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8/13/2019 Rectangle Shows Instructions

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Rectangles, which show instructions or actions;and

Diamonds, which show decisions that must bemade

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Within each symbol, write down what thesymbol represents.

This could be the start or finish of the process,

the action to be taken, or the decision to bemade.

Symbols are connected one to the other byarrows, showing the flow of the process.

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Flow charts are simple diagrams that map out aprocess so that it can easily be communicated toother people.

To draw a flowchart, brainstorm the tasks anddecisions made during a process, and write themdown in order.

Then map these out in flow chart format using

appropriate symbols for the start and end of aprocess, for actions to be taken and for decisions tobe made.

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Finally, challenge your flow chart to make surethat it’s an accurate representation of theprocess, and that that it represents the most

efficient way of doing the job

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The intent and purpose of collecting data is toeither control the production process, to see therelationship between cause-and-effect, or for the

continuous improvement of those processes thatproduce any type of defect or nonconformingproduct.

A Check Sheet is used for the purpose of collecting

data to compile in such a way as to be easily used,understood and analyzed automatically.

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The Check Sheet, as it is being completed,actually becomes a graphical representation ofthe data you are collecting, thus you do NOT

need any computer software, or spreadsheet torecord the data.

It can be simply done with pencil and paper

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Production process distribution checks - wherethe distribution lies.

Defective item checks - to determine what kind

of defects exist in the process. Defect location checks - to determine where the

common defects on a part are located.

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Defective cause checks - type of defect and thusvalidate the cause thereof.

Check-up confirmation checks - final phase of

assembly to check the finished product orwork.

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The common person believes that if a part is madein mass production from a machine, all of the partswill be exactly alike.

The truth is that even with the best of machines andprocesses, no two parts are exactly the same.

The product will have a main or "mean" specification limit,with plus/minus tolerance that states that as long as the partis produced within this range, to that range, it is an

acceptable part.

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The object is to hit the target specification,however, that is not always totally possible.

The purpose of a Histogram is to take the data that

is collected from a process and then display itgraphically to view how the distribution of thedata, centers itself around the mean, or mainspecification.

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The center of the data.

The spread of the data.

Any data skewness (slant, bias or run at an

angle).

The presence of outliers (product outside thespecification range).

The presence of multiple modes (or peaks)within the data.

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The Scatter Diagram is another Quality Tool thatcan be used to show the relationship between"paired data", and can provide more usefulinformation about a production process.

What is meant by "paired data"? The term "cause-and-effect" relationship between

two kinds of data may also refer to a relationshipbetween one cause and another, or between one

cause and several others.

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For example, you could consider the relationshipbetween an ingredient and the product hardness;between the cutting speed of a blade and thevariations observed in length of parts; or the

relationship between the illumination levels on theproduction floor and the mistakes made in qualityinspection of product produced.

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Control charts are generally used in aproduction or manufacturing environment andare used to control, monitor and IMPROVE a

process. Common causes are always present and

generally attributed to machines, material andtime vs. temperature.

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This normally takes a minor adjustment to theprocess to make the correction and return theprocess to a normal output.

However, when making a change to the process, it shouldalways be a MINOR change.

If a plot is observed that shows a slight deviationtrend upward or downward, the "tweaking"

adjustment should be a slight change, and thenanother observation should be made.

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Too often people will over-correct by makingtoo big of an adjustment which then causes theprocess to dramatically shift in the other

direction. For that reason, all changes to the process

should be SLIGHT and GRADUAL!

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A control chart is a graph or chart with limitlines, called control lines.

There are basically three kinds of control lines:

the upper control limit (UCL), the central line (actual nominal size of

product),

the lower control limit (LCL).

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An Xbar & R Control Chart is one that shows

both the mean value ( X ), and the range ( R ).

The Xbar portion of the chart mainly showsany changes in the mean value of the process,while the R portion shows any changes in the

dispersion of the process.

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This chart is particularly useful in that itshows changes in mean value and dispersionof the process at the same time, making it a

very effective method for checkingabnormalities within the process; and ifcharted while in progress, also points out aproblem in the production flow in real time

mode.

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Cause & Effect Diagrams

Identifying the Likely Causes of Problems

Also called Fish or Fishbone Diagram and

Ishikawa Diagrams

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Cause and Effect analysis helps you to thinkthrough causes of a problem thoroughly.

Their major benefit is that they push you to

consider all possible causes of the problem,rather than just the ones that are most obvious

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Conclusion.

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