RECONSTRUCTION

Republicans split over

Reconstruction

Radicals vs. Moderates

Radicals

Want South & leaders punished

*many disenfranchised

*large plantations confiscated

*vote to slaves

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

*10% of voters from 1860 take loyalty oath

*Those voters set up state gov

*Vote to educated blacks & vets

Wade – Davis Plan

*need majority of white males

•Governor appointed by Pres. calls convention

•Voted on by those who take ‘Ironclad Oath’

State must:

*abolish slavery

*disenfranchise Confederate military & civilian leaders

*repudiate Confed. state debts

Lincoln sees a show

Lewis Powell George Atzerodt

Mary Surratt David Herold

Andrew Johnson

*Democrat

*Tennessee

*Poor – hates planter class

*not in favor of rights for freeman

Northern opinion hardens:

*assassination of Lincoln

*Southern reluctance to abolish slavery

*refuse Black suffrage

*elect former Confederates

Georgia elects as Senator:

Alexander Stephens

O. O. Howard

                                                                    

                      

Freedman’s Bureau

Black CodesTry to get as close as possible to slavery

*Arrested if unemployed*Charged with vagrancy*Fined, can work off fine at a plantation*can’t refuse a job*can’t quit without permission

13th Amendment – 1865Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

14th Amendment1st definition of citizenship

*Born in US *Naturalized

                                                                                                                                                       

                             

All entitled to: equal protection under the law

Bans anyone who took oath to uphold Constitution then rebelled

1866 election

Rep Dem

Senate 42 11

House 143 49

Most Republicans Radicals

Military/Radical Reconstruction

*Tennessee allowed back in

*5 military districts w/general

*register all qualified voters: Black males

White males not in rebellion

Steps to re-enter

*vote for delegates *voters ratify constitution which includes black suffrage *hold elections *new legislature ratifies 14th *restored to Union when enough states ratify

15th Amendment

States can not deny vote to citizens because of:

“race, color or previous condition of servitude”

Tenure of Office Act

President can not remove any confirmed official w/o Senate approval

Command of the Army Act

President can only issue military orders through the Commanding General of the Army, who can not be removed w/o approval

Impeachment of Johnson

*Fired Sec. Of War Stanton

*House votes 11 charges

*Senate needs 36 votes to convict – has 42 Republicans

Vote on 1st charge

35 to 19

Vote on 2nd charge

35 to 19

Scalawags

Southern Republicans

*former Whigs

*farmers in non-slave areas hope for internal improvements *Wealthy planter who want economic development

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who come down for Reconstruction

Election of 1868

Republican Ulysses S. Grant

Democrat Horatio

Seymour

Scandals of the Grant

Administration

Credit Mobilier

*Stockholder of Union Pacific *Overpriced & fraudulent contracts

*Cost government $$$$$ *Bribe Congressmen to stop investigation *Schuyler Colfax took bribe now Vice President

Whiskey Ring

Treasury officials and distillers cheat government out of taxes

Includes Oliver E. Babcock Grant’s private secretary

Secretary of War William W. Belknap:

Takes bribes from Indian post traders to keep positions

Horace Greeley

Nominee of Liberal Republicans and Democrats

1872

Southern States ‘Redeemed’

States that had a white majority – upper South – gain control of state government without too much trouble

Throw out the Republicans

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Ku Klux Klan

Use intimidation on voters

1890’s average 187 lynching per year

Use economic pressure:

*won’t rent land *no credit in stores

Black RepublicansNational level 1869-1900:

20 in House 2 in Senate

State level:

Lower House of South Carolina

Education

By 1870 4000 schools established 200,000 students ~12% of black Children

By 1876:

50% White

40% Black

Attend school in the South

Some look to diversify Southern Economy

‘Out Yankee the Yankees’

Promote thrift, industry & progress

*Southern textile industry grows

*Tobacco-James Duke American Tobacco Co.

*Expansion of Railroad

Few attempt to redistribute land

White ownership down80% 1860 67% 1876

Black ownership up to 20%

Tenant Farming

By 1900 70% of Southern Farmers

Due to crop-lien

Types of Tenant Farming

*Cash rent – farmer with supplies

*Sharecroppers – farmer with nothing

Local stores give credit to purchase supplies

Charge as high as 50% interest

Have lien on crops

Many farmers end up in permanent debt to store

Booker T. Washington

Atlanta Compromise

PLESSY v. FERGUSON

Separate but Equal"The object of the [Fourteenth] Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either."

South works to eliminate Black franchise

*Poll tax*Literacy test

Cuts black voting by 62%

Jim Crow Laws

Lynching in the South

By 1876 only 3 Reconstruction governments left:

South Carolina Louisiana Florida

ELECTION OF

1876

Republicans dump Grant

Select:Rutherford B. Hayes

Samuel Tilden

Democrat

Gov. of New York

Tilden wins popular vote by 300,000

Dispute in 3 States over Electoral vote:

South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida

Only states still controlled by Reconstruction

Tilden needs 1 vote

Hayes needs all the votes

Special Commission:

5 Senators

5 Representatives

5 Supreme Court Justices

Supreme Court Members:

2 Republicans

2 Democrats

1 Independent Really a Republican

Deal: Compromise of 1877

*Pull out troops from South

*1Southerner in Cabinet

*Control Federal Patronage

*Internal Improvements