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Reconstruction and Its Effects Chapter 12

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Reconstruction and Its Effects

Chapter 12

Reconstruction

• 1865 – 1877

• Rebuilding the country – readmitting southern states

• Lenient or harsh?

• Would the Civil War have been for naught?

The Cast

• Radical Republicans – Supported abolition before the Civil War and the War –

Moral issue -- equality of rights for Blacks– Opposed Lincoln’s lenient reconstruction plan– Minority - worked w/Republican majority to impose harsher

plan

• Lincoln – Lenient plan• Johnson – follows Lincoln• Freed Blacks• Southern White power structure

Reconstruction Plans

Lincoln’s Plan Johnson’s Plan Radical Republican Plan

Amnesty to all but a few

10% Plan – 10% of a states voters in 1860 had to swear a loyalty oath before creating a new constitution

Organize a state government that bans slavery

Did not required black suffrage

Create a new Constitution w/o 10% rule

Officially denied pardons, but granted them

Did not require black suffrage

Disbanded the states that came in under Lincoln’s plan

Divided the South into 5 districts

Placed under military rule

Required Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment

Required to guarantee suffrage

Reconstruction Plans

Lincoln’s Plan Johnson’s Plan Radical Republican Plan

Congress had the power to admit new states to the Union. Therefore in had the responsibility for Reconstruction

Presidential power to pardon placed responsibility for Reconstruction in the executive branch

Secession had been illegal so the states did not have to be readmitted to the Union

Executive Branch Argument Legislative Branch Argument

The states were “out of their normal relationship to the Union”

Radical Republicans Impeach Johnson

• Obstructing Radical Republican plan of Reconstruction

• Violated Tenure of Office Act

• One vote kept him in office

Carpetbagger/Scalawags

• Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved to the South for “economic opportunity”

• Scalawags – Southern Democrats who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War

Amendments

• 13th Amendment

– Ended slavery• 14th Amendment

–Equal protection under the law -Civil Rights

• 15th Amendment

–right to vote

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Program set to help former slaves and poor whites

–Hospitals

–Schools

–Training programs

–Distributed clothing• Forty Acres and a Mule

Emancipated Slaves Exercise Freedom

• Traveled

• Reunited with families

• Organized schools, colleges, universities, churches

• Participated in politics

Sharecropping/Tenant Farming

• Sharecropping

–Use of land/tools/seed in exchange for portion of crop grown

• Tenant Farmer

–Cash paid for use of land• Cycle of poverty

1. Sharecropper is given land and seed by owner

2. Buys food and clothing on credit

3. Plants crop

4. Harvests crop and gives landowner his share

5. Sells remaining crop at market

6. Pays of debts

Farming methods deplete soil

At the mercy of the market

Crooked merchants charge unfair fines – Can’t leave until debts are paid.

Becomes Tenant Farmer if he has leftover cash

Southern Whites Regain Political Power

• Black Codes

–Curfews, vagrancy laws, Labor contracts, land restrictions

• Amnesty Act of 1872• KKK• Infighting within the Republican Party• Supreme Court Decisions

– Limited equal protection – to a few basic rights– Limited voting rights – what couldn’t be used to limit

voting rights– Northern support fades

Successes and Failures of ReconstructionSuccesses Failures

Union is restored. Many white southerners remain bitter

The South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North.

The South is slow to industrialize.

14th and 15th amendments Southern state governments and terrorist organizations deny African Americans the right to vote.

Organizations help many black families

Many remain caught in a cycle of poverty.

Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.

Racist attitudes continue, in the South and the North.