reconstruction presidents
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Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses Grant Rutherford Hayes. Reconstruction Presidents. AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR. Physical Toll in the South:. Amazingly destructive on human lives, property and infrastructure Southerners lives were now changed forever - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Reconstruction PresidentsReconstruction Presidents1865-18771865-1877
• Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln
• Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson
• Ulysses GrantUlysses Grant
• Rutherford HayesRutherford Hayes
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AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WARAFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR
• Amazingly destructive on human Amazingly destructive on human
lives, property and infrastructurelives, property and infrastructure– Southerners lives were now changed foreverSoutherners lives were now changed forever– Trains & crops destroyedTrains & crops destroyed– Plantation owners upset loss of land and slavesPlantation owners upset loss of land and slaves– Social & Economic order turned upside downSocial & Economic order turned upside down
Physical Toll in the South:Physical Toll in the South:
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Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
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Key QuestionsKey Questions
The Constitution had no answers The Constitution had no answers to these questions, in other to these questions, in other words, there was no prior words, there was no prior
precedent on how toprecedent on how to resolve these questionsresolve these questions
The Constitution had no answers The Constitution had no answers to these questions, in other to these questions, in other words, there was no prior words, there was no prior
precedent on how toprecedent on how to resolve these questionsresolve these questions
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President Lincoln’s 10% Plan
President Lincoln’s 10% Plan1. Based on forgiveness, pardons
the confederates states - Amnesty
2. 10% of voters in the election had to take an “Oath” of allegiance they could organize a new state government
3. Former Confederate government members and Confederate Army officers in the army wouldn’t receive amnesty or NO PARDONS FOR THEM
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Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson
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President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson« V.P under Lincoln
« Southern Democrat
« Anti-Aristocrat
« White Supremacist
« Doesn’t really want blacks to have equal rights
« Disagrees with Radical Republicans
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President Johnson’s Plan (Presidential
Reconstruction Plan
President Johnson’s Plan (Presidential
Reconstruction Plan1. Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
2. In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
3. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
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Growing Northern Alarm!
Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.
Andrew Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons to former Confederate officers and government officials
Southern States began to write BLACK CODES in their new state constitutions
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Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Stevens, Charles Sumner,
Ben WadeBen Wade
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Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans• Outlaw slaveryOutlaw slavery• Pass amendments to grant African Americans Pass amendments to grant African Americans
citizenship and voting rightscitizenship and voting rights• Divide the south into five military districts and Divide the south into five military districts and
keep troops in the southkeep troops in the south• Each state must pass African American voting Each state must pass African American voting
rights which would be protected by the militaryrights which would be protected by the military• Empower African Americans in government Empower African Americans in government
and education and education
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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)*radical
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)*radical1. Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congr.Henry
W. Davis(R-MD)
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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
« Pocket veto means – to let the session of Congress expire ”end” without signing the bill into law….essentially destroys the bill
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
PocketPocketVetoVeto
PocketPocketVetoVeto
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1313thth Amendment Amendment
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Outlawed slavery in the United StatesOutlawed slavery in the United States
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DebateDebate
• Which of the three plans do you agree Which of the three plans do you agree with most? WHY?with most? WHY?
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Freedmen's BureauFreedmen's Bureau
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Run by the War Dept.Run by the War Dept.
• Provided food, clothing a jobs to war Provided food, clothing a jobs to war refugeesrefugees
• Built schools and provided teachers and Built schools and provided teachers and education to former slaveseducation to former slaves
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Civil Rights Act 1866Civil Rights Act 1866
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Goal to override black codes in the southGoal to override black codes in the south
• Stated - states could not deprive African Stated - states could not deprive African Americans of constitutional rights.Americans of constitutional rights.
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1414thth Amendment Amendment
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Provided African Americans citizenship Provided African Americans citizenship rightsrights
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Reconstruction Act 1867Reconstruction Act 1867
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Called Military ReconstructionCalled Military Reconstruction
• Divided south into 5 military districtsDivided south into 5 military districts
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Military Reconstruction Act
Military Reconstruction Act
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Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act
Command of the Army Act
Tenure of Office Act
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15th Amendment15th Amendment
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Provided voting rights to African Provided voting rights to African AmericansAmericans
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General Amnesty Act of 1872General Amnesty Act of 1872
• Supported: White Southern Democrats Supported: White Southern Democrats and Andrew Johnsonand Andrew Johnson
• Removed voting and office holding Removed voting and office holding restriction on former Confederates restriction on former Confederates
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Civil Rights Act of 1875Civil Rights Act of 1875
• Supported: Radical RepublicansSupported: Radical Republicans
• Gave African Americans equal Gave African Americans equal protection in courtprotection in court
• Prohibited stacked jury Prohibited stacked jury
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Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877
• Supported: Compromise between Southern white Democrats and Supported: Compromise between Southern white Democrats and Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans
• Rep: Rutherford B. HayesRep: Rutherford B. Hayes
• Dem: Samuel TildenDem: Samuel Tilden
• Outcome: Tilden wins popular vote but not an electoral majorityOutcome: Tilden wins popular vote but not an electoral majority
• 15 member committee created (8 Republicans, 7 Democrats 15 member committee created (8 Republicans, 7 Democrats decides electiondecides election
• Committee Selected Rutherford B. Hayes as president in Committee Selected Rutherford B. Hayes as president in exchange for ending Reconstruction and removing troops from the exchange for ending Reconstruction and removing troops from the South.South.
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THE TASTE OF FREEDOM!THE TASTE OF FREEDOM!• FreedmenFreedmen = Freed Black Slaves = Freed Black Slaves
• Freedom to: Freedom to: Own LandOwn Land, , MovementMovement, , LearnLearn & & WorshipWorship
• The Freedmen’s Bureau: The Freedmen’s Bureau: Created by the Created by the US Government to help freedmen adjust US Government to help freedmen adjust to freedom in 1865to freedom in 1865•Gave food and medical aid to former slaves
•Established schools for black children
•Tried to get former slaves jobs in the workplace and fair wages
4 million
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Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
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• As the Southern states came back into the Union As the Southern states came back into the Union they passed laws that restricted Freedmen, called they passed laws that restricted Freedmen, called Black CodesBlack Codes::
– CurfewsCurfews - blacks couldn’t gather after sunset - blacks couldn’t gather after sunset – VagrancyVagrancy - hanging out or wondering around ,“not - hanging out or wondering around ,“not
working” – one could be finedworking” – one could be fined– Labor contractsLabor contracts - freedmen signed agreements for a - freedmen signed agreements for a
year to workyear to work– Land restrictionsLand restrictions - freedmen could rent land or - freedmen could rent land or
homes in rural areas homes in rural areas These Black Codes upset the Radical RepublicansThese Black Codes upset the Radical Republicans
Black CodesBlack Codes
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Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President These Black Codes enraged the
Radical Republicans in Congress as a result they began to try change the Constitution
In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which outlawed Black Codes- President Johnson vetoed
the Act Congress passed it anyway over-ride
veto 1st in US history
Radical Republicans helped pass three Amendments stitution, these amendments are called the Civil War Amendments
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13th Amendment13th Amendment
Slavery is Illegal
Ratified in December, 1865
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14th Amendment14th Amendment
All people born or naturalized in the US are Citizens
The states may not deny anyone the equal protection of the laws
Ratified in July, 1868
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15th Amendment15th Amendment The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied on acount of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
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Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act
• Divided South into Military DistrictsDivided South into Military Districts
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Command of the Army ActCommand of the Army Act
• Required all orders from the President to go through Required all orders from the President to go through the headquarters of the General’s armythe headquarters of the General’s army
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The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act
Edwin Stanton
The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army.
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President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment« Johnson removed Stanton in February,
1868.
« Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
« The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!
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The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
« 11 week trial.
« Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
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Carpetbaggers Carpetbaggers « Many former
northern abolitionists and Union soldiers risked their lives to help freedmen« The southerners called these people “carpetbaggers”
« They were seen as intruders seeking to make $ from the South’s poor condition
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ScalawagsScalawags« Native white
Southerners who joined the Republican party after the Civil War and advocated the acceptance of the congressional Reconstruction were called scalawags « They were seen by many in the South as traitors who deserted their countrymen
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Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics« Blacks were politically unprepared
« Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
« The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting for Freedmen (not black women)
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Black Senate & House Delegates
Black Senate & House Delegates
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First African-American SenatorFirst African-American Senator
• Hiram RevelsHiram Revels
• Elected as a Senator in 1870 Elected as a Senator in 1870 Representing the state of Mississippi Representing the state of Mississippi
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The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
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““Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!
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Southern whites were violently opposed to Southern whites were violently opposed to Freedmen’s rightsFreedmen’s rights
As a result, it led to the rise of secret society called As a result, it led to the rise of secret society called the Ku Klux Klan …. (KKK)the Ku Klux Klan …. (KKK)
Violently targeted and terrorized: Freedmen, Violently targeted and terrorized: Freedmen, Scalawags and CarpetbaggersScalawags and Carpetbaggers
In opposition, the Radical Republicans passed the In opposition, the Radical Republicans passed the Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871, (also know as Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871, (also know as the KKK Act)the KKK Act)
Where army was present, KKK leaders were Where army was present, KKK leaders were apprehended and imprisonedapprehended and imprisoned
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WHITE SUPREMACYWHITE SUPREMACY
• The Klan used The Klan used various various
means of terrorism means of terrorism
including:including:– IntimidationIntimidation– KidnappingKidnapping– TorturingTorturing– HarassmentHarassment– HangingsHangings
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The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Republican Ticket
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The 1868 Democratic Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
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1868 Presidential Election
1868 Presidential Election
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Grant Presidency- Scandals and Crisis
Grant Presidency- Scandals and Crisis
« Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption.
* “Indian Ring”
* Whiskey Ring
* Panic of 1873
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Indian RingIndian Ring
« In 1876, Grant’s Secretary of War, William Belknap had accepted bribes from merchants at Indian posts in the West
« Belknap was impeached but resigned before the Senate could convict
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Whiskey RingWhiskey Ring« A group of
government officials cheated the government out of millions of dollars by filing false tax reports
« Orville E. Babcock, Grant’s private secretary was allegedly involved
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The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 Many banks declared
bankruptcy from bad railroad investments
A wave of fear spread throughout the financial community sent the economy in a downward spiral for over 6 years
Sound familiar- ?
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The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption
during Grant’s first term discredited the Republicans.
Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.
Greeley was attacked as a fool and a crank
Grant won the Election of 1872
Greeley died on November 29, 1872!
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1872 Presidential Election
1872 Presidential Election
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And They Say He Wants a Third Term
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
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Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends
Hot topics of the election: “Grantisms” & corruption
Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression]
Concern over Westwardexpansion and Indian wars
What to do with Reconstruction???
Election of 1876:
Republicans nominated – Rutherford B. Hayes
Democrats nominated – Samuel Tilden
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1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets
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1876 Presidential Election
1876 Presidential Election
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A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877
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The New SouthThe New South
* Tenant Farming - Freedmen paid rent for the land they farmed
* Sharecroppers - Freedmen didn’t pay rent in cash but were given land to harvest but they had to share a portion of their crops with the plantation owners
The collapse of Reconstruction ended African Americans’ hopes of being granted their own land…..Add on their lack of money and Freedmen returned to plantations owned by whites to work:
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SharecroppingSharecropping
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Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing
MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner
§ Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
§ Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
§ Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
§ Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
§ Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
§ Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
§ Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
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Effects of ReconstructionEffects of ReconstructionSuccesses of ReconstructionSuccesses of Reconstruction
1.1. Republicans carried out their two main Republicans carried out their two main goalsgoals
A. Rebuild the Union & B. Repair war-A. Rebuild the Union & B. Repair war-torn Southtorn South
2.2. The 13The 13thth, 14, 14thth and 15 and 15thth Amendments: Amendments: abolished slavery, guaranteed Freedmen abolished slavery, guaranteed Freedmen the rights of citizenship and right to votethe rights of citizenship and right to vote
3.3. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped many The Freedmen’s Bureau helped many black families obtain jobs, housing and black families obtain jobs, housing and
EDUCATION!!!EDUCATION!!!
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Effects of ReconstructionEffects of ReconstructionFailures of ReconstructionFailures of Reconstruction
1.1. As Reconstruction ended most Freedmen As Reconstruction ended most Freedmen remained in a cycle of poverty, Freedmen remained in a cycle of poverty, Freedmen still lacked property, economic opportunity still lacked property, economic opportunity and political power.and political power.
2.2. Racists attitudes towards African Americans Racists attitudes towards African Americans continued as a result of hate groups like the continued as a result of hate groups like the KKKKKK
3.3. Reconstruction left a lasting bitterness Reconstruction left a lasting bitterness among many white southerners toward the among many white southerners toward the federal government and the Republican federal government and the Republican Party.Party.