recycling produced water and brackish groundwater in the oil field 2014
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Recycling produced water and brackish groundwater in TexasTRANSCRIPT
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RECYCLING PRODUCED WATER AND BRACKISH GROUNDWATER
IN THE OIL FIELD 2014
By Doug Hall, W D Hall Company
Austin, Texas
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W D Hall Company, Austin, Texas 2
Press Coverage on Water in Texas – lots!
“Texas must
limit agricultural water use”
Houston Chronicle, May 29, 2012
“The new oil is water” Odessa American Online, April 6, 2014
“Report: Fracking colliding with other water
uses during drought” San Antonio Express News, February 5, 2014
“Texas Legislature: Group pursues reuse of water from fracking” San Angelo Stand Times, Feb 16, 2013
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What is Produced Water and WHY should we recycle it?
• Product of oil and gas extraction • “brine” and “formation water” • Largest waste product
(BKT website)
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What is Produced Water and WHY should we recycle it? (cont.)
1. It’s one of the very few ways we can actually
add water to the local hydrologic system!
2. We don’t have to pump seawater from the coast!
3. We need more water.
4. Water is getting more expensive.
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Why Will the Price of Clean Water Continue to Increase in Texas?
1. New water supplies 2. System expansion3. System repairs4. Drought Fees
Supply and demand economics: Water is a commodity = water markets
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82% Population Growth by 2060(TWDB 2012)
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Regions with Water Shortages in 2060(TWDB 2012)
• Lubbock ~ 2,400,000 ac-ft/yr (irrigation)
• Dallas/Fort Worth ~ 1,500,000 ac-ft/yr
• Houston ~ 1,200,000 ac-ft/yr
• Rio Grande Valley ~ 750,000 ac-ft/yr
• San Antonio ~ 600,000 ac-ft/yr
• Austin ~ 400,000 ac-ft/yr
(if no new water supplies are developed)
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Droughts
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(Beach, James, 2012)
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(FNI Water, 2012)
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Oil and Gas Wells in Texas –the Source of Produced Water
Green=oil well
Red=gas well
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Produced Water Reuse(Michael Sims, RRC, 2013)
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Treatment for Reuse of Produced Waterin the Oil Field
Level 1 – Gravity separation from the oil and gas
Level 2 – Separation, filtration, flotation, EC to remove solids, TSS, particles, oils, bacteria, frac chemicals
• Results = clean brine• Very high TDS water (>200,000 mg/l) may be acceptable for reuse
Level 3 – Getting the salt out (RO, ED, EDR, Distillation)
Equipment and power costs increase as you reduce TDS levels. Many more possible uses for this water.
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Produced Water Treatment Costsfor Oil Field Use
Level 2 (Pre-treatment) ~ $.50 to $3.00/bbl (clean brine - HF water may not need more treatment)
Level 3 (Membrane de-salting) ~ $3.00-$8.00/bbl or
Level 3 (Thermal distillation) ~ >$5.00/bbl.
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Produced Water Disposal CostsThe numbers to beat!
Disposal wells in Texas
~ $.50/bbl to $2.50/bbl
The main driver for not recycling
+
Plus - $1.00/bbl/hour
The main driver for recycling!(loading, unloading and travel time)
Location is key!
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Produced Water Volumes in Texas
• Estimated• 650,000 ac-ft/yr (DOE for 2002)• 237,000,000 ac-ft/yr (USBR for 2009)• 775,000 ac-ft/yr (Tintera, 2013)
• Calculated based on oil and gas production (2012)• 410,000 ac-ft/yr to 880,000 ac-ft/yr
• Reported• 100,000 ac-ft/yr (RRC, 2012)
~1,000,000 ac-ft/yr estimate for Texas
The need = better information
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Brackish Groundwater – a Better Alternative for Now in
Texas?
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Brackish Groundwater in TexasOrange, yellow and red indicate brackish groundwater (TWDB)
It’s almost everywhere!
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Brackish Groundwater Depths in Texas(http://ne.water.usgs.gov/ogw/brackishgw/)
It’s reasonably shallow!
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Brackish Groundwater Use in Texas(Houston Chronicle, November 14, 2011)
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Brackish Groundwater Treatment Costs(TWDB 2012)
Total production costs for desalinating brackish groundwater ranged from:
$357 to $666/ac-ft.
$.001/gal to $.002/gal
$.05/bbl to $.09/bbl (Drinking Water Quality)
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For Comparison - Cost of Bottled Water
• Bottled water about $1.22/gallon nationwide• 300x the cost of a gallon of tap water
• For sales of single 16.9oz (500 mL) bottles, though, this cost is much, much higher- about $7.50 per gallon
• About $315/bbl!• That’s almost 2,000x the cost of a gallon of tap water and
twice the cost of a gallon of regular gasoline.
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Brackish Groundwater Treatment Costsfor Oil Field Use
After the first use in fraccing,
the cost for treating brackish groundwater
is roughly the same as treating produced water
(~ $.50 to $3.00/bbl)
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Estimated Volume of Brackish Groundwater in Texas
_________________________________________________________________
2.7 billion acre-feet* (880 trillion gallons)
(21 trillion bbls)
Of Less than 10,000 mg/l groundwater
Only statewide estimate - 2003(Arroyo, 2012)
*(LBG-Guyton, 2003)
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Getting better data_________________________________________________________
____
National Brackish Groundwater Assessment by the USGS Ongoing - Completion Date: September 2016
TWDB - Brackish Resources Aquifers Characterization System: BRACS
OngoingTWDB -http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/innovativewater/bracs/index.asp
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Estimated Volumes –Produced Water and Brackish Groundwater
Produced Water ~1,000,000 ac-ft/yr
Brackish Groundwater ~2.7 billion ac-ft
Equal to ~ 2,700 years of Produced Water!
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Produced Water vs Brackish GroundwaterOil Field
Produced Brackish
Concerns Water Groundwater
Is the local water volume sufficient for reuse? (location sensitive) Some times Most times
Concern over conflicting use – municipal? No Possibly
Is the local water supply reliable for > 20 years? Uncertain Most likely
Ownership Unclear Unclear
Cost of sourcing Uncontrollable Controllable
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Questions about Using Brackish Groundwater
Check these out early-• What is the quantity of brackish groundwater required? For how long?• Who owns the brackish groundwater?• Is the brackish groundwater planned for a future municipal supply?• What are the pumping costs now and in the future? • Will pumping from the brackish aquifer adversely impact overlying
freshwater aquifers? • Will the water quality (salinity) change during pumping? Deteriorate?
(Maliva, et al, 2014)
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Vision of a Stationary, Water Recycling Facilityfor the Oil Field
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Produced Water Recycling Facility – Irion County
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Produced Water Recycling Facility – Parker County
(Slutz, et al, 2012)
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What might a Stationary Produced and/or Brackish Water Recycling Facility look like?
• Location – close to produced water generators
(> 100 wells) from single or multiple E&P operators and treated water users (within approx. 15 mile radius)
• Easy access to brackish groundwater
• Size – 100 to 200 acres; security fencing
• Lined ponds and tanks for water storage (500,000 bbls or more); berms for water control
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Facilities and Equipment
• truck loading/ unloading and washing • oil recovery equipment • treatment equipment (able to treat at least 30,000 to 50,000 bpd)• office and laboratory • maintenance shop• living accommodations • communication towers • water pumps and pipelines • chemical storage sheds • fresh water well • brackish water well
• SWD well • And a waste storage area
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Logistical Management / Process Monitoring
• Smart logistical management and process monitoring (software) • in-out water volumes• inventory • lab analysis and results • storage and transport/ distribution services• equipment performance
• Reliable communications for reporting for business, technical, and regulatory needs
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Potential Benefits of Operating a Centralized PW/BW Recycling Facility
• Lower water acquisition, hauling and management costs for E&P operators
• Fixed infrastructure costs
• Economies of scale, leverage buying power
• Efficiency – fewer staff
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Potential Benefits of Operating a Centralized PW/BW Recycling Facility (cont.)
• Drought resistant, reduced competition for fresh groundwater
• Public safety – fewer trucks, fewer spills
• Eagle Ford Study: Pre-planning and establishing a centralized recycling system • 1400 wells planned over a 5 year period • Cost savings of 44 % (Robart, 2012)
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Risks Associated with Operating a Centralized PW/BW Recycling Facility
• Price of oil drops eliminating sources of produced water; Operators hesitant to sign up for long-term
• Unexpected regulatory changes; Could be caught up in local politics
• Brackish groundwater has less volume or poorer quality than anticipated
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Risks Associated with Operating a Centralized PW/BW Recycling Facility (cont.)
• Complicated contracts
• Competition with abundant, cheap SWDs
• Wrong location (proximity to sources, users, brackish groundwater)
• Wrong technology for treatment
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Summary
• Produced water can’t be relied on to supply adequate drilling and frac supply in most fields
• Existing fresh water sources will be in great demand; cost is rising
• A combination of produced water and brackish groundwater is a better, cheaper choice for use in future drilling and frac operations
• When to start using brackish groundwater? Now.
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“When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.”
—Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanac, 1746
Thank You
For more information / brainstorming:Doug Hall
W D Hall CompanyAustin, Texas512-306-8444