Contributors:Contributors:Kumar Ganapathy, Hooman Honary, Rich Nicholls, Tony Chun, Kumar Ganapathy, Hooman Honary, Rich Nicholls, Tony Chun,

Lee Snyder, Amit Dagan, and Israel HirshLee Snyder, Amit Dagan, and Israel Hirsh


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Wireless RequirementsWireless Requirements??Seamless Client RoamingSeamless Client Roaming??Two to three concurrent wireless protocols selected from Two to three concurrent wireless protocols selected from

a set of five to fifteen protocolsa set of five to fifteen protocols

??Selected 802.11a and WCDMA as the models of Selected 802.11a and WCDMA as the models of computationally intensive protocolscomputationally intensive protocols

??Size (< tens of mmSize (< tens of mm22))

??Very Low Power (several hundred mW)Very Low Power (several hundred mW)??Digital Baseband is < 10% of total PHY powerDigital Baseband is < 10% of total PHY power

??Reconfigurable to allow Si ReReconfigurable to allow Si Re--useuse

??ScaleableScaleable

??Converging protocols to OFDM or CDMA or hybridConverging protocols to OFDM or CDMA or hybrid

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Computational Mix for Wireless Protocols

Computational Mix for Wireless Protocols

05

10152025303540

Filtering Sync MisclDSP

802.11aWCDMA

%

Significant “domain specific” operations


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General Architectural Issues (I)General Architectural Issues (I)??Low power requires a Low power requires a highly distributedhighly distributed (e.g. (e.g.

spatially multiplexed) architecturespatially multiplexed) architecture??Low voltage helps quadratically lower powerLow voltage helps quadratically lower power??Low clock frequency linearly lowers powerLow clock frequency linearly lowers power??Large size penalties associated with spatially Large size penalties associated with spatially

distributed elements must be avoideddistributed elements must be avoided??What is the low power What is the low power interconnectinterconnect strategy?strategy?

??Small Size requires a highly Small Size requires a highly timetime--multiplexed multiplexed architecturearchitecture??Clock frequency is increased and possibly voltageClock frequency is increased and possibly voltage??Memory is also increasedMemory is also increased

??Conflicting requirements for low power Conflicting requirements for low power and small size (other than leakage)and small size (other than leakage)

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General Architectural Issues (II)General Architectural Issues (II)

??FlexibilityFlexibility (less) is the other variable that can (less) is the other variable that can reduce both size and powerreduce both size and power??Determine the size of a Significant Computational Determine the size of a Significant Computational

Unit (Aop)Unit (Aop)

??This equals the Granularity for a true This equals the Granularity for a true reconfigurable architecturereconfigurable architecture??FPGA granularity is smaller (LUT) than the FPGA granularity is smaller (LUT) than the

significant computational unitsignificant computational unit??Pick the right “granularity”Pick the right “granularity”??Larger gives more power/area efficiencyLarger gives more power/area efficiency??Less gives more flexibilityLess gives more flexibility


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General Architectural Issues (III)General Architectural Issues (III)??Granularity ExamplesGranularity Examples??Gate (very fine)Gate (very fine)

??3 input LUT (fine)3 input LUT (fine)

??ALU (composed of adderALU (composed of adder--like circuits or granules)like circuits or granules)

??Multiplier (medium)Multiplier (medium)

??Vector Multiplier (medium)Vector Multiplier (medium)

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General Architectural Issues (IV)General Architectural Issues (IV)

LessLess(More (More

Interconnect)Interconnect)

MoreMorePower/Area Power/Area EfficiencyEfficiency

MoreMoreLessLess(Less variation (Less variation

possible)possible)

FlexibilityFlexibility

Decreased Decreased GranularityGranularity

Increased Increased GranularityGranularity


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How Do the Architectures Compare?Multi-User Detector (Adaptive Filter-like) BenchmarkHow Do the Architectures Compare?Multi-User Detector (Adaptive Filter-like) Benchmark

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Power Area

GP-DSP(BWRC)DSP Exten.(BWRC)BerkeleyPleiades DedicatedHardware

BWRC and Lee Snyder

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Low Power Approaches to Reconfigurable Radios

(Part III)

Low Power Approaches to Reconfigurable Radios

(Part III)

Contributors:Contributors:Inching Chen, Tony Chun, Ram Krishnamurthy, Rich Inching Chen, Tony Chun, Ram Krishnamurthy, Rich Nicholls, Steve Pawlowski, Lee Snyder, Bart Zeydel Nicholls, Steve Pawlowski, Lee Snyder, Bart Zeydel


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Wireless Everywhere but Nowhere

Wireless Everywhere but Nowhere

??Processing Requirements (Exponentially Processing Requirements (Exponentially increasing)increasing)??Measure “channels”Measure “channels”

??Adapt to the “channels”Adapt to the “channels”

??“Squeeze” more capacity out of the given “Squeeze” more capacity out of the given spectrumspectrum

??Power/Size (Limited)Power/Size (Limited)??Standby power is beginning to dominate active Standby power is beginning to dominate active

power: size ~ powerpower: size ~ power

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© 2003 Intel CorporationComplexity/Battery Trends Predict??Complexity/Battery Trends Predict??

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Battery Performance

Source: Hartenstein, Reiner: Reconfigurable Computing: A new business Model – and its impact on SoC Design; IEEE 2001

WirelessComplexity

Transistors/chip

2.5G

2G

3G

Normalized

Processor speed

DSP1G

810

910

1010

1110

1310

1210

510

410

310

210

110

010

710

610

DSP Limited by Power

How?


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© 2003 Intel CorporationReconfigurable Communications Architectural Objectives

Reconfigurable Communications Architectural Objectives

??Exponentially increasing computational complexities Exponentially increasing computational complexities demand more MOPsdemand more MOPs

??Moore’s Law adding Transistors (MOPs) but Moore’s Law adding Transistors (MOPs) but Active Active powerpower per MIP is now also increasingper MIP is now also increasing

??More than Battery Capacity trendMore than Battery Capacity trend

??Most of the energy may be used in Wireless Standby Most of the energy may be used in Wireless Standby modes due to Submicron Leakagemodes due to Submicron Leakage

??Leakage PowerLeakage Power is proportional to Sizeis proportional to Size

??Size may also be a constraintSize may also be a constraint

??Need more MOPs/watts Need more MOPs/watts andand MOPs/mmMOPs/mm22

??What can we do??What can we do??

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Computations per Unit Power Issues

Computations per Unit Power Issues

??Must Decrease Watts/MOPs as in the past Must Decrease Watts/MOPs as in the past –– but how?but how???Active Watts/MIPs ~ Active Watts/MIPs ~ Granularity Granularity x x Load CapacitanceLoad Capacitance x x VVdddd

2 2 (ref.:Bob Brodersen, ISSCC 2001 Tutorial paper)

?Vdd decrease is being limited by leakage considerations??Load Capacitance (formerly decreasing with feature size) may be Load Capacitance (formerly decreasing with feature size) may be

increasing in the futureincreasing in the future??Granularity defined as size of the fundamental arithmetic unit pGranularity defined as size of the fundamental arithmetic unit plus lus

overhead (memory, interconnect, etc.) overhead (memory, interconnect, etc.) This must DECREASE with This must DECREASE with future Architecturesfuture Architectures

??Granularity Reduction OptionsGranularity Reduction Options??Reduce memory Reduce memory –– via spatially distributed processing vs time via spatially distributed processing vs time

multiplexingmultiplexing??Reduce overhead (e.g., per cycle instruction decoding, etc.) witReduce overhead (e.g., per cycle instruction decoding, etc.) with h

“reconfigure and forget datapath” architectures“reconfigure and forget datapath” architectures??More efficient implementations of fundamental datapath unitsMore efficient implementations of fundamental datapath units??Efficient Interconnect ArchitectureEfficient Interconnect Architecture


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Fixed Spatial (the ASIC style)Hardware optimized for the problem

“Spatially” implemented on silicon

Best performance and densityLittle to No Flexibility

Spatial vs. Time Multiplex Implementation vs. Reconfigurable

Time Multiplex (CPU/DSP Style)Instruction Decode/Cycle->

Load? Compute? Store paradigmSeveral loads/stores per operation

Function A

Function B

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© 2003 Intel CorporationLow Power Reconfigurability Summary

Low Power Reconfigurability Summary

??Future Requirements for MOPs and Battery Future Requirements for MOPs and Battery LifeLife??Require new Architectures that focus on low active power Require new Architectures that focus on low active power

and standby power (size reduction and leakage reduction)and standby power (size reduction and leakage reduction)

??Reduction of Granularity (or fundamental Reduction of Granularity (or fundamental arithmetic element size) is keyarithmetic element size) is key??Use ASIC Use ASIC –– type Spatial Multiplex Methods that can type Spatial Multiplex Methods that can

“reconfigure and forget”“reconfigure and forget”

??Efficient Connections of Granular computation modulesEfficient Connections of Granular computation modules

??Efficient Granular modulesEfficient Granular modules


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How will Intel go about it?

How will Intel go about it?

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Flexibility, Power, and Cost Trades(Pick two only)

Flexibility, Power, and Cost Trades(Pick two only)

Flex.

Power Cost

Dedicated H/W

DSPRe-configurable Communication

Architecture


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General Power, Area, Fclk TrendsGeneral Power, Area, Fclk Trends

Fclk

Power

(Po)

Fixed

Aop

Fixed Area (Ac)

Area

(Ac)

Voltage/Power

~ 50 MHz ~ 500 MHz ~ 5 GHz

100

10

1

Optimum Area

Flexibility

Interconnect Power

Granularity (may be less

than significant comp. unit)

Granularity

Nop

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Architecture Selection CriteriaArchitecture Selection Criteria??Define type of protocols desired, power, size, Define type of protocols desired, power, size,

and performance requirementsand performance requirements??Evaluate the protocol algorithmsEvaluate the protocol algorithms??Allows proper flexibility limitation of the processing Allows proper flexibility limitation of the processing

elementselements??Only the flexibility required, e.g. filter length Only the flexibility required, e.g. filter length

variation, etc.variation, etc.

??Architect the processing elementsArchitect the processing elements??Few selected typesFew selected types??Clock frequency dependent on load and processClock frequency dependent on load and process

??Connect elementsConnect elements??Scalable manner, e.g., mesh or similar approach Scalable manner, e.g., mesh or similar approach

(avoid bus, etc.)(avoid bus, etc.)


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Architecture ApproachArchitecture Approach??Interconnect with Nearest Neighbor MeshInterconnect with Nearest Neighbor Mesh??Eliminates High Speed (and power) buses [J. Rabaey, Silicon Eliminates High Speed (and power) buses [J. Rabaey, Silicon

Architectures for Wireless, Hotchips 2001 Tutorial]Architectures for Wireless, Hotchips 2001 Tutorial]

??PHY connections are 95% nearest neighborPHY connections are 95% nearest neighbor

??Heterogeneous Processing Elements (PEs)Heterogeneous Processing Elements (PEs)??Domain specific processors are more efficient (less flexible)Domain specific processors are more efficient (less flexible)??With the right granularityWith the right granularity

??Number of Processing Elements Number of Processing Elements ??Driven by:Driven by:

– Computational Load– Activity Factors (Standby vs Active)– Size and Power Constraints– Feature parameters (e.g., Average Load Capacitance, Vdd, etc.)

??Clock Frequency Choice Clock Frequency Choice –– optimal one for each situationoptimal one for each situation

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Reconfigurable Power Trend Summary

Reconfigurable Power Trend Summary

?? There is an optimum FThere is an optimum Fclkclk for a fixed Afor a fixed Aopop

??((AAopop is the fundamental processing size)is the fundamental processing size)??Optimum meets Size and Computational requirements and Optimum meets Size and Computational requirements and

minimizes power for the aboveminimizes power for the above??Higher FHigher Fclkclk increases power, lower Fincreases power, lower Fclkclk increases area and increases area and

interconnect powerinterconnect power?? There a similar optimum as AThere a similar optimum as Aopop is variedis varied??As AAs Aopop decreases decreases –– interconnect Power increases exponentially interconnect Power increases exponentially

??Simpler elements must be connected in a more complex manner to Simpler elements must be connected in a more complex manner to retain flexibilityretain flexibility

??As AAs Aopop increases increases -- the voltage requirement (and Power) increases the voltage requirement (and Power) increases ??More complex element requires timeMore complex element requires time--multiplexingmultiplexing

?? Thus, is there a globally “good” design?Thus, is there a globally “good” design???Conjecture:Conjecture:

??Determine the Minimum Aop (for the flexibility desired) and findDetermine the Minimum Aop (for the flexibility desired) and find the the optimum Foptimum Fclkclk

Communications TechnologyCommunications TechnologyLabLab


Reconfigurable Communication ArchitectureUbiquitous wireless communication across multiple protocols

A scalable mesh interconnect of heterogeneous processing elements (PEs):? Configurable basebands for multiple (concurrent) PHY/MAC operation? Power and Size conserving when compared to “multiple” dedicate d cores or

“traditional” SDR (S/W defined radio) approaches? Tools for simple programming and portability to different arrays of elements

Ultra-wideband WPAN

802.11a WLAN

WCDMA WWAN

DD

CMOS AFE 3

CMOS AFE 2

1

PEPE PE

IO (EC)

IO (AFE 2)

PE

PE

PE

PE

PEPE PE

PE

PE

PE

PE

1

4

3

2

4

3

2

A

EA

CMOS AFE 1

I.E.

IO (EC) IO (EC)

IO (AFE 1) IO (AFE 3)

UMAC 2UMAC 2UMAC 1UMAC 1 UMAC 3UMAC 3

B C D

DCB

E

Figure source Intel research and development

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© 2003 Intel CorporationRe-configurable Communication Architecture 802.11a,b,g,n (HT) Example

Re-configurable Communication Architecture 802.11a,b,g,n (HT) Example

CMOS AFE 3

CMOS AFE 2

1

PE5PE4 PE6

IO NODE 1

IO NODE 2

PE3

PE1

PE7

PE2

PE10PE9 PE11

IO NODE 2

PE8

IO NODE 2

PE12

1

4

3

2

4

3

2

DA

DA

CMOS AFE 1

EMBEDDED CONTROLLER(I.E. XSCALE,)

IO NODE 1 IO NODE 1

PE13 PE14

Figure source Intel research and development

802.11 a,b,g

802.11n (HT)


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AtherosWLAN BB Si

TI 6414

Intel RCA

Courtesy of Bob Brodersen, Dir. Berkeley Wireless Research Center

Trends with latest data on TI (DSP), Atheros (Dedicated ASIC), and Intel (Reconfigurable Comm. Arch.)

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? Single Wireless Subsystem?Separate Radio/Passives

and Baseband Processor? Need Multiple (Separate) radios

for each of the standards that are supported

? RF and baseband are designed as a complete system

?Integrate multiple radio front ends into a cost effective technology

?Utilize CMOS economies of scale

?Develop a Multi-protocolBaseband Architecture

?Good place to use MIPs if cost effective

Wireless System Evolution


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Overall SummaryOverall Summary??Spectrum is available but we need to “find it”Spectrum is available but we need to “find it”??Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum

usage and influencing spectrum policy.usage and influencing spectrum policy.

??Geographic, spatial, frequency, time are all examples of the Geographic, spatial, frequency, time are all examples of the dimensionsdimensions

??Cognitive or Adaptive Radios are desirableCognitive or Adaptive Radios are desirable??To find spectrum and understand the available capacity of each To find spectrum and understand the available capacity of each

slice of spectrumslice of spectrum??UWB multiUWB multi--band OFDM approach will facilitate compatibility and band OFDM approach will facilitate compatibility and

coco--existence.existence.

??Cognitive Radios allow for ubiquitous wireless communication Cognitive Radios allow for ubiquitous wireless communication across multiple protocols and spectrum.across multiple protocols and spectrum.

??Reconfigurable or Adaptive Radios enableReconfigurable or Adaptive Radios enable??Lower cost (reLower cost (re--use Si) and lower energy (leakage) for low use Si) and lower energy (leakage) for low

activity factors (wireless applications)activity factors (wireless applications)

??Also enable adaptivity to optimum modulation, demodulation, Also enable adaptivity to optimum modulation, demodulation, and a smart antenna configurations for the given environment and a smart antenna configurations for the given environment

reconfigurable communications architecture for adaptive …the reuse of the tv spectrum by...

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