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Recycling of plastic material in design world: examples from automotive industry

Ceyda Vatan

AbstractIn this study, plastic materials recycling, which has the environmental and economic values, discussion with studiesand design applications especially automotive industry are included. Pollution of sources and recycling of scrapmaterials are the two strong reasons for recycling concept.

The designers, consumers, producers and governments are constrained to comprehend recycling subject becauseof the fact of increasing on consumption raw materials and environmental pollution.

Automotive recycling applications are included by the examples from different firms. Using of plastic materials inautomobile and its advantage on design applications and usage field of recycled plastics for automobile partsproduction are analyzed. The usage of recycled plastics in the production of automobile parts is determined.Recycling applications of car companies and their future expectations are analyzed. Variety of automotive wasteplastics and the use of these in automobile parts after recycling are classified. Recycling applications and its futureexpectations are given by the examples from sector. The automotive industry provides enough plastics for therecycling. In addition providing materials is the most important subject for the recycling industry. It shows that itwon’t be a problem for the automotive industry’s recycling program. Recycled plastics can be used to producenew parts as raw materials. These are stated in the diagnosis of analyzes. The study of recycled plasticsapplications in automotive industry is guided for the sector which plastics consumption is high.

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PLASTIC WASTE

Plastic MaterialPlastic is defined as “Plastic is a kind of oil product that is produced by heating or shaped by the way ofpolymerization and it also defined as “ Plastic is a polymer of which shape changes when it is heated once more( Such as PVC, PET, PS, PP, PA, PC, etc. )” (Akkurt, 1991).

Today plastic is used in many area because its features that are easy shaping, flexibility, lightness and hygienic.When the increasing cost of the energy and the decreasing natural resources are considered, it is natural theplastics are preferred in the world today. The most important features of the plastics that make it preferred in theworld are “it is economic, convenience in production and durable” (Eröztürk, 1997).

The most important plastic types that are used in design are ABS, PE, HDPE, LDPE, PS, PP, OPP, PVC, PA andNYLON etc.

As it is in the World, more than 70 % of the plastics that are used in Turkey are thermoplastics (Plastic CommissionReport, 1990). Thermoplastics are recycled materials while thermosets are not (Rhyner, C.R. and others, 1998).

Applied research, practice based research: case studies/ 1

II. THE DEMOLITION OF PLASTIC WASTES

When the plastic wastes are demolished by the way of chemical decomposition or the way of burning, these methodscreate hazardous gases. Since these methods are hazardous for environment and not economical they are not preferred.

Although the method of burning the waste is a waste demolition method, this method causes corrosion and airpollution in the process of burning. Thus this method is not applied generally. The governmental institutionsgenerally apply the method to put the plastic waste under the ground.

The most economical way of the plastic waste recycling is the method of paralyze. During the process of Paralyzewe need fuel to have suitable heating. However, this process may cause the hazardous gases to be created. Withthis method organic liquid and coal which have the economic values are produced (Pavoni and others, 1975). The most satisfactory way among these methods is the recycling of the plastics. The hazardous wastes of thedemolishing process would be eliminated, and economic profit would be gained with this way.

III. GENERAL APPROACH TO RECYCLING OF THE MATERIALS

Acquiring raw materials with the help of recycling means that leaving the solid waste and reusing. The mostimportant aims of the recycling programs are to decrease the volumes of the wastes and to protect the naturalresources. To increase the level of recycling, many kinds of technologies and programs are developed for everyparty from the consumer to the heavy industry. Recycling of the materials program is generally consisting of theseprocesses: the classifying of the materials (both in the first using place and in the garbage that the materials arecollected), purifying, marketing and the sales of the recycling materials and manufacturing of the new productsfrom the recycled materials (Peer Consultants, 1991).

Recycling MethodsThe Recycling methods that can be applied by the municipality is given and summarized below. Raw materials recycling methods:

1 Recycling programs of sorting the materials in the first using places.Recycling in the settlement places

Recycling in the apartments (many families)Recycling in the street ( one family )

Commercial/industrial recyclingCollecting boxesPurchasing centers of the used materialSpecial campaigns

2 Recycling Institutions

3. Processing of the mixed wastes (Peer Consultants, 1991)

IV. RECYCLING ECONOMY

Recycling process is important not only for the environment but also for economical issues. In the developedwestern countries, Recycling sector is developing and institutionalizing day by day. Plastic consumptions of somecountries are seen in table 1.

2/ Applied research, practice based research: case studies

Table 1. The plastic consumption per person in some countries (kg/person) (Wright, 1993)

LDPE HDPE PVC PP PS D??ER TOPLAM

West Europe 17.1 10.9 14.4 16.8 5.7 4.1 69

Rumania 1.8 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 6.1

China 2.6 1.5 2.1 2.4 1.3 1.2 11.1

Malaysia 9.3 6.9 5.5 8.4 4.8 4.7 39.6

India 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.1 2.7

U.S.A 24.0 21.0 20.5 19.9 9.1 3.6 98.1

Turkey 5.60 2.26 6.34 7.10 2.16 6.94 30.4

In the last five years the plastic consumption in Turkey is increased from 1.230.324 ton to 1.933.471 ton ( % 57increase ).In the seventh plan period, plastic production between the years of 1995-1999 is increased from1.358.629ton/year to 2.350.001ton/year ( %72 increase) (DPT Comission Report of Plastic, 1990).

Plastic material is being used in many daily appliances like in automobile sector, in kitchen tools, in the parks andthe gardens, as being construction materials, as foodstuffs package, in cosmetics, as cleaning materials, in citrusfruits and agricultural products, in textile sector, as packaging in the ready-made clothing and in the heath sector.It would not be thought that the demand of the recycled materials be constant in that market. It is seen from theexperience of other developed countries that the demand of these materials would increase, if the supply ofrecycled materials increases in safety manner.

V. Plastic examples that are used in the automotive Industry

When the old automobiles are compared with today’s automobile, it is seen that more plastics and less metals areused in new ones. Every year 10 million automobile are completely worn out and are pulled to pieces. Metalmaterials are put into recycling process for reusing. The other materials that are not metal, Automobile ShredderResidue (ASR), are called as automobile waste materials. Even these materials have some recyclable materials; theyare generally eliminated by burying into the ground (plastics-car, 2002). Today in United Kingdom there are 27million automobile. Every year while two million new automobile added to this number, less than two millionautomobile are decreased from this number because of being worn out (CARE, 2001). In 1998 1.8 millionautomobile are completely worn out because of an accident or being old (MVDA, 2002) .The increase in thenumber of the automobile makes us try to have the recycling of “End of Life of Vehicle” (ELV) for every car tobe maximized. This would help to minimize the automobile waste material. Again in United Kingdom 3-5 millionton ASR is produced. 1 million ton of these numbers are Polyurethane and 750 thousand are thermoplastics(Scharff and Caruso, 1990) (BWSF, 2001). Automotive Consortium on Recycling and Disposal (ACORD) 1998report shows that in United Kingdom % 74 of the worn out automobiles(% 64 of the worn out materials couldbe recycled and 10% are reused.) are improved (DELV, 2001). Plastic materials types and usage are seen below(figure 1).

Figure 1. Plastic materials usage areas in an automobile (Scharff and

Caruso, 1990)

Many scientist and engineer in the automotive and plastic sector are working on the subjects of increasing in theusage of plastic materials in the automobiles production, recycling of the automobiles and ELV of the


automobiles. Automobiles are the most valuable product in the subject of recycling in American Industry. EveryYear this Industry usually recycle 18 million ton worn out material from the broke down automobiles (Brentonand others, 1996). Plastic materials that are used in automobiles are seen (figure 2).

Figure 2. Types of plastic materials that are used in anautomobile and appliance areas of these materials inthe car (Scharff and Caruso, 1990).

In the late 1980’s and in the early 1990’s European Commission started the “Priority Waste Streams Program”.With the name of this program, reusing of ELV and recycling programs are supported. Moreover In 1995 this wasadmitted as absolutely necessary by the European Commission. Instructions, demand the below from EuropeanUnion.

With the date of 1 January 2007 Minimum 85 % of the weight of every car has to be reused or improved,for 2015 it is 95 %, While it is 80 % for 2006

With the date of 1 January 2006 minimum 75% of the automobiles that are produced before1980’s haveto be recycled in the way of reusing or improving (Brenton and others, 1996).

According to the article of “Society of the Plastic Industry” that is published in UK in 1998 called The Truths andThe Values, the amount of plastic material is seen in table 2 (SMMT, 2001).

Table 2. The amount of plastic materials that is used for automobile market (kg) (SMMT, 2001).

Main Market 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Transportation 3221 3795 3916 3964 4102

Total 63636 70799 71194 78748 82715

% 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.0 5.0

Since plastic material is lighter than metal material, plastic materials are preferred in automobile industry for fuelsaving, in the program of decreasing the weight of the automobile. Every new development shows that plasticmain bodies would be used more often with new appliances.

VI. Plastic Types in Automobiles

Today in two types of plastics are used in automobile production. Thermoplastics: These kinds of plastics have the capability to soften and harden quickly by the way of heating


and cooling without any change in its chemical structure. When these materials are heated they soften and melt,this feature helps to apply plastic weld.

Thermosets: The chemical features of these kinds of plastics are changed when heating and ultraviolet applied.When these materials shaped as long lasting they are fairly tough. Plastic weld can not be applied in thermosets,they can only be glued.

Scharff and Caruso in the article of “Complete Automotive Welding Metals and Plastics” that is published in 1980say that there are 79 types of plastics that are used in the automotive industry of General Motors (Scharff andCaruso, 1990). Using of so many types of plastics is very important to determine the recycling processes thatwould be applied for automobile recycling. It is impossible to apply the same methods for every kind of plasticsand get the same result. The plastic parts of automobiles recycling and end of life of vehicle statements are seen

Figure 3. Recycling of dashboard and its life cycle

Figure 4. Recycling of bumpers and its life cycle

VII. Recycling Appliances

When the long life of the automobile considered for recycling, quality and the non-corrodibility are the mostimportant features. In this life span, Thermoplastics materials are firstly subjected to the chemical impressions ofthe environment and moreover, gluing, dying, ray of ultraviolet, temperature changes, dusts and etc.

Production methods of the materials and the plastics do change in the process of the automobile according towhich position the automobile takes place in the market. Distribution of the material responsibility is belongingthe provider of material. This situation helps low investing cost for thermoplastics and the disassembling peoplewho will have the future recycling sector of automobiles.

The design for disassembling the automobile components is being important as the design of mechanicsmounting. Repairing systems are the important level of this process. Generally the plastic and other materialmodules are put on the automobile mechanically. This helps to separate the entire modules to pieces easily andquickly (GE, 1998). Table 3 and 4 show Usage of plastic material in automobile components and RecyclingApproach Analysis of Automobiles Companies.


Table 3. Usage of plastic material in automobile components, Impacts of usage of this material to automobiledesign and Appliance areas of plastics after the process of recycling (Vatan, 2002).

Appliance Areas The Types of the Impacts of usage of Appliance areas

Plastic Material Plastic Material to after the process

automobile design of recycling

Bumper and Panel Polycarbonat, Polyester, cheap, help the designers Producing Panel

systems,

Systems Polypropilen, Polyuretan, in their free creativity new bumper, structure

Polyamid table of bumper,

battery groove, half

structural

components, clamps

Surface’s Panel SMC ( Sheet Molding Cause decreasing the

Compound) , thermoset total heaviness of automobiles,

polyester compound, living long and having

RIM-urethane (reaction- ecologic approach..

injection molding) and

thermoplastic system

(including thermoplastic

olefins )

Lighting System Polycarbonat Durability to high temperature, Indicator housing,

not to be pulled to peaces lighting parts housing

when it’s broken, and could

be designed in many forms.

Trim Nylon, Polystyrene, Saving time and money Door handle,

Polycarbonate, at exterior trim and interior trims, exterior

Poly-vynilclorure, saving on painting costs. trims

Polypropylene,

Polyester and Urethane

Upholstery Urethane foams Recyclability, combined with Carpet padding

their ability to fulfill design

and economic demands.

Instrument Panels ABS, ABS/ Polycarbonate Giving an opportunity Instrument panels, i

alloys, Polycarbonate, to complex design, nstrument panel’s

Polypropylene, reducing costs and table, components

Polypropylene modified total heaviness. housing, structural

with Polypropylene -Ether components, vent.

and Styrene-Maleic-

Anhydride

Steering Wheel Vinyl Helping modern interior Electricity wiring

steering columns made harnesses

from a variety of in-mold

thermoplastics and metal

components.


Air Ducts ABS and Polypropylene The air ducts themselves are Air ducts, grid

complex and add-shaped, yet systems, air ducts

at the same time light weight components housing

and durable. They would be

difficult to reproduce using

other family of materials.

Components Nylon, Styrene, Plastic provides with a strong, Component housing,

Housing Polypropylene and consistent, durable and trims

Polyester lightweight housing material

whose interference with

magnetic fields is negligible.

Switches and Nylon, Polyester and Low friction, high strength, Electricity housing,

Sockets Acetyl and a natural smooth finished. components housing,

grids

Connectors Polybutylene Good insulator, both strong Air and heating

Terephthalate and stiff, and holding system’s ducts,

up well against the high components housing

temperature.

Circuit Boards and Acrylic fiber optic cable Reducing heaviness,

Wiring Harnesses increasing systems productivity,

and safety and easiness in

setting up the systems.

Other Interior Seat bases, headliners and Noise insulation, vibration

load floors of Glass Mat insulation and suitable

Thermoplastics GMT for aesthetic interior design

composite, door trim panels with softness, comfort,

and rear package shelves of durability. Plastic’s design

Akrila nitryl-Bütadien_ flexibility helps manufacturer

Styrene ABS and Glass Mat create innovative integral,

Thermoplastics GMT. single-piece light weight

components, while cutting costs,

saving time, and helping lessen

the problems associated with

vehicle redesign.

Transmission Phenolic resins with glass It has been used successfully

fiber reinforcement to manufacture stationary

transmission parts with

attached revolving rotors in

revolutionary one-piece design.

Heat and chemical resistance,

high strength, impact strength

and molding ease.

Drive Shaft Producing single-piece Reduction in noise, vibration and Component housing

plastic harshness. Less stress on

connecting components.


Bearings Nylon Low friction over a high Component housing,

temperature. grids, duct systems

C.V. and ‘U’ Joints Acetyl Low friction coefficient and Joints, clamps

inherent strength.

Fuel Tanks High Density Polyethylene Strong, light weight material Fuel tanks

that has allowed manufacturers

to substantially reduce the

overall weight of vehicles. Plastic

use in design of complex fuel

systems that fit into the

ever-constrained chassis

environment.

This unique ability of plastic

fuel tanks to be fit into the most

optimal spaces in a vehicle chassis

allows for the additional room

that can be used to accommodate

other components, provide

passengers with a larger interior,

or expand the size of car trunk

or truck bed.

Fuel Lines Nylon Flexibility, light weight, Fuel lines,

low cost, and low component housing

permeability. Resisting corrosion,

crushing, abrasion, and cracking.

Vapor Recovery Glass-reinforced Nylon

Systems or Polypropylene

Fuel Filler Pipes Nylon Flexible fuel filler system allows Yakıt boruları,

for increased safety in the event parça yuvaları

of a crash since, unlike metal

full-filler pipees, many can bend

and flatten, rather than tearing

and rupturing and spilling gasoline,

there by safety eliminating fuel

leakage as the cause of a fire or

explosion. It also provides fuel

performance.

Fuel pumps Weight savings, space savings,

cost savings, and in a reduction of

the number of components used.

Plastic allows an integrated design

that fits together tightly, thereby

avoiding any fuel leaks into the

circuitry or other parts of the pump.


Fuel Modules The plastic modules that With a plastic module, the fuel is

house the pump, filter housed in a self-contained

and fuel level sender. area that ensures a constant

delivery of fuel to the system,

without enduring pressure loss

due to the unavailability of fuel

while cornering or in inclined

park positions.

Fuel Rails Composite Plastic fuel rails are cost-effective

and are easily integrated in

the air fuel induction modules.

Air-intake Systems Nylon or Polypropylene Determining the longevity of an Components housing,

engine, as well as engine’s power air ducts, trims

and smoothness when running.

Fuel-intake Systems Nylon Plastic allows for a smooth

surface, while reducing noise,

vibration and harshness (NVH)

levels and weight, and giving

designers more flexibility when

trying to maximize a car’s

performance.

Engine Components Using plastic in engine rocker

arm covers in a tremendous

advantage to manufacturers

seeking to save tooling time,

assembly time and material costs.

Plastic’s typical light weight

Structure Carbon Fibers Light weight is a tremendous

advantage to manufacturers,

since weight savings makes

parts easier to transport. It also

provides consumers better fuel

economy, and with the fuel

savings that light weight brings,

helps preserve resources and

protect the environment.

Support Nylon Many different types of ribbing Bumper, grids, air

can be designed for a single and heating systems

piece, all with different ducts,fuel-intake

important structural advantages. system

Suspension Nylon and Polypropylene Plastics’ light weight helps Component housing

are used to produce complete a suspension system

suspension tubing and that is strong and rigid,

links connecting the yet light in weight and

suspension system to fully functional.

support structures


Brakes Plastic-based brake pads Plastic makes today’s

are made from a tough braking systems possible.

Aramid Fiber. Automatic Braking System (ABS) housings are molded from plastics.

Cooling Systems Nylon, Nylon and Plastic’s ability to be formedinto Air and cooling Polyphenylene Sulfide complex shape helps make more systems ducts, are use in water pumps. space-efficient and designer- component housing,

system friendly. Plastic’s high fuel-intakeresistance to corrosion helps prevent leaks occurring in plastic based radiator end tanks.

People pay more attention to the recycling of the materials especially the plastics than before for protecting theenvironment. Not to cause pollution and recycling of the worn out materials do become two important reasonof the recycling for environmental behavior.

Every year 50 million plastic resins are produced all over the world, but to determine the amount of recycling ofthis material is very difficult.

The recycling process of the plastic materials applied in the automotive industry is very important for this industryin which the huge amounts of plastic materials are used. 160 kg plastic material is used only for a car. This showshow the recycling of plastic materials is so important for automobile industry for economical and alsoenvironmental behavior. The most important problem of the recycling centers is usually how to find the sufficientrecycling material (waste). However, the amounts of plastics that are used in the automobile industry shows thatthis industry would help to bring about the sufficient material. In addition the usage of the recycled materials inthe automobile industry would solve another problem of the recycling centers which is the marketing of therecycled materials. In this way, the automotive industry is both give the raw materials to this industry’s recyclingmarket and also get the recycled products from this market.

Plastic materials help to the development of the design of the automobiles. The usage of the plastic materialsgives new chances to the designers in their concepts with the shaping easiness of the plastic material. Fuel,aeration, and the heating systems could be produced with the plastic material. This helps to widen the inside ofthe automobile and passengers to have more comfort. Other advantages of the plastic materials in theautomotive industry are recyclables, it is economical, to have the low weight in the automobiles, insulation of thevolume and the vibration, durability and non-corrodibility. Table 4 shows Recycling Approach Analysis ofAutomobiles Companies.

In the recycling approaches of automotive companies’ analysis we see same recycling approaches between thecompanies such as Volkswagen, Ford, BMW and Toyota. The recycling aim of these companies is to be able torecycle the %95 of the automobile that European commission determined for 2015. Every of this companieswhich are the leaders of the automotive industry has environmental appliances reports. The design approachesof these companies are mainly recyclables reusing of the materials, increasing in the usage of plastic materials andresearches for increasing the life of the automobile. General aims of these companies are recycling, materialpreferences, using of the recycled materials and increasing the life of the products. Using of plastics in BMWautomobiles (figure 5).



Environmental

Application Plans

Recycling Aims Design Approach General Aims Recycling Applications

Volkswagen Environmental

Report 2002

% 85 Recycling

in

2002, %95

Recycling in

2015

Emission aims,

Material selecting

process,

Recyclability

Material, Production

methods and process,

Recycling, Fuel

consumption, Exhaust

emission, Earth/water

pollution, Noise

All plastics of Transporter

Van are recycled,

Automobile Life Cycle

Analysis is used in Golf

A3 and Lupo.

Ford Environmental

Report 2001-2002

% 75 recycling

in 2002

Reducing

Materials, Reusing,

Recycling

Designing Easiness in

disassembling for

recycling, Position of

recycled materials in

automobile design,

economical car design,

using recyclable

materials in automotive,

Providing long life-span

for products.

In Ford factory, they are

using 4 billion pound

recycled materials. Every

year 360,000 tires

recycled and with these

materials producing

heating and air systems.

Recycled telephone and

computers are used to

make truck’s

case.Recycled nylon from

industrial carpets in

amount of % 25 are

used to produce air

cleaning systems’ parts.

Recycled materials are

used in Focus, Fiesta, Ka

and Escord. All plastics of

Ford Th!nk are recycled.

BMW Sustainable Value

Report 2001-2002

Using amount of

% 75 recyclable

plastics instead

of metal.

Increasing using of

plastics, separating

parts analysis,

Design approaches

for economical and

environmental

recycling of

automobiles parts.

Design for recycling,

Economical and

environmental recycling,

recycling in product

developing process,

increasing in using

recycled.

Approximately 162 kg of

plastics are used in BMW

3 series.Approximately 90

kg of them are recycled

with the BMW recycling

standards. Using plastics

of one BMW automobile

is % 12. % 14-15 of

these plastics are

recycled.Toyota E n v i r o n m e n t a l

Report 2002

Recycling %95 of

a car in 2015

End of Life of

Vehicle Study,

Reusing of

materials.

Improvement in recycling

technology and systems.

Approximately 546.000

bumpers (%59 of total

producing) are collected

back and recycled. With

these recycled materials

producing annex baggage

parts. In new Celsior

model they are using new

plastic type which has

been developed by Toyota

for reusing.

Table 4. Recycling Approach Analysis of Automobiles Companies (Vatan, 2002).

This diagnosis shows that recycling processes could beeasily applied in the automotive industry. The subject ofrecycling is considered in every level of this industryfrom designing level to finding and reusing of the bestmaterial for the product. Recycling approaches areimportant for two reasons in the automotive industry:for economical and environmental % 60 of the plasticmaterials that are used in the automobiles could berecycled. This is advantage s both for this industry andalso for environment. Ford is using recycled plastics inThink car (figure 6,7 and 8).

Figure 6,7,8. Ford Think Car

VIII. WHAT CAN WE DO?

Every people in the world especially the designers are responsible to protect the environment. Between the designmethods the subject of the materials preferences, production methods and recycling is becoming important dayby day. With LCA, the future of the products, in this way recycling is becoming more important in the designworld. Along with the sustainability concept, the recycling concern increases. In addition, the environmental andeconomical issues are sufficient to support the recycling approaches.

As it is seen form the examples in the world, the subject of recycling takes its place in design world. The designersshould consider recycling matter in the level of designing and impose the recycling conscious to the public.


Figure 5. BMW automobiles plastic parts

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Amount of Waste? Elsevier Science Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17, 141-151.BWSF, 2001. www.bpf.co.uk , British Vehicle Salvage Federation.

CARE, 2001. www.caregroup.org.uk , Consortium for Automotive Recycling.DELV, 2001. www.trents.co.uk, The Disposal of End of Life Vehicles in the UK.

Eröztürk, A., 1997. Recycling of Packaging Waste in Turkey, Master of Science Thesis, I.T.U. Institute of Science,Istanbul.

GE Plastics, 1998. Design For Recycling, USA.MVDA, 2002. www.mvda.co.uk , Motor Vehicle Dismantlers Association of Great Britain, 2002.Pavoni,J., and others, 1975. Handbook of Solid Waste Disposal: Materials and Energy Recovery, Van Nostrand

Reinhold Co., New York.Peer Consultants, 1991. Handbook: Material Recovery Facilities for Municipal Solid Waste, US Environmental

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington.PCR, Plastic Commission Report, 1990.Turkey Prime Ministry The State Planning Organization, Plastic

Manufacturing Industry, Ankara, Turkey.Plastics-car, 2002. www.plastics-car.comRhyner,C.R. and others, 1998. Waste Management and Resource Recovery, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.Scharff, R., Caruso, D., 1990. Complete Automotive Welding Metals and Plastics, Delmar Publisher Inc, New York.SMMT, 2001. www.smmt.co.uk/news/pressreleaseresults.asp?issue=2001, The Society of Motor Manufacturers

and Traders Ltd.Vatan, C., 2002. Recycling of Plastics: Examples from Automotive Industry, Master of Science Thesis, I.T.U.

Institute of Science, Istanbul. Wright, D.H., 1993. Testing Automotive Materials and Components, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc.,

Pennsylvania.

Ceyda Vatan ArchitectPhD Student-Research Assistant/ I.T.U. Industrial Product Design Department

Biography Ceyda Vatan was born in 1975 in Istanbul. She was graduated from Yildiz Technical University as Architect,Department of Architecture. She has a Master degree of Industrial Design from Istanbul Technical UniversityDepartment of Industrial Product Design. Master thesis subject is “Recycling Plastics: Examples from AutomotiveIndustry”. She is still PhD student and research assistant at I.T.U. Department of Industrial Product Design.


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