reducing indoor air pollutants and toxic chemicals in hospitals - the contribution of hospital...
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Reducing indoor air pollutants and toxic chemicals in hospitals
- The contribution of hospital flooring -
Martin DuskeManager Market Segment Health Care and Sustainability, Europe
nora Systems GmbH, Weinheim, GermanyContact: [email protected]
London, September 11, 2013
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Study on Healthy and Sustainable Flooring by Health Care Without Harm
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Study on Healthy and Sustainable Flooring by Health Care Without Harm
“The ideal resilient flooring is non-toxic throughout its life cycle, practical (hygienic and easy to clean), durable, safe, silent underfoot, visually pleasant and cost-effective.”
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Practical experience
• Hazardous and toxic chemicals• Indoor air pollution• Underfoot comfort• Installation problems• Expensive and difficult cleaning• Life Cycle Costs
“The cheapest product turns out to be the most expensive option over life time”
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Topics of this presentation
• Avoiding toxic chemicals and emissions– Criteria– Certification systems and eco labels– Alternative options
• Products’ surfaces and their impact on cleaning and maintenance– Systems available– Cleaning and maintenance impacts– A chemical – free cleaning and maintenance option
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Avoiding Toxic Chemicals and Emissions
• Consider the overall environmental impact of manufacture, use and disposal, including any use of toxic chemicals
• Eliminate materials that use, emit or lead to production of hazardous chemicals
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1. Avoiding Toxic Chemicals and Emissions
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Avoiding hazardous chemicals during lifetime
• Avoid materials known or suspected to contain carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive or developmental toxicants (CMR’s), endocrine disruptors
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Avoiding hazardous chemicals during lifetime
• Avoid any material emitting volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds (VOC’s, SVOC’s), e.g.
Examples: • VOC’s Formaldehyde, solvents e.g. benzene, toluene,
xylene, emitting fast in the first days • SVOC’s: phtalates and halogenated flame retardants,
can attach to dust particles and emit slowly over the time
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EPD’s to 14025 give detailed documentation
http://bau-umwelt.de/hp481/Environmental-Product-Declarations-EPD.htm
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US Group Kaiser Permanente Replacing PVC by rubber
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Eco certification of flooring
• BREEAM, BRE Class A+ only Formaldehyde,no other criteria
• Greenguard children and VOC’s, Ammonia, etc. School (California 1350)
• M1 Finland ammonia, aldehydes and smell
• French emission label VOC’s, Formaldehyde
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Eco certification of flooring
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Blue Angel Germany – RAL UZ 120
Criteria for resilient flooring:• Lowest levels of TVOCs and VOCs• Confirmed absence of carcinogenic, mutagenic and
reprotoxic substances as to EU regulations• Additional limits for other relevant substances to highest
requirements (e.g. LCI list)• Absence of halogens and phthalates
of any kind!
No PVC floors possible with Blue Angel label!
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Testing Standards
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Chamber Test
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Chamber Test
… but chamber tests alone are very theoretical, aspects of practical use are not sufficiently considered!
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http://www.informedesign.org/Rs_detail.aspx?rsId=3320
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Additional criteria: The installed floor
Working Group in Finland (University of Kuopio 2007) finds out:
– Emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and ammonia measured from six PVC materials and four adhesives in the laboratory were compared to the emission rates measured on site from complete structures. Significant higher specific emission rates (SER’s) were generally measured from the complete structures than from individual materials….The contribution from adhesives used in the installation was clear.
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Additional criteria: the installed floor
Working Group in Finland (University of Kuopio 2007) “The testing of complete structures would also in general provide a better approach to evaluate the actual emissions from the combined materials.”
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Summary: Avoiding Toxic Chemicals
• Ecolabels can help to prove criteria of safety and sustainability
• The most relevant labels should be chosen, the German Blue Angel offers the most complete criteria
• However, Ecolabels are based upon lab tests only, practical experience is lacking
• Package testing and certification is recommended to evaluate the actual emissions of the combined materials
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2. Products’ surfaces and their impact on cleaning and maintenance
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Cleaning & Maintenance
Source: Dr. Jürgen Schmiegel, Piepenbrock (Facility Management Company /Germany);April 2011
Rubber surface, 1:500
Linoleum surface 1:500
PVC surface 1:500
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“Permanent” surface protections
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Typical damages
Surface protections cracking or worn off ….
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Traditional floorings require stripping and coating
Stripping and coating meansusing highly alkaline chemicalsto remove old coatings and toapply a new layer of coating afterwards.
This process is repeated regularlyand requires- interruption of use of the rooms for at least 24 hours- aggressive chemicals that cause disposal problems- high cleaning and maintenance budgets
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New comparative flooring study
Study:
Investigation on Material and Bacteriological Characteristics of Resilient Flooring Materials
Period: 05.05.2011 – 29.2.2012
Prof. Dr. Kurt Schilcher et al.
Report: DI (FH) Markus Hochleitner
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New comparative flooring study
Target: • Evaluation of cleaning
characteristics• Testing of stability of surface
protection and other product characteristics
• Testing of bacteriological behaviour
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New comparative flooring study
Methods:
• Manual mopping with neutral cleaner
• Machine cleaning with neutral cleaner
• Machine cleaning with diamond pads (without chemicals, only water)
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New comparative flooring study
Testing different types of flooring with different cleaning methods over 6 months:
- PVC with PU coating- Linoleum with surface finish- Rubber floors without protection
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Thickness of protective layers after 5 months: all coatings have disappeared
PVC 1 Lino 1 Lino 2 PVC 2
Type of coating none none surface finish surface finish
Area 1: manual cleaning w. chem.
Area 2: machine cleaning w. chem.
Area 3: nora pads w/o chem.
Development of thickness of protections
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Bacteriological Tests
PVC 1 noraplan norament Lino 1 Lino 2 PVC 2
PVC 1 noraplan norament Lino 1 Lino 2 PVC 2
Escherichia Coli Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
Recovery rates after cleaning obtained by set-off tests:
no significant differences between flooring and cleaning methods
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Teachings from this study
• Surface protections have a very short life time on floors in a hospital environment. Life time shortens even more if machine cleaning is applied
• Surface protections and finishes are not suitable for diamond pad cleaning
• Once a protection or finish has been worn off, protective measures are required to obtain satisfactory cleaning results. Especially Linoleum floors need such protection to avoid subsequent deterioration
• The uncoated surfaces of the tested rubber floors show excellent cleaning behavior under all tested cleaning methods
• Bacteriological investigations show especially that the chemical free cleaning method with diamond pads on rubber floors is at least as suitable as other methods where chemicals are used
• As to cleaning results the diamond pad cleaning system gives high satisfaction and also options to obtain glossy or mat surfaces
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Diamond Pad Cleaning in LNK Linz
Since May 2013 this hospital is maintaining the new rubber floors nearly without chemicals!
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Diamond pad cleaning (nora pads)
A chemical free cleaning method that requires only water
Suitable for all cleaning machines
Can be combined with manual mopping and disinfection methods
Developed originally for ceramic floor and specifically adapted for nora rubber floors (not suitable on coated or porous floor surfaces)
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Cleaning a 12 year old rubber floor – only with water
This floor was never stripped before
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Rehazentrum Judenburg Straßengel, Austria
noraplan plus 8 years old, surface before cleaning
noraplan plus 8 years old, surface after cleaning
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Rehazentrum Judenburg Straßengel
Buffing with nora Pad 1
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LKH Judenburg
Without chemicals
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LKH Judenburg
Mat without chemicals
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Long-term effect of diamond pad cleaning on rubber floors
Long term test Without Pad
High spot
Low spot
Medium value before the test
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Long-term effect of diamond pad cleaning on rubber floors
After the test: reduction of roughness
After 10 years simulation(3600 cycles)
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Environmental Impact of Diamond Pads
Diamond Pads
Diamond Pads
Damage assessment includingmachines
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Environmental Impact of Diamond Pads
Diamond Pads
Damage assessment of consumables only
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Summary: Cleaning and Maintenance
• Most resilient floors on the market come with a factory-applied protective layer of PU or other and / or require regular renewal of this layer
• Coatings of all kinds have a limited life time that depends on use, intensity of traffic and cleaning methods
• Uncoated materials with closed surfaces such as quality rubber floors are more easy to maintain, also with diamond pads
• Diamond pads do not require chemicals, just water
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Reducing indoor air pollutants and toxic chemicals in hospitals - Summary
• With adequate testing and eco-labelling it is possible to obtain non-toxic flooring materials
• Package testing is an additional tool to avoid toxic emissions from complete structures
• Floor cleaning methods and renewal of coatings may imply the use of aggressive chemicals
• Alternatively, the closed surface of certain types of floors allows to reduce chemicals to a minimum, even with diamond pads cleaning is possible with water only