Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)

Reconstruction (1865-1877)Reconstruction (1865-1877)

► Lincoln’s 10% PlanLincoln’s 10% Plan► Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill► 1313thth Amendment Amendment► Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson► Black CodesBlack Codes► 1414thth Amendment Amendment► 1515thth Amendment Amendment► Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau► ImpeachImpeach► CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers► ScalawagsScalawags► SharecroppingSharecropping► Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan► Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

April 14, 1865—Lincoln ShotApril 14, 1865—Lincoln Shot

Ford’s Theater (April 14, Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)1865)

►

The Assassin—John Wilkes The Assassin—John Wilkes BoothBooth

The AssassinationThe Assassination

Wanted!!Wanted!!

““Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages”Ages”

The Execution of Four Co-The Execution of Four Co-ConspiratorsConspirators

RESULTS OF THE CIVIL RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR—THE AFTERMATHWAR—THE AFTERMATH

Over 618,000 Military Deaths Over 618,000 Military Deaths During Civil WarDuring Civil War

Casualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other WarsComparison to Other Wars

Property Damage in the Property Damage in the SouthSouth

►Atlanta—Atlanta—Aftermath of Aftermath of Sherman’s Sherman’s MarchMarch

Property Damage – AtlantaProperty Damage – Atlanta

Property Damage—Atlanta—Property Damage—Atlanta—First Union Station, 1864First Union Station, 1864

Property Damage in the Property Damage in the South—Result of Sherman’s South—Result of Sherman’s

MarchMarch

Property Damage in the Property Damage in the SouthSouth

– The Aftermath of War and EmancipationThe Aftermath of War and Emancipation The devastated The devastated

SouthSouth

Charleston, SC 1865 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Property Damage in the Property Damage in the South—Richmond, VA.South—Richmond, VA.

Property Damage in the Property Damage in the South—North CarolinaSouth—North Carolina

Property Damage—North Property Damage—North CarolinaCarolina

Essential QuestionEssential Question

►What was the impact of What was the impact of southern Reconstruction?southern Reconstruction?

ReconstructiReconstructionon

State of the SouthState of the South

Questions of ReconstructionQuestions of Reconstruction

►How to rebuild the How to rebuild the South after the South after the Civil War?Civil War?

►How to readmit How to readmit the Confederate the Confederate states to the states to the Union?Union?

Lincoln’s Ten Percent PlanLincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

10% Plan10% Plan* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

(December 8, 1863)(December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.a government, it would be recognized.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Proposed by Republicans in

Congress

Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ABOLISHED SLAVERY!!!

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson

►DemocratDemocrat

►From TennesseeFrom Tennessee

►Remained loyal to Remained loyal to the Union when TN the Union when TN secededseceded

►White supremacistWhite supremacist

Johnson’s Reconstruction Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanPlan

► In order for a Confederate In order for a Confederate state to rejoin the Union state to rejoin the Union they had to do the they had to do the following:following:

► Write a new state Write a new state ConstitutionConstitution

► Elect a new state Elect a new state governmentgovernment

► Repeal the act of secessionRepeal the act of secession► Cancel all war debts Cancel all war debts

against the Unionagainst the Union► Ratify the 13th Amendment Ratify the 13th Amendment

which abolished slavery.which abolished slavery.

President Johnson’s Plan President Johnson’s Plan Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that slaves were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

* Restrict freedom of freed slaves

* Forced many freed slaves to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Black CodesBlack Codes

►Southern laws Southern laws which limited which limited African American African American rights in the Southrights in the South

► Intended to keep Intended to keep African Americans African Americans in a condition of in a condition of slaveryslavery

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

►The black codes served three The black codes served three purposes.purposes.

►1-To limit the rights of freedmen.1-To limit the rights of freedmen.►After the war former slaves were given After the war former slaves were given

the right to marry, own property, work the right to marry, own property, work for wages, & sue in court. for wages, & sue in court.

►However they could not vote or serve However they could not vote or serve on juries in the South.on juries in the South.

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

►2-To help planters find workers to 2-To help planters find workers to replace their slaves.replace their slaves.

►These codes required freedmen to These codes required freedmen to work.work.

► If they did not have jobs they were If they did not have jobs they were arrested and hired out to planters.arrested and hired out to planters.

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

►3-To keep freedmen at the bottom of 3-To keep freedmen at the bottom of the social order in the South.the social order in the South.

►Segregation in public placesSegregation in public places

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866

► This act struck back at the Black Codes by This act struck back at the Black Codes by declaring all freedmen to be full citizens declaring all freedmen to be full citizens with the same rights as whites.with the same rights as whites.

► To ensure this act was followed Congress To ensure this act was followed Congress passed the 14th Amendment, which passed the 14th Amendment, which declared former slaves to be citizens with declared former slaves to be citizens with full civil rightsfull civil rights

► ““No state, shall…deny to any person…the No state, shall…deny to any person…the equal protection of the laws.”equal protection of the laws.”

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

►Opposed Johnson’s Opposed Johnson’s planplan

►Led by Thaddeus Led by Thaddeus StevensStevens

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment

► June 1866June 1866

►Granted Granted citizenship to all citizenship to all persons born or persons born or naturalized in naturalized in the United the United StatesStates

Military Reconstruction Act Military Reconstruction Act (1867)(1867)

► Passed by Passed by CongressCongress

►Divided the Divided the South in five South in five military districtsmilitary districts

► Union general Union general was in charge of was in charge of each districteach district

Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act

►New state New state constitutionsconstitutions

►Right to vote for Right to vote for all malesall males

►Must ratify the Must ratify the 1414thth amendment amendment

Reconstruction Acts of 1867Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton,

Secretary of War

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment

► March 1870March 1870► Right to vote cannot Right to vote cannot

be denied “on be denied “on account of race, color, account of race, color, or previous condition or previous condition of servitude”of servitude”

► Its purpose was to Its purpose was to protect the right of protect the right of African American men African American men to vote.to vote.

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

►Need for food Need for food and shelter for and shelter for freed slavesfreed slaves

►Many settled Many settled on plantation on plantation landslands

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Freedmen’s BureauBureau

►Task of feeding Task of feeding and clothing and clothing former slavesformer slaves

►Find work for themFind work for them

►Negotiate labor Negotiate labor contractscontracts

►Began educationBegan education

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

►Helped poor whites as wellHelped poor whites as well

►Provided medical care for over 1 Provided medical care for over 1 million peoplemillion people

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen’s Bureau SchoolFreedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Reconstruction Act (1867)Reconstruction Act (1867)Proposed by:Proposed by:

Radical RepublicansRadical RepublicansConditions for former Conditions for former

Confederate states Confederate states to rejoin Union:to rejoin Union:

► Must disband state Must disband state governments.governments.

► Must write new Must write new constitutions.constitutions.

► Must ratify the Must ratify the Fourteenth Fourteenth

Amendment.Amendment.► African Americans African Americans

must be allowed to must be allowed to vote.vote.

Impeachment of JohnsonImpeachment of Johnson

► Johnson Johnson vetoed every vetoed every policy from policy from CongressCongress

►Congress Congress overrode his overrode his vetoesvetoes

Edwin StantonEdwin Stanton

►Opposed Johnson’s lenient policies Opposed Johnson’s lenient policies towards Southern statestowards Southern states

►President Johnson tried to replace himPresident Johnson tried to replace him►Led House of Representatives to Led House of Representatives to

impeach Johnsonimpeach Johnson

Impeachment of Johnson (1868)Impeachment of Johnson (1868)

► House of House of Representatives Representatives voted for his voted for his impeachmentimpeachment

► Senate put Johnson Senate put Johnson on trialon trial

► Final vote – one vote Final vote – one vote shy of removing him shy of removing him from officefrom office

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonJohnson the Martyr / Samson

If my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

SharecroppinSharecroppingg

►New system for New system for agricultureagriculture

►Tenant farmers Tenant farmers paid rent with a paid rent with a share of their share of their cropscrops

SharecroppinSharecroppingg

►Landlords – Landlords – landowners who landowners who control control sharecropperssharecroppers

►Crop liens – Crop liens – crops taken to crops taken to cover debtscover debts

SharecroppingSharecropping

►Sharecroppers Sharecroppers became trapped became trapped because because farmers could farmers could not pay their not pay their debtsdebts

►Debt peonageDebt peonage

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political ParticipationBlack & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Voting restrictions forAfrican Americans

•Poll Taxes: required voters to pay a fee each time they voted…

Freedmen could rarely afford to vote.

•Literacy Tests: required voters to read in order to vote.

Freedmen had little education.

•Grandfather Clauses: If voters father or grandfather had been eligible to vote in 1867 the voter did not have to take the literacy test.

This increased the number of eligible white voters.

Republican Republican RuleRule

Republicans in the SouthRepublicans in the South

► By 1870, all former By 1870, all former Confederate states Confederate states had joined the Unionhad joined the Union

► Republicans held Republicans held political powerpolitical power

► Included freed Included freed slaves, northerners, slaves, northerners, poor whitespoor whites

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

►Northerners Northerners moving into the moving into the SouthSouth

►Became involved Became involved in politicsin politics

ScalawagsScalawags

►White White southerners who southerners who worked with worked with Republicans and Republicans and supported supported ReconstructionReconstruction

African AmericansAfrican Americans

► First led by the First led by the educatededucated

►Many who lived in Many who lived in the North and had the North and had fought for the Union fought for the Union armyarmy

► Became involved in Became involved in politicspolitics

African Americans VoteAfrican Americans Vote

► Slowly Southern states Slowly Southern states held elections in which held elections in which Freedmen votedFreedmen voted

► These elections usually These elections usually produced Republican produced Republican state governmentsstate governments

► For the first time For the first time African Americans African Americans were elected to local, were elected to local, state and federal state and federal officesoffices

Hiram Revels, the first African American elected

to the U.S. Senatehttp://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000166

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

►Started in 1866 by Started in 1866 by Nathaniel Bedford Nathaniel Bedford ForrestForrest

►Secret societySecret society

►Mostly former Mostly former Confederate Confederate soldierssoldiers

►White SupremistsWhite Supremists

Goals of the KKKGoals of the KKK

►Drive out Drive out carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers

►Regain control of Regain control of the South for the the South for the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

►Use terrorUse terror

Tactics of the KKKTactics of the KKK

► Broke up Republican Broke up Republican meetingsmeetings

► Harassed Freedmen’s Harassed Freedmen’s Bureau workersBureau workers

► Burned homes, Burned homes, churches, schoolschurches, schools

► Kept Republicans Kept Republicans (white and black) from (white and black) from votingvoting

Letter to the U.S. SenateLetter to the U.S. Senate

““We believe you are not familiar with We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding nightly over the country, going riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the from county to county, and in the county towns spreading terror county towns spreading terror wherever they go by robbing, wherever they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation . . . We people without provocation . . . We pray you will take some steps to pray you will take some steps to remedy these evils.”remedy these evils.”

Ku Klux Klan ActKu Klux Klan Act

►Passed by Passed by Congress in 1871Congress in 1871

►Outlawed Outlawed activities of the activities of the KlanKlan

►Federal arrestsFederal arrests

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

►1876 – presidential 1876 – presidential electionelection

►Republican – Republican – Rutherford B. Rutherford B. HayesHayes

►Democrat – Samuel Democrat – Samuel TildenTilden

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

► Election results Election results disputed in three disputed in three southern statessouthern states

► Results decided by Results decided by CongressCongress

► Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes won with the won with the support of southern support of southern DemocratsDemocrats

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

► April 1877April 1877

► Hayes pulled federal Hayes pulled federal troops out of the Southtroops out of the South

► Southern Democrats took Southern Democrats took control of all state control of all state legislatureslegislatures

► The end of The end of Reconstruction led to a Reconstruction led to a drastic reduction of rights drastic reduction of rights for African Americansfor African Americans

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

►Southern states Southern states create laws to create laws to segregate public segregate public spacespace

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

►What were the principal What were the principal questions facing the nation questions facing the nation at the end of the Civil War?at the end of the Civil War?

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

►What were the achievements of What were the achievements of Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

►Where did it fail and why?Where did it fail and why?

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

►What new problems arose int eh What new problems arose int eh South as the North’s interest in South as the North’s interest in Reconstruction waned?Reconstruction waned?

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

►What was the Compromise of What was the Compromise of 1877, and how did it affect 1877, and how did it affect ReconstructionReconstruction? ?

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

►How did the New South differ How did the New South differ from the South before the Civil from the South before the Civil War?War?