recycling 1 short lecture 2007 - mitweb.mit.edu/2.813/www/2007 class...
TRANSCRIPT
References1. Richard Porter, “Economics of Recycling,” Ch. 9, in The
Economics of Waste, 2002. (handout)
2. Craighill et al, “Lifecycle assessment and economic evaluation
of recycling: a case study” Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 17 (1996 pp 75 – 96).
3. Thomas, “Demand and dematerialization impacts of second
hand markets”, J. Ind. Ecology, Vol 7, No. 2, (2003) pp 65 – 76.
4. Dahmus, J. and T. Gutowski. “Material Recycling at Product
End-of-Life," IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and
the Environment, San Francisco, California, USA, May 8-11, 2006.
5. Isaacs and Gupta, Economic Consequences of increasing
polymer content for the U.S. automobile recycling
infrastructure, J. Industrial Ecology, Vol 1, No 4, pp 19-33, 1998
Outline
1. What gets recycled and why
2. Recycling visits
3. Separation technologies
4. The Economics of Recycling
Aluminum Can Recycling RatesAluminum Can Recycling RatesAluminum Can Recycling RatesAluminum Can Recycling Rates
Where does it go?
• Metals (autos to “IIII” beams, casting)• Paper (high grade to lower)
• Tires (tires to fuel, crumb rubber)
• Auto Batteries (to lead smelter)
• Aluminum cans (with primary to cans)
• HDPE (to bottles, pipe, “plastic wood”)
Recycling Rate = % of retired products that enter the recycling system
Productrecycling
rateΣΣΣΣmiki ($)
H
(bits)
automobile battery 96% 8.030$ 1.296automobile 95% 378.398$ 2.215catalytic converter 95% 96.637$ 0.699
refrigerator 90% 41.019$ 1.674newspaper 70% 0.022$ 0.095
automobile tire 66% 1.756$ 0.593steel can 63% 0.004$ 0.060
aluminum can 45% 0.018$ 0.001HDPE bottle (#2) 26% 0.022$ 0.163PET bottle (#1) 22% 0.012$ 0.476
glass bottle 20% 0.002$ 0.003desktop computer 11% 18.239$ 2.467
television 11% 9.554$ 2.089laptop computer 11% 5.204$ 3.161
aseptic container 6% 0.007$ 1.099cell phone 1% 0.830$ 2.912
work chair 0% 13.186$ 2.272fax machine 0% 8.396$ 2.086coffee maker 0% 0.904$ 1.928
cordless screwdriver (w/o battery) 0% 0.162$ 1.795
Ref. Dahmus & Gutowski
2. Recycling visits
• Wheelabrator
trash to ash
• FCR
curbside
• Chaparral Steelautos
• Onyx
fluorescent bulbs
• Metech
electronics
• HP/Noranda
computers
• DEER2
computers/plastics
• RRT
system designers
Wheelabrator – Trash to AshWorcester, MA
Hand Sort Burn MagneticEddy Current
TestingConsumer Trash
Toxics Emissions
Heat
Electricity
Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous Metals
Ash
LandfillHazardous Landfill
Revenues
Costs
Wheelabrator
• 70% reduction in weight to landfill
• 500,000 tons processed per year
• 45 MW (produced) – 5 MW (used)
= 40 MW to grid
• 2.8 MJ/kg (coal ~29 MJ/kg)
• dioxin issue / emissions
Curbside Recycling (FCR, Charlestown, MA)
Hand Sort
Non-recyclables –to landfill
Magnetic
Ferrous Metals
Separated Containers and Bottles
Air Classification
Glass – to landfill
Eddy Current
Aluminum
Milk Cartons, Aseptic
Containers, Other Plastics –
to landfill
HDPE
Hand SortPET
FCR Recycling – Paper
Hand Sort
Paper Bags
Separated Paper
Products
Non-recyclables
Newspaper
Office Paper
FCR Recycling
• Recycle ferrous, non-ferrous, paper,
HDPE, and PET
• Landfill glass, all other plastics, aseptic
containers, and material contaminated by
food products
• Hand and automatic sorting
Automobile Recycling
Disassembly Crush MagneticEddy CurrentAutomobiles
Hazardous Components
Revenues
Costs
Valuable Components
ResaleableComponents
Shred
Non-ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
ASR (to landfill)
Automobile Recycling
• Over 94% of cars are recycled
• Over 75% of each car is recycled
• European Union automobile take-back legislation
– by 2006,
• 80% reuse/recycling by weight
• 85% reuse/recovery by weight
– By 2012,
• 85% reuse/recycling by weight
• 95% reuse/recovery by weight
Onyx
• Customers pay to dispose of items
– 15-25¢/ lb for electronic scrap
• Certificate of destruction
• Fluorescent Bulb Recyling
– 6¢/ linear foot for fluorescent bulbs
Mercury Relays
Metech Computer Recycling
DisassemblyHammer Mill
Roasting (2400° F)
Ball MillElectronics
Hazardous Components
PWBs
Fines
Revenues
Costs
ResaleableComponents
Frames and Housings
Ring Mill
Emissions
Ash
Ash with metal (to smelter)
Metech
• Customers pay to dispose of computers
– 20¢/ lb without CRT
– 35¢/ lb with CRT
• Certificate of destruction
HP/Noranda, Roseville, CA
hazardous components (including CRT glass) and resalable components
reusableresalable
residue
dust
small metal
particles
ferrous
non-ferrous
aluminum
Test
Disassemble
Shred
Granulate
Shake Table
Magnetic
Eddy Current
Gravity
other
plastics
PCPlastic Separation
…
ABS
Done offsite
HP/Noranda
• Customers pay to return HP products
– Monitor $29
– PC (without monitor) $21
– Ink printer $17
• 1.6 million lbs processed per month
• 400 hp shredder motor
• $4-5 million capital investment in plant
• No water used in process
DEER2 (Tampa, FL)
ShreddingManual Disassembly
GranulationElutriation
Dust, debris
Plastics
Non-ferrous metals
Eddy Current
Ferrous metals
MagneticShredding
Printed Circuit Boards
Computer Housings
Manual Disassembly
Granulation
DEER2 – Plastics Module
Hydrocyclone
Lights
Heavies
Hydrocyclone
Polyolefins
Hydrocyclone Heavies
Lights
Heavies
Hydrocyclone
Lights
Heavies
Hydrocyclone
Hydrocyclone
HIPS
Sink/Float
PVC, nylon
PC, PC/ABS
PC
ElectrostaticPC/ABS
PC, PC/ABS
ABS, HIPS
Lights
Heavies
Lights
Heavies
ABS, HIPS
ElectrostaticABS
Plastics
Hydrocyclone Sink/Float Electrostatic
DEER2
• Funded by the DOD
• Technology demonstration
• $1.2 million for plastic separation module
• Max throughput = 1000 lb/hr
• Wash/Rinse most expensive step
• Metal contaminants cause problems in electrostatic separation
• Shape factors cause problems in hydrocyclone and electrostatic separation
• 15-17¢ / lb for plastics shred and separate
CRT recycling
•Envirocycle (largest CRT tube recycler in US)
•Techniglass (one of few US CRT manufacturing, produces high quality
tubes for military, hospitals)
•Doe-Run (primary Pb smelter in US, uses Pb-glass as flux)
RRT Design and Construction
• RRT has designed and built systems to crush 300
tubes/hr at capital cost of $250,000 for automated system. Compare to manual 500 monitors/day by 4 people