reconstruction chapter 14. georgia after the war most houses, farms and businesses had been...
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Reconstruction
Chapter 14
Georgia after the War
Most houses, farms and businesses had been destroyed Businesses and banks were not functioning Lack of food; Starvation Confederate money was worthless $20 million in war debt Many adult males died or were injured and required care
Atlanta Depot after Sherman’s departure
The Freedmen’s Bureau Freedman: former slave
Homeless, uneducated, and “broken” Suffered from discrimination and fear
Freedmen’s Bureau: helped both blacks and whites recover and get back on their feet 1st Commissioner: Oliver O. Howard (Union
Gen.) Founded Howard University
i.e.. clothing, food, shelter… Helped Freedmen with voting (ballots), land
and education
The Freedmen’s Bureau _______________: former slave
Homeless, uneducated, and “broken” Suffered from discrimination and fear
________________: helped both blacks and whites recover and get back on their feet 1st Commissioner: Oliver O. Howard (Union
Gen.) Founded Howard University
i.e.. clothing, food, shelter… Helped Freedmen with voting (ballots), land
and education
Political ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan
1. All southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an “oath of allegiance”.
2. 10% of the voters had to agree to rejoin the Union before permission was granted
Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre (April 14, 1865)
“Our American Cousin” Andrew Johnson (VP)
becomes President
Ford’s Theatre in Wash. DC
Political ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan
1. All southerners, except for ________ ___ _____and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an “___________”.
2. _____of the voters had to agree to rejoin the Union before permission was granted
________was _______ by ____ _____ ______at Ford’s Theatre (April 14, 1865)
“Our American Cousin”
_____ _____(VP) becomes President
Ford’s Theatre in Wash. DC
Political Reconstruction II
Johnson’s Plan1. Johnson expanded the
group of Southerners who were NOT pardoned by the Union People who owned
property of more than $20,000, had to apply directly to the President
Plantation Owners
2. Johnson also required Southern states to write new constitutions that abolished slavery
Andrew Johnson
Plantation in Washington, GA
Political Reconstruction II
_______ Plan1. ________ expanded the
group of Southerners who were NOT pardoned by the Union People who owned
property of more than $20,000, had to apply directly to the President
Plantation Owners
2. ________ also required Southern states to write new constitutions that abolished slavery
Andrew Johnson
Plantation in Washington, GA
Radical Republicans Radical Republican: Northern Republican Senators
who wanted to punish the South for slavery and secession. Called for stronger requirements to rejoin the Union Felt that blacks would become disenfranchised (Voting
rights taken away) Due to this pressure, Johnson added 3 more requirements:
1. States had to repeal secession ordinances2. States had to void all war debt3. States had to ratify 13th Amendment: abolished slavery
Freedman’s Official trying to keep the southern peace
Radical Republicans ____________: Northern Republican Senators who wanted
to punish the South for ______ and ________. Called for stronger requirements to rejoin the Union Felt that blacks would become __________ (Voting rights
taken away) Due to this pressure, Johnson added 3 more requirements:
1. States had to _______ secession ordinances2. States had to _____ all war debt3. States had to _____ _____________: abolished slavery
Freedman’s Official trying to keep the southern peace
PHASE I
Georgia’s Constitutional Convention of 1865James Johnson: GA’s Provisional Governor Repealed ordinance of secession Voted to outlaw slavery Wrote a new constitution Ratified the 13th Amendment Elected a governor (Charles Jenkins), Senators, and House Reps.
ALL requirements for reconstruction had been met!
Governor’s Mansion in Milledgeville Celebration of Emancipation
PHASE I
Georgia’s Constitutional Convention of 1865James Johnson: GA’s Provisional Governor Repealed ordinance of secession Voted to outlaw slavery Wrote a new constitution Ratified the 13th Amendment Elected a governor (Charles Jenkins), Senators, and House Reps.
ALL requirements for reconstruction had been met!
Governor’s Mansion in Milledgeville Celebration of Emancipation
Georgia Discrimination
Even though Georgia voted to give civil rights to freed blacks, they were greatly limited.
Black Codes: designed to restrict the rights of freedmen.
1. Regulated employment2. Permitted whipping as punishment3. Allowed imprisonment of unemployed
blacks4. Restricted jury participation5. Rejected voting rights
Georgia Discrimination
Even though Georgia voted to give civil rights to freed blacks, they were greatly limited.
____ _____: designed to restrict the rights of freedmen.
1. Regulated __________2. Permitted _________ as punishment3. Allowed ________ of unemployed blacks4. Restricted jury participation5. R_______ voting rights
PHASE II
Because of Georgia’s use of the Black Codes, they were not allowed statehood until a new set of requirements
were met! 14th Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that
would limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen. Georgia refused to ratify Military rule enacted in 1867
Southern States divided into 5 Military Districts Georgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District
General John Pope
General John Pope Reconstruction Military Districts
PHASE II
Because of Georgia’s use of the Black Codes, they were not allowed statehood until a new set of requirements
were met! 14th Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that
would limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen. Georgia refused to ratify Military rule enacted in 1867
Southern States divided into 5 Military Districts Georgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District
General John Pope
General John Pope Reconstruction Military Districts
Because of Georgia’s use of the B____c___, they were not allowed statehood until a new
set of requirements were met!______ Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that would limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen.
Georgia refused to ratifyMilitary rule enacted in 1867
Southern States divided into 5 Military DistrictsGeorgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District
General John Pope
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Scalawags: southerners who supported the Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans.
Carpetbaggers: northerners who had moved into the South to help carry out Congress’ Reconstruction Plan.
They came to earn money and take advantage of the situation at hand.
Cartoonists rendering of a Carpetbagger
S_______ and __C_________
__________: southerners who supported the Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans.
__________s: northerners who had moved into the South to help carry out Congress’ Reconstruction Plan.
They came to earn money and take advantage of the situation at hand.
Cartoonists rendering of a Carpetbagger
Black Georgian Delegates
Delegates at the GA Constitutional
Convention of 1867 Tunis G. Campbell: native of
New Jersey and a Freedmen’s Bureau agent.
Introduced laws that kept people who couldn’t pay their debts out of prison.
Henry Turner: born free in S.C.
1st Black chaplain in US Army
Aaron Bradley: GA slave who escaped to NY…outspoken, quick tempered
Expelled from Convention Elected to GA Senate
(1868)
Tunis G. Campbell
Henry Turner
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Secret racist organization that tried to keep blacks from using their civil rights
Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 Ex-Confederate Soldiers who felt the war was still be
fought.
“Worse than slavery!” This is why the Confederate Rebel Flag has problems!
Secret racist organization that tried to keep blacks from using their civil rights
*. Began in Pulaski, ________ in 1865*. ______________ Soldiers who felt the war was still to be fought.
Georgia Government Capital moved from
Milledgeville to Atlanta due to the fact that Milledgeville would not accommodate the black delegates (1868)
Rufus Bullock became governor (Native to New York)
Georgia had met all Phase II requirements to enter the Union
Rufus Bullock
Early Milledgeville
PHASE III The Georgia General Assembly expelled 28 of 32 black
legislatures.
Georgia Act: placed Georgia under military rule for the 3rd time.
15th Amendment: rights of citizens to vote and hold political office cannot be denied…
Georgia had to ratify before applying for statehood.
Economic Reconstruction Economic Civil War
Fallout Banks failed Confederate money
worthless 2/3 railroads unusable War debt Former Slaves without
jobs, homes, food… Farmers without workers
Reconstruction Promise to obtain votes:
“40 acres and a mule…” to all freedmen who
voted.
Using and repairing the land Sharecropping: land owner
provides land, shelter, tools, animals, seed, fertilizer…workers agreed to give land owners a share of the harvest.
Most ended in debt Tenant Farming: similar to
sharecropping…the difference being that the tenants owned agricultural equipment and farm animals…bought their own seed and fertilizer.
Profitable Both allowed farmers (land
owners) to keep their farms in operation without spending money.
1870-Georgia began to exceed pre-war cotton production
The Coastal Region was not as lucky
Reconstruction Gains With Northern financial help, textile
mills, banks, railroads and businesses started to make its way out of the rubble. Savannah and Brunswick were again
becoming the leading export ports in the South.
History of Atlanta
Founded in 1837, by railroad engineer Stephen Long 1st called Terminus…as a route for Georgia State Railroad (Ended here!) Marthasville…in honor of Governor Lumpkin’s Daughter Atlanta…due to the freight markings of ATL “Atlantic” as a destination…
Before the war, Atlanta was Georgia’s 4th largest city and grew steadily through the war.
After a proud rebuilding period, Atlanta became the capital in 1868.
Early Marietta grew due to railroads“Zero” Milepost
Social and Cultural Reconstruction
RELIGION Church membership
grew rapidly…especially as houses of worship were rebuilt
Episcopalians reunited with their churches in the North
Baptists did not reunite and remain a “Southern” religious organization
Black churches grew in number and influence
Woodstock Baptist Church
Social and Cultural Reconstruction
Education Improved with northern
money and missionary help 1870-the General Assembly
passed an Act to “…establish a system of public education…”
Divided state into local school districts
Provided state school commissioner
Provided state board of education
1869-Georgia Education Association formed
Gustavus J. Orr-Father of Georgia Public Education (1st Chairman)
4 Month school year due to need for agricultural help on farms
Segregation in Education
1870: separate but equal schools for blacks and whites
1872: “Equal as far as practicable.”
Social and Cultural Reconstruction
Literature “Little Women” by Louisa Mae Alcott
The trials of a New England family during the Civil War “A side show of the Southern Side of the War” by
Bill Arp (Pen name for Charles Henry Smith) Humor to describe woes of defeated South
“Southern Cultivator” Georgia magazine for farming
“The Atlantic Monthly” National Magazine
“The Saturday Press” Published in New York…brought fame to Mark Twain
1868: Atlanta Constitution…”Voice of the South” Newspaper
Credits Page 2: http://www.ngeorgia.com/history/reconstruction.html Page 4: http://www.nps.gov/foth/index2.htm Page 4: http://www.celebritymorgue.com/abraham-lincoln/ Page 5: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17 Page 5: http://www.washingtonplantation.com/ Page 6: http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm Page 7: http://www.gcsu.edu/acad_affairs/ce_ps/mansion/visit.htm Page 7: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery_pictures.htm Page 9: http://www.civilwarhome.com/popebio.htm Page 9: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ushist/timeline/recnstrc.htm Page 10:
http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/pages/resources.html Page 11: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAturnerHM.htm Page 11:
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/Religion/HistoricalFigures&id=h-2903
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http://www.washburn.k12.il.us/school%20jr%20high/department%20social%20studies/aeschliman/civilwar.html Page 15: http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/mule.html Page 16: http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/photos.htm Page 17: http://www.brunswickga.org/ Page 18: http://roadsidegeorgia.com/city/marietta.html Page 18: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/atlanta/wes.htm Page 19: http://www.fbcw.org/info/default2.html Page 21: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm