records of the immigration and naturalization service

A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

Research Collections in American ImmigrationGeneral Editor: Rudolph Vecoli

RECORDS OF THEIMMIGRATION AND

NATURALIZATION SERVICESeries A: Subject Correspondence Files

Part 2:Mexican Immigration,

1906–1930

Editorial Adviser:Alan Kraut

Associate Editor:Randolph Boehm

Guide Compiled byRobert E. Lester

A microfilm project ofUNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

An Imprint of CIS4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.Series A, Subject correspondence files. [microform].(Research collections in American immigration)Accompanied by printed reel guide: pt. 1 compiled by

Martin P. Schipper; pt. 2 compiled by Robert E. Lester.Includes index.Contents: pt. 1. Asian immigration and exclusion,

1906–1913 / editorial advisor, Alan Kraut—pt. 2.Mexican immigration, 1906–1930 / editorial advisor,Alan Kraut.

1. United States. Immigration and NaturalizationService—Archives. 2. United States—Emigration andimmigration—History—Sources. 3. United States—Emigration and immigration—Government policy—History—Sources. I. Schipper, Martin P. II. Kraut, Alan M.III. Lester, Robert. IV. United States. Immigration andNaturalization Service. V. University Publications ofAmerica (Firm). VI. Title. VII. Series.[JV6455] 353.0081'7 93-16315ISBN 1-55655-160-6 (microfilm : pt. 1) CIPISBN 1-55655-492-3 (microfilm : pt. 2)

Copyright © 1994 by University Publications of America.All rights reserved.

ISBN 1-55655-492-3.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. v

Scope and Content Note ........................................................................................................................... ix

Note on Sources ......................................................................................................................................... xiii

Editorial Note ............................................................................................................................................ xiii

Reel Index

Reel 1Casefile 51411/1–Casefile 51941/10C .......................................................................................... 1

Reel 2Casefile 51941/10–13–Casefile 52546/31D .................................................................................. 2

Reel 3Casefile 52546/31E–Casefile 53108/71D ..................................................................................... 3

Reel 4Casefile 53108/71E–Casefile 53108/71L ...................................................................................... 4

Reel 5Casefile 53108/71M–Casefile 53912/25 ....................................................................................... 5

Reel 6Casefile 54152/79–Casefile 54261/202 ......................................................................................... 6

Reel 7Casefile 54261/202A–Casefile 54261/202E ................................................................................. 7

Reel 8Casefile 54261/202F–Casefile 54281/36A.................................................................................... 7

Reel 9 Casefile 54281/36B–Casefile 54281/36D .................................................................................... 8

Reel 10Casefile 54281/36E–Casefile 54281/36H ..................................................................................... 8

Reel 11Casefile 54281/36I–Casefile 54281/36K ...................................................................................... 9

Reel 12 Casefile 54281/36L–Casefile 54281/36N .................................................................................... 9

Reel 13Casefile 54281/36O–Casefile 54281/36Q ..................................................................................... 10

Reel 14Casefile 54321/181–Casefile 55224/358B .................................................................................... 10

Reel 15Casefile 55224/358C–Casefile 55301/217 .................................................................................... 11

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Reel 16Casefile 55301/217A–Casefile 55598/459D ................................................................................. 12

Reel 17Casefile 55598/459E–Casefile 55639/550 .................................................................................... 12

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................ 15

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INTRODUCTION

Mexican immigration to the United States since 1900 marks one of the most significant migratorypatterns in the history of the American continents. Since the turn of the last century, more than two anda half million documented arrivals and a much larger, but uncertain number of undocumentednewcomers have entered the United States from Mexico. In addition to those documented andundocumented aliens from Mexico who intended to remain permanently, there have been othercategories of arrivals. These include commuters—daily, routine, or seasonal—temporary workers withor without contracts, political refugees, businessmen, students, and, of course, tourists. Whether theyhave been harvest workers, sheepherders, miners, or cowboys, these migrants have exerted an enormousinfluence on social, economic, and political developments on both sides of the border. Currentcontroversies over the large numbers of undocumented Mexican immigrants crossing the southernborder of the United States and disputes over attendant benefits and costs of such migration to Americantaxpayers are recent topics in an ongoing debate.

This collection consists of seventeen reels of U.S. Bureau of Immigration case files dealing withMexican immigration from 1900 to 1932, when the Mexican-born population of the United Statesskyrocketed from 103,000 to over 1,400,000. That era marked a major transformation in Americanimmigration law, as a great wave of immigration that began in the 1880s was finally broken by therestrictive legislation of the 1920s. However, it was also a time of special importance in the recasting ofAmerica’s immigration policies toward her southern neighbor. The Mexican Revolution in 1910, jobopportunities during World War I, and long-term transformations in U.S. industry and agricultureencouraged Mexican migration to the United States from 1900 to 1932. Meanwhile, cautious Americanofficials scrambled to regulate the flow across the southern border in a way that would reconcile laborneeds and nativist anxieties on the American side of the border.

The origins of Mexican migration to the land that is now the United States long preceded the periodcovered by these reels. Some Mexicans in the United States, especially those in New Mexico andsouthern Colorado, can trace their ancestry back many centuries. Santa Fe, New Mexico, was foundeda generation before the Puritans arrived in Massachusetts Bay. The largest influx of Mexicans into theAmerican population prior to the twentieth century occurred in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty ofGuadalupe Hidalgo. Along with a substantial part of what is today the American southwest cameapproximately 75,000 Mexicans who were accorded American citizenship, with all its attendant rightsand responsibilities.

By 1900, there was a substantial flow of Mexicans routinely migrating across the border to takeadvantage of significant economic developments in the Southwest, including the completion of the greatsouthwestern railroads; the expansion of cotton planting in Texas, Arizona, and California; and theirrigation of farmlands in the Imperial and San Joaquin valleys in California. Increasing economicgrowth in the Southwest required nourishment from a plentiful, low-cost labor supply. Mexicans were

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often that source of cheap labor. In the early decades of the twentieth century, Mexicans, most fromcentral and eastern Mexican border states, accounted for 60 percent of the unskilled labor on railroadgangs, in the mines of Arizona and New Mexico, in the fruit orchards of Texas and California, and inthe many packing plants along the West Coast. Migrant laborers ventured as far north as Montana andMichigan and as far east as Ohio.

American immigration officials were generally more concerned with excluding Asian labor thanMexican labor until after 1910, and there was no border patrol. However, the turmoil resulting from theMexican Revolution turned the largely temporary labor migration into one of refugees seekingpermanent homes. Although those crossing the border were still mostly farm workers, there was anincreasing number of skilled workers, professionals, and businesspeople whose careers and propertywere being threatened by the revolution. Moreover, in the period from 1877 to 1910, economicconditions had worsened generally for all but the haciendados, the large landowners who ruled in analmost feudal style. When the economy boomed in the early twentieth century, prices rose, but wagesremained constant or dropped. The incentive to migrate was growing. By 1914 more than 100,000Mexican nationals had migrated to the United States.

As low as American wages were for agricultural labor at the turn of the century, they were at leastfive times greater than they were south of the border. American agribusinessmen found Mexicanunskilled labor especially desirable because they were satisfied with wages that were well below thoseof most American workers or European immigrants, and often labored for $1.00 or a $1.25 less per daythan the Greek, Italian, Chinese, or Japanese laborers who had preceded them into the fields. Also,Mexican workers were relatively indifferent to labor organization as compared to other arrivingimmigrant groups who were fueling the union movement in northeastern and midwestern factories andmines. Those who exploited Mexican labor profited from the laborers’ inability to understand or speakEnglish fluently, their unawareness of personal liberties guaranteed by American law, and the enthusi-asm of Mexican arrivals to escape from their virtual serfdom under the administration of Porfirio Díaz.

By 1910, more than 50,000 Mexicans were employed by southwestern railroads laying and repairingtrack. After that date, however, an increasing number found work in agriculture. During World War I,European immigration declined dramatically. Young American males were going into the military, butthe country’s need for agricultural labor was expanding.

To meet wartime labor demands in agriculture, American laws forbidding the use of contract laborwere temporarily suspended in 1917. Now a new wave brought over a million Mexicans northward.Mexicans who otherwise might have been ineligible for legal immigration were welcomed to cultivateand harvest badly needed crops. Conversely, when economic depression hit the agricultural sector in1921–1922, they were the first to be fired.

Prosperity soon returned to the United States, but the national origins quota laws severely restrictedimmigration from abroad. Exemption of the western hemisphere from the national quota system,however, benefited Mexicans desiring to emigrate and employers who needed their labor. Thatexemption marked the success of intense congressional lobbying efforts by the large agribusinesses ofthe Southwest who wanted to employ the workers, peons, peasant farmers, small tradesmen, andcraftsmen from below the border at substandard wages—wages that were still higher than most workerscould earn in Mexico.

The prospect of jobs and higher salaries than they could ever hope to earn at home lured Mexicansto the border throughout the 1920s. However, those hoping to enter legally still had hurdles to vault. They

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had to pay fees for visas and pass medical examinations. They had to demonstrate literacy and persuadeborder officials that they were not likely to become public charges. Moreover, now that wartimenecessity no longer existed, contract labor laws were again being rigorously enforced. These obstaclesand the attraction of a sparsely patrolled border heightened the temptation of illegal entry, especially priorto the 1924 congressional appropriation for border wardens.

During the 1920s, approximately 500,000 Mexicans entered the United States legally, while almostthe same number of undocumented aliens crossed the border. Those who made it across—with or withoutdocuments—found abundant job opportunities. Many worked for the railroads, replacing the Poles,Italians, or Greeks who had preceded them and were now moving to better jobs. The increased hiring ofMexicans by the Southern Pacific and other railroads led to the spread of colonias along the railroad lines.Often these communities began as mobile boxcar work camps that lined the railroad routes.

Many Mexicans remained in the agricultural sector, working in the familiar migrant labor marketsof California and Texas, as well as the sugar beet fields of the Midwest. An increasing number foundindustrial jobs in and around northern cities, including Chicago, Detroit, and Milwaukee, as well as inthe smaller industrial towns of western Pennsylvania. Chicago’s Mexican population, which had been3,854 in 1920, skyrocketed to 19,362 a decade later, giving the city claim to the largest Mexicanpopulation outside the Southwest.

In 1926, the rising tide of Mexican immigration led to fresh efforts to curb it. Congressman John C.Box of Texas introduced a bill to include Mexico in the national origins quota system. During theremainder of the decade, Mexican immigration was studied and discussed by House and Senatecommittees. At the hearings, representatives of railroad, mining, agricultural, and cattle interests, amongothers, testified to the need for Mexican immigration. Even the State Department opposed limitations,arguing that it would be a violation of the long tradition of special relations with our southern neighbors.Those favoring Mexican immigration restriction included a variety of nativist groups and allies in publichealth agencies, social service agencies, and labor unions.

The onset of economic depression in the early 1930s severely affected Mexican immigrants andrenewed the congressional debate. Some local governments attempted to force Mexicans to return toMexico, or at least encourage their return. In Los Angeles and some other cities, public welfare officesagreed to pay the cost of return passage for Mexicans who agreed to depart. Perhaps as much as a thirdof the Mexican-American population of the United States in 1930 was removed by 1940. About half ofthose who left were American-born and were following labor market imperatives.

Those who remained suffered the effects of the depression as much or more than other Americans.Tuberculosis was rampant in the congested shacks where many lived. Malnutrition and rickets were alltoo common among the children. In Gary, Indiana, social workers found Mexican-Americans living inabandoned houses with a box for a table and the floor for a bed. Throughout the Southwest, wages foragricultural workers fell by over 50 percent, from 35 cents an hour to 15 cents an hour. In California bythe late 1930s, migrant families were earning an average of $254 annually. Now native AmericanCaucasians from the dust bowl were competing with Mexicans for the lowest paying jobs. Until thecoming of World War II and the bracero program, Mexican labor suffered the combined effects ofeconomic depression and discrimination.

There now was discussion of limiting Mexican immigration on the floor of Congress. A quota billwas introduced in the Senate by Georgia’s William J. Harris. Although it passed, as did a House version,the inability of the two chambers to reconcile their differences killed the bill.

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What Congress could not do, the State Department found a way to accomplish administratively. In1929, at a February meeting of American consuls in Mexico, the State Department instructed them toreduce immigration by strict enforcement of existing laws. The Alien Contract Labor Law and the “likelyto become a public charge” legislative clause were consul tools of choice in barring the door to the UnitedStates. By 1930, declining job opportunities on this side of the border initiated an exodus of Mexicanworkers. As the migration flow reversed, this most important era of Mexican migration to the UnitedStates that had lasted almost thirty years concluded.

Alan M. Kraut, Ph.D.Department of History

The American University

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SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE

Collection Description. The Subject Correspondence file constitutes the central file of theCommissioner General of Immigration in Washington, D.C., for the period between 1906 and 1932. (Fora description of earlier records, see the section covering the arrangement of the file series, below.) Thefiles document the flow of information between the Commissioner General’s office and the variousimmigration posts throughout the country, especially San Francisco, New York, Seattle, and El Paso. Theincoming communications report on all facets of the administration of American immigration laws at thevarious stations. Outgoing communications provide directions on applying the provisions of the law todifficult cases, making requests for information, such as detailed statistical compilations, and probingallegations of corruption or incompetence.

The files that comprise this micropublication document the influx of Mexican aliens across theborders of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California between the years 1906 and 1930. In addition,there are documents that highlight the efforts of European and Middle Eastern emigrants and Chineseand Japanese immigrants to cross the Mexican border into the United States.

The documentation in this publication can be subdivided into several areas of interest, whichhighlight U.S. efforts to control the influx of immigrants and refugees from Mexico. These areas includeU.S.–Mexican immigration negotiations; correspondence on the activities of the Immigration Service’sMexican Border District Office in El Paso and its satellite offices and ports of entry; the issue ofadmission of Mexican peon labor; Border Officers’ reports on the Mexican Civil War and its influenceon the immigration and the refugee problem; smuggling of both human and liquid cargo; and generalimplementation of U.S. immigration laws and customs activities along the length of the U.S.–Mexicanborder.

There are several reports discussed in these files that complement the areas of interest above. Theyinclude the “Seraphic Report regarding Conditions on the Mexican Border”; the Babcock Report;Braun’s Detail to Mexico Report; and “Taylor’s Report of Investigation of Affairs in the Mexican BorderDistrict.” These reports analyze living conditions along the border, impetus for immigration, destina-tions and origins of immigrants, and treatment of foreign aliens in Mexico. In addition, there are separatefiles pertaining to various ports of entry, including Brownsville and Eagle Pass, Texas; Nogales andNaco, Arizona; and Tia Juana and San Diego, California. These discuss local border conditions, influxof refugees and construction of refugee camps, smuggling, and the labor situation.

Files on U.S.–Mexican immigration negotiations provide insight into the U.S. government’s foreignefforts to close the valve of immigration from Mexico. Discussions deal with the issue of Chineseexclusion, Asian “immigrant” smuggling bureaus, European emigrants in Mexico, and the transport ofaliens to and across the border by Mexican transportation companies. Public health issues provided theimpetus at times for the threat to close the border.

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There are several files dealing with the activities of Immigration Service officials in El Paso, Texas,who maintained the Mexican Border District central office. This office received correspondence andmemoranda from both Washington and the various border posts. The staff assisted in the promulgationof policies and general orders affecting the Mexican border area. This office also controlled investiga-tions of abuses, incompetence, and corruption by Immigration Service staff at various ports of entry.

In the years covered by this publication, the files highlight the growing demand for labor, particularlyin Texas, Arizona, and the plains states. There is correspondence from various agribusinesses (AmericanSugar Beet Company), state agricultural organizations, and large farms, depicting the labor situation andlobbying for admission of Mexican alien labor. There are details on contract labor and the temporaryadmission of alien labor during the World War I years. Railroads were another large employer ofMexican alien labor. Railroad companies actively recruited through labor agents and went so far as tocompile picture booklets to be used by illiterate laborers. Examples of abuses by labor agents andrailroads are documented in the files.

The Mexican Civil War, 1910–1917, is detailed in a large section of files, beginning with Reel 3,Frame 0617, and ending on Reel 5, Frame 0720, entitled “Mexican Border Situation, The BorderOfficers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, Its Influences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem.”These reports were compiled by various Immigration Service officers, sometimes at hazard to their lives.For example, death threats were made against officers at the Brownsville, Texas, port of entry.Sometimes areas of the border were closed and guarded by U.S. Army and Texas National Guard troops,usually due to Mexican bandit operations and/or cross-border activities of Mexican rebels and FederalArmy troops. The border officers’ reports highlight the revolutionary situation along the length of theborder. They consist of synopses of Mexican military operations, the refugee situation and camps,Mexican government and rebel requests to transit U.S. territory, and the detention, internment, andrepatriation of Mexican military and rebel forces. Many reports detail the sieges and occupation of bordercities, including Juarez, Naco, Nogales, and Agua Prieta. In addition, there are reports on the militaryactivities of Pancho Villa, including his raid into Columbus, New Mexico.

The largest collection of files pertains to boards of inquiry regarding admission of aliens at variousports of entry. Under the casefile title “Board of Inquiry, Children Under 16, without Parents, Mexicans,”there is a wealth of social and economic information that begins on Reel 8, Frame 0674, and ends on Reel13, Frame 0716. There are transcripts of board proceedings that inquire into the reason for entering theUnited States and decide whether the conditions in Rule 6 of the immigration regulations have beenfulfilled prior to admission. The social and economic information consists of vital statistics, such as age,distinguishable physical attributes, and health condition; origin and destination of the alien; reason forcoming to the United States and whether the alien has been in the United States before; and whether thealien has ever received public charity or will live on public assistance in the United States. In addition,there are many proceedings that highlight aliens accompanied by parents, relatives, or other guardians.Additional information can be gleaned from these transcripts regarding educational level, occupation,and family size.

Smuggling is another area of interest in this collection. The smuggling of aliens—Mexican, Asian,and European—was a very lucrative business along the border. There were elaborate networks,“immigrant smuggling bureaus,” and ethnic associations dedicated to and profiting from the transportof “illegals” into the United States. Enterprising smugglers used aircraft and boats to reach destinationsfar from the border. Allegations of corruption and misconduct are more often discussed in terms of“looking the other way,” allowing smugglers to ply their trade. There is documentation on U.S.–Mexican

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negotiations leading to an effort to curb illegal immigration via Mexican transportation companies.Efforts to curb the smuggling of illegal immigrants included the establishment of a consolidated borderguard; the control and operations of the U.S. Border Patrol and its predecessors are highlighted. Thereare many files containing reports on shooting incidents between smugglers and officers, the use ofaircraft, and confiscation of liquor and narcotics. With the advent of Prohibition, Immigration Serviceagents joined with Prohibition agents and the U.S. Border Patrol to stem the flow of Mexican “JohnBarleycorn.”

The final area of interest in this collection pertains to the promulgation and implementation ofimmigration laws. Documentation begins with the U.S.–Mexican negotiations on efforts to restrictillegal entry of aliens, Chinese exclusion and “exempt” merchants and traders, and efforts to prevent theentry of prohibited liquor and narcotics. There are files on Mexico’s efforts to control aliens entering theircountry, migration, quotas, health regulations, and efforts to discourage skilled labor from leaving.

Other areas of interest in this collection include Chinese exclusion and living conditions in Mexico,Japanese immigrants, and miscellaneous health and medical matters.

The materials in this publication represent an opportunity for understanding the complicated problemof Mexican immigration. They outline the underlying impetus for illegal entry and America’s response.

Arrangement of Collection. The files are ordered on the microfilm according to ImmigrationService casefile numbers. The casefile number title page has been microfilmed. The casefiles are mostlyin chronological order; however, because of the imperfect chronology in the Immigration Service’scasefile numbering scheme, researchers may need to survey the entire reel index or subject index of theuser’s guide before making a survey of the microfilm. Documents within the files are generally arrangedin reverse chronological order.

The National Archives holds an earlier body of the Commissioner General’s central files, which areknown as Letters Received (Early Immigration Records), 1882–1906. Because of the present physicalcondition of this early body of records, it has not been possible to microfilm this material. The early seriesis available for research at the National Archives. Some of the files in the present edition make referenceto file numbers from this earlier series. Reference numbers lower than 50627 belong in the EarlyImmigration Records.

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NOTE ON SOURCES

The contents of this microfilm are from the Subject Correspondence, 1906–1932 series of RecordGroup 85 at the National Archives, Washington, D.C.

EDITORIAL NOTE

The selection of these files was made after a systematic survey of the entire Subject Correspondenceseries of National Archives Record Group 85. All major files pertaining to Mexican immigration havebeen included. A scattering of individual exclusion cases were not filmed, and files concerning theroutine administration of the immigration stations along the border were not filmed. Every file that wasselected for microfilming has been reproduced in its entirety with the exception of the first document onReel 1, an undated report on illegal immigration through Mexico authored by Marcus Braun and others.The full text of this document is included on Part 1 of this microfilm series, Asian Immigration andExclusion, 1906–1913. Only the part covering the immigration of Mexicans is included with this edition.All other casefiles are filmed in their entirety.

REEL INDEX

The following is a sequential listing of Bureau of Immigration casefiles that deal with Mexicanimmigration. This index denotes significant issues, places, events, policies, organizations, individuals,and other topics under the heading subjects. The four-digit number on the far left is the frame number atwhich a particular file or folder begins. The file title in brackets highlights the general subject of thefolder taken from the Immigration Service’s Subject Correspondence Finding Aid. The bracketed titles arefollowed by the casefile number, the inclusive dates of the documents within the file, and the number ofpages. The acronym AFL pertains to the American Federation of Labor.

Reel 10001 [Introduction to “Report of Conditions Existing in Europe and Mexico affecting

Emigration and Immigration”] Casefile 51411/1 [Folder] #1. [Undated.] 5pp.

0006 [Excerpt from “Report of Conditions Existing in Europe and Mexico affectingEmigration and Immigration” Pertaining to Using Mexico as a Conduit to Enter theUnited States] Casefile 51411/1 [Folder] #2. [Undated.] 19pp.

0025 [“Seraphic Report regarding Conditions on Mexican Border, 1906–07”] Casefile51423/1. [January 1907.] 86pp.

Subjects: Syrian immigration; inadequate inspections; extortion of immigrants.

0111 [“Seraphic Report regarding Conditions on Mexican Border, 1906–07” cont.] Casefile51423/1A. [January–May 1907; July 1912.] 88pp.

Subjects: Greek immigration; conditions at El Paso and Eagle Pass, Texas, borderinspection stations.

0199 [Diseased Immigrants from Mexico, 1903–06] Casefile 51463/A. [July 1904–August1906; February 1916.] 99pp.

Subjects: Mexican railroads and inspection of aliens; promulgation of Mexicanexclusion laws; U.S.–Mexican negotiations.

0298 [Negotiations with Mexico, 1906–08] Casefile 51463/B [Folder #1]. [December 1907–February 1908.] 60pp.

Subjects: Chinese exclusion; immigrant “smuggling” bureaus; port of Salina Cruz;proposed agreement with Mexican transportation companies to prevent illegalimmigration; U.S. immigration agents in Mexico.

0358 [Negotiations with Mexico, 1906–08] Casefile 51463/B [Folder #2]. [October 1906–December 1907.] 116pp.

Subjects: Syrian immigrants; use of U.S. immigration agents in Mexico; proposedagreement with Mexican transportation companies to prevent illegal immigration;public health inspection of aliens in Mexico; exclusion and public health issues;Japanese immigrants; Marcus Braun–Díaz talks; trachoma epidemic.

0474 [Mexican Agreements] Casefile 51463/C. [March 1908–December 1911.] 82pp.Subjects: Chinese exclusion; Mexican immigration legislation; proposed agreementwith Mexican transportation companies to prevent illegal immigration.

0556 [Illegal Entry of Japanese Through Mexico (Babcock Report)] Casefile 51748/IIA[Folder #1]. [September 1907–June 1908.] 97pp.

Subjects: Japanese Bureau, Juárez, Mexico; smuggling of Asian labor into UnitedStates; mistreatment of Japanese aliens in Mexico; Japanese-American BenevolentAssociation; border situation.

0653 [Illegal Entry of Japanese Through Mexico (Babcock Report)] Casefile 51748/IIA[Folder #2]. [March 1906–January 1908.] 63pp.

Subjects: Japanese Bureau, Juárez, Mexico; El Paso, Texas, border situation;smuggling of Japanese into United States; Transoceanic [Trans-Oceanic] Immigration[Emigration] Company.

0716 [Babcock Report—Conditions on Mexican Border] Casefile 51748/IIB. [December1907–June 1909.] 76pp.

Subjects: Living conditions of Chinese in Mexico; Immigration Service staff situationat El Paso, Texas; Chinese exclusion; routes into United States used by smugglers andillegal aliens.

0792 [Mexican Ports of Entry—Brownsville, Texas, 1916] Casefile 51941/7. [May 1907–August 1908; July 1910; March–April 1914; March–November 1916.] 77pp.

Subjects: Investigations of Hidalgo-Roma border area and Rio Grande City borderarea; vaccination of refugees issue.

0869 [Mexican Ports of Entry—El Paso, Texas, 1907–20] Casefile 51941/10. [May 1907;June 1909; October–November 1915; March 1918–May 1921.] 49pp.

Subjects: Columbus, New Mexico, port of entry situation; medical examination ofaliens; inspection of border posts; Chinese exclusion.

0918 [Mexican Ports of Entry—El Paso, Texas, 1907–20] Casefile 51941/10A [Folder #1].[March 1920; January–May 1922.] 94pp.

Subjects: Chinese exclusion; limited ports of entry for Chinese; exempt Chinese;Nogales, Arizona, and Calexico, California, ports of entry.

1012 [Mexican Ports of Entry—El Paso, Texas, 1907–20] Casefile 51941/10A [Folder #2].[June–December 1921.] 41pp.

Subjects: Exempt Chinese; Calexico, California, port of entry; border crossingprivilege for Chinese.

1053 [Mexican Ports of Entry—El Paso, Texas, 1907–20] Casefile 51941/10C. [December1924–October 1926.] 16pp.

Subjects: Exempt Chinese; border crossing privilege for Chinese.

Reel 20001 [Mexican Ports of Entry] Casefile 51941/10–13 [Folder #1]. [March 1923–October

1924.] 60pp.Subjects: Border crossing privilege for Chinese; ports of entry for Chinese; exemptChinese.

0061 [Mexican Ports of Entry] Casefile 51941/10–13 [Folder #2]. [May 1922–March 1923.]159pp.

Subjects: Border crossing privilege for Chinese; ports of entry for Chinese; exemptChinese; investigation of ports of entry.

0220 [Braun’s Detail to Mexico, Braun’s Report, 1906] Casefile 52320/1. [February 1907.]72pp.

Subjects: Border conditions; living conditions of Asians in Mexico; TransoceanicEmigration Company [of Tokyo]; Asian contract laborers.

0292 [Braun’s Detail to Mexico, Braun’s Report, 1906] Casefile 52320/1A. [February–June1907.] 14pp.

Subject: Investigation of Japanese aliens in Mexico.

0306 [Braun’s Second Detail to Mexico, Braun’s Report, 1907] Casefile 52320/1A. [May–June 1907.] 29pp.

Subject: Investigation of Japanese aliens in Mexico.

0335 [Taylor’s Report of Investigation of Affairs in Mexican Border District, 1909] Casefile52541/44. [August 1909.] 16pp.

Subject: Border control conditions.

0351 [Mexican Aliens—Texas, 1909–10] Casefile 52546/31. [June 1908–March 1910.] 65pp.Subjects: Investigation of labor agents; inspection of Mexican laborers; use ofMexican alien labor by railroads; Mexican labor conditions.

0416 [Mexican Peon Labor, 1910] Casefile 52546/31A. [April–May 1910.] 13pp.Subject: AFL complaint against alien labor.

0429 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910] Casefile 52546/31B Folder #1. [April–June 1910.]133pp.

Subject: Stone Report on Mexican labor conditions.

0562 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910] Casefile 52546/31B Folder #2. [March–May 1910.]158pp.

Subjects: Depositions from American employers, labor agents, and alien contractlaborers; use of Mexican alien labor by railroads; Zarate & Avina Company.

0720 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910–11] Casefile 52546/31C. [July 1910–August 1911.]113pp.

Subjects: Mistreatment of Mexican alien laborers in Texas; labor agents; use ofMexican alien labor by railroads; Texas State Federation of Labor complaints.

0833 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910–14] Casefile 52546/31D. [July 1911–January 1912.]128pp.

Subjects: Alien Contract Labor law violations; Laredo and San Antonio, Texas, laboragents; Mexican contract labor depositions; Medina Dam labor force; use of Mexicanalien labor by railroads.

Reel 30001 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910–14] Casefile 52546/31E. [November 1911–October

1912.] 147pp.Subjects: Regulation of labor agencies; use of Mexican alien labor by railroads; ElPaso, Texas, labor agents; violations of Alien Contract Labor law at Laredo, Texas;effects of Mexican revolution on immigration; Zarate & Avina Company.

0148 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910–14] Casefile 52546/31F. [November 1912–February1913.] 91pp.

Subjects: Living conditions of Mexican laborers; collusion of labor agents andrailroads; AFL complaints against Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe Railway;Dillingham-Burnett bill [literacy test bill]; Topeka, Kansas.

0239 [Mexican Peon Immigration, 1910–14] Casefile 52546/31G. [November 1912–April1913.] 93pp.

Subjects: Border control; use of Mexican alien labor by American Sugar BeetCompany [Grand Island, Nebraska]; use of Mexican alien labor by railroads;Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway; Topeka, Kansas, press article entitled “Dearthof Labor”; House Committee on Immigration activities; AFL complaints.

0332 [Mexican Labor Agreement, 1913–14] Casefile 52546/31H. [April 1913–February1914.] 115pp.

Subjects: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and alien labor; Russian colonizationin Kansas; living conditions of Mexican alien labor; Russian-American ImmigrationCompany; use of Mexican alien labor by American Sugar Beet Company.

0447 [Mexican Border Incidents, Smuggling, 1908] Casefile 52588/1B. [February–March1908.] 69pp.

Subjects: Investigation of Immigration staff at El Paso, Texas; investigation ofsmuggling of Chinese aliens.

0516 [Medical Inspectors—Mexican Border, 1923–24] Casefile 52903/29. [November 1923–May 1924.] 101pp.

Subjects: Lax medical inspections at Presidio, Texas, and Ajo, San Fernando, andNogales, Arizona; enforcement of literacy tests.

0617 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71.[December 1910–April 1911.] 73pp.

Subjects: Mexican revolutionary situation along length of U.S.–Mexican border;military operations.

0690 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71A.[April–October 1911.] 89pp.

Subjects: Transit of Mexican troops through U.S. territory; demonstrations againstChinese and Japanese aliens in Mexico; rebel control of border areas.

0779 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71B.[November 1911–February 1912.] 105pp.

Subjects: Rebel control of border area adjacent Texas; rebel agitation in Laredo,Texas; deportation of Reyista forces.

0884 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71C.[February–July 1912.] 90pp.

Subjects: Military situation in Juárez, Mexico; capture of rebel arms; Mexican banditoperations from Texas; deployment of U.S. military forces along border; Japanese andChinese refugees.

0974 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71D.[July–September 1912.] 82pp.

Subjects: Transit of Mexican troops across U.S. territory from El Paso, Texas; Juárez,Mexico, military situation; rebel military operations along border.

Reel 40001 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, Its

Influences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71E.[September 1912–February 1913.] 122pp.

Subjects: Deployment of U.S. and Texas National Guard forces along border; arrest ofMexican rebels in United States; Mexican military operations in Juárez area andalong New Mexico border; Mexican Federal Army refugees in United States;smuggling of arms to rebels; transit of Mexican forces across U.S. territory; Arizonaborder situation.

0123 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71F.[February–September 1913.] 106pp.

Subjects: Mexican military operations along length of U.S.–Mexican border; Chineserefugees; Americans held by rebels; American refugees from Mexico; asylum issue;living conditions along border; arrest of Mexican Federal Army troops anddeportation to Mexico.

0229 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71G.[September–October 1913.] 139pp.

Subjects: Refugee situation at Eagle Pass, Texas; Chinese refugees; smallpoxepidemic at Eagle Pass, Texas; living conditions along border; military situation alongborder; military and refugee situation at Laredo, Texas; American refugee problem.

0368 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71H.[September–November 1913.] 73pp.

Subjects: Refugee situation at Eagle Pass, Texas; medical condition of refugees inTexas border area; military situation along length of U.S.–Mexican border; Americanrefugees at Laredo, Texas.

0441 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71I.[November 1913–January 1914.] 110pp.

Subjects: Repatriation of captured rebel soldiers and camp followers; refugeeconditions along border; border crossing of Mexican Federal Army troops; Mexicanalien labor used as strikebreakers in Colorado; military operations of Pancho Villa.

0551 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71J.[January–March 1914.] 121pp.

Subjects: Medical expenses of refugees; Presidio, Texas, refugee “concentration”camp situation; situation of Chinese aliens along border; Battle of Ojinaga and influxof refugees; detention of Syrian refugees; refugee situation in San Antonio, Texas;internment of Mexican Federal Army troops; military operations of Pancho Villa.

0672 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71K.[February–May 1914.] 170pp.

Subjects: Sino-Japanese situation along border; IWW (Industrial Workers of theWorld) agitation in Arizona; rioting in Tucson, Arizona, by Mexican alien laborers;Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, military situation; straining of U.S.–Mexican governmentborder relations; Syrian aliens situation; rumored Mexican agitation in Los Angeles,California; expulsion of foreigners from Mexico; U.S. internment of Mexican FederalArmy troops.

0842 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71L.[April–September 1914.] 174pp.

Subjects: Detention and repatriation of Mexican soldiers; refugee situation; Chineseand Japanese refugees; disposition of anti-American agitators during U.S. occupationof Vera Cruz and San Luis Potosí; transit of Mexican rebel troops across U.S.territory; Eagle Pass, Texas, area situation; Syrian refugees.

Reel 50001 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, Its

Influences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71M.[September 1914–February 1915.] 157pp.

Subjects: Military situation across border from Naco, Arizona; military situation innorthern Coahuila; quarantine of refugees issue; transit of Mexican soldiers acrossU.S. territory; Chinese refugees; Mexican bandit operations along border; U.S.military operations along Arizona-Mexico border; Mexican agitation in New Orleans,Louisiana, San Antonio, Texas, and in Texas border towns; Mexican execution of

Bonales Sandoval; leaders of Vera Cruz anti-American demonstrations in SanAntonio, Texas; Oil Fields of Mexico Company.

0158 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71N[Folder #1]. [June–September 1915.] 125pp.

Subjects: Military situation across the border from Eagle Pass, Texas; Piedras Negras,Mexico, military situation; internment and repatriation of Mexican soldiers; Mexicandeath threats against Immigration Service agents in Lower Rio Grande Valley bordertowns; U.S. closing of Lower Rio Grande Valley; military operations at Nogales,Mexico; Laredo, Texas, refugee camp conditions; living conditions in Agua Prieta,Mexico; military situation along length of border.

0283 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71N[Folder #2]. [March–June 1915.] 125pp.

Subjects: Medical care of wounded Mexican soldiers at Brownsville, Texas; AmericanRed Cross activities in Mexico; military situation along length of border; Chineserefugees; Mexican government’s encouragement of emigration to United States.

0408 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71O.[September–November 1915.] 191pp.

Subjects: Transit of Mexican rebels and Federal Army soldiers across U.S. territory;military situation across border from Douglas, Arizona; military occupation of Naco,Mexico, and influx of refugees; refugee situation at Agua Prieta, Mexico; medicalassistance provided to Mexican Federal Army troops; situation in Brownsville andEagle Pass, Texas; Lower Rio Grande Valley situation; U.S. arms embargo; PanchoVilla’s threat to El Paso, Texas.

0599 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71P.[October–December 1915.] 121pp.

Subjects: Villista refugees; transit of Mexican soldiers across U.S. territory; militaryoperations along length of border; Agua Prieta, Mexico, military situation; militarysituation across border at Naco, Arizona; refugee camps along length of border;refugee situation at Douglas, Arizona.

0720 [Mexican Border Situation, Border Officers’ Reports on the Mexican Civil War, ItsInfluences on Immigration and the Refugee Problem, 1910–17] Casefile 53108/71Q.[December 1915–March 1916.] 34pp.

Subjects: Brownsville, Texas, quarantine situation; transit of Mexican soldiers acrossU.S. territory.

0754 [Enrique Aldrete—Previously Excluded, 1914–20] Casefile 53714/147. [October 1912;May 1914–February 1920.] 73pp.

Subjects: Board of Special Inquiry investigation; Alamo, Baja California, murdercase.

0827 [Abuse of Mexicans by U.S. Customs (Immigration) Inspectors, 1916] Casefile53912/25. [August 1915–September 1916.] 22pp.

Subjects: El Paso, Texas; Nogales, Arizona.

0849 [Previously Restricted—Abuse of Mexicans by U.S. Customs (Immigration)Inspectors, 1916] Casefile 53912/25. [September–October 1915.] 129pp.

Subjects: Nogales, Arizona; Brownsville, Texas.

Reel 60001 [Surveillance of “Villa Junta,” Alien Agitators] Casefile 54152/79. [March–June 1916.]

186pp.Subjects: Villista Junta in Tucson, Arizona; Lower Rio Grande Valley situation; LosEbanos, Texas, port of entry; R. O. Lance case; agitators in San Antonio, Texas;neutrality issue; Nogales, Arizona, situation; Columbus [New Mexico] Incident andmilitary operations against Pancho Villa; Ramon Zavala case.

0187 [Mexican War File] Casefile 54152/79A. [June 1916–February 1917.] 162pp.Subjects: Chinese refugees; Columbus, New Mexico, border situation; U.S. ArmyPunitive Expedition in Northern Mexico; Laundry Owners National Associationprotests; deportation of Mexican criminals; seditious and anti-American propaganda;Yaqui Indian situation; border situation and U.S. reaction.

0349 [Mexican War File] Casefile 54152/79B. [February–May 1917.] 139pp.Subjects: Chinese refugees; Columbus, New Mexico, refugee camp.

0488 [Mexican War File] Casefile 54152/79C. [May–October 1917; April 1918.] 154pp.Subjects: Chinese refugees; Texas border refugee camps; Columbus, New Mexico,refugee camp; employment of Chinese refugees.

0642 [Contract Laborers Admission, 1918] Casefile 54261/202. [May 1917–January 1919.]194pp.

Subjects: Business support of use of alien agricultural labor; calls for suspension oflabor contract, literacy tests and “head tax.”

Reel 70001 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1917–19] Casefile

54261/202A. [June 1917–April 1918.] 377pp.Subjects: Regulation of temporary admission of agricultural labor; use in Arizonamines; labor unions/craft guilds concerns.

0378 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1917–19] Casefile54261/202B. [April–July 1918.] 244pp.

Subjects: Immigration Service staff workload complaints; use in mines and railroads;Mexican propaganda against emigration of labor to United States; regulation oftemporary admission of Mexican alien labor.

0622 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1917–19] Casefile54261/202C. [June–August 1918.] 193pp.

Subjects: Mexican labor concerns regarding Selective Service; regulation oftemporary admission of Mexican alien labor; business and congressional support ofimportation of Mexican alien labor; emigration of skilled labor to United States; callsfor increased importation of Mexican laborers and relaxation of immigrationprovisions.

0815 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1917–19] Casefile54261/202D. [July–October 1918.] 239pp.

Subjects: Calls for increased importation of Mexican laborers and relaxation ofimmigration provisions; application of Mexico’s contract labor regulations; use inlumbering industry and by railroads; local trades/labor councils’ opposition; localTexas chambers of commerce support.

1054 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1917–19] Casefile54261/202E. [October 1918–January, June 1919.] 198pp.

Subjects: Extension of order permitting temporary admission of alien labor; use insugar beet industry; AFL on extension order.

Reel 80001 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1917–19] Casefile

54261/202F. [January–March 1919.] 150pp.Subjects: Alien labor in sugar beet industry; local organized labor’s opposition toimportation; use by railroads.

0151 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1919] Casefile54261/202G. [December 1918; April–May 1919.] 135pp.

Subjects: Deportation of alien labor issue; living conditions; use in the railroadindustry.

0286 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1919] Casefile54261/202H. [December 1918; May–August 1919.] 260pp.

Subjects: Applications for alien contract labor; agricultural labor needs in Texas;support for extending temporary admission; use on U.S. government projects; allegedmistreatment of alien labor; U.S. Employment Service; opposition to alien labor.

0546 [Material Related to Admission Illiterate Laborers, Mexican, 1919] Casefile54261/202I. [May–August 1919.] 128pp.

Subjects: Importation of agricultural laborers into Texas; opposition to use in otherindustries; local/state trades/labor councils’ opposition; use in sugar beet industry;deportation of alien labor.

0674 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1917.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Nogales and Naco,Arizona; Brownsville, El Paso, and Eagle Pass, Texas; San Pedro, California] Casefile54281/36. [May–August 1917.] 181pp.

0855 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1917.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at El Paso, Del Rio,Eagle Pass, and Brownsville, Texas; Nogales and Naco, Arizona; Calexico, California]Casefile 54281/36A. [July–October 1917.] 305pp.

Reel 90001 [Nogales, Arizona, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without

Parents, Mexicans, 1917.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Laredo, ElPaso, Eagle Pass, and Del Rio, Texas; Douglas and Naco, Arizona; San Pedro and SanDiego, California] Casefile 54281/36B. [September 1917–March 1918.] 309pp.

[There are transcripts in this file that denote children accompanied by parents,relatives, or other guardians.]

0310 [Eagle Pass, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, withoutParents, Mexicans, 1917.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at El Paso,Laredo, Eagle Pass, and Brownsville, Texas; Nogales and Naco, Arizona; San Pedroand San Diego, California] Casefile 54281/36C. [February–July 1918.] 325pp.


0635 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1918.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Eagle Pass, El Paso,Del Rio, and Brownsville, Texas; Nogales and Naco, Arizona] Casefile 54281/36D.[April–August 1918.] 315pp.


Reel 100001 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,

Mexicans, 1918.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Naco and Nogales,Arizona; Eagle Pass and El Paso, Texas; Tia Juana, California; Oroville, Washington]Casefile 54281/36E. [August–September 1918.] 256pp.


0257 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1918.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Nogales and Naco,Arizona; El Paso and Eagle Pass, Texas; Calexico and Tia Juana, California] Casefile54281/36F. [August–December 1918.] 354pp.


0611 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Naco and Nogales,Arizona; Del Rio, El Paso, Eagle Pass, and Brownsville, Texas; Calexico, California]Casefile 54281/36G. [October 1918–March 1919.] 238pp.


0849 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at El Paso, Brownsville,Del Rio, and Eagle Pass, Texas; Naco and Nogales, Arizona] Casefile 54281/36H.[September 1918; January–April 1919.] 187pp.


Reel 110001 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,

Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Eagle Pass,Brownsville, and El Paso, Texas; Nogales and Naco, Arizona; San Diego, California]Casefile 54281/36I. [August, October 1918; February–June 1919.] 276pp.


0277 [Nogales, Arizona, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, withoutParents, Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Del Rio,Laredo, Eagle Pass, and Brownsville, Texas; Columbus, New Mexico; Naco, Arizona;Tia Juana, California] Casefile 54281/36J. [May–August 1919.] 304pp.


0581 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Nogales and Naco,Arizona; Eagle Pass, Texas; Tia Juana, California] Casefile 54281/36K. [July–September 1919.] 424pp.


Reel 120001 [Nogales, Arizona, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without

Parents, Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Eagle Pass,

Laredo, and Del Rio, Texas; San Pedro, Tia Juana, and San Diego, California; Naco,Arizona] Casefile 54281/36L. [September–November 1919.] 276pp.


0277 [Laredo, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Nogales and Naco,Arizona; Eagle Pass and El Paso, Texas] Casefile 54281/36M. [September–December1919.] 244pp.


0521 [Eagle Pass, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, withoutParents, Mexicans, 1920.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Laredo andEl Paso, Texas; Nogales and Naco, Arizona; Tia Juana, California] Casefile54281/36N. [September 1919–March 1920.] 300pp.


Reel 130001 [El Paso, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, without Parents,

Mexicans, 1919.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at San Pedro, Calexico,Tia Juana, California; Laredo, Eagle Pass, Del Rio, and Brownsville, Texas; Naco andNogales, Arizona] Casefile 54281/36O. [December 1919–May 1920.] 334pp.


0335 [San Pedro, California, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, withoutParents, Mexicans, 1920.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Eagle Pass,Laredo, Brownsville, and El Paso, Texas; Nogales and Naco, Arizona] Casefile54281/36P. [January–July 1920.] 381pp.


0716 [Eagle Pass, Texas, Board of Inquiry (Transcripts), Children Under 16, withoutParents, Mexicans, 1920.] [Includes transcripts from boards of inquiry at Nogales andNaco, Arizona; Laredo and El Paso, Texas; San Diego, California] Casefile54281/36Q. [May–September 1920.] 257pp.


Reel 140001 [Mexican Labor File, 1917–18] Casefile 54321/181. [November 1917–June 1918.] 104pp.

Subjects: Agricultural labor; cross-border travels of American Indians; LaborCommittee, Arizona State Council of Defense and labor situation; immigrationinvestigation of H. R. Wright.

0105 [Enforcement of Law Relating to Venereal Diseases, Texas, 1918] Casefile 54549/381.[September 1918.] 30pp.

0135 [Luis Morones Case, Laredo, Texas, 1921] Casefile 54549/516. [October–November1918; December 1920–January 1921.] 45pp.

Subjects: Passport case; alleged ban on Mexican labor delegates to Pan-AmericanFederation of Labor Meetings.

0180 [Mexican Borders, Etc., 1920] Casefile 54750/36E. [January–June 1922.] 74pp.Subjects: Need for interpreters; Immigration Service staff; staff requirements inMexican Border District.

0254 [Discussion and Reports regarding Migration of Aliens to Mexico, then Illegally toUnited States, 1921–31] Casefile 55079/290. [March 1921–February 1923; December1930–February 1931.] 293pp.

Subjects: Steamship passenger arrivals lists question; European emigrant trafficthrough Vera Cruz; smuggling of aliens.

0547 [Destitute Mexicans, 1921–24] Casefile 55091/6. [December 1920–August 1922; March–April 1923; August 1924.] 202pp.

Subjects: Importation of railroad labor; smuggling problem; investigation ofmistreatment of Mexican mine laborers; local government responsibility for destitutealiens; crime committed by Mexican aliens; American Red Cross reports; repatriationlists; investigation memoranda.

0749 [Sundry File regarding Smuggling Activities along Mexican Border, 1922–23] Casefile55224/358A. [February–April 1920; December 1921–March 1923.] 239pp.

Subjects: Fort Worth, Texas, Mexican alien situation; Immigration Service staffingproblems; need for U.S. Border Patrol; Wenceslao Sierra investigation case; Jewishemigration through Mexico; smuggling by water along California coast; smuggling ofChinese aliens by aircraft; Golden E. Bennett smuggling case; Laredo, Texas, areasmuggling situation.

0988 [Sundry File regarding Smuggling Activities along Mexican Border, 1922–23] Casefile55224/358B. [March 1923–February 1924.] 225pp.

Subjects: Use of stage lines (buses) to circumvent inspection; smuggling of Chinesealiens by aircraft; Hubert Kittle smuggling case; smuggling conditions along border;deportation issue; smuggling by water along Texas coast; list of smugglers; MountedGuard incidents; origins and destinations of Mexican emigrants; smuggling ofEuropean emigrants.

Reel 150001 [Sundry File regarding Smuggling Activities along Mexican Border, 1922–23] Casefile

55224/358B cont. [January 1924–September 1925.] 226pp.Subjects: Smuggling by water along California coast; smuggling of Europeanemigrants; Italian emigrants; Chinese immigrants; liquor and narcotics smuggling;Spanish emigrants’ use of Cuban passports; complicity of European steamship lines;smuggling of Chinese aliens by aircraft.

0227 [Sundry File regarding Smuggling Activities along Mexican Border, 1922–23] Casefile55224/358C. [September 1925–March 1926.] 162pp.

Subjects: Liquor smuggling; U.S. Border Patrol operations; proposed Italian colony inMexico; smuggling of European emigrants into Arizona.

0389 [Mexican Border Smuggling File, 1922–24] Casefile 55224/358D. [March–October1926.] 154pp.

Subjects: Liquor smuggling; U.S. Border Patrol operations; smuggling of Japanese;arms and ammunition smuggling into Mexico.

0543 [Mexican Border Smuggling File, 1925–27: Enclosures with Letter from El Paso,March 18, 1927] Casefile 55224/358E. [March 1927.] 21pp.

Subjects: Angel Tarango liquor smuggling case; U.S. Border Patrol operations.

0564 [Mexican Border Smuggling File, 1925–27] Casefile 55224/358E. [November 1926–March 1927.] 173pp.

Subjects: Liquor smuggling; Angel Tarango liquor smuggling case; U.S. BorderPatrol operations; use of aircraft in anti-smuggling efforts; smuggling of European,Syrian, and Palestinian emigrants along California coast; smuggling of Chinese.

0737 [Mexican Border Smuggling File, 1925–27] Casefile 55224/358F. [March–April 1927.]25pp.

Subjects: Mexican aliens in Kansas; smuggling of Syrians and Palestinians alongCalifornia Coast; use of aircraft in smuggling.

0762 [Reports from (Chief) Supervisor, I. F. Wixon, 1926, Calexico, (California)] Casefile55301/81. [January 1923; February 1924; January–May 1926.] 140pp.

Subjects: Border situation; Immigration Service post situation and personnel;allegations of wrongdoing; conditions at other posts.

0902 [Chinese Merchants Crossing Mexican Border, 1923–25] Casefile 55301/217. [March1923–July 1925.] 188pp.

Subjects: Border crossing privileges for merchants and other businessmen; Naco andDouglas, Arizona, border situation; Bisbee (Arizona) Chamber of Commerce; BaptisteCaretto investigation case; Calexico, California, border crossing privileges; bordercrossing situation at El Paso, Texas; local chambers of commerce complaints againstimmigration laws.

Reel 160001 [Crossing and Recrossing of Mexican Border by Merchants for Trading Purposes,

1925–27] Casefile 55301/217A. [September 1925–October 1927.] 163pp.Subjects: Enforcement of General Order No. 86; Chinese border crossing privilege;Nogales, Arizona, border crossing situation; local chambers of commerce complaintsagainst immigration laws; Jew Chee application; Calexico, California, border crossingsituation; Bisbee (Arizona) Chamber of Commerce.

0164 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,1929] Casefile 55598/459. [December 1926–March 1927.] 183pp.

Subjects: Liquor smuggling; expansion of service; consolidation of border lawenforcement organizations; Tucson and El Paso newspapers on border activities; useof aircraft.

0347 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,1929] Casefile 55598/459A. [March–July 1927.] 125pp.

Subjects: Tucson and El Paso newspapers on border activities; arms smuggling intoMexico; liquor and narcotics smuggling; arrests of Mexican revolutionaries inTucson; José Gandara arrest; arrests of Yaqui Indian revolutionaries; indictment ofAdolfo de la Huerta.

0472 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,1927] Casefile 55598/459B. [August 1927–January 1928.] 195pp.

Subjects: Press on American–Mexican racial conflicts; liquor smuggling; use ofaircraft by smugglers; Tucson, Miami, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas, newspaperreports on border activities; anti-immigration limitation editorials; gambling issue;Mexican alien labor; use of aircraft to combat illegal entry; Yaqui Indians situation.

0667 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,1927] Casefile 55598/459C. [August 1928–January 1929.] 189pp.

Subjects: Mexican quota issue; liquor and narcotics smuggling; southern Arizona andEl Paso, Texas, newspaper reports on border activities; ruling on indiscriminateautomobile searches.

0856 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,1927] Casefile 55598/459D. [January–November 1929.] 207pp.

Subjects: Search warrant abuses; liquor and narcotics smuggling; Douglas, Arizona,port of entry traffic; labor situation along border; new Alien Act; editorials onMexican revolution; arms smuggling into Mexico; border situation at Marfa, Texas,and Nogales, Arizona.

Reel 170001 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,

1927] Casefile 55598/459E. [January 1930–March 1932.] 253pp.Subjects: Liquor and narcotics smuggling; Cordova Island problem; Chineseemigrants; use of aircraft by smugglers; St. Helena Canyon smuggling avenue; needfor expansion of U.S. Border Patrol; U.S. Border Patrol subdivision in Arizona;Mexican quota issue; press articles glorifying U.S. Border Patrol.

0254 [El Paso, (Texas, Immigration District, Press) Clippings regarding Border Patrol,1927] Casefile 55598/459F. [April–May 1932.] 10pp.

Subject: Liquor smuggling.

0264 [General File regarding Deportation of Aliens to Mexico, 1920s] Casefile 55608/126.[September 1921–November 1930.] 76pp.

Subjects: Deportations to Lower California issue; Mexican government request fordeportations through remote ports; remote port deportations for Mexican aliencriminals.

0340 [Donna, Texas, Incident—Deportation of Mexican Laborers, 1928] Casefile 55609/358.[May–June 1928.] 77pp.

Subjects: Rio Grande Valley agricultural labor situation; Immigration Serviceinvestigation.

0417 [Mexican Immigration Laws, 1908–34] Casefile 55609/551. [March 1904–February1934.] 251pp.

Subjects: Mexican migration law changes; Third National Mexican MigrationConference; Mexican immigration requirements; Lower California border situation;Mexico’s Migration Law of 1926; regulation regarding funds in possession ofimmigrants in Mexico; immigration law changes due to World War I; healthregulations; Chinese immigrants.

0668 [Mexican Immigration Quotas, 1938] Casefile 55609/551A. [December 1933–November1937.] 100pp.

Subjects: Cross-border traffic; tourist traffic in Mexico; immigration law protection ofMexican labor; passport and visa formalities.

0768 [Alien Labor Situation at Nogales, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas, 1931–32] Casefile55637/640A. [April 1931–September 1932.] 68pp.

Subjects: Cross-border employment; Nogales Labor Protective Association; NogalesChamber of Commerce easing of immigration requirements.

0836 [Investigation by Senators (Henry F.) Ashurst and (Carl) Hayden at Nogales(Arizona), 1928] Casefile 55638/251. [October–December 1928.] 9pp.

Subject: Immigration Service personnel in Arizona.

0845 [Situation along Mexican Border at El Paso (Texas), 1929–1939] Casefile 55639/550.[March–October 1929; June–August 1935; August–September 1939.] 181pp.

Subjects: Mexican military fortifications; handling of alien refugees and border crisisduring possible revolution; confiscation of arms from illegal Mexican Federal Armytroops in United States; military situation in Naco, Mexico; internment of Mexicanrebels at Nogales, Arizona; disposition of Mexican rebels and border situation at

Douglas, Arizona; Mexican military operations; refugee situation and U.S. policy;Juárez, Mexico, military situation; Agua Prieta, Mexico, military situation.

Subject Index

The following index is a guide to the major topics, personalities, activities, events, policies, andprograms in this microform publication. Selected individual report titles have been indexed due to theirimportance and content. The first number after each entry or subentry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number following the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular file folder containinginformation on the subject begins. Hence, 1: 0358 directs the researcher to the folder that begins at Frame0358 of Reel 1. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial segment of this guide, theresearcher will find the file title, casefile number, inclusive dates, and a list of additional subjectsarranged in order in which they appear on the film.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)complaint against Atchison, Topeka &

Santa Fe Railway 3: 0148complaints against alien labor 2: 0416;

3: 0239; 7: 1054see also Labor unions; organizations

Agriculturelabor 6: 0642; 7: 0001; 8: 0286, 0546;

14: 0001; 17: 0340sugar beet industry 3: 0239, 0332; 7:1054;

8: 0001, 0546

Agua Prieta, Mexicoliving conditions in 5: 0158military situation in 5: 0599; 17: 0845refugee situation in 5: 0408

AircraftU.S. Border Patrol 16: 0164use in anti-smuggling efforts 15: 0564;

16: 0472use in smuggling 14: 0749, 0988; 15: 0001,

0737; 16: 0472; 17: 0001

Ajo, ArizonaImmigration Service post/port—lax medical

inspections at 3: 0516

Alamo, Baja California (Mexico)murder case 5: 0754

Aldrete, Enrique5: 0754

Alien Act16: 0856see also Immigration laws, U.S.

Alien Contract Labor Lawviolations of 2: 0833violations reported at Laredo, Texas 3: 0001see also Labor (alien/Mexican)

American Red Crossactivities in Mexico 5: 0283reports 14: 0547

American Sugar Beet Company

Mexican alien labor 3: 0239, 0332

Anti-Americanismagitation during U.S. occupation of Vera

Cruz and San Luis Potosí 4: 0842;5: 0001

propaganda 6: 0187

Arizonaborder situation 4: 0001IWW agitation in 4: 0672Labor Committee, State Council of Defense

14: 0001military operations, U.S.—along border

area 5: 0001smuggling of European emigrants into

15: 0227southern—press on border activities

16: 0667U.S. Border Patrol subdivision in 17: 0001use of Mexican alien labor in mines 7: 0001see also specific cities

Arms and ammunitionrebel—U.S. capture of 3: 0884smuggling—general 15: 0389; 16: 0347,

0856smuggling—to rebels 4: 0001U.S. embargo 5: 0408

Army Punitive Expedition in NorthernMexico, U.S.

6: 0187see also Villa, Pancho

Arrests; detentionGandara, Jose 16: 0347of Mexican revolutionaries in Tucson,

Arizona 16: 0347of Mexican soldiers in United States

4: 0123, 0842of rebels in United States 4: 0001of Syrian refugees 4: 0551of Yaqui Indian revolutionaries 16: 0347see also Deportation; Internment

Ashurst, Henry F.17: 0836

Asianscontract laborers 2: 0220living conditions in Mexico 2: 0220port of entry for—Salina Cruz, Mexico

1: 0298smuggling of, into United States 1: 0556

Asylum issue4: 0123see also Refugees

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe RailwayAFL complaints against 3: 0148alien labor and 3: 0332general 3: 0239

Automobilesruling on indiscriminate searches of

16: 0667

Babcock Report1: 0556–0716

Baja Californiasee Lower California

Bandit operationsMexican—along border 5: 0001Mexican—from Texas 3: 0884

Bennett, Golden E.smuggling case 14: 0749

Bisbee, Arizonachamber of commerce 15: 0902; 16: 0001

Board of Inquiry transcriptsBrownsville, Texas 8: 0674, 0855; 9: 0310,

0635; 10: 0611, 0849; 11: 0001, 0277;13: 0001, 0335

Calexico, California 8: 0855; 10: 0257,0611; 13: 0001

Columbus, New Mexico 11: 0277Del Rio, Texas 8: 0855; 9: 0001, 0635;

10: 0611, 0849; 11: 0277; 12: 0001;13: 0001

Douglas, Arizona 9: 0001Eagle Pass, Texas 8: 0674, 0855; 9: 0001–

0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581;12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

El Paso, Texas 8: 0674, 0855; 9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001;12: 0277, 0521; 13: 0001–0716

Laredo, Texas 8: 0674, 0855; 9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581;12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

Naco, Arizona 8: 0674, 0855; 9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581;12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

Nogales, Arizona 8: 0674, 0855; 9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581;12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

Oroville, Washington 10: 0001San Diego, California 9: 0001, 0310;

11: 0001; 12: 0001; 13: 0716San Pedro, California 8: 0674; 9: 0001,

0310; 12: 0001; 13: 0001, 0335Tia Juana, California 10: 0001, 0257;

11: 0277, 0581; 12: 0001, 0521; 13: 0001

Board of Special Inquiryinvestigation of Enrique Aldrete 5: 0754

Border area; Mexican Border Districtadjacent to Texas—rebel control 3: 0779Arizona situation 4: 0001closing of, in Lower Rio Grande Valley

5: 0158Columbus, New Mexico, situation 6: 0187conditions—Babcock Report 1: 0716conditions—general 2: 0220consolidation of law enforcement agencies

16: 0164control 2: 0335; 3: 0239cross-border traffic 17: 0668crossing privilege for Chinese 1: 1012,

1053; 2: 0001, 0061; 15: 0902; 16: 0001crossing situation—Calexico, California

16: 0001crossing situation—Nogales, Arizona

16: 0001incidents 3: 0447labor situation 16: 0856living conditions 4: 0123, 0229medical condition of refugees in Texas

border area 4: 0368Mexican revolutionary situation 3: 0617military forces—crossing of, by Mexican

Federal Army troops 4: 0441military forces—U.S. deployment 3: 0884;

4: 0001military fortifications—Mexican 17: 0845military operations—Mexican 3: 0617;

4: 0123; 5: 0599military operations—rebel 3: 0974military situation 4: 0229, 0368; 5: 0158,

0283need for border control 14: 0749New Mexico—Mexican military operations

4: 0001press on 16: 0164–0667rebel control of 3: 0690refugee camps 4: 0551; 5: 0158, 0599;

6: 0349, 0488

refugee situation 4: 0441; 17: 0845Seraphic report on conditions 1: 0025, 0111situation

general 1: 0556; 15: 0762Lower California 17: 0417Mexican Civil War 3: 0617–0974;

4: 0001–0842; 5: 0001–0720U.S. reaction to 6: 0187

smuggling 14: 0749, 0988; 15: 0001–0737“Taylor’s Report of Investigation of Affairs

in Mexican Border District” 2: 0335U.S.–Mexican government border

relations—strain in 4: 0672see also Border Patrol, U.S.

Border Patrol, U.S.general 16: 0164–0856; 17: 0001, 0254operations of 15: 0227–0564see also Mounted Guard

Braun-Díaz Talks1: 0358

Braun’s Detail to Mexico1906 report 2: 0220, 0292

Braun’s Second Detail to Mexico1907 report 2: 0306

Brownsville, TexasImmigration Service post/port

agents at—abuse of Mexicans by 5: 0827Board of Inquiry transcripts 8: 0674,

0855; 9: 0310, 0635; 10: 0611, 0849;11: 0001, 0277; 13: 0001, 0335

port of entry 1: 0792medical care of Mexican soldiers at 5: 0283quarantine situation 5: 0720situation in 5: 0408

Businesssupport of importation of Mexican alien

labor 7: 0622support of Mexican alien agricultural labor

6: 0642see also Chambers of commerce

Bus linesuse in smuggling aliens 14: 0988

Calexico, Californiaborder crossing privilege at 15: 0902border crossing situation 16: 0001Immigration Service post/port

Board of Inquiry transcripts 8: 0855;10: 0257, 0611; 13: 0001

investigation of 15: 0762port of entry 1: 0918, 1012

California

coast—smuggling along 14: 0749;15: 0001, 0564, 0737

see also specific cities

Caretto, Baptisteinvestigation of 15: 0902

Chambers of commerceBisbee, Arizona 15: 0902; 16: 0001local—complaints against immigration laws

15: 0902; 16: 0001local Texas—support of Mexican alien

labor 7: 0815Nogales, Arizona 17: 0768see also Business

Chee, Jewapplication 16: 0001

Chinese immigrants/aliensborder crossing privilege 1: 1012, 1053;

2: 0001, 0061; 15: 0902; 16: 0001employment of 6: 0488exclusion, U.S. 1: 0298, 0474, 0716, 0869,

0918exclusion, U.S.—exempt from 1: 0918,

1012, 1053; 2: 0001, 0061general 17: 0001, 0417limited ports of entry for 1: 0918; 2: 0001,

0061in Mexico

demonstrations against 3: 0690living conditions 1: 0716situation along border for 4: 0551, 0672

protests against, by Laundry OwnersNational Association 6: 0187

refugees from Mexico 3: 0884; 4: 0123,0229, 0842; 5: 0001, 0283; 6: 0187–0488

smuggling of 3: 0447; 14: 0749, 0988;15: 0001, 0564

Coahuila, Mexicomilitary situation in northern 5: 0001

ColonizationItalian—proposed colony in Mexico

15: 0227Russian—in Kansas 3: 0332

ColoradoMexican alien labor as strikebreakers in

4: 0441

Columbus, New Mexicoborder situation 6: 0187Immigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 11: 0277Immigration Service post/port—port of

entry 1: 0869refugee camp at 6: 0349, 0488

Columbus (New Mexico) Incident6: 0001

Congress, U.S.House of Representatives—Committee on

Immigration 3: 0239support of importation of Mexican alien

labor 7: 0622

Contract laborAlien Contract Labor Law 2: 0833; 3: 0001Asian 2: 0220general 6: 0642Mexican—depositions from 2: 0562, 0833Mexico’s regulations 7: 0815

Cordova Islandproblem 17: 0001see also El Paso, Texas

Criminals; crimecommitted by Mexican aliens 14: 0547deportation of Mexican 6: 0187; 17: 0264

“Dearth of Labor”Topeka, Kansas, press article 3: 0239

Del Rio, TexasImmigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 8: 0855; 9: 0001,0635; 10: 0611, 0849; 11: 0277;12: 0001; 13: 0001

Demonstrations; riotsin Mexico—against Chinese and Japanese

aliens 3: 0690in Mexico—anti-American in Vera Cruz

and San Luis Potosí 4: 0842; 5: 0001in Tucson, Arizona, by Mexican alien

laborers 4: 0672

Deportationgeneral 14: 0988; 17: 0264to Lower California 17: 0254of Mexican alien labor 8: 0151, 0546;

17: 0340of Mexican criminals 6: 0187of Mexican Federal Army troops 4: 0123of Reyista military forces 3: 0779

Detentionsee Arrests; detention

Dillingham-Burnett billliteracy test bill 3: 0148

Donna, Texas, Incident17: 0340

Douglas, Arizonaborder situation 15: 0902; 17: 0845Immigration Service post/port

Board of Inquiry transcripts 9: 0001disposition of Mexican rebels at 17: 0845

port of entry traffic 16: 0856military situation across from 5: 0408refugee situation at 5: 0599

Eagle Pass, TexasImmigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 8: 0674, 0855;9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581; 12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

Immigration Service post/port—conditionsat 1: 0111

military situation across border 5: 0158refugee situation at 4: 0229, 0368situation in area of 4: 0842; 5: 0408smallpox epidemic at 4: 0229

El Paso, Texasalien labor situation 17: 0768border situation 1: 0653; 15: 0902; 17: 0845Immigration Service post/port

agents at—abuse of Mexicans by 5: 0827Board of Inquiry transcripts 8: 0674,

0855; 9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849;11: 0001, 12: 0277, 0521; 13: 0001–0716

conditions at border station 1: 0111investigation of staff at 3: 0447port of entry 1: 0869–1053staff situation 1: 0716

military transit of Mexican troops acrossU.S. territory from 3: 0974

press on border activities 16: 0164–0667threat to, by Pancho Villa 5: 0408

Emigration; emigrants (general)European—smuggling of 14: 0988;

15: 0001, 0227, 0564European through Vera Cruz 14: 0254general 1: 0001, 0006Jewish, through Mexico 14: 0749Mexican

government’s encouragement of, toUnited States 5: 0283

origins and destinations of 14: 0988propaganda against labor 7: 0378

of skilled labor to United States 7: 0622Transoceanic Immigration Company

1: 0653; 2: 0220

EmployersAmerican—depositions from 2: 0562see also Business; Chambers of commerce

Employmentof Chinese refugees 6: 0488cross-border 17: 0768

Employment Service, U.S.8: 0286

Europeconditions in 1: 0001, 0006emigrants 14: 0254, 0988; 15: 0001, 0227,

0564steamship lines 14: 0254; 15: 0001

ExclusionMexico—laws 1: 0199U.S.

Chinese 1: 0298, 0474, 0716, 0869, 0918exempt from 1: 0918, 1012, 1053;

2: 0001, 0061public health issues and 1: 0358

Extortionof immigrants 1: 0025see also Smuggling

Federal Army, Mexicancrossing of border by 4: 0441deportation of troops 4: 0123internment of troops 4: 0551, 0672;

17: 0845medical assistance to troops 5: 0408military transit across U.S. territory

4: 0441; 5: 0408refugees in United States 4: 0001

Foreign nationals in MexicoAmerican—held by rebels 4: 0123American—refugees from Mexico 4: 0123,

0229expulsion of, from Mexico 4: 0672Italian—proposed colony 15: 0227

Fort Worth, TexasMexican alien situation 14: 0749

Gamblingissue 16: 0472

Gandara, Jose16: 0347

General Order No. 8616: 0001see also Labor

Government, localU.S. responsibility for destitute aliens

14: 0547

Government projects, U.S.use of Mexican alien labor on 8: 0286

Grand Island, NebraskaAmerican Sugar Beet Company 3: 0239

Greek immigrants/aliens1: 0111

Hayden, Carl17: 0836

“Head tax”

calls for suspension of 6: 0642

Health inspectionsat Ajo, San Fernando, and Nogales, Arizona

3: 0516of aliens from Mexico 1: 0869of aliens in Mexico 1: 0358at Presidio, Texas 3: 0516

Health issuesdiseased immigrants 1: 0199exclusion and 1: 0358Mexican regulations 17: 0417quarantine of refugees issue 5: 0001quarantine situation at Brownsville, Texas

5: 0720vaccinations 1: 0792venereal disease—law relating to 14: 0105see also Medical matters

Hidalgo-Roma border area (Texas)investigation of 1: 0792see also Lower Rio Grande Valley

House of Representatives, U.S.Committee on Immigration 3: 0239

Huerta, Adolfo de laindictment of 16: 0347

Illegal entry into United Statesimmigrant “smuggling” bureaus 1: 0298,

0556, 0653report on 1: 0006routes used 1: 0716see also Smuggling; specific immigrant

group

Immigrationcompanies—Transoceanic Immigration

Company 1: 0653; 2: 0220“smuggling” bureaus

general 1: 0298Japanese-American Benevolent

Association 1: 0556Japanese Bureau, Juárez, Mexico 1: 0556,

0653U.S. negotiations with Mexico 1: 0199–

0358

Immigration lawsMexico 17: 0417

Immigration laws, U.S.Alien Act 16: 0856anti-immigration limitation press editorials

16: 0472calls for relaxation of provisions 7: 0622,

0815Dillingham-Burnett bill (literacy test bill)

3: 0148

General Order No. 86 16: 0001head tax 6: 0642local chambers of commerce complaints

against 15: 0902; 16: 0001; 17: 0768order permitting temporary admission of

alien labor 7: 1054regulation of temporary admission of alien

labor 7: 0001–0622

Immigration Service, U.S.agents

abuse of Mexican aliens by 5: 0827in Lower Rio Grande Valley 5: 0158in Mexico 1: 0298, 0358

handling of refugees in event of revolutionin 1939 17: 0845

inspections of border posts 1: 0869investigation

of Calexico, California, post 15: 0762of Nogales, Arizona 17: 0836of ports of entry 2: 0061

need for interpreters 14: 0180reports on Mexican Civil War 3: 0617–

0974; 4: 0001–0842; 5: 0001–0720staff

investigation of, at El Paso, Texas3: 0447

Nogales, Arizona 17: 0836problems 14: 0749requirements in Mexican Border District

14: 0180situation at El Paso, Texas 1: 0716workload complaints 7: 0378

see also Inspections; Investigations; specificpost/port

Indianscross-border travels of 14: 0001Yaqui 6: 0187; 16: 0347, 0472

Inspectionsof border posts 1: 0869circumventing of 14: 0988health 1: 0358, 0869; 3: 0516inadequate at border 1: 0025of Mexican laborers 2: 0351Mexican railways and aliens 1: 0199

Internmentof Mexican Federal Army troops 4: 0551,

0672; 17: 0845of Mexican forces 5: 0158of Mexican rebels at Douglas, Arizona

17: 0845of Mexican rebels at Nogales, Arizona

17: 0845see also Deportation; Repatriation

InvestigationsBoard of Special Inquiry—Enrique Aldrete

5: 0754Calexico, California, post 15: 0762Caretto, Baptiste 15: 0902Donna, Texas, Incident 17: 0340Japanese aliens in Mexico 2: 0292, 0306of labor agents 2: 0351memoranda 14: 0547ports of entry 2: 0061Sierra, Wenceslao 14: 0749smuggling of Chinese aliens 3: 0447staff at El Paso, Texas, post 3: 0447“Taylor’s Report of Investigation of Affairs

in Mexican Border District” 2: 0335Wright, H. R. 14: 0001

Italian emigrants; aliensproposed colony in Mexico 15: 0227smuggling of, to United States 15: 0001

IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)agitation in Arizona 4: 0672

Japanese-American Benevolent Association1: 0556

Japanese Bureauin Juárez, Mexico 1: 0556, 0653

Japanese immigrants/aliensgeneral 1: 0358illegal entry of 1: 0556, 0653in Mexico

demonstrations against 3: 0690investigation of 2: 0292, 0306mistreatment of, in Mexico 1: 0556situation along border for 4: 0672

refugees from Mexico 3: 0884; 4: 0842smuggling of 1: 0653; 15: 0389Transoceanic Immigration Company

1: 0653; 2: 0220

Jewsemigration of, through Mexico 14: 0749

Juárez, MexicoJapanese Bureau in 1: 0556, 0653military operations in area of 4: 0001military situation in 3: 0884, 0974;

17: 0845

KansasMexican aliens in 15: 0737Russian colonization 3: 0332see also Topeka, Kansas

Labor (alien/Mexican)agreement—Mexico 3: 0332agricultural

business support of alien 6: 0642

general 14: 0001needs in Texas 8: 0286, 0546regulation of temporary admission

7: 0001situation in Rio Grande Valley 17: 0340

Asian 1: 0556contract 2: 0220, 0562, 0833; 6: 0642;

7: 0815; 8: 0286deportation of 8: 0546general 2: 0416; 7: 0001–1054; 8: 0001–

0546; 16: 0472importation of

general 14: 0547opposition to 7: 0815; 8: 0001support of 7: 0622, 0815; 8: 0286

inspection of 2: 0351lumbering industry 7: 0815Medina Dam 2: 0833Mexico—conditions in 2: 0351, 0429Mexico—immigration law protection

17: 0668mines; mining 7: 0001, 0378; 14: 0547mistreatment of, in Texas 2: 0720opposition to 8: 0286, 0546peon 2: 0416press article—“Dearth of Labor” 3: 0239railroads—Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe

Railway 3: 0332railroads—general 2: 0351, 0562–0833;

3: 0001, 0239; 7: 0378, 0815; 8: 0001,0151; 14: 0547

regulation of temporary admission of7: 0378, 0622

rioting in Tucson, Arizona 4: 0672situation—Arizona 14: 0001situation along border 16: 0856skilled—emigration of, to United States 7: 0622sugar beet industry—American Sugar Beet

Company 3: 0239, 0332sugar beet industry—general 7: 1054;

8: 0001, 0546used as strikebreakers in Colorado 4: 0441

Labor agentscollusion of railroad companies with

3: 0148depositions from 2: 0562in El Paso, Texas 3: 0001general 2: 0720investigation of 2: 0351in Laredo, Texas 2: 0833regulation of 3: 0001in San Antonio, Texas 2: 0833Zarate & Avina Company 2: 0562; 3: 0001

Labor unions; organizationsAFL 2: 0416; 3: 0148, 0239; 7: 1054concerns 7: 0001IWW 4: 0672local trades/labor councils 7: 0815; 8: 0001,

0546Nogales Labor Protective Association

17: 0768Pan-American Federation of Labor 14: 0135Texas State Federation of Labor 2: 0720

Lance, R. O.case 6: 0001

Laredo, TexasImmigration Service post/port—Alien

Contract Labor Law violations reported at3: 0001

Immigration Service post/port—Board ofInquiry transcripts 8: 0674, 0855;9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581; 12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

labor agents in 2: 0833military situation in border area 4: 0229rebel political agitation in 3: 0779refugee camp conditions at 5: 0158refugee situation 4: 0229smuggling situation in area 14: 0749

Laundry Owners National Associationprotests against Chinese aliens 6: 0187

Legal mattersruling on indiscriminate automobile

searches 16: 0667search warrant abuses 16: 0856

LegislationDillingham-Burnett bill (literacy test bill)—

U.S. 3: 0148immigration—Mexico 1: 0474see also Immigration laws

Liquorsmuggling of 15: 0001–0389, 0564;

16: 0164–0856; 17: 0001, 0254smuggling of—Angel Tarango case

15: 0543, 0564

Literacy test billDillingham-Burnett bill 3: 0148

Literacy testscalls for suspension of 6: 0642enforcement of 3: 0516

Living conditionsin Agua Prieta, Mexico 5: 0158of alien labor 8: 0151Asians in Mexico 2: 0220along border 4: 0123, 0229

Chinese in Mexico 1: 0716at Laredo, Texas, refugee camp 5: 0158

Living conditionsMexican laborers in United States 3: 0148,

0332see also Babcock Report; “Seraphic Report

regarding Conditions on MexicanBorder”

Los Angeles, Californiarumored Mexican agitation in 4: 0672

Los Ebanos, Texasport of entry 6: 0001

Lower California (Baja California)Alamo murder case 5: 0754border situation 17: 0417deportations to 17: 0254

Lower Rio Grande Valley (U.S.)closing of border in 5: 0158Mexican death threat against Immigration

Service agents in 5: 0158situation in 5: 0408; 6: 0001

Luis Morones casepassport 14: 0135

Lumbering industryuse of Mexican alien labor in 7: 0815

Marfa, Texasborder situation at 16: 0856

Medical mattersAmerican Red Cross activities in Mexico

5: 0283assistance to Mexican Federal Army troops

5: 0408care of Mexican soldiers at Brownsville,

Texas 5: 0283diseased immigrants 1: 0199examination of aliens 1: 0869inspection of aliens in Mexico 1: 0358refugees

conditions in Texas border area 4: 0368expenses 4: 0551vaccination 1: 0792

smallpox epidemic at Eagle Pass, Texas4: 0229

trachoma epidemic 1: 0358see also Health issues

Medina Damlabor force for 2: 0833

Mexican Border Districtsee Border area

Mexican Revolution; Mexican Civil Wareffects on immigration 3: 0001

general 3: 0617–0974; 4: 0001–0842;5: 0001–0720; 6: 0187–0488

press editorials on 16: 0856

Mexicoborder relations with United States—strain

in 4: 0672encouragement of emigration to United

States 5: 0283government request for remote port

deportations 17: 0264health inspections of aliens in 1: 0358immigration

laws 17: 0417legislation 1: 0474negotiation with United States 1: 0199–

0358Jewish emigration through 14: 0749labor agreement 3: 0332migration of aliens to 14: 0254proposed Italian colony in 15: 0227protection of labor 17: 0668railroads 1: 0199transportation companies—proposed

agreement to prevent illegal entry ofimmigrants via 1: 0298–0474

see also under Military

Miami, Arizonapress on border activities 16: 0472

Migrationof aliens to Mexico 14: 0254Mexican migration law 17: 0417

Migration Law of 1926Mexico 17: 0417

Military forces, MexicanFederal Army 4: 0001, 0123, 0441, 0551,

0672; 5: 0408; 17: 0845general 3: 0690, 0974; 4: 0001, 0123, 0842;

5: 0001–0283, 0599, 0720rebel

American nationals held by 4: 0123arrest of, in United States 4: 0001disposition of, at Douglas, Arizona

17: 0845internment of 17: 0845military transit across U.S. territory

4: 0842; 5: 0408repatriation of 4: 0441

Reyista—deportation of, from United States3: 0779

Military forces, U.S.deployment along border 3: 0884; 4: 0001U.S. Army Punitive Expedition in Northern

Mexico 6: 0187

Military fortificationsMexico—border 17: 0845

Military occupationMexican—of Naco, Mexico 5: 0408rebel control of border areas 3: 0690, 0779

Military operations, Mexicanalong border 3: 0617; 4: 0123; 5: 0599general 17: 0845in Juárez, Mexico, area 4: 0001along New Mexico border 5: 0158at Nogales, Mexico 5: 0158Ojinaga, Battle of (Mexico) 4: 0551rebel 3: 0974Villa, Pancho—Columbus Incident 6: 0001Villa, Pancho—general 4: 0441, 0551

Military operations, U.S.along Arizona border area 5: 0001against Pancho Villa 6: 0001

Military situationin Agua Prieta, Mexico 5: 0599; 17: 0845along border 4: 0229, 0368; 5: 0158, 0283across border from

Douglas, Arizona 5: 0408Eagle Pass, Texas 5: 0158Naco, Arizona 5: 0001, 0599

in Juárez, Mexico 3: 0884, 0974; 17: 0845in Laredo, Texas, area 4: 0229in Naco, Mexico 17: 0845in northern Coahuila 5: 0001in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico 4: 0672in Piedras Negras, Mexico 5: 0158

Military transitMexican Federal Army troops—crossing of

border 4: 0441; 5: 0408Mexican rebel troops 4: 0842; 5: 0408Mexican troops—across U.S. territory

3: 0690, 0974; 4: 0001; 5: 0001, 0599,0720

Mines; miningMexican alien labor—investigation of

mistreatment of 14: 0547Mexican alien labor in Arizona 7: 0001,

0378

Morones, Luispassport case 14: 0135

Mounted Guardincidents 14: 0988see also Border Patrol, U.S.

Naco, Arizonaborder situation 15: 0902Immigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 8: 0674, 0855;

9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849; 11: 0001–0581; 12: 0001–0521; 13: 0001–0716

military situation across border from5: 0001, 0599

Naco, Mexicoinflux of refugees from 5: 0408Mexican military occupation of 5: 0408military situation 17: 0845

Narcoticssmuggling of 15: 0001; 16: 0347, 0667,

0856; 17: 0001

Neutrality issue6: 0001see also Asylum issue

New MexicoMexican military operations along border of

4: 0001see also Columbus, New Mexico; Columbus

(New Mexico) Incident

New Orleans, LouisianaMexican rebel agitation in 5: 0001

Nogales, Arizonaalien labor situation 17: 0768border crossing situation 16: 0001border situation at 16: 0856chamber of commerce 17: 0768Immigration Service post/port

agents at—abuse of Mexicans by 5: 0827,0849

Board of Inquiry transcripts 8: 0674,0855; 9: 0001–0635; 10: 0001–0849;11: 0001–0581; 12: 0001–0521;13: 0001–0716

investigation of staff 17: 0836lax medical inspections at 3: 0516port of entry 1: 0918

internment of rebels at 17: 0845Labor Protective Association 17: 0768situation at 6: 0001

Nogales, Mexicomilitary operations at 5: 0158

Nuevo Laredo, Mexicomilitary situation in 4: 0672

Oilfields of Mexico Company5: 0001

Ojinaga, Battle of (Mexico)and influx of refugees into United States

4: 0551

Oroville, WashingtonImmigration Service post/port—Board of

Special Inquiry transcripts 10: 0001

Palestinian emigrants/aliens

smuggling of 15: 0564, 0737see also Syrian immigrants/aliens

Pan-American Federation of Laboralleged U.S. ban on Mexican delegates to

meetings 14: 0135

PassportsCuban—use of, by Spanish emigrants

15: 0001Luis Morones case 14: 0135Mexican formalities 17: 0668

Peons, Mexicanimmigration 2: 0429–0833; 3: 0001–0239labor 2: 0416

Piedras Negras, Mexicomilitary situation in 5: 0158

Political agitationanti-American—leaders of demonstrations

during Vera Cruz, Mexico, occupation inTexas 4: 0842; 5: 0001

Mexicangeneral 6: 0001in Laredo, Texas 3: 0779in Los Angeles, California 4: 0672in New Orleans, Louisiana 5: 0001in San Antonio, Texas 5: 0001; 6: 0001in Texas border towns 5: 0001

see also Mexican Revolution; MexicanCivil War

Ports of entrygeneral 2: 0001, 0061investigation of 2: 0061limited for Chinese 1: 0918see also specific port of entry

Presidio, Texasrefugee “concentration” camp situation

4: 0551

Pressanti-immigration limitation editorials

16: 0472articles glorifying U.S. Border Patrol

17: 0001on border activities at

El Paso, Texas 16: 0164–0667Miami, Arizona 16: 0472southern Arizona 16: 0667Tucson, Arizona 16: 0164–0472

editorials on Mexican revolution 16: 0856Topeka, Kansas, article—“Dearth of Labor”

3: 0239

Propagandaanti-American 6: 0187

Mexican—against emigration of labor toUnited States 7: 0378

seditious 6: 0187

Public healthsee Health issues

Quota issueMexican aliens 16: 0667; 17: 0001, 0668

Racial conflictsAmerican-Mexican 16: 0472

RailroadsAmerican

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway3: 0148–0332

collusion of labor agents and 3: 0148labor 2: 0351, 0562–0833; 3: 0001, 0239;

7: 0378, 0815; 8: 0001, 0151; 14: 0547Mexican 1: 0199

Ramon Zavala case6: 0001

Red Cross, Americansee American Red Cross

Refugee campsalong border 5: 0599Columbus, New Mexico 6: 0349, 0488Laredo, Texas—conditions at 5: 0158Presidio, Texas, “concentration” camp

along Texas border 6: 0488

RefugeesImmigration Service handling of 17: 0845Mexican Civil War 3: 0617–0974; 4: 0001–

0842; 5: 0001–0720situation 17: 0845U.S. policy on 17: 0845vaccination of 1: 0792

Repatriationlists 14: 0547of Mexican soldiers 4: 0842; 5: 0158of rebel soldiers and camp followers 4: 0441see also Deportation; Internment

Rio Grande City, Texasinvestigation of border area 1: 0792

Rio Grande Valleyagricultural labor situation 17: 0340see also Lower Rio Grande Valley

R. O. Lance case6: 0001

Russian-American Immigration Company3: 0332

St. Helena Canyonsmuggling avenue 17: 0001

Salina Cruz, Mexico

port of entry for Asians 1: 0298

San Antonio, Texaslabor agents in 2: 0833leaders of anti-American demonstrations in

Mexico in 4: 0842; 5: 0001Mexican agitation in 5: 0001; 6: 0001refugee situation in 4: 0551

San Diego, CaliforniaImmigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 9: 0001, 0310;11: 0001; 12: 0001; 13: 0716

Sandoval, BonalesMexican execution of 5: 0001

San Fernando, ArizonaImmigration Service post/port—lax medical

inspections at 3: 0516

San Luis Potosí, Mexicoanti-American agitation during U.S.

occupation of 4: 0842

San Pedro, CaliforniaImmigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 8: 0674; 9: 0001,0310; 12: 0001; 13: 0001, 0335

Search warrantsabuses of 16: 0856see also Legal matters

Selective ServiceMexican alien labor concerns about 7: 0622

“Seraphic Report regarding Conditions onMexican Border”

1: 0025, 0111

Smallpoxepidemic at Eagle Pass, Texas 4: 0229

Smuggling; smugglersby aircraft 14: 0749, 0988; 15: 0001, 0737;

16: 0472; 17: 0001arms and ammunition—general 15: 0389;

16: 0347, 0856arms and ammunition to rebels 4: 0001Asian labor into United States 1: 0556Bennett, Golden E. 14: 0749Chinese into United States 3: 0447;

14: 0749, 0988; 15: 0001, 0564European emigrants 14: 0988; 15: 0001–

0389, 0564general 3: 0447; 14: 0254, 0547immigrant “smuggling” bureaus

general 1: 0298Japanese-American Benevolent

Association 1: 0556Japanese Bureau, Juárez, Mexico 1: 0556,

0653

Italians into United States 15: 0001Japanese into United States 1: 0653;

15: 0389Kittle, Hubert 14: 0988Laredo, Texas, situation 14: 0749liquor 15: 0001–0564; 16: 0164–0856;

17: 0001, 0254list of smugglers 14: 0988along Mexican border 14: 0749, 0988;

15: 0001–0737narcotics 15: 0001; 16: 0347, 0667, 0856;

17: 0001Palestinians into United States 15: 0564,

0737routes into United States used by 1: 0716St. Helena Canyon 17: 0001Syrians into United States 15: 0564, 0737use of bus lines 14: 0988by water—along California coast 14: 0749;

15: 0001, 0564by water—along Texas coast 14: 0988see also Chinese immigrants/aliens;

Emigration; emigrants; Japaneseimmigrants/aliens

Spanish emigrants/aliensuse of Cuban passports 15: 0001

Stage linessee Bus lines

Steamship transportationEuropean lines 15: 0001passenger arrivals lists question 14: 0254Transoceanic Immigration Company

1: 0653; 2: 0220

Stone Reporton Mexican labor conditions 2: 0429

Sugar beet industryAmerican Sugar Beet Company—use of

alien labor 3: 0239, 0332Mexican alien labor in 7: 1054; 8: 0001,

0546

Syrian immigrants/aliensdetention of refugees 4: 0551general 1: 0025, 0358refugees 4: 0842situation in Mexico 4: 0672smuggling of 15: 0564, 0737

Tarango, Angelliquor smuggling case 15: 0543, 0564

“Taylor’s Report of Investigation of Affairs inMexican Border District”

2: 0335

see also “Seraphic Report regardingConditions on Mexican Border”

Texasagricultural labor needs in 8: 0286, 0546border towns—Mexican agitation in

5: 0001coast—smuggling along 14: 0988local chambers of commerce 7: 0815medical condition of refugees in border area

of 4: 0368Mexican aliens—general 2: 0351Mexican aliens—mistreatment of 2: 0720

TexasMexican bandit operations from 3: 0884National Guard deployment along border

4: 0001see also specific cities

Texas State Federation of Laborcomplaints 2: 0720

Third National Mexican MigrationConference

17: 0417

Threatsto El Paso, Texas, from Pancho Villa

5: 0408Mexican, against Immigration Service

agents in Lower Rio Grande Valley5: 0158

Tia Juana, MexicoImmigration Service post/port—Board of

Inquiry transcripts 10: 0001, 0257;11: 0277, 0581; 12: 0001, 0521; 13: 0001

Topeka, Kansasgeneral 3: 0148press article—“Dearth of Labor” 3: 0239

Tourismcross-border traffic 17: 0668

Trachoma epidemic1: 0358

Transoceanic Immigration Company1: 0653; 2: 0220

Transportation companies

proposed agreement to prevent illegal entryof immigrants via 1: 0298–0474

see also Bus lines; Railroads; Steamshiptransportation

Tucson, Arizonaarrests of Mexican revolutionaries in

16: 0347press on border activities 16: 0164–0472rioting in, by Mexican alien laborers

4: 0672Villista Junta in 6: 0001

Venereal disease14: 0105

Vera Cruz, Mexicoanti-American agitation during U.S.

occupation of 4: 0842; 5: 0001European emigrant traffic through 14: 0254

Villa, Panchomilitary operations of 4: 0441, 0551threat to 5: 0408U.S. military operations against 6: 0001

“Villa Junta”see Villistas

Villistasrefugees 5: 0599Villista Junta in Tucson, Arizona 6: 0001

Welfarelocal government responsibility for destitute

aliens 14: 0547

Wixon, I. F.15: 0762

World Warimmigration law changes—Mexico

17: 0417

Wright, H. R.immigration investigation of 14: 0001

Yaqui Indiansarrests of revolutionaries 16: 0347situation 6: 0187; 16: 0472

Zarate & Avina Companylabor agents 2: 0562; 3: 0001

Zavala, Ramoncase 6: 0001