Reconstruction: 1865-1877

Rebuilding the South:PhysicallyPoliticallySocially

Planning Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan One nation – One

people Amnesty

Loyalty to Union Accept ban on slavery

10% make pledges Form new state govern. Readmitted to Union 10% Plan

Opposition to Lincoln’s Plan

Who plans reconstruction? President Congress

Republican Opposition Concern about slaves Concern about traitors

Wade-Davis Bill Ban slavery in state Majority of males take loyalty oath Swear never supported

Confederacy to vote or hold office Lincoln’s Veto

The 13th Amendment

Republican Agreement Abolish Slavery Emancipation

Proclamation Only freed in non-occupied

states Slavery still existed Constitutionality?

13th Amend. Proposed January 31, 1865 December 18, 1865 Ratified

Abolition Complete?

Positives Legalize marriages Search for relatives New last names

Negatives Lack of farmland Lack of skills Continuing

prejudice Voting rights?

Freedman’s Bureau Established 1865

Relief of all poor in South Black White

Oliver O. Howard Distribute Food Set Labor Contracts Assist War Veterans Promote Education

Howard and Fisk Universities

A New President April 14th, 1865

Plot by John Wilkes Booth

Kill President, Vice-President, Sec. of War

Our American Cousin Lincoln’s Death

April 14, 1865 “Now he belongs to

the ages.” Andrew Johnson

President

Assassination

Oh Captain! My Captain!

O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck, You've fallen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction

Appoint temporary governor Oath of loyalty / Pardon

Elect delegates Convention to write state constitution

Elect state representatives Declare secession illegal Repudiate Confederate Debts Accept 13th Amendment 1865 – All but Texas Congressional reaction

Refuses to accept representatives Refuse to readmit states to Union

The Fight over Reconstruction

Black Codes New state legislatures Pass laws denying Black

rights Work contracts No gun ownership No renting in city

A consistent effort to limit Black freedom

Alexander Stephens and Ex-Rebels in Congress

Radical Republicans No Change in South!

Black Codes Rights/Voting for Blacks

Moderates Don’t use federal force in

South Radicals

Use federal force as necessary to implement changes

Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Anti-Johnson Growing support in Congress

Johnson versus Congress 1866 Congressional Vote

Freedman’s Bureau - use military courts to try violators of Black rights

Jackson Veto No new laws on South until

represented in Congress Freedman’s Bureau

unconstitutional Civil Rights Act of 1866

Black legal rights Jackson veto

The Fourteenth Amendment

Protect Civil Rights Act Defines U.S. citizens Equal protection under

law Due process of law Bans Confederate officers

from holding office State laws subject to

review by federal courts Congress has power to

pass laws to enforce amendment

Ratifying the 14th Amendment

Congressional election of 1866

Opponents Johnson and Democrats

Proponents Republicans

Factors Riots in South:

Memphis, New Orleans

Congress Takes Charge 1866 Election

Radical Republicans gain 2/3 majority

Can override any veto Moderate & Radical

Republicans unite Reconstruction Acts 1867

Divide South into 5 districts U.S. military commanders Rejoin union

Support 14th Amendment Allow Blacks to vote

Congress Takes Charge Johnson’s Opposes

Reconstruction Acts Congress Reacts

Tenure of Office Act Can’t remove cabinet

members Johnson fires Edward

Stanton, Sec. of War House of Reps Reacts

Impeach Johnson Trial in Senate “Not Guilty” by 1 vote

Election of 1868 and 1872 Candidates - 1868

Horatio Seymour – Dem. Ulysses S. Grant – Rep.

Grant War hero Supports Congressional

Reconstruction plan “Let Us Have Peace”

7 States Readmitted Violence at Southern

Polls Grant victory

The 15th Amendment 1869 Why another amendment?

Protect Reconstruction plans Extend Black voting rights to

Northern states Grants Black males in U.S.

the right to vote Takes effect in 1870 Criticisms

Right to hold office Rights of women

Grant Administ. Flounders Scandals in

Cabinet Panic of 1873

Loss of Jobs Weak Economy

Election of 1874 Democrats take

control of House or Representatives

Opposition to Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan 1866 Oppose Civil Rights Oppose Black Suffrage Threat in 1870s and

Beyond General Amnesty Act

1872 Former Confed

Officers can be elected

Compromise of 1877 Election of 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes – Rep Samuel J. Tilden – Dem

Tilden – Popular Vote SC, FL, LA

Contested voting Awarded to Hayes Senate approves House divided

Compromise Hayes – Electoral votes Withdraw troops from South

End of Reconstruction “Redeeming” the South

End of Republican rule Rise of Democratic party White rule

Jim Crow Laws Segregation Disfranchisement Violence & Intimidation

Lynchings 1889-1899 187 Blacks a year