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SWM Learning Program SWM Learning Program in Indiain India

In association In association withwith

Reduce, Reuse and RecyclingReduce, Reuse and Recycling



Show pathways leading to improved recovery, reuse and recycling for obtaining more and better secondary raw material for the production sector

Promotes waste minimization concept for waste management.

Brings to fore the unacknowledged services being provided by the informal waste pickers in India in conserving national resources and discusses various ways through which their contribution in this sector can be enhanced

Module DescriptionModule Description

Provides information about the current practices of organic waste recycling and strategies for further improvements.



To understand the magnitude of reusable and recyclable material in the municipal waste stream which adds burden on the municipal authorities in managing such waste

To understand the concept of reduce, reuse and recycle which save resources and reduces the burden on the municipal authorities in collection, transportation and disposal of waste.

To learn the ways of promoting the objective of 3 R

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives



Concept of 3 RsConcept of 3 Rs



Waste Management HierarchyWaste Management Hierarchy

energy recovery

disposal

recycling

reuse

Energy recovery

Disposal

Recycling

Reuse

Minimisation

Prevention

Most Economic

Least wasted economic value

Least environmental damage

Least Economic

Most wasted economic value

Most environmental damage



Concept of 3RsConcept of 3Rs

1.1. Waste prevention, reduction or minimisationWaste prevention, reduction or minimisation

2.2. ReuseReuse

3.3. RecyclingRecycling

4.4. RecoveryRecovery

5.5. DisposalDisposal

3Rs fosters cooperation among waste generators, waste collectors processors and manufacturers. Recycling allows for production and consumption with reduced depletion of natural resources and energy, and can reduce the negative impact on the environmental system (air, water and soil).



Typical Recycling MaterialsTypical Recycling Materials

Glass can be sorted into colors and melted.Glass can be sorted into colors and melted. Saves energy compared to processing raw materialSaves energy compared to processing raw material Can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from Can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from

reprocessingreprocessing

GlassGlass

Can be crushed to gravel and reused in road construction and Can be crushed to gravel and reused in road construction and landscapinglandscaping

Concrete/Concrete/Demolition wasteDemolition waste

Recycling recovers valuable metalsRecycling recovers valuable metals Prevention of pollution due to heavy metals such as lead, cadmiuPrevention of pollution due to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium m

and mercuryand mercury

BatteriesBatteries

High market valueHigh market value Can be easily recycled by shredding and meltingCan be easily recycled by shredding and melting Can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from Can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from

reprocessingreprocessing Its recycling requires significantly less energy than producing Its recycling requires significantly less energy than producing it it

from ore.from ore.

AluminiumAluminium

AdvantagesAdvantagesMaterialMaterial



Typical Recycling MaterialsTypical Recycling Materials

Computers or mobile phones contain high value metals, therefore Computers or mobile phones contain high value metals, therefore they are often dismantled, reused or recycled.they are often dismantled, reused or recycled.

ElectronElectronic wasteic waste

Other plastic such as Polyethylene or PVC can be recycled but haOther plastic such as Polyethylene or PVC can be recycled but have ve less value on the market than PET. The value depends on recyclinless value on the market than PET. The value depends on recycling g and manufacturing options in the vicinity.and manufacturing options in the vicinity.

Other Other plasticplastic

Can be recycled if segregated from other waste.Can be recycled if segregated from other waste.Reprocessing into granulate is easily possible. Reprocessing into granulate is easily possible. Has a high market value if processing plants are available.Has a high market value if processing plants are available.

PETPET

Can be easily recycled; however quality is deteriorating with eaCan be easily recycled; however quality is deteriorating with each ch recycling cycle.recycling cycle.Paper or cardboard from recycled paper requires less energy and Paper or cardboard from recycled paper requires less energy and protects forests. protects forests.

PaperPaper

Metal scrap has high market values (e.g. steel, copper, silver, Metal scrap has high market values (e.g. steel, copper, silver, platinum)platinum)Alike Alike aluminiumaluminium it can be recycled indefinitely as it does not it can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from reprocessingdeteriorate from reprocessing

Other Other metalmetal



Waste generation ratesWaste generation rates

A significant increase in IndiaA significant increase in India’’s urban population, which s urban population, which has resulted in an enormous increase in the rate of waste has resulted in an enormous increase in the rate of waste generated in the cities generated in the cities

Lack of serious efforts by municipal authorities.Lack of serious efforts by municipal authorities.

Increasing income levels will have a multiplier effect on the Increasing income levels will have a multiplier effect on the amount of waste produced in the cities. amount of waste produced in the cities.

The waste collection efficiency in an Indian city ranges The waste collection efficiency in an Indian city ranges from 50 to 90% from 50 to 90%

According to the Ministry of Urban Development (Government of India), about 42 million metric tonnes of solid waste is generated per year in urban India with per capita waste generation rate ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 kg per day.



Physical composition of wastePhysical composition of waste

44.644.61.91.92.12.13.93.95.75.741.841.8IndiaIndiaOthersOthersMetalMetalGlassGlassPlasticPlasticPaperPaperCompostableCompostable

3.923.921.971.9730.0730.070.110.110.850.858.728.726.126.1246.3846.38AgraAgra

2.652.650.090.0918.8818.880.390.390.550.5512.3812.389.019.0152.4452.44Bhopal Bhopal

2.412.412.952.9531.0231.020.150.150.550.555.775.776.106.1048.9748.97IndoreIndore

9.489.485.385.3818.0118.010.290.290.920.927.457.456.876.8747.4147.41LucknowLucknow

9.489.485.385.3818.0118.010.290.290.920.927.457.456.876.8747.4147.41NagpurNagpur

5.005.000.920.9239.2839.280.300.300.790.795.295.295.285.2840.8140.81AhmedabaAhmedabadd

2.292.291.141.1417.3417.340.350.350.780.789.729.7211.5811.5851.8451.84BangaloreBangalore

RagsRagsRubber Rubber & leather& leather

InertInertMetalMetalGlassGlassPlasticPlasticPaperPaperTotal Total CompostableCompostable

Name of Name of the citythe city

Source: Central Pollution Control Board, 2005



Current practices of RRR in Indian SocietyCurrent practices of RRR in Indian Society



Steps in the Recycling ChainSteps in the Recycling Chain

Households/ Shops/

Establishment

Segregation at source ORGANIC

RECYCLABLE

Waste Purchaser Depot

Municipal Waste Storage Depot

Transportation

Treatment Plant

Disposal site

Semi whole seller / Whole seller’s depot

Recycling Industry

Rejects



Contribution of the informal sectorContribution of the informal sector

It is estimated that about 8 to 10 % of the waste i.e. about 4 million MT of waste generated in the urban areas is retrieved by the waste pickers and given away to a recycling industry



Contribution of the informal sectorContribution of the informal sector

Comprises mostly women and children from lower income Comprises mostly women and children from lower income strata (and often lower caste) with relatively small strata (and often lower caste) with relatively small percentage of males.percentage of males.

No use of protective gears to generally collect paper, No use of protective gears to generally collect paper, plastic, metal, glass and other waste materials which have plastic, metal, glass and other waste materials which have some value. some value.

materials are then sold to a middle man who purchases the materials are then sold to a middle man who purchases the waste from them at a low price. waste from them at a low price.

These middle men in turn store and resell the materials in These middle men in turn store and resell the materials in bulk to a waste dealer with a higher profit margin. bulk to a waste dealer with a higher profit margin.

The waste dealer then again sells the material in large The waste dealer then again sells the material in large quantities to the recycling or even production industry at a quantities to the recycling or even production industry at a even higher price. even higher price.



Income of waste pickersIncome of waste pickers

National Benefit 4 million tones of recyclable material retrieved by about 0.5 million (5lakh) gives them a minimum of Rs. 12 billion (1200Crores) each year at the rate of Rs. 3 / Kg and reaches the industry through middlemen.

50 Rs/DayOverall average Earning

150 – 200 Rs/DayWaste Picker with tricycle

50 – 80 Rs/DayWaste Picker with cycle

20 – 30 Rs/DayChild Waste Picker (moving alone)

10 – 15 Rs/DayChild Waste Picker (moving with mother)

40 - 45 Rs/dayAdult Waste Picker

EarningCategory

Source: “Recycling Responsibility” by Srishti in 2002



The old tradition of The old tradition of households and households and small commerce small commerce selling selling reusable/recyclable reusable/recyclable materials such as materials such as newspaper, plastic newspaper, plastic bags, bottles, bags, bottles, clothes, tins and clothes, tins and glass to waste glass to waste purchasers at the purchasers at the doorstep is well doorstep is well known as known as ““KabadiwalasKabadiwalas””..

Residents generally sell recyclable wastes to kabadiwallahs at a pre-determined price



Problems faced & caused by Problems faced & caused by ““Rag pickersRag pickers””

Harassed by the police as they suspect them for Harassed by the police as they suspect them for committing thefts. committing thefts.

Municipal authorities harass them as they spread the Municipal authorities harass them as they spread the waste while retrieving the recyclable materials.waste while retrieving the recyclable materials.

Unhygienic practices pose health threats to waste Unhygienic practices pose health threats to waste pickers pickers



Problems caused by Problems caused by ““Rag pickersRag pickers””

Waste pickers often cause additional littering on streets Waste pickers often cause additional littering on streets when rummaging the waste bags and bins . when rummaging the waste bags and bins .

They also burn waste at the dumpsites to salvage valuable They also burn waste at the dumpsites to salvage valuable material such as wires from the tyres and some portion of material such as wires from the tyres and some portion of metals causing environmental pollution. metals causing environmental pollution.

They move around the bull dozers/ the compactors at the They move around the bull dozers/ the compactors at the landfill to pick up recyclable materials and often accidents landfill to pick up recyclable materials and often accidents are caused when they try to pick up waste alongside the are caused when they try to pick up waste alongside the moving lauries bull dozers etc at the landfill moving lauries bull dozers etc at the landfill



Mandatory directions under MSW Rules to promote 3RsMandatory directions under MSW Rules to promote 3Rs

Source: Schedule II of MSW Rules 2000

Segregation of municipal solid wastesSegregation of municipal solid wastes

In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organiseorganise awareness awareness programmesprogrammes for segregation of wastes for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident welfare associations and nonlocal resident welfare associations and non--governmental governmental organizations.organizations.



Mandatory directions under MSW Rules to promote 3RsMandatory directions under MSW Rules to promote 3Rs

Source: Schedule II of MSW Rules 2000

Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted, namely:-

The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes.

Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling.



Recommendations for Recommendations for Implementation of the mandatesImplementation of the mandates



Promoting storage and segregation of waste at sourcePromoting storage and segregation of waste at source

Involving the informal sector & extending financial Involving the informal sector & extending financial help to NGOs and cohelp to NGOs and co--operatives operatives

Organizing them for into door step "waste collectors" Organizing them for into door step "waste collectors" by motivating them to stop picking up soiled and by motivating them to stop picking up soiled and contaminated solid waste and instead collect recyclable contaminated solid waste and instead collect recyclable clean material directly from the households clean material directly from the households

The upgraded ragThe upgraded rag--pickers on becoming door step pickers on becoming door step wastewaste--collectors may be given an identity card by the collectors may be given an identity card by the NGOs organizing them so that they may have NGOs organizing them so that they may have acceptability in society. acceptability in society.



Processing of Municipal Solid Wastes:Processing of Municipal Solid Wastes:

Promote segregation at sourcePromote segregation at source

Till 100% source segregation is achieved the mixed Till 100% source segregation is achieved the mixed waste containing recyclable material may be waste containing recyclable material may be subjected to segregation at the secondary level.subjected to segregation at the secondary level.

If waste is of high calorific value consider WTE If waste is of high calorific value consider WTE options.options.

Special care must be taken prior to considering Special care must be taken prior to considering WTE technologies for treatment of MSW waste. WTE technologies for treatment of MSW waste.



Promote Composting of WastePromote Composting of Waste

Composting reduces (separated) biodegradable waste to 25-30 % of its initial weight. By adopting composting technology for treatment of MSW, municipal authorities will save up to 55% of waste going to landfill.



Role of Industrial Sector & EPRRole of Industrial Sector & EPR

• The central and state governments may consider introducing the concept of Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR).

• Industry needs to realize the problems their packaging material creates once they are discarded by the purchaser of their products.

• Ideally, industries should show self commitment (e.g. in form of a sector agreement) to reduce waste from packaging and reuse or recycle production waste as much as possible.



Extended Producer Responsibility

1. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) provides an overall framework to link formal systems of production to the existing informal system of recycling through a product life cycle approach where the producer is responsible.

2. It provides an opportunity to resolve several inter-related waste management problems.

3. EPR can act as a pressure tool for making big corporate houses, which generate large quantities of waste, to invest in recycling and take back their product waste. Discouragement and higher taxes on packaging materials, which are non-recyclable, can help reduce the problem of waste.



GovernmentGovernment’’s Roles Role

Encourage technology advancements for waste recyclingEncourage technology advancements for waste recycling

Help create logistic chains and market for recyclable Help create logistic chains and market for recyclable products.products.

Examine the issue of recycling within the framework of Examine the issue of recycling within the framework of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).

Promote the use of rePromote the use of re--usable or ecousable or eco--friendly packaging friendly packaging material.material.

Direct the industries to reduce the packaging material and Direct the industries to reduce the packaging material and its composition. its composition.

Levy ecoLevy eco--surcharge on hardsurcharge on hard--toto--recycle or ecologically recycle or ecologically unfriendly packaging to encourage compliance.unfriendly packaging to encourage compliance.

Help in marketing of compost through extension methods to Help in marketing of compost through extension methods to the agricultural sector.the agricultural sector.



Need of intervention by Municipal AuthoritiesNeed of intervention by Municipal Authorities

Promote segregation of waste at source of generation.Promote segregation of waste at source of generation.

Collection of recyclable waste from the door stepCollection of recyclable waste from the door step

Involve citizens and citizens organistions/ NGOs in SWM Involve citizens and citizens organistions/ NGOs in SWM planningplanning

Integrate the informal sector in the formal SWM system byIntegrate the informal sector in the formal SWM system by

organizing waste picker cooperatives through NGOs for door organizing waste picker cooperatives through NGOs for door to door collectionto door collection

providing work places for sorting and sheds for storing providing work places for sorting and sheds for storing recyclablesrecyclables

providing marketing chains and direct links to industries for providing marketing chains and direct links to industries for recyclables recyclables



NGO InterventionNGO Intervention

Undertake phased programmes to encourage citizens Undertake phased programmes to encourage citizens in segregating waste at source.in segregating waste at source.

Organize rag pickers for door to door collection in Organize rag pickers for door to door collection in urban areas for collection of organic and recyclable urban areas for collection of organic and recyclable waste separately. waste separately.

Eliminate the middlemen in this sector, through Eliminate the middlemen in this sector, through forming cooperatives of rag pickers forming cooperatives of rag pickers

Provide access to health clinics, livelihood skills and Provide access to health clinics, livelihood skills and saving schemes.saving schemes.

Promoting conversion of waste materials (paper and Promoting conversion of waste materials (paper and plastics) into useful products.plastics) into useful products.



Case StudyCase Study

Centre for Environment Education, BangaloreCentre for Environment Education, Bangalore

Centre for Environment Education Centre for Environment Education (CEE) setup a hand made paper making (CEE) setup a hand made paper making unit and a plastic weaving loom in unit and a plastic weaving loom in Coorg. Coorg.

The waste polythene bags are collected The waste polythene bags are collected from schools through the ecofrom schools through the eco--clubs, clubs, houses, through waste retrievers and Self houses, through waste retrievers and Self help Groupshelp Groups

These polythene bags are washed, dried, These polythene bags are washed, dried, cut into strips and woven in handlooms cut into strips and woven in handlooms to make attractive bags, mats, folders, to make attractive bags, mats, folders, pencil cases, wall charts, curtains for pencil cases, wall charts, curtains for windows and doors etc. windows and doors etc.

These products are sold at various These products are sold at various exhibitions and fairs.exhibitions and fairs.

Polybag weaving unit at the Coorg

facility



Community ParticipationCommunity Participation

Keep two domestic bins at home. One for biodegradable Keep two domestic bins at home. One for biodegradable food waste and another for recyclable material. food waste and another for recyclable material.

Not to litter on the streets and handover the waste kept Not to litter on the streets and handover the waste kept separately to the waste collector on a day today basis. separately to the waste collector on a day today basis.

May compost their kitchen waste, leaves, grass clippings May compost their kitchen waste, leaves, grass clippings and garden plants within their premises if there is space and garden plants within their premises if there is space availableavailable



Community projectCommunity project

Muskan Muskan JyotiJyoti Samiti, LucknowSamiti, Lucknow

Work with 150 households Work with 150 households Services offered are collection of waste from doorServices offered are collection of waste from door--to door and sweeping of to door and sweeping of

roads, twice a week. The project took two years to reach a finanroads, twice a week. The project took two years to reach a financial stable cial stable position. position.

The District Authorities allocated 65 acres of land, free of cosThe District Authorities allocated 65 acres of land, free of cost, for vermit, for vermi--composting and monetary assistance for preparation of compost becomposting and monetary assistance for preparation of compost beds and ds and pits and also for procuring cycle rickshaws. pits and also for procuring cycle rickshaws.

Currently the project serves the upper, middle and lower income Currently the project serves the upper, middle and lower income colonies colonies . It charges different user fee in different colonies, which var. It charges different user fee in different colonies, which vary between Rs y between Rs 1515--30 per household per month. 30 per household per month.

900 waste pickers are Employed.900 waste pickers are Employed. Waste pickers are not paid any salary however they have a right Waste pickers are not paid any salary however they have a right over the over the

recyclables and on an average, every waste collector gets betweerecyclables and on an average, every waste collector gets between Rs n Rs 12001200--Rs 1500 per month by selling the recyclables.Rs 1500 per month by selling the recyclables.



International ExamplesInternational Examples

GermanyGermany’’s recycling policy and its recycling policy and it’’s green dots green dot”” system system

Residual household waste: The annual or monthly waste fee variesResidual household waste: The annual or monthly waste fee variesdepending on bin volume (e.g. 40l, 80l, 120l, 240l, 660l, and 11depending on bin volume (e.g. 40l, 80l, 120l, 240l, 660l, and 1100l) 00l) and frequency of pickand frequency of pick--up. People either choose the frequency in up. People either choose the frequency in advance or is billed according to the number of times they advance or is billed according to the number of times they presented their bin at the kerbside for emptying. presented their bin at the kerbside for emptying.

This represents a unitThis represents a unit--based price system even though the based price system even though the calculation base is quite crude, since the volume of the bin is calculation base is quite crude, since the volume of the bin is measured and not the content of waste which can vary within the measured and not the content of waste which can vary within the bin. bin.



International ExamplesInternational Examples

GermanyGermany’’s recycling policy and its recycling policy and it’’s green dots green dot”” system system

Organic waste: The fee varies according to bin volume chosen or Organic waste: The fee varies according to bin volume chosen or is is included in the residual waste fee. included in the residual waste fee.

Paper and cardboard: Costs are covered by the residual waste feePaper and cardboard: Costs are covered by the residual waste fee or or base fee and to a certain percentage by the Green Dot Programme base fee and to a certain percentage by the Green Dot Programme (see below).(see below).

PickPick--up and recycling of light packaging materials and glass is up and recycling of light packaging materials and glass is financed by the Green Dot Program.financed by the Green Dot Program.



Recycling in SwitzerlandRecycling in Switzerland

Waste management is financed through different tariffs:Waste management is financed through different tariffs:–– a unita unit--based pricing system charging for each bagbased pricing system charging for each bag–– a unita unit--based pricing system charging for each bag in combination with abased pricing system charging for each bag in combination with a flat fee, orflat fee, or–– a weighta weight--based system in combination with the bagbased system in combination with the bag--based system.based system.

The recycling system is financed through:The recycling system is financed through:–– an an ‘‘advanced recycling contributionadvanced recycling contribution’’ which is a voluntary contribution on which is a voluntary contribution on

every recyclable unit made by the producers to organizations thaevery recyclable unit made by the producers to organizations that organize t organize the collection and recycling (applied for PETthe collection and recycling (applied for PET--bottles, aluminium cans and bottles, aluminium cans and packaging, steel and tin cans),packaging, steel and tin cans),

–– an an ‘‘advanced disposal feeadvanced disposal fee’’ which the producer has to pay by law on glass which the producer has to pay by law on glass packaging and batteries and which is included in the retail pricpackaging and batteries and which is included in the retail price,e,

–– taxes or flat fee component of a twotaxes or flat fee component of a two--tiers unittiers unit--based pricing system (applied based pricing system (applied for metals, paper and cardboard), orfor metals, paper and cardboard), or

–– Revenues from sales of recyclable materials (applied for textileRevenues from sales of recyclable materials (applied for textiles).s).



Recycling status in EURecycling status in EU

HouseholdHousehold--Textile Textile WasteWaste

BuildingBuilding--Inert Inert WasteWaste

TransportTransport73%73%47%47%7720032003Rubber Rubber (5)(5)

PackagingPackaging59%59%59 %59 %83 % 83 % (4)(4)383820022002GlassGlass

55%55%55 % 55 % (3)(3)--412 412 (2)(2)20032003SteelSteel

Transport, Transport, building building packagingpackaging

84%84%84%84%(1)(1)--222220022002AluminiuAluminiumm

--56%56%56 %56 %96%96%20520520022002Paper & Paper & CardboardCardboard

HouseholdHousehold38%38%15%15%56 %56 %959520022002PlasticPlastic

Main Main sectorssectors

Recovery Recovery raterate

Recycling Recycling RateRate

Waste Waste generation generation consumptioconsumptio

nn

ConsumptioConsumptionn

/Per capita /Per capita /year/year

YearYearMaterialMaterial



Other ExamplesOther Examples

Recycling of waste electrical and electronic Recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Delhi.equipment (WEEE) in Delhi.

PrivatelyPrivately--initiated resource recovery and recycling initiated resource recovery and recycling program in the Philippines.program in the Philippines.

Composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

A new solidA new solid--waste management and recycling waste management and recycling concept for Bais City, Philippinesconcept for Bais City, Philippines

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